January 29, 1919
IMPORTANCE OF LEAGUE
OF NATIONS EXPLAINED
(Continued from first Mine)
p o n of international anarchy out of
which the world has never emerged hl
eontintil juste prevails and
that Justic ue e
cannot tri ic umph until the
world is united for justice. As Russia
la an example of what happens within
a state without organization, so this
Groat %Vac is an example of what hap
pens between states without organist
dos. Since Justice is the central aim
among social organizations it must be
slatle the most important consideration
In the new International order. Society
implies not only self restraint but group
'restraint where self restraint fails.
Peace. happiness and liberty in the so
ciety of nations are as dependent on the
surrender of license as they are within
a state. A people wedded to Justice,
as the American people are, should not
be afraid to assume their share of re
sponsibility in a League of Nations in
or der to lighten the curse of war in
the world.
League of Nations Advocated Before
The plan for the establishment of a
League of Nations is not a new one. it
is in fact at least three hundred years
old and In one form or another has been
advocated by such men as Henry fly
of France, William Penn. Bentham
Kant and numerous others. A. the
horrors of war have always lead those
who have suffered to desire the estab
lishment of a new international system
that would make their recurranc t o im
pdemble, so the present war with all Its
atrocities and its total disregard of in
ternational covenants has as one of its
re deeming features the creation of strong
public sentiment throughout the world
for the creation of a League of Nations
to maintain the peace of tile world.
Our own President Wilson has written
his name indelibly on the pages of
history by his advocacy and leadership
In the present movement. By Ills de
termination and liis ability in Placing
the question forcefully and convincingly
before the people ho has won to its
support the leading statesmen of the
world. In his Fourteen
: Points, which
constitute the preliminary peace pro
gram agreed upon by the Central Cen
tral Powers and the Allies, references
he the League of Nations end its guar
antees are found in seven of the four
teen Propositions. These are that tile
high eats may go closed only "by inter
national action for the enforcement of
intamational covenants:" that equality
of (nide conditions should be establish
ed "among all nations consenting to the
peace and associating themselves for its I
maintenance:" that guarantees aro to
be given "and taken that national arms
meats will be reduced to the lowest
point consistent with domestic safety;"
that "International guarantees of tile
political and economic Independence and
territorial integrity of the several Bal
kan States should be entered Into;" that
the Dardanelles should be permanently
internationalized; that Poland should
be given "a free passage to the sea."
and her "political and economic inde
pendence and territorial Integrity should
be guaranteed by International cove
nants:" that a "general association of
nations must be formed under specific
covenants for the purpose of affording
material guarantees of political indepen
dence and territorial integrity to great
%and small states alike." In an address
on Septeinber 27. 1919, President Wilson
farther amplified his program when he
said, "There call lie no leagues or•ailD
anew or special covenants and under
standings without the general and com
mon family by the league of nations.
There can be no special. selfish eco
nomic combinations without the league
and no employment of any form of
economic boycott or exclusion, except
as.the power of economic ponalty by
exclusion from the markets of the world
may be vested In the League of Nations
Itself as a means of discipline and con
tra"
This program to be properly under-
Mood must be considered in its entirety,
for the different propositions are very
closely associated and to a large extent
dependent upon each other. A League
of Nations without the freedom of the
seas, without national disarmament,
without the abandonment of separate
alliances and without the absence of
economic and political restrictions , would
of necessity be weak and Inefficient.
Proposed Organization
While the leading statesmen of the
world sanction the establishment of a
League of Nations and the great Peace
Conference is giving the forty different
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plans suggested to it first considera
tion, it is too. early to deterrnine the
scope or the constitution of such a
league. Nevertheless, from ..:the pub
lished proposed constitutions and from
utterances of the advocates of the
League of Nations the general frame
work for the international government
offers some definite possibilities. For
example many are advocating a plan
similar to the following:
1. International Council. (Legislature).
The creation of a representative
council to formulate and codify the
rules of International law, to make rules
for the functioning of the League, to
examine social, economic and other con
ditions that concern the nations of the
world, to Inspect this work of the ad
ministrative bodies, to legislate for the
League and to recommend changes in
the coifstitution. The International
Council Is to be composed of three
members from each of the Craft
Powell' represented in the League and.
one or two from each of the smaller
I powers. The members are to be ap
pointed by the state governments or in
I any way that tile respective govern
ments may desire and subject to the
recall of the appointing power: Each
member Is to receive a Mary of not less
than 125.000 per year,
2. International Conferences.
The International Council Is to call
at stated intervals an International
Conference composed-of representatives
of all the nations of the world includ
ing those that are and those that are
not members of the League of Nations.
