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Boys of Pennsylvania! come away
from the ball fields, turn from vacation
.frolics, put aside Jhe pleasant lures of
boyhood and give
heed to serious do-
You have g heard
the song of the
bugles and the rattle of the drums;
you have seen the dust-stained troops
in highways and byways; you have
cheered with the shouting bystanders
and through these things you person
ally have come to know that the na
tion is at war.
The stirring military scenes no doubt
have impressed you with the greatness
of your country's martial might. They
have given you a comforting sense of
security through visible assurance that
thousands upon thousands of steel
muscled, splendidly equipped fighting
men stand as living barriers between
you and your country's foe.
And you, perhaps, have turned back
to your sports and games In the con
fident belief that these chosen legions
of a free nation have but to meet the
enemy to oweep him from the field.
But in that belief there Is danger.
It Is a belief which, if permitted to
spread unchecked, would place the ar
mies of America in deadly peril.
All of these inspiring troop move
ments you have witnessed relate only
to one phase of war activity—the mili
tary side.
There Is another phase of war and
it Is the more important one because
properly directed it backs up the sol
dier in the field with the entire re
sources of his country.
Valor Not Enough.
It is this phase of war activity that
must give the American fighting men
more and better cannon than the ene
my possesses; more ammunition, more
food and more of everything that is
vital to the prosecution of war. For
If the nation permits its armies to
be overmatched in these things their
valor will count for nothing. Mere
bravery will not avert defeat and de
feat would mean a reign of terrorism
in this free land too shocking to be
pictured even In a part of Its bar
barity.
That is why no one —not even boys
—should be allowed to think that war
!s only the soldier's business. This
war is the business of every man,
every woman, every boy and every girl
in America who, by their work, can
be of use to American troops.
Primarily, war, because it is de
structive, taxes to the utmost the pro
ductive energy of the nation engaged.
At the same time it weakens the pro
ductive forces by taking all of the
able-bodied men from farms, work
shops and business to do the fighting.
One million American soldiers, the
pick of the country's manhood recruit
ed from the various industries, will
soon be at grips with the enemy, and
workers must be found to fill their
places. Additional workers must be
located to produce the excess quanti
ties of supplies that these one million
soldiers will require, and the supplies
our European allies need.
Where are these workers to be
obtained? Boys, the answer rests
with you. Perhaps upon witnessing
parades of fighting squadrons you
have felt regret that you, too, could
not have a place in the heroic files.
But there is no need to harbor regret.
You ind every other boy between the
ages of 16 and 21 years may help your
country fight and win the war. You
may not be able to shoulder a rifle
or man a gun, but by working to sup
ply everything needful to the men who
do these things you will be making
your country's guns effective.
President Wilson's Call.
The war has made a place for you.
That place is 1n the ranks of the Penn
sylvania Division of the United States
Boys' Working Reserve, an organiza
tion created by the United States gov
ernment to furnish emergency workers
- so that there will be no shortage of
the labor needed to keep the American
soldier in victorious fighting trim.
So important is the Reserve consid
ered by the government that President
Wilson has issued a message urging
boys of Pennsylvania to enroll. Here
is the President's message to you:
"Let me express the hope that the
young men of Pennsylvania not now
permanently employed may eagerly en
ter th? Hers' Working Reserve to fit
themselves by training and study for
good citizenship and productive serv
ice. In this way they can show them
selves worthy of patriotic fathers who
fought for democracy in the past, sus
tain their patriotic brothers who are
fighting for it today, and command the
affectionate pride of the brave mothers
who are silently bearing the burdens
at home."
Under the direction of the Pennsyl
vania Committee of Public Safety the
Reserve is now recruiting an Industrial
army of 25,000 boys. They will be
guided in their activities by John C.
Frazee, Federal Director for this State,
and a corps of district superintend
ents.
The aims of the Reserve are: First,
the organization, and, second, the
preparation of boys for emergency
service In all lines of work. The mot
to of the boys who enroll is "I will
be ready." The Reserve will find use
ful work for them and if necessary
will instruct them In the work.
Service Badge Given.
/
You may enroll by obtaining the con
sent of your parents or guardians,
whether you are now employed or not.
Boys who are employed join with the
idea of becoming more useful to their
country by learning to produce more
at their present work. They will not
be urged to change their employment,
but only to become more proficient at
it.
