dent executive power, state conditions of eligi
bility, fix term of office and forbid his becoming
his own successor, establish an electoral college,
provide for election by Congress in case the col
lege does not give any candidate a majority, de
fine the powers of the President and of his Min
isters of State and determine the grounds and the
method of impeachment, Articles 34 to 61 treat
of the Supreme Federal Tribunal of 13 judges,
appointed by the President for life, (one of whom
he must designate as Attorney General), and de
fine carefully the jurisdiction of this, of the lower
federal tribunals and of the State courts.
Title Two (Articles 62 to 66) guarantee to each
state a republican form of government, and also
defines and limits the powers of the state govern-
ments.
Title Three (article 67 and 68) establishes the
Municipality in the several states, with complete
autonomy as regards their peculiar interests and
election of the local administration.
Title Four (Articles 67 and 63) lays down lib
eral conditions of citizenship yet guards the fran
chise by excluding improper persons, such as pau
pers, illiterate persons, soldiers, monks and con
victs. The Declaration of Rights assures inviol
ability of liberty, individual safety and property,
freedom of worship, of opinion and of the press,
requires civil marriage, grants habeas corpus , ex
cludes the Jesuits and prohibits the founding of
new convents or monastic orders.
Title Five (Articles 71 to 83) provides for the
declaration of martial law, for appellate jurisdic
tion of the supremecourt in criminal proceedings,
and for respontibility of all public officers; it vali
dates laws of the empire unless repealed, binds
all Brazilians to render military service, abolishes
military recruiting, and defines the method of
amending the Constitution.
Under a Section headed “Transitory Disposi
tions” are placed, various rules to be enforced till
the new order of things is fully established, in
cluding one authorizing the first congress, as a
convention, to discuss, amend find adopt the con-
THE FREE LANCE.
stitution, and afterwards, as an electoral college,
to elect the first president and vice president.
Such, faintly sketched, is the plan of the docu
ment about to be submitted to the Congress which,
clothed with so extraordinary powers, meets on
Nov. 13, 1890, the first anniversary of the revolu
tion. Not only is the general plan therein pre
sented a wise one but the details indicate that
thoughtful statesmen have guarded against dan
ger. For instance, church influence in politics is
prevented by a provision forbidding the Union
and the states “to establish, subsidize or embar
rass the exercise of religious worship,” and by
another which excludes not only from office but
from voting privileges “members of monastical
orders .... subject to vows of obedience . . .
which involves the renunciation of individual lib
erty.” The peril of military rule is guarded
against by withdrawing voting privileges from all
enlisted men and by rendering all governors and
military and police officers ineligible as candi
dates for high federal offices. Republicans of
Saxon ancestry have not usually been hopeful con
cerning republics among the Latin races; but the
apparent stability of the French Republic and
the progress of Mexico alike under presidents of
pure Ineian parentage, ns Juarez, and of Spanish
blood, as Diaz, give promise of better results than
those shown by the first half of the century. Let
us be encouraged then, and, having seen the pru
dence of the provisional government and the
people and the wisdom of the constitution sub
mitted, let us look not only with goodwill but
with hope and faith upon our great sister republic
of South America, “The United States of Brazil.”
Miss Anna E. Redifer of the Pennsylvania
Museum and School of Industrial Art, Philadel
phia, is the head of the new course in Industrial
Art and Design recently established here. This
department will prove quite an acquisition to the
institution and one which many of our students
will do well to take advantage of, especially the
young ladies,