Thatcher stands firm on dispute
British leader
By MAUREEN JOHNSON
Associated Press Writer
LONDON (AP) Prime Minister
Margaret Thatcher told shouting
opposition members of Parliament
yesterday she would not resign over
the Falkland Islands crisis, and put an
embargo on Argentine beef and other
products.
But with mounting criticism of her
failure to avert'the Argentine seizure
of the islands, panic gripped the
London Stock Exchange and the pound
tumbled amid fears the crisis could
force the Conservative leader out of
office.
, Having staked her political future on
reclaiming the remote British colony
of 1,800 inhabitants that was seized
Friday, Thatcher answered calls for
her resignation by telling the House of
COmmons:
"No. Now is the time for strength
and resolution."
In Buenos Aires, Interior Minister
Gen. Alfredo, Saint Jean told reporters
the Argentine government will defend
the Falklands "at any cost." The
government continued to reinforce its
garrisons on the islands, with a
reported 300. soldiers plus a dozen
trucks and various artillery pieces.
But the Argentine foreign minister,
Nicanor Costa Mendez, said last night
that he is confident an "honorable and
just peace" can be reached through
negotiations. He made his comments
in Washington after meeting with U.S.
Secretary of State Alexander M. Haig
Jr.
The official Argentine news agency
Telam claimed the Soviet government
was supporting Argentina in the crisis
Former Supreme Court Associate Justice Abe Fortas, who died Monday,'ls shown at left with
President Lyndon Johnson, who appointed Fortas to the Court in 1965.
United States can aid
By CAROLYN PIUCCI
Collegian Staff Writer
The United States now has a chance to positively
intervene in El Salvador because the people of
that nation have, through recent elections,
demonstrated they want a responsible
government, two University experts said.
Charles D. Ameringer, chairman of the Latin
American studies major, said the United States -
should take the opportunity to help ease the
conflict in El Salvador by assisting the people,
instead of just the government.
Positive involvement should occur now because
of extensive participation in the March 28
elections in El Salvador, Ameringer said
"The recent elections in El Salvador were an
outstanding expression on the part of the country's
people, who want a more responsible government
along with more peace," he said.
However, John S. Nichols, assistant professor of
journalism, said he is not sure the elections will
change anything in the military government
despite the strong showing at the polls.
"The elections were an expression of many
people who are tired of being repressed," Nichols,
a consultant on Central America to the U.S. State
Department, said. "But I am not sure the elections
will amount to anything."
Power has never been with government leaders,
but instead has been with the military, Nichols
said, adding that he is not sure the elections will
change that control.
In the elections, Ameringer said, the
Salvadorans took the opportunity to choose their
own government.
"Despite all the violence during the elections the
dta'ril;:.: - ._ . ••• - •,....._'••••_'......:''011e.,.:..:•.-lan
vows she will not resign over Falkland crisis
and that Soviet submarines were
expected soon in surrounding waters.
The Soviet Embassy and the Argentine
government refused comment on the
report.
A spokesman for the British Foreign
Office said last night when asked about
the Telam report: "I find this quite
remarkable. One of the pretexts
Argentina gave for its invasion of the
Falklands was the threat Soviet
submarines posed in the area."
In Moscow, the Soviet news agency
Tass accused Britain of preparing for
possible "aggression" against
Argentina, but made no mention of any
Soviet action.
Pentagon spokesman Henry Catto
told reporters in Washington that the
U.S. government was steering a
middle course in the dispute. West
Germany and Switzerland sided with
Britain and halted arms sales to
Argentina and the Common Market
urged Argentina to withdraw from the
Falklands.
Britain's Labor Party charged that
Thatcher's government should have
averted Argentina's seizure of the
islands, pointing to press reports that
intelligence sources in Buenos Aires
gave London the full invasion plan 10
days ago.
Thatcher insisted that the first
London definitely knew of the
impending attack was March 31, and
said, "Even if we had known on March
19, we could not have got ships and
fleet there in time."
Asked about possible mediation by
President Reagan, who has avoided
taking sides and called for a peaceful,
diplomatic solution, Thatcher stuck to
her own position but said:
people still stood in line and voted," Ameringer
said.
Past elections in El Salvador in 1972 and 1979
were also plagued with violence as well as
military fraud. Experts believe the military
disrupted the voting and counting of ballots in both
elections.
The fraudalent elections in 1979 led to a victory
for Carlos Humberto Romero; however, his
government was overthrown on Oct. 15, 1979, and
a civilan-military junta took power and has
remained in power until the recent elections.
Under the recent election results, the Christian
Democrat party won 24 out of 60 assembly seats,
but right-wing parties have said they will be able
to form the next government with or without the
Christian Democrats.
Now, Ameringer said, United States' foreign
policy should be aimed at bringing together
government leaders and guiding them to
responsible leadership through negotiations.