Boys who are not now at work, but
who attend school, may enroll and will
be instructed in some line of industry
fitted to their abilities. Working hours
will be arranged so that their educa
tion will not be interfered with. All
boys enrolling will receive at once the
handsome button of the Pennsylvania
Division. By loyal service they may
earn the bronze badge of the Reserve
which Is a reproduction of the seal of
the United States suitably inscribed
and numbered. Appropriate wages will
be paid while boys are at work.
Working conditions will be carefully
supervised so that members of the
Reserve shall be protected against all
forms of physical and moral injury.
There is nothing of a military charac
ter about the Reserve, its training or
its work and members may withdraw
whenever their parents or guardians
so desire.
It is not intended to keep the boys
working on the same basis as workers
who are regularly employed. Service
is of a temporary nature and will be
called for In emergencies only. The
Reserve doe s not seek to shift the
employment of boys who are working
for their parents or interfere with
their wage arrangements. But these
boys may become members and earn
the badge of honor as such.
The Reserve will encourage school
boy or student members In their
studies, as it holds that mental im
provement is a form qf proficiency
by which the country and its Industries
benefit.
Workshops, farms and business are
depending upon the loyalty of the
American people to Insure sufficient
working forces while hundreds of thou
sands of brave Americans are decid
ing the national destiny in a far-off
land. And the American soldier is go.
ing about his stern task with Implicit
confidence that he will receive the
right kind of support from those who
remain behind.
Whether he Is justified in that con
fidence is up to you.
Your big brothers, perhaps, are al
ready near the firing line or soon will
be on their way there. For every
man at the front there must be five
workers at home producing the food,
the clothing, the ammunition, the
weapons and other supplies without
which the bravest troops would be
defeated before they even began the
fight.
Boys of Pennsylvania enroll to give
the American soldier the thing? he
needs to win the war!
And, fathers, mothers, let your boys
enroll. They are needed, sorely need
ed, and it is public service that calls
The Iron and Steel Industry
New Methods Reduce the Unit of Cost and Increase th*
Volume of Production.
By E. A. NIEL.
i x
UNLOADING AN ORE BOAT AT GANSON BTREET DOCKS OF THE
BUFFALO, ROCHESTER AND PITTSBURGH RAILWAY BUFFALO.
Many well informed and experienced
business men hold to the theory that
the commercial barometer of the Unit
ed States is the iron and steel trade.
When conditions in that particular in
dustry are good, or "looking upward;"
there should be a rising tendency in all
lines of business generally and in all
parts of the country. Iron ore is the
basis of the manufacture of iron and!
steel, and the volume of ore produced
in the Minnesota and Michigan ranges
during the year 1916 exceeded 04.000,-
000 tons, nearly all of which was trans
ported down the great lakes in large
steamers to the ports of Lake Michigan
or Lake Erie, where a portion Is con
sumed in the furnaces at the ports and
the remainder, which constitutes the
majority, transshipped by rail to inte
rior points. The tonnage during the
past year exceeded the previous .vear
A CLOSE UP VIEW OF THE GIANT GRAB BUCKETS WHICH MAKR
BHORT WORK OF A CARGO.
by over 17,000,000 tons and was a rec
ord movement.
Pig iron furnaces are located on the
Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Rail
way at Dußois, Punxsutawney and
Josephine, Pa., in the heart of the coal
region along this line. These furnaces
consume annually about 650,000 tons of
iron ore, which is converted into pig
iron, the first process in the making of
manufactured iron or steel.
Production of a ton of pig iron re
quires about 2,000 pounds of coke, 1,400
pounds of limestone and two tons of
iron ore, the proportion of each vary
ing with the character and metallic
content of the ore as well as the char
acter of the coke. Pig iron is so called
because the molten metal is run from
the furnace in a long trough cut in the
sand, from which run shorter sections,
the long mass being called the "sow"
and the shorter ones the "pig." After
cooling these shorter sections of "pigs"
become the pig iron of commerce.
