PAGE EIGHI
Research Review
Swamps Provide First Stage
For University Coal Research
By KAY MILLS
The Everglade swamps of
southwest Florida provide one
stage for Penn State scientists'
study of the beginning of coal
formation. This is a phase of
the multi-faceted coal research
program here.
Members of the Coal Research
Section, under the directic.n of
Dr. William Spackman, professor
of paleobotany, travel during the
summer to sub-tropical swamp
regions to study the peat accumu
lating in that environment.
"By visiting the Bahamas, Ver
mont, the Dakotas, Alaska. Ala
bama and Pennsylvania," Spack—
man said, "we are tracing the for
mation of coal from peat to lignite
through bituminous and anthra
cite coals."
"In these modern coal-forming
environments, we hope to deter
mine what changes take place as
coal' develops and what kind of
coal is formed under condi
tions," he added,
. "Then we can go back to the
original coal seams and tell un
der what conditions they were
THIS SATU • DAY NIGHT
8:00 P.M.
formed," Sparkman explained.
In this way, he added, the his
tory of individual coal seams—
their climate, vegetation and
geography—can be reconstruct
ed.
This basic study helps develOp
fundamental information on the
nature of coal and coal seams,
Spackman said, adding that the
research is sponsored by the Na
tional Science Foundation.
Another phase of coal research
may benefit steel companies, who
are supporting studies here on
how the compostiion of coal af
fects its reaction when used in
making coke, Spackman said.
Steel
.companies will then be able
to select for the types of coal
which make more and better coke,
he added.
Quality coke, used in blast fur
naces ,will increase output and
quality of iron produced, Spark
man said.
In a third study area, plant
historains work in an attempt
to reconstruct the vegetation
history of the eastern North
American coast since the end of
the glacial period.
For example, by studying fossil
spores and pollen, an age of
10,000 years has been. set for the
peat at the bottom of the Bear
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Meadow bog near Boalsburg,
Spackman said.
The scientists hope to make
similar studies along the Appala
chian mountain chain to describe
the influence of the glacial period
on climate and other factors in
this area and to the south, he said.
Spackman said that often a
formation may seem completely
barren of fossils but it almost
always has these microfossils—
spores. and pollen.
Age can be, determined by
measuring the amount of carbon
that has been decayed by normal
radioactivity, Spackman added.
This count is an index to how long
the material has been sitting there,
he said. Basically, he explained,
this describes the carbon 14 meth
od of age determination. Fallout
from atmospheric nuclear testing
makes the process more difficult,
he said, but it does not change
the rate of carbon decay.
The section also works with the
United States_ Atomic Energy
Commission, the oil industry and
the commonwealth's coal research
board. Spackman has been in
volved in such research here for
about 10 yeafs and is aided in
projects by students working for
advanced degrees.
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