Jets clash over coast
Israel, Syria battle
TEL AVIV (AP) Israeliond Syrian
warplanes wheeled near Syria's
Mediterranean coastline yesterday in
two dogfights that marked the biggest
Middle East aerial battle since the 1967
•
six-day war. MIG2I aircraft.
The Israeli air force said it shot down Syria claimed that the' Israeli , jets
13 Syrian MIG2I fighters and lost one of penetrated its airspace near Tartous,
its own French-built Mirages but t Syria's second largest port. Peled said,
rescued the pilot. Syria said its air force "We were over international waters
shot down five Israeli jets and lost eight when the battle ensued."
MIGs.
Brig. Gen. Binyamin Peled, the Israeli
Living-learning
study plan devised
13y STEVE OSTROSKY
Collegian Staff Writer
The University's plan for an
Experimental Academic Program is
moving closer to reality.
The program will be a co-educational
living-learning 'situation involving
between 50 and 80 students and several
faculty members who will live together
for one term to explore an integrated
area of study.
The idea for XAP first took root last
fall when Ed Pitts, a graduate student in
higher education and Terry Novak, an
instructor in community development,
began investigating course instruction.
They also investigated experimental
colleges. Last winter, they published
"Penn State in Transition," which
reported their findings. Since then, Pitts
and Eugene R. Melander, assistant vice
presidenr'for undergraduate studies,
have been working together on XAP.
XAP is an attempt to improve the
quality of course instruction at the
University.
According to Melander, the program's
proposed objectives are:
an intense academic living-learning
experience for participating students
and faculty;
an integrated academic experience
for participants;
—experimentation in integrated
academic programming and in
innovative instructional modes and
techniques and;
an emphaiis on program and
teaching-learning evaluation.
Melander said the program for each
term will be based around one theme.
The students and faculty will attach
themselves to this theme and disengage
themselves from the rest of the
University.
Alelander said the theme of the
programs would vary, as would the
student and faculty participants. Four
possible model programs have been
identified, including a general education
program, a major academic field
program, cross disciplinary problem
solving and cross disciplinary issues or
themes.
Melander emphasized these programs
are only examples and no decision has
been made on them so far. But he said
the next step to set up an Academic
Development Team this term which will
work out who will participate in XAP,
what the theme will be, where the
program will be held and when the
"But on the average girls are brighter...
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE sexes were determined by to what he thinks is the actual level in the covered bottle on
experiments using the apparatus above. The subject was the left. Experiments showed women are less capable of
asked to adjust the artificial level on the right to correspond adjusting the level correctly than men.
Collegian
he
1. by
air force chief, said 12 Israeli Mirages
and Phantoms "were on a routine sea
patrol" about 150 miles north of Israel's
northern port of Haifa when they were
intercepted by about a dozen Syrian
The Syrian was reported in good
condition. The Israelis did not say what
center
program will start.
"Once the development team has put
together a theme, it must be tested for
student interest in it. The theme must be
meaningful to the faculty, but relevent to
the students," Melander said.
No decision has been made yet on
where to locate • the XAP Center,
Melander said. But he added,
"Hopefully, it will be on campus."
He said they were investigating
several possibilities . including
dormitories.
A similar plan now is offered by the
University, but is more limited. Faculty
and students spend Spring Term on
Wallops Island, Va., studying marine
biology. Students take and receive credit
for , courses, but there is no set class
room procedure.
Melander said many students have
returned from this experience and asked
why the University did not have a
similar program on campus.
Melander said he considers the XAP
Center to be a revolving door of
eduCational opportunity.
He said, "The experimental part of
this program is working with new ideas.
There are certain constraints in the
typical college program, such as set
class periods, which can be
experimented with. The faculty will be
able to determine the procedure they
want to follow. This flexibility is a
challenge to the creativity of our
factilty."
XAP is being developed through the
Office of the Vice President for
Undergraduate Studies, but Melander
said, "It's not our program. It belongs to
the faculty and the student.
"This program will fly only if we get
faculty cooperation," he said. He added
many :faculty members believe the
varied program, flexibility and the idea
of different themes is very attractive.
Melander said he believes when a
faculty member gets a chance to
experiment in this setting, he may
change his teaching methods when he
returns to regular University teaching.
According to Pitts, some students
already have displayed an interest in
XAP,. He said, "I think students in
general are excited about the program."