Too often in the past, the United States has
supported anti-communist parties in El Salvador
simply because they were the stable parties in
power, Ameringer said. Those parties did not pay
attention to economic and social needs of the
people, he said.
Nichols said that in the past the United States'
goal in its El Salvador foreign policy has been to
keep the Salvadoran guerillas off-balance and
keep the existing military-civilian junta in power
For years, the United States supported the
moderate miltary government because it
appeared to be stable and anti-communist, he
said.
The United States now has a chance to form a
positive policy, by giving support to parties
"We shall be very happy if anyone is
able to secure the withdrawal of the
Argentinians."
Newspaper accounts said Thatcher's
government ignored intelligence
reports and did nothing to prevent the
seizure of the sheep-farming South
Atlantic archipelago, where studies
have pinpointed potentially large oil
deposits.
Some observers in Buenos Aires said
the Argentine junta was more
concerned about diverting attention
from domestic protests over economic
problems than sovereignty over
islands it has claimed since Britain
E.k . S - :(1 . - 0-(0. - the - Court justice dead
By KEVIN COSTELLOE.
Associated Press Writer
WASHINGTON (AP) Abe Fortas, the
immigrant cabinetmaker's son whose brilliant
legal mind and alliance with President Johnson
led to a . Supreme Court career cut short by
scandal, is dead at age 71.
Fortas, the first Supreme Court justice to
resign under the threat of impeachrrient by
Congress, died Monday night when the main
Fortas a pioneer of his era, prof says
By RENAE HARDOBY
Collegian Staff Writer
Former Supreme Court Associate Justice Abe
Fortas will be remembered as one of the
pioneers of the Warren Court era, a University
professor of constitutional law said yesterday.
"When we think of that era, we'll naturally
think first of Earl Warren, the chief justice, but
I think people will think secondly of Abe
Fortes," Bruce A. Murphy, assistant professor
of. political science, said.
He said he thinks it is "one of the great
El Salvador, profs say
Salvadorans chose to be in power, instead of a policy with the moderate government in El
sterile anti-communist policy, Ameringer, author Salvador, Nichols said.
of a forthcoming book on Costa Rica, said.
Nichols said the United States' foreign policy
should be one that says what the United States
represents, not what it opposes. He agrees with
Ameringer that the United States should take a
positive stand on the El Salavador situation.
Because of the elections in El Salvador, United
States' efforts should be toward encouraging the
forces of pluralism, or coalition governments,
throughout Central America, Nichols said.
U.S. foreign policy for the region should be one
of compromise, instead of hard-line policy,
Nichols, a contributing author to the book
"Nicaragua in Revolution," said.
As a start, the United States should now follow
Mexico's lead and participate in negotiations with
the left and right forces in El Salvador, both
experts said.
Mexico is extremely qualified to hold
negotiations because it has given aid to Central
Ameri6an countries and has experienced a similar
revolution that ended in a one-party system that
the United States supports, Nichols said.
Ameringer said, "The Mexican initiative should
be grabbed at to offer negotiations with the left."
The United States had a similar opportunity
with Guatemala in 1954.
It originally supported a right-wing
government, put it into power and then basically
ignored it, Ameringer said. Since then Guatemala
has not continued progress toward a democratic
system, he said.
Even though it ignored the government, the
United States continued supplying military
equipment to Guatemala and followed the same
Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher
took them over in 1833. Thatcher's
government also is plagued by
economic woes.
Argentines, at first delighted by
seizure of the islands, showed signs of
nervousness about the approaching
naval fleet. •
In Britain, the national humiliation
that cost Foreign Secretary Lord
Carrington his job has resulted in a
resurgence of national pride. The
massive naval effort and the country's
determination to safeguard the rights
of the British citizens in the Falklands
has won overwhelming public
approval.
By BRIAN E. BOWERS
Collegian Staff Writer
The University Faculty Senate
yesterday passed legislation
toughening requirements for
graduation with honors and also
discussed the possible abolition of the
late drop policy.
A baccalaureate degree student
graduating with a 3.5 or better
cummulative average will be eligible
for graduation with honors only if he
is in the top 12 percent of hit college,
according to the legislation.
Before the legislation, it was
sufficient to have only a 3.5 average to
graduate with honors.
The percentage of graduates in
each level of distinction will be: 2
percent with highest distinction, 4
percent with high distinction and 6
percent with distinction.
The senate defeated a •
recommendation to limit the
percentage of students placed on the
Dean's List by each college.
When discussing legislation to edit
the late drop policy to conform with
the semester system, many senators
objected to the fact that there was a
late drop policy.
The legislation was sent back to
committee to show disapproval of the
policy.
Senators argued that the late drop
policy wastes teaching resources by
requiring additional sections to
accommodate students who dropped
the coursestefore. Also, many
students do not make a real effort to
do well in course knowing that they
can drop it if they are not doing well.
In other business, the senate heard
vessel carrying blood from his heart burst.
