TAFT COMES LEAGUE PLAN Puts It Into Plain Language Free From Legal and Diplomatic Verbiage, in Response to Re quest. MANY ARE CONFUSED BY PRESENT DEBATE Danger That People Will Lose Sight of Basic Principles Dur ing Discussion of Complicated Details and Technicalities. (By ex-President William H. Taft.) The plan for a League of Na tions is l»ased on a few simple principles, which are not hard to understand when lifted out of (he morass of technical discus sion and freed from legal and diplomatic language. As the one authority best able to pre sent these points without par tisan bias, ex-President Taft has been asked to put the league idea into a few plain words for the benefit of millions of Americans who desire a bet ter understanding of the plan but find themselves confused by the debate in the .United States Senate. In response to this le quest he has written the follow ing article. Purpose of the League. The chief purpose of the League of Nations is to keep the world in a state of peace. Another way of ex pressing it is to say that the league is designed to prevent wars. We have just finished the greatest, which is to say the most horrible, of all conflicts between nations. We have won a glorious victory. But that victory will be wasted unless this war has made the nations ready to put aside their differences and co operate to end war forever. It is not enough, however, to pro vide for the prevention of wars and the settlement of disputes after they have arisen. We must foresee causes of trouble and remove them before they have reached an acute stage. 'Hence there must be provision for fre quent consultations of members of the league for exchange of information, for agreement on common policies and for the gradual formation of rules of international law which at present are uncertain and incomplete. The representatives of the great free nations which won the war have met at Paris and, after long consulta tion, have drawn an agreement which they believe will accomplish these ends. At the very least it will set in motion great changes which will re sult In universal benefit to all man kind. This agreement is called the Covenant of the League of Nations and it is a part of the peace treaty. There will be 110 league worth talk ing about, however, unless the United States is a member. The decision as to whether the United States shall join rests with our Senate. The Sena tors, chosen by the people, will in the end vote as the people desire. For this reason the people themselves will decide whether or not the United States will join the league. In this question every citizen should have a voice. He or she can express opinion either by writing direct to Senators, by letters to the newspapers, by speeches in his lodge or local union or In conversation with friends. Methods of Maintaining Peace. Since the prime object of the League of Nations is to preserve peace —and to reap the benefits of peace— let us see how the league will operate to accomplish that purpose. In the first place it will seek to re mote the main causes of war. By tile formation of an international court It will create a means for the peaceful settlement of disputes between na tions. Then it will seek to compel the nations to make use of this court. This is nothing more nor less than an application of the rules and customs governing private individuals in civil ized communities to the relations be tween nations. Secondly, the League will seek If re move a great temptation to war by the general agreement to reduce the size of armies and navies. This will halt the race for military and naval supremacy which was largely respon sible for the war just ended. The amount of armament any nation may maintain will be strictly defined. Thus it will be impossible for one country to overwhelm its neighbor by unexpected attack, in the way that Germany crushed Belgium and would have crushed France"had not the other democratic nations gone to her aid. The idea Is that each country may k*ep an army and navy large enough to en able it to fulfil its responsibilities as a member of the League, but no larger. The United States, for example, prob ably would be expected to keep a check on Mexico and the state of con stant turmoil in that country would be taken into consideration in deciding how large an army we should need. The third important safeguard which the League will set up is a sys tem of penalties. This will make an outlaw of any nation or group of na tions which goes to war in violation of the rules of the League. The out- lawed nation will be boycotted by all the other members of the League and will find itself cut off from both busi ness and social communication with the rest of the world. How It Will Prevent Wars. It is not claimed that the League of Nations will do away with war alto gether. Every possible provision that human intelligence can devise will be made to settle international disp ~es peaceably. Hut should all these meas ures fail and two nations go to war, this is what will happen: If both parties to the dispute have observed the rules of the League, the other nations will stand back and let them fight it out. War under such circumstances is difficult to imagine, however, because before the angry na tions will be allowed to fight in ac cordance with the rules of the League, so much time must elapse that in all probability their anger will cool and they will reach an amicable under standing. What we have to fear is that some nation will go to war in defiance of i i;e League, HIMI every precaution has been taken to suppress such a nation by the immediate use of the united jMjwer of the other nations. If inter national boycott failed to bring her to terms she would have to face a combined international army and navy. The founders of the League be lieve that the mere possibility of such a situation will prevent any nation from violating its agreement. Does anyone think that Germany would have begun war five years ago if she had known that nearly all the other srreat powers would combine against | lier? Doing the World's Work. In addition to settling international disputes peaceably the League of Nations will provide means for doing much of the world's work more sys tematically and effectively than can be done now when each nation is working only for itself. The people you know best and like best are those who work with you on the same job. 11 will be the same way with the nations of the future. The more they work together, the soone'r they will come to understand and like each other. For example, the League will estab lish an international organization for the bettering of labor conditions in different countries, for the protection of women and children and the native inhabitants of civilized and semi-civil ized countries. One of Germany's greatest crimes has been her barba rous treatment of the helpless people in some of her colonies. One of the i chief tasks of the League will be to look after peoples that are not strong enough to protect themselves. The League will appoint commis ' sions to take charge of various inter national undertakings so that they I may be carried on, not for the benefit I of any one nation, but for the benefit !of the whole world. Provision will be made for promotion of fair and equal | trade conditions. These are only a few of the benefits , the world will derive from the League. 