The quantity of pig iron produced in
the United States in 1916 was approxi
mately 40,000,000 tons, of which about
300,000 tons was charcoal pig iron, the
latter being made by the use of char
coal instead of coke. The volume of
pig iron last year was also a record
breaker and reflected increasing de
mand of iron and steel over the entire
world. In the beginning of iron manu
facture all furnaces used charcoal for
fuel, but with the invention of the hot
blast in connection with improved fur
nace construction the use of coke rap
idly became universal in smelting iron
from the ore. The ruins of many of
the old charcoal iron furnaces can still
be seen in Pennsylvania and other
states, and some of them are visible
along the Buffalo, Rochester and Pitts
burgh Railway.
Many changes have taken place In
the last decade in the method of min
ing, transportation and smelting of iron
ore, which have resulted in reducing
the unit of cost and increasing the vol
ume of steel production in this country.
Powerful steam shovels are now used
in open cut mining of the ore at the
principal mines in the lake region, and
double track railroads haul the loaded
cars of ore in long trains to immense
docks at the head of the lakes, where
improved loading facilities enable a
10,000-ton boat to be fully loaded in five
hours. The type of steamer employed
in the trade on the great lakes enables
the ore to be transferred at destination
port to the cars or dock by means of
expensive ore unloading machines, re
sulting in a minimum cost for transfer
as well as prompt dispatch for the ves
sel, all of which contributes to the eco
nomical and expeditious handling of the
ore. When we realize that the season of
fake transportation covers only eight
months of the year and an average of
8,000,000 tons per month was last year's
record movement of ore. we can form
an idea of the magnitude of the busi
ness and the necessity for efficient han
dling, both on the lakes and on the
railways.
The ability to secure iron ore by
steamers at relatively low freight cost
through Lake Erie ports, coupled with
its proximity to the limestone and coal
deposits. Is the basis of the Pittsburgh
district's supremacy in the manufac
ture of iron and steel.
Pig iron contains a large percentage
of silica and other Impurities making It
necessary to refine it by melting and
eliminating these deleterious sub
stances. By the addition of scrap iron
and heating in a puddling furnace the
product is rolled iato bars and sheets
which form the wrought iron of com
merce. The conversion into steel re
quires a change in the character of the
metal by increasing the amount of car
bon, which modifies the texture and
greatly increases its strength. Two
processes are generally in use for mak
ing steel, the "Bessemer" and the "open
hearth."
After being converted into steel, the
molten metal is cast into large ingots,
these in turn being rolled into blooms
and then into smaller masses called bil
lets, which are ready for commercial
use, and can be utilized in making
plates, bars, wire, rods and other forms
required by the various manufacturing
plants.
Many of the larger plants now con
vert the ore into pig iron and thence
into blooms or billets and produce the
finished products such as plates, beams,
angles, rods, wire, etc., in a single plant,
making it unnecessary to remelt the
iron, as it is taken direct from the fur
nace to the converters while in a mol
ten state.
HOW A RAILROAD EARNB A
DOLLAR.
If a drayman charged you fifty cents
for carting a ton of freight one mile
from the railroad depot to your resi
dence or place of business, you would
not accuse the man of being exorbi
tant in his charges and refuse to pay
him unless he reduced the amount
Knowing that a ton is quite a load,
and that the drayman's expenses have
increased in the same ratio as your
own, you would consider his charge
extremely reasonable and, perhaps,
hand him an extra dime or a good
cigar as evidence of your satisfaction.
Now, as the freight was carted from
the depot, It was evidently hauled there
by the railroad, and, wishing to learn
how much the railroad company re
ceived from the shipment, we quickly
ascertain from the company's statis
tics that the average rate for hauling
a ton ope mile is a trifle less than one
half of one cent, or the one hundredth
part of what the drayman received.
For that dime which you may have
given to the drayman, the railroad
hauls a ton twenty miles, or farther
than from Rochester to Mumford; for
the price of a dollar hat, the railroad
hauls a ton two hundred miles, or from
Rochester, N. Y., to Dußois, Pa.; and
for the amount paid for a flfteen-dollar
ready-made suit of clothes, the ship
ment was hauled three thousand miles,
or nearly across the continent!— Bu
ffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Rail
way Employes' Magazine.
HIS EFFORTS TO RESTORE
EFFICIENCY AT RIGA LOST
A jflpr
mMmm
Photo by American Press Association.
PREMIER KERENSKY.
EXPERTS OVER NIGHT
Wonderful How Soon War Eligible*
Become Proficient In Industrial Lines.