Melander and Pitts encourage student
input into the program. Melander said
student involvement and ideas are
wanted. He said the developinent team
will want to hear student ideas, so they
will have a better knowledge of where
the student interest lies.
they would do with him. '
The downed Israeli pilot, a burly man
who appeared to be in his late 20s,
appeared at ;a news conference still
dressed in his flight suit. He smiled
frequently and appeared relaxed. His
name was not. released.
"The battle 'was short. Then we were
ordered to break contact and go home,"
he said.
if
'
'About 10 miles south of the spot of
engagement I was hit. I had to shut down
the engine arid after glidirig for some
time I finally iditched. I
"I ejected ;. about 10,000 feet and
everything went well. Then I waited to
be rescued. I was sure all the time they
would come to get me out,'r he said.
"I didn't feel much during the
ejection. It all happened so fast." He
said he didn't see the plane that hit him.
The pilot evaluated the Syrian fighting
performance as "low, and the statistics
show it. They never had a chance."
The battle igave the Israelis their
biggest number of kills since' they
destroyed 387 Arab planes, most of them
still on the ground, in one day of the 1967
six-day war. '
Chilean army names president,
cuts Cuban diplomatic relations
SANTIAGO, Chile (AP) The military junta
named an army general as preiident yesterday,
formed a Cabinet and broke diplomatic relations with
Cuba in a sharp reversal of Chile's f9reign policy.
An around-the-clock curfew, in effect since Tuesday,
was lifted at noon for six and a half hours so civilians
could leave their homes to purchase food and other
necessities. ' ,
In Buenos ;Aires, leaders of toppled Marxist
President Salvador Allende's Popular Unity coalition
said the former commanderi,of the Chilean army, Gen.
Carlos Prats, Was leading troops from the south to
attack the junta forces in Santiago.
There was confirmation of the coalition leaders'
information.
The leaders; said they had a message from
Concepcion, Chile, about 265 miles southwest of
Santiago, relaying word that Prats had taken
command of troops and volunteer workers. They would
not say how the'message reached them or where Prats'
army was. '
Advises Nixon turnover Watergate tapes
Court recommends compromise
WASHINGTON (AP) A federal
appeals court suggested yesterday that
President Nixon !let special Watergate
prosecutor Archibald Cox listen to White
House tape recordings as a possible
means of avoiding a judicial-executive
branch showdovM in the courts. •
Cox quickly • agreed to follow the
proposed compromise.
The White House had no immediate
comment.
Nixon so far hiis refused to let anyone
other than some current and former
Photo by Carol McCloskey
If you think they're big now, wait till the growing season!
AND THE GROWING season is what the rocks are waiting. garden when weather permits, Mueller said. See story, page
for, according to Otto Mueller, director of housing and food 11.
services. The site, on the Simmons lawn, will become a rock
The coalition leaders in Buenos Aires included Juan
Enrique Vega, former Chilean ambassador to Cuba;
Ocatavio Gonzalez, a director of the Central Labor
Union and Communist party leader; and Jorge Arrata,
economic adviser to Allende.
The curfew in Santiago had been so strictly enforced
that civilians couldn't leave their homes. Hundreds of
others in this city of three million had been stranded in
downtown offices and hotels.
Just as the break in the curfew began, a new flurry of
shooting broke out in the downtown area and only a
handful of pedestrians ventured into the streets there.
Troops have been fighting in the city for three days
against snipers and other armed supporters of the dead
Allende.
There have been unofficial reports that 500 to 1,000
people have died and many others wounded in fighting
since Tuesday morning, when a coup toppled Allende's
three-year-old government. The military authorities,
in charge of the only radio network on the air, have not
mentioned casualty figures.
aides hear the tapes of conversations The judges cautioned, howeier, their The court said if its suggested
about the Watergate affair. compromise proposal did not hint at compromise fails, it must attack the
He claims the courts have no right to
what course they might take if forced to issues of the case
make him turn over the tapes either to rule whether Nixon must give up the tapes for inspection.
Cox or a federal judge for inspection.
The appeals court advanced a
suggested compromise by which Nixon,
his lawyer, and Cox meet and decide
among themselves what parts of the
controversial tapes could be submitted
to the Watergate grand jury.