1 As time goes on we sliali find more and more tasks at which the nations can work in common and a greater number of opportunities to remove causes which stir up jealousies and animosities between races and peoples. Objections Answered. Of course we cannot hope to make the great changes such as the League of Nations will bring about without opposition. Fortunately the war lias taught us the great advantages of international co-operation. It was only by good team work that the free liberty loving nations were able to whip Germany. The treaty which the United States Senate is debating obligates the mem bers of the proposed League to pro tect one another against attack from enemies outside their own boundaries bent upon conquest. Although this agreement (Article X of the Cove nant) is vital to any arrangement which seeks to prevent war, it has been attacked on the ground that it would draw the United States into wars in various parts of the world and force us to send our boys to fight in quarrels which did not concern us. We should remember, however, that the main purpose of Article X is to frighten nations tempted to wars of conquest from yielding to the tempta tion, by the certainty that they will be crushed if they begin such a war by a universal boycott and a union of forces of the world against them. If a big war breaks out again, the United States will be forced to take part in it whether we have a League of Nations or not. We tried hard enough to keep out of the war with Germany but found we couldn't. A little war contrary to the League rules could be handled by the powers Close at hand. Certainly it would not be necessary to send American troops to suppress an uprising in the Balkans when prompt action by the armies of Italy or some other nearby powerful nation could suppress the fracas be fore American troops could even get started. Great Gain for Small Loss. We had to make many sacrifices to win the last war and we made them willingly because we knew they were worth while. It will be the same In a smaller degree with a League of Nations. When men form a business partnership each one has to make concessions to the views and opinions of the other members of the firm. When we enter the League of Nations we may have to give up cer tain privileges, but the losses will be small compared with the profits. The United States will not have to sacrifice her independence or right to make her own decisions. The council, the chief governing body of the League, cannot take action without unanimous decision of its members and since the "United Stati will have u representative in the Council our interest will be pro tected there. We hear it said that the League is formed for the benefit of Great Britain or Japan or some other one nation. This is not true. All the nations will gain by it, not only the great nations such as the United States, Great Britain, France, Japan and Italy, but the lirtle nations which in the past have been oppressed by their big neighbors. The international court will give an opportunity for the settlement of old grievances which have long troubled the peoples of the world. It has been said that the League will interfere with the Monroe Doc trine, but the League Covenant ex pressly protects this Doctrine. In fact, through the Covenant the Monroe Doc trine receives recognition throughout the world and its principles become forever established. WOMEN DEMAND WARS SHALL END Peace League Means More to Them Than It Can Mean to Men. DR. SHAW'S STIRRING PLEA. (By the Late Dr. Anna Howard Shaw.) Seven million one hundred thousand men who had laid down their lives in the great war. Think of it! Seven | million, one hundred thousand young \ men had died on the field of battle! What does that mean to the women of the world? It means that seven million one hundred thousand women walked day by day with their faces toward an open grave that tliey might give life to a son. It means that j seven million one hundred thousand , little children lay in the arms of a i mother whose had made them j face even the terrors of death that ! they might become the mothers of • men. It means that year after year these | women had put up their lives into the j lives of their sons until they had rear |ed them to be men. For what? In j the hope that these sons of theirs could i give to the world the things for which [ women dream, the things for which j women hope and pray and long. These were the things that the women had In their hearts when they gave birth ! to their sons. But who can estimate the value of seven million one hundred thousand dead sons of the women of the world? Who can estimate the price which the women have paid for this war; what it has cost them, not only in the death of their sons, because that is a phase of our war to which we look. The Courage of Women. We hear our orators tell us of the courage of our men. How they went across the sea. Very few of them re member to tell us of the courage of our women, who also went across the sea; of the women who died nursing the sick and wounded; the women who died in the hospitals, where the terrible bombs came and drove them almost to madness. They tell us nothing of the forty thousand English women who went to work back of the trenches in France. They tell us nothing of the thou sands upon thousands upon thousands of women who not only toiled and worked and slaved in order that the war might be successful, but we do not hear of the thousands of women, not alone in Armenia, not alone in Montenegro, not alone in itarbia, but in Flanders, in Belgium, to Rumania, in Russia—the thousands of women who lie in graves today, murdered, so horribly murdered that men dare not speak of it. And yet we women are asked what we know about the League of Na tions ; asked what we can understand about a League of Nations. Oh men! the horrible deaths; the horrible lives of thousands upon thousands of wo men today in all these nations, who must live, and who must look in the faces of children unwelcomed, unde sired —of little children —and know that these are the result of war. And then ask women why they should be interested in a league of peace? Women Suffer Most From War. If there is any body of citizens In the world who ought to be interested In a league to ultimately bring to the world peace It is the mothers of men, and the women who suffered as only women can suffer in the war and in devastated countries. And we call upon them, we women of the world call upon the men who have been fighting all these battles of the years, the men who have led armies, and led armies close to their deaths. We are now calling upon the men of the world to in some way or an other find a passage out of the sea of death. We are asking them to form a league which will bring hope to the women of the future. If women are to bear sons only that they may die, if women may not have hope and aspirations for their children, if women may not dream the dreams that have in them the hope of the highest civilizations, the highest moral and spiritual life of the people—if wo men may not have these in their hearts as the mothers of men, then women will cease to desire to be the mothers of men. And why should they not? Why should they not? 2? X * <| A Double || H Re-Union l\ II II l