The work of his body is to formulate
rules of International law. Its acts are
to be subject to veto by the states par
ticipating.
IL The Ministry. (Executive).
The law enforcing nr the executive
department of the League in to consist
of a ministry of live selected from and
by the International Council. No state
is to be represented with more than one
member. The tenure of office will de
pend upon the wishes of the Interim
liana, Council. The ministry In to sit
Continuously at The Hague. It may
apply to the International Court for
inkinetions against states, call special
sessions of the International Council
and in case of war select a war council.
The members are to receive snlarice
of not less than $50,000 per year.
4. The International Court.
The International Court is to be com
posed of ten or possibly fifteen judges,
not more limn two of whom nro to ho
citizens of any one state. The judges
are to be elected by judicial electors.
The appointments nre to be for life or
during good behavior. The compensa
tion shall not be less than $50,000 per
year. No Judge is permitted to sit In
any case that concerns his state. Ver
dicts are to be rendered by a majority
vote. The Court is to apply and Inter
prelate international law and its judo
diction extends over all justiciable cases,
that is those cases which are settled
according to the principles of law. and
equity. It may also grant injuneUons
in both justiciable and non-justiciable
cases.
5. The Council of Conciliation.
The Council of Conciliation to to ho
composed of ono member of the Inter
national Council from each elate In the
League of Nations. This body has
jurisdicion over non-Justiciable cases.
Non-Justiciable cases arc those which
cannot be settled according to low and
equity. They aro questions of govern
mental policy. Our situation with if,-
spect to China and Japan
. affords an
excellent illustration. We prohibit
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}
Chinese and Japanese front becoming
citizens and our immigration laws pro
hibit the admission of Chinese alto
=ether. We have a right to pass such
laws but such action may very well
lead to friction and even war. Discrim
inatory commercial legislation is an
other type of non-Justiciable case.
General Provisions of Pion
There are a number of general pro
visions that concern the government as
a whole. The permanent seat of gov
ernment is to he at The Hague.. The
members of the government are privi
leged to hold no other governmental
positions. Any department of the inter
national government may call upon
Individual states for information and
compel the attendance of witnesses.
The expenses of the International gov
ernment ore to be borne by individual
states in proportion to their social In
comes. The new government is to go
into effect when a majority of the Great
Powers and ten of the small powers
have ratified the constitution. (This
suggested constitution is taken hugely
from Marburg's, 'The League of Na
tions"). Most advocates of the League
of Nations would confer the power of
declaring war upon either the Inter
national Council or the Council of Con
ciliation. Upon this question, however,
there is n great diversity of opinion.
Many would have one of the Councils
determine when the occasion for war
arises and reserve for the - Individual
states the right to deiermine whether
or not 4 should participhie. Others
would merely compel arbitration and
the postponement of war PP' a stated
period of time. Still others would first
employ economic boycott. by which the
nations of the world would be prohibited
from having any commercial inter,
course whatever with the nation or na
tions that refused to abide by the de
cisions of the International Govern
meet: and, in case 'the boycott failed,
would then compel submission by a
combined military force. It appears
that ths- French and English commis
sinners at Vor:qilleS support this plan.
Seine of the delegates favor a division
of the world into cones In whigh the
rospecUve Great Powers shall tindertahe
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the reoponsihility of seeing to it that':
members of the League conform to the
rules laid down by' the government. It
would he unnecessary for any nation
to send forces to a distant quarter.
