"All is change, woe or weal; Joy is Sorrow's brother;
Pain and Pleasure steal Symbols of each other."
No theory of either ,can be satisfactory that does not equally apply
to the other. ,
An examination of a great number of writers shows that many
of them do not distinctly decide the question whether pain-pleasure
belongs to sensation or with emotion, and are even inconsistent
regarding it ; while each answer is supported by a large number.
Moreover, we find the reality of intellectual pain and pleasure
admitted, by implication, or often by direct statement. A careful
analysis of pain (and pleasure) makes it evident ,that the essential
characteristics of sensation are not present ; and that the char
acteristics which mark pain-pleasure do not bielong to sensa
tion. There are also numerous positive reasons precluding the
classification of pain-pleasure with emotion. What, then, is it ?
It is fn multifold close relation with sensation, and with emotion;
and also with intellect and with will. For we undoubtedly have
not only sense pain-pleasure and emotion pain-pleasure, but also,
it is freely admitted and experience testifies, pain-pleasure of in
tellect and of volition. The psychological theory of pain-pleasure,
foreshadowed by mdny writers and largely held at present, is suc
cinctly stated by Henry Rutgers Marshall : "Pain and pleasure are
qualities which may arise with all psychic elements ; qualities of a
most general nature, either one of which may, and one of which
must, belong to each psychic element that is differentiable."
Finally, the relation of pain to theistic belief must be considered,
if but briefly. Pessimism, noxious exhalation from the misery of
the world, has especially emphasized the problem of pain as an ob
jection to theistic belief, especially in the form of Christian Faith
in God.
In an essay in "Lux Mundi," Rev. J. R. Illingsworth gives a
short, strong discussion of the baering of pain' on faith in God.
His argument for the Christian faith against pessimism, as re
gards pain, may be briefly outlined : In the literature of modern
pessimism, the existence of pain is strongly urged as incompatible
with the belief in a God who is at once omnipotent and benevo-