In a rare interview just four weeks ago,
Fortas said he planned to continue his private
law practice "until my clients retire me or the
Lord retires me."
Born in Memphis, Tenn. to a Jewish
immigrant from England, Fortas rose to the
heights of his profession as a member of the
Supreme Court's liberal wing under then-Chief
Justice Earl Warren.
Shy but often tough-talking, Fortas refused to
tragedies of Supreme Court history" that
Fortas did not become"chief justice to continue
the trends of the Warren Court.
Murphy, author of a recent book on the
extrajudicial activities of former Associate
Justices Louis D. Brandeis and Felix
Frankfurter, said he was "really sad" that
Fortas was not selected chief justice because he
served during a crucial period when the Court
made many changes in Supreme Court
doctrine, including the Miranda decision that
required suspects in custody be read their
constitutional rights before questioning.
However, it objects to other countries, including
Nicaragua and Cuba, sending arms to Salvadoran
leftist guerrillas, he said.
Both Nichols and Ameringer said they are
convinced Nicaragua and Cuba are supplying
arms to the leftist guerrillas in El Salvador.
Supplying arms is not causing the revolution El
Salvador, Nichols said, explaining that it is being
caused by deep-rooted problems throughout the
social structure in the country. The country has a
long history of violence and revolution that started
before Nicaragua and Cuba became involyed.
"The sources of impending revolution are deep
rooted and if Nicaragua and Cuba packed up and
left, the revolution would still be there," Nichols
said.
Like the situation in El Salvador, the current
political situation in Guatemala is unsettled
because of the recent military overthrow,
Ameringer said.
The military regime of Gen. Fernanado Romeo
Lucas Garcia was overthrown last month by the
Guatemalan leftist junta, and the political stance
of the junta is unclear at the moment. The day'
after the overthrow, the junta suspended the
constitution and all political activity.
The leftist junta boycotted the elections on
March 1 in which Gen. Angel Anibal Guevara beat
Garcia.
Nichols said the situation in Guatemala is
critical because the forces are in motion and could
be in the early stages of "holocaust." The United
States has no leverage of influence in Guatemala
even though it may have some in other countries,
Nichols said.
Faculty Senate may
abolish late drop
20°
Wednesday April 7, 1982
Vol. 82, No. 149 24 pages University Park, Pa. 16802
Published by studenls of The Pennsylvania State University
a report stating that the climate for
research at Commonwealth
campuses is poor. ,
The report by the Senate Committee
on Research said that research by
Commonwealth campus faculty is
difficult because of heavy teaching
loads, inadequate facilities, hard-to
obtain sabbaticals and few research
grants.
The report said publication of
material is weighted too heavily in the
promotion and tenure policies of the
University. Commonwealth campus
faculty cannot meet the requirements
in this area as easily as faculty at
University Park because of the
restrictions mentioned.
The problem could be helped by
giving more support to faculty at
Commonwealth campuses and by
weighing scholarly activity such as
course outlining and consultation
services in the promotion and tenure
process, the report said.
The senate also heard a report on
the maintenance and general
appearance of the University and how
they affect teaching.
The Senate Committee on
Academic and Physical Planning
reported that classroom maintenance
is poor. Trash is often on the floor,
chalk is not available and problems
exist with lighting, heating and
ventilation in many classrooms,
according to the report.
The report suggests that if faculty
have complaints about maintenance,
they should report to the physical
plant coordinator in their college.
Also, faculty and students should take
better care to keep the rooms clean
when using them.
discuss the events that led to his resignation on
May 15, 1969, following the disclosure that he
had agreed to accept a $20,000 annual fee from a
foundation headed by imprisoned financier
Louis E. Wolfson.
"Oh, come on, I'm not going into that,"
Fortas snapped in the recent interview with The
Associated Press.
Fortas had served as one of Johnson's closest
advisers before he was named to the high court
in 1965.
"It's staggering to think how history would've
been if Abe Fortas had become chief justice
instead of Warren Burger," he said.
James Eisenstein, professor of political
science, said Fortas would be remembered for
his opinion in the Gault case, in which the Court
extended most of the Bill of Rights to juvenile
offenders.
University Professor Edward Keynes, who
teaches several constitutional law and
American government courses, was •
unavailable for comment.
Please see FORTAS, Page 12.
• ARHS President Chris Calkins
invalidates Pollock•Nittany elec
tions because of improper election
procedures Page 2
• The State College Parking Au
thority takes another step toward
building the Fraser Street parking
garage by deciding to interview
architects
• An accident in College Town
ship kills a Clinton County woman
and seriously injures her daughter.
Page 17
Winter has returned. A few morn
ing flurries give way to partly sunny
skies today. It will be breezy with
high temperatures around 33. Grad
ually increasing cloudiness over
night with low temperatures near
25. Mostly cloudy with snow devel
oping tomorrow. High near 35.
—by Mark Stunder
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