Pittsburgh, Sept. 4. —Members of the
appellate draft board have discovered
that many young men of military age
have suddenly become expert in cer
tain industrial lines. That numbers
of youths are endeavoring to escape
service through this contention and
that corporation officials are deliber
ately helping them to escape is the
claim made by the board.
"We have found that men have be
come experts in the short space of
thirty days and officers of corpora
tions are actually attesting to the fact
that these men are indispensable,"*
said Dr. Woodburn, one of the mem
bers. "Men who were farmers and
laborers a few months ago and so
registered June 5 when they made out
their registration cards have suddenly
become experts in their particular in
dustrial calling.
"Some of the claimants have sud
denly leaped into the expert class *n
one, two, three and six months and
most of their contentions are absurd.
My own opinion is that many of these
claims are being made solely for the
purpose of enabling the claimant to
escape military service, rather than to
the importance of his position."
SAILORS THREATEN STRIKE
Great Lakes Men May Go Out This
Week.
Chicago, Sept. 4. —A strike of sail
ors on Great Lakes freighters may
be called by the end of this week, uo
less ship owners agree to extend the
so-called Atlantic agreement to in
clude lake lines.
This was intimated by Victor A.
Olander, secretary of the Illinois Fed
eration of Labor and vice president of
the Seamen union.
LIVE STOCK AND GRAIN
Pittsburgh, Sept. 4.
Butter —Prints, 45% @46 Vic; Ohio
creamery, 42@ 43c. Eggs—Fresh, 42c.
Cattle —Prime, $12.25 @12.75; good,
$11.25@12; tidy butchers, $10@11;
fair, $8.50@9.50; common, $7@7.75;
heifers, $6@10.25; common to good
fat bulls, $6@9.50; common to good
fat cows, $4.50@8.75; fresh cows and
springers, $40@90.
Sheep and Lambs—Prime wethers,
910.75@11.25; good mixed, $9.75@
10.50; fair mixed, sB@9; culls and
common, $4.50@7; heavy ewes, s6@9;
lambs, $ll @15.75; veal calves, $15.50
@l6; heavy and thin calves, $7.50@11.
Hogs—Prime heavy, heavy mixed
and mediums, $18.80@18.90; heavy
Yorkers, $18.50@18.80; pigs, sl6@
16.50; roughs, $15.50@ 16.50; stags, $l4
@l5.
Cleveland, Sept 4.
Cattle —Prime shipping steers, $ll
@11.50; good to choice, $9.50@10.50;
good to choice butchers, $8.50@9.50;
fair to good, $7.50@8.25; common to
light steers, $6.50 @7.25; good to
choice heifers, $7.50 @8.50; choice fat
butcher bulls, s7@B; bologna bulls,
s6@7; choice fat cows, s7@B; fair to
good, $5.50@6.50; canners and cutters,
$5@5.50; milch cows and springers,
$60@90.
Caives —Choice calves, $15.50@16;
mixed, $14.50@15; heavy and common,
s9@l2.
Sheep and Lambs—Choice spring
lambs, $15@15.35; fair to good, $11.50
@l3; common, sB@9; choice sheep,
$8.50@10; culls and common, ss@6.
Hogs—Yorkers, choice heavies and
good mixed, $l7; pigs, $l5; roughs,
$15.50; stags, $13.50.
Chicago, Sept. 4.
Hogs —Bulk, $17.50@18.60; light,
$16.90@18.65; mixed, $16.75@18.65;
heavy, $16.65@18.60; roughs, $16.65@
16.95; pigs, $12@16.75.
Cattle —Native beef cattle, sB@
$16.50; western steers, $6.90@13.80;
stockers and feeders, $6@9.20; cows j
and heifers, $4.80@13; calves, $12@16
Sheep and Lambs —Wethers, $7.05@
11.25; lambs, $11.25^17.40.
Chicago Grain Market Close.
Wheat. Corn. Oats.
September 56%
December 1.08% 56%
Too Much
Simplicity
By ALAN HINSDALE
Well, I've come to grief at last.
Three of us held up a train and got
away with a lot of money there was in
the express ear. The citizens livin' by
the road made up a posse and got after
us. We separated, each man lookin'
, out for himself. I knew of a house
where lived a girl that I'd had some
experience with a good while before.
I thought I'd rather risk myself in that
house than any other.