Physics principle eludes women
You mean
By JANICE SELINGER
Collegian Staff Writer
Hoben Thomas, associate professor of
psychology, has discovered that 50 per
cent of college women are unaware of
the principle stating the surface of still
water remains horizontal regardless of
the angle of its container.
Years of research involving hundreds
of pre-school and college • students
indicate sixth or seventh grade boys
understand this principle as well as
college men, while the understanding of
college women lags behind boys of all
ages.
Thomas' original idea for exploring
the problem of still water came from the
readings of Jean Piaget, Swiss
philosopher turned psychologist:
However, the task and apparatus used in
the experiment were unique to Penn
State.
The work behind the study started four
years ago but the majority of learning
tests, geared at teaching the principle to
women, were carried out during the
1971-72 school year. The tests began with
nursery school children and worked up
to college students. The college students
tested were all from . University
Psychology 2 sections.
The test consisted of two stages, a
learning stage and an interview. For the
test's learning portion, each subject was
shown a bottle half filled with red water
alongside an identically shaped, covered
Friday, September 14, 1973
University Park, Pennsylvania Vol. 74, No. 27-24 pages
Published by Students of The Pennsylvania State University
In an unsigned memorandum, the U.S.
Court of Appeals said its compromise
would avoid a head-to-head clash
between the courts and the President.
Nixon claims the judges have no
jurisdiction in the case.
it doesn't tilt?
bottle. The subjects were asked to adjust
the water level in the open bottle to the
water level in the closed bottle. The
subject was asked to adjust the
waterline eight times at different angles.
If seven•water adjustments were within
4 - degrees of the real horizontal water
level the ,subject was classified
"sophisticated" and dismissed. The
remaining subjects were classified
"naive" and were retained for training.
Research results showedd 50 per cent
of college women do not know the basic
principle of horizontal still water, while
only 13 per cent or fewer male college
students are unaware of this concept. A
total of 91 women were given the test. Of
these, 22 were dismissed because they
understood the principle and 63 were
retained for further training. Two
hundred women and one hundred men
were involved in some testing phase.
After.. the experiment was concluded,
the subjects were interviewed. Their
answers to the two following questions
were recorded: "How did you know
where to put the pretend water level?"
and "What is the principle or the idea
which determines where the water goes
into the bottle?" These questions were
asked in order to determine whether the
subject understood the principle of
horizontal still water in theory, in
practice or or both. However, test
results show those who failed the test did
not know the principle in theory.
• According to Thomas, there are no
definite explanations for the poor
Gen. Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, commander in chief
of the army, became president of the four-man junta
and swore in a 15-member Cabinet composed mostly of
military.
Rear Adm. Ismael Huerta, the new foreign minister,
advised the Cuban ambassador, Mario Garcia
Inchaustegui, that the junta, in one of its first acts,
broke diplomatic relations with Cuba.
Allende's widow, her two other married daughters
and four grandchildren received asylum in the
Mexican Embassy, the Mexican government
announced yesterday. They are to leave for Mexico
City today_aboard a Mexican plane.
In Washington, the White House said President
Nixon, although aware of unrest in Chile, had "no
advance knowledge of any specific plans for a coup."
The statement was in answer to charges, chiefly from
Latin America,. that the U.S. government encouraged
the military to oust Allende.
The appeals court said, "It appeared
to the court that the issues dividing the
parties ,might be susceptible of
resolution-: by procedures other than
those set forth" by U.S. Dist. Judge John
J. Sirica. He commanded Nixon to turn
over nine Watergate-related tapes for
private inspection in his chambers.
performance of women students, only
speculations. Thomas said the
differences between men and women are
not only those occurring at birth. There
are continuing differences as men and
women mature, Thomas said.
One possible speculation states the
poor performance is based on a sex
linked recessive gene carried on sex
chromosomes. "We think that difference
may be in part biologically based, which
is of course not to exclude the role or
importance of experience," Thomas
noted.
The test was carried &it to determine
whether or not women• can discover the
minciple for themselves. According to
test results it appears women cannot
discover this, Thomas said. But Thomas
said the test cannot be considered a
simple function of intelligence because,
on the average, girls are more
intelligent than boys.
The test proves some simple concepts
cannot be as easily understood as he and
his associates thought, Thomas noted.
Start the weekend right
P. S.
inside today
and every Friday