The United States could properly take
care of the Western Hemisphere and
need not maintain in normal times an
extensive military establishment. This
plan of policing 'Hie world for the
League of Nations seems to be gaining
advocate every day and stands a good
chance of being adopted In one form or
another, It appears that this constitu
tion or a modification of it would be n
great improvement over the old system
that Prevailed previous to the outbreak
of the. Great War. It does and, should
provide a definite permanent govern
ment with rather large powers over in
ternational relations. While the crea
tion of such a super-state might not
and in all probability would not Pre
vent all future wars: it is certainly a
step in the right direction. The world
is probably not ready for the creation
of a powerful super-state; and should
such II state he created prematurely a
civil war ‘ uimilar to our civil war might
have to be fought to establish inter
national sovereinty and international
citizenship. We are ready for the crea
tion of an International state that Is
much stronger than any International
state that has existed previously.
Should this experiment prove success
ful, and we have every reason for be
lieving it will, the powers of the govern
ment could be enlarged and extended
front time io time Its pectslops demand.
League of Nations Essential
To the United States the establish
ment of a League of Nntions, as Presi
dent Wilson has sold repeatedly, Is tin
essential consideration In the Peace,
Conference. We have reached n. point
ht our history when wo are so closely
associated with the peoples of the world,
so dependent upon them and they in
turn upon us for the very necessities of
life that Isolation la an utter Impos
sibility. Therefore, our choice Iles be
tn•een a world balance of power based
on two or more great alliances, In one
of which we shall take our place. or
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some form of werid confederation; in
other words between two leagues or
one. It the former policy is adopted we
must become a militaristic country and
asume tho inevitable accompanying eco
nomic burdens. The naval program of
Secretary Daniels, which would give us
a navy larger than that of any other
nation in the world by 1925, must be
adopted in the event of the failure of
Wilson's peace program or we must
form an alliance, preferably with Eng
land, to protect our numerous detached
possessions, our two great coast lines
and our enormous foreign trade, at
present more than one-fifth that of
the entire world. With enemies in the
Orient and in Europe we must maintain
a navy large enough to protect both
our coasts in case of shnulaneous at
ask. Our difficulty in uniting our
Pacific and Atlantie fleets in the Span-
American war to meet the attack
the Spanish Fleet which gad been
thatched to American waters brought
is need home to us as never before.
irthermore, by the transfer of more
an 2,000.000 soldiers to Prance In the
present war in R remarkably short
period of time we have ourselves dem
onstrated to the world the fact that we
are not immune from attack or even
front ant invasion by a foreign army.
For these and other reasons WC must
have either a League of Nations anti
partial or total disarmament or greatly
mreased armaments and alliances.
Though the chief advocate of the
eague of Nations Is President Wilson,
the United States Is less apt to ratify *
the league of nations project than most'
of tno other Great Powers. Millions of
Americans are Ignorant of the present
status of the Monroe Doctrine, ns well
as the abandonment of our policy of
isolation and impossibility of adhering;
to it Is the future; hence they would
oppose the establishment of the League I
of Nations. Furthermore Ste have n
crusting self-consciousness as a nation
and thousands will hesitate to surren-
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der any of their sovereignty to a super
state. Again. President Wilson, by his
lam of tact in ignoring the Senate and
Republican party in the selection of
pease commissioners tins invited much
hostikty to any action his conunis-
MOllOl, may take. Nevertheless. It is
to be hoped that the Peace Conference
will establish a League of Nations and
that the American people will give the
new international government their
hearty support for in that direction lies
the future peace and happiness of the
world.
nmttrday, January 25, the Peace Con-,
ferenee by a unanimous vote decreed i
that "it is essential to the maintenance
of the trend settlement which the mono
elated nations now are met to establish.'
that :I League of Nations be created to I
promote international obligations and to!
provide safeguards against war. This I
league should be created as an integral
hart of the general treaty of peace and
should be open to every civilized nation
which can be relied upon to promote its
„weep:. The Members of the League
should pet iodically meet in international
!conference and should have a ',mita
vent organization and secretaries to !
e•trry On the bIISIIIOSS of the League to
the intervals between conferences." A
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THE
'KT:W.7n
Page Three
commission composed of two members
fcont each of the five Great Powers and
five from the smaller powers was ap
pointed to work out the details for the
organization and establishment of this
League.
THE
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Stale College, Pa.
'W. 1.. FOSTER, President
DAVID F. KAPP, Cashier
1 4S,
•
1- - *'" •
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11.4 1
Paiel."4,"
Gish. isu
GF.,IFFITH
the Greatest Thinti inLife
AaAVECPAFT
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II "The Greatest Thin in Life"
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