The experience I speak of was this:
I was on the road lookin' out for some
place to make a haul when I passed a
house that looked kind o' tempting. I
knocked at the door, and a very likely
lookin' gal opened it 1 told her that I
was down on my luck. I hadn't had
anything to eat for two days and
wouldn't she give me somep'n to eat.
That's all I wanted— somep'n. to eat
The gal didn't give me a hunk of
bread and a slice o' meat and tell me
to move on. She went to work and
cooked me a meal. While she was in
the kitchen I was in the llvln' room. I
had learned that some people are in
clined to put valuables in such places
as no one would be expected to hide
'em in, and that's where I did my in
vestigate'. I dived into a pair of old
shoes in a closet, a vase on a mantel
and other such places as nobody but a
fool or an expert would think of look-
In', but didn't find anything. But when
I opened a clock that stood In a corner
and swept the bottom with my hand I
ran against a stockin'ful o' somep'n.
I yanked it oat and opened It and found
It full o' bills and gold and silver.
I put it in my pocket and said noth
ln' to the gal about it till after I'd eat
en the dinner she'd cooked for me.
Then I said to her:
"You're a mighty good gal to treat
me so well, and I'm goin' to repay you
for your kindness by givln' you a point
If you have valuables to hide don't put
'em in such places as no thief would
be expected to look for 'cm. The best
place for valuables is in a safe. If
you're goin' to keep 'em In your house,
bury 'em where any one'll have to dig
up a lot o* dirt to And 'em. Thieves
are too lazy to work."
When I had said this I showed her
i the stockln' full o' money. You should
I a seen the expression on her face—an
expression of surprise that I should
have thought to look in the clock for
valuables.
"Well, I declare!" she said. "What
made you think of looking for our valu
bles at all, and how did you come to
think of looking in the clock? I'm
much obliged for the lesson you've
taught me."
m She put out her hand to take the
swag. Do you know there was such
dead innocence in her that for the life
of me I couldn't make a more to stop
her. I was Just paralyzed by her sim
plicity and confidence. She took tbe
stockln' with all there was in it right
out of my hand. Before she did so I
had no more idea of returning the find
than I had of glvin' her a ten dollar
gold piece I had in my pocket. But
after her display of misplaced confi
dence I took a half dollar out of my
pocket and offered to pay her for the
dinner. But she wouldn't take it
"The lesson you've taught me is
worth a hundred dinners," she said,
"and I shall always remember it"
I Just went away without say In' a
word. It didn't strike me ho\# a gal
had come it over me till I'd got away
from her, but I didn't go back on what
I'd done. I says to myself, says I,
"Let her alone. I may have occasion
some day to vouch for what a pure,
noble good man I am."
And so it waa that when they were
after me for holdin' up the train—we
did the Job not far from the gal's home
—I made for the house and found the
gal mighty glad to see me.
"There's been a holdup of a train on
the railroad," I said. "A posse are
lookin' for the robbers. They're takin'
up everybody they find. If they come
here Just you tell 'em you know me to
be an honest man."
I hadn't time to go any further for
there were sounds of horses' hoofs
comln' full tilt. Several men rode up
to the house and bolted right in. They
found me readin' a good book I'd taken
from the library shelves. But they
pounced on me right off. The gal pro
tested, and they asked her who I was.
She told 'em that I was one 'o the best
men she had ever known in her life. I
put on & look so good that butter
wouldn't melt in my mouth. Some of
| 'em said I couldn't be a train robber; I
didn't look it at all, but one of 'em said
they'd better take me along anyway.
Finally those who wanted to leave me
prevailed and they rode away. But
they hadn't gone far before they came
back, and one on 'em said to the gal:
"What do you know about this man
anyway?"
"Why, he come here one day and
asked for something to eat While I
was cooking It for him he taught me a
lesson."
"What lesson?"
"That it's foolish to hide valuables
where thieves are not expected to look
for 'em."
There was a guffaw all round, and
without waltln' to hear the rest of the
story they yanked me out put me on a
horse and carried me off with 'em.
I caught sight of the gal as I was
carried off, and she waa the most sur
prised person I ever seen.
Well, here I am, caged for first beln'
melted by a gal's simplicity and second
trustin' her to vouch for me. I reckon
I won't get out o' this, but if I do I'll
be keen enough not to be outdone again
in any such fashion.