1 A a IS lll j TOUU Hl'TCIlIXSOX, Publisher. I WOULD RATHER BE RIGHT THAN PRESIDENT. Henry Clay. TERMS: ( sa.oo ii:r awi.'jj. 51.dO IX ADVAXt'C. VOLTJM E DIRECTORY. fSifiK" KXPRE3SLY FOR "THE ALLEGHANIAS.' LIST, OP POST OFFICES. i'ott OjKce. j-uu's Creek, deilu-1 sutiou, I'arrolltown, I'lieiJ Siriug5, Eotfiiiburn-islu-M Timber, Gill!"''"! lieailook, Johnstown, Mineral Point, lUaster, I'ersli'miJ, pUitviile, Augustine, i.i Level, j:i'.il.tn. Suiuuitfrhill, j immit, W.Iiuore, Post Matters. Districts. Joseph Graham, Yoder. Joseph S Mardis, Blacklick. Benjamin Wirtner, Carroll. Daul. Litzinger, Chest. John J. Troxell, Washint'u. Mrs. H. M'l'ague, Ebensburg. ' Isaac Thompson, White. J. M. Christy, GalliUiu. Win. M'Uough, Washt'n. 11. A. Dojjxs, Johnsfwn. Win. Gwinn, Loretto. E. Wissinger, Conem'gh. A. Durbin, Munstcr. Francis Clement, Couem'gh. Andrew J. Ferral Susq han. G. W. Bowman, White. Win. Ryan, Sr., Clearfield. George Conrad, Richland. B. M'Colgan, Washt'n. Win. Murray. Croyle. Miss M. Gillespie Washt'n. Andrew Beck, S'mmerhill. rm nnir.s, mimstcus, &c Presbyterian Ukv. D. Harrison, Pastor. r.'f:i':hiug every Sabbath morning at 10$ ..i. k. and in the evening at t o'clock. Sab School at 9 o'clock. A. M. Prayer meet u.' i very Thursday evening at 6 o'clock. )th'iist Episcopal Church Rev. J. Shane, Troiihcr in charge. Rev J. M. Smith. As- ::iut. Preaching every Sabbath, alternately : o'clock in the morning, or 7 in the . t:r,n. Sabbath School at M o'clock, A. M. P-ivr meeting every Thursday evening at 7 lY'lrh Independent Rev. Ll. R. Powell, i t .r. Preaching every Sabbath morning at i'oYlork. and in the evening at G o'clock. l:.h:itli School at I o'clock, P. M. Prayer -ting on the first Monday evening of each :n ;r:i; and on every Tuesday, Thursday I'ri l.iy evening, excepting the first week 1 'M'-li nuintli. I'lli-init'ic M'thodist Rev. John Williams, p. -t,,r - Preaching every Sabbath evening at 2 mi '. o'clock. Sabbath School at 10 o'clock, A M. Praver meeting every Friday evening i: 7 .i'cl,i.-k. Society every Tuesday evening at 7 o'clock. I) .tuples Rkv. Wm.Uovd. Pastor Preach-in.-evcrv Sabbath morning at 10 o'clock. V'i-"i'.ir r.'iptixu Rev. Davio Jenkins, IV:. ,r. Preaching every Sabbath evening at 3 -: k. Sabbath School at 1 o'clock, 1'. M. '-',..:, Kev. M. J. Mitchell. Pastor S-'v;,'M pv.tv Sabbath morning at lo J o'clock (.A f-ju rs at 4 o'clock in the evening. i:iii:.vsiiriic mails. M AI! .S ARRIVE. Fi-'-'n, dailv, at 12 o'clock, A.M. 'V.stern, at 2 " A. M. MAILS CLOSE. Et-rn. dailv, at o'clock A. M. W(c:cr:i, "'at " " -x- M. t-y- The Mail- from Butler. I ndiana,Strongs !'a. ,v .. arrive on Thursday of each week, &' ' . .-lock. P. M. I.'Mvt- Kbeusburg on Friday of each week, m - 1'. M. !nThe Mails from Newman's Mills, Oar r ' 't '.vn. ic, arrive on Monday, Wednesday i 1 Fri i-.y of each week, at 3 o'clock. P. M. Lev.. I'.hensburg on Tuesdays, Thursdays &J'l Saturdays, at 7 o clock, A. M. tc, post Office open on Sundays from 9 t'J lo o clock, A. M. itiii.itoin sciicm WILMORE STATION. "t Express Train leaves at Fat Line " Mail Train, " Et Express Train, " Fast Line, " Mail Train, " 9.37 A. M 10. oil P. M 3.16 P. M. 8.10 P. M. 6.30 A. M. 10.04 A. M. t'Ol'XTY OFFICKRS. t'l lj't of ch Courts. President, Hon. Geo- i -Ior, Huntingdon ; Associates, GeorgeU. -iey. Ilicharl Jones, Jr. P'-thoiiotari. Joseph M'Donnld. R-jifter and Recorder. Edward F. Lvtle. b'puty Il'jitttr and Recorder. John Scan ian. SKfriff. Robert V. Linton. l'puty Sheriff. William Linton. Il'strirt Attorn?!. Philip S. Noon. t'ntniy Commissioners. Abel Lloyd, D. T. St'Tni, James Cooper. CUrk to Commissioners. Robert A. M'Coy 7V?i.vrT. John A. Blair. Iouse Directors. David O'Harro', Mirhacl M Guire, Jacob Horner. W House Treasurer. George C. K. Zahm. Vjr llnnse Steward. James J. Kaylor. yf'rrantile Appraiser. H. ('. Devine. Aulitors.Uenrr Hawk, John F. Stull. Jl r. S. Rhey. i "'iU4ty Surveyor. E. A. Vickroy. froner. James S. Todd. Superintendent of Com mob Schools. T. A. "guire. cui:xsiirnG non. offickrs. Jintir,, nf the ptact. David H. Roberts, 'Tison Kinkead. tt'iryrs. Andrew Lewis. Tu'cn Council. William Kittell, William K. 'I",r, Charles Owens, J. C. Noon, Edward '"lemaker. rl'rk to Council. T. D. Litzinger. frronyh Treasurer. George Gnrler. W'ijh .Vafr.William Davis. School IHrcctors. Edward Glass, William ""'s, Ueeae S. Lloyd, John J. Llovd, Morris J-Evans, Thomas J. Davis. T'ttiKurr 0f School Board Evan Morgan. 'mtable.C.eorfre Gurley. CutUrtor. George Gurley. ""or. Kirhnrd T. Davis. 'Ire f f I'Urt;. Isfiac Evan. lt r'ti i. Johr- S. Rhrv. John J. Evans- EBENSBURG, PA., THURSDAY, JANUARY From the Little Pilgrim. Paulo. BY LOCISE E. VICKBOY. Out on the icy pavement, One blessed Christmas day, Paulo, the poor Italian boy, With his organ came to play -Old tunes, that unto childhood's ear Are fresh and sweet alway. And children, all adown the street, Lingered in crowds to hear The strains that on the winter air Rang out so soft and clear; But scarce a penny was given him, His lonely heart to cheer. Paulo a moment paused, then played A wailing requiem, That reached the hearts of George and Rose While mother read to them The story from the Holy Book Of the Babe of Bethlehem. Then out flew George and gentle Rose, And 'twas most sweet to see How lovingly they led him in How 'neath our Christmas-tree They seated him, to tell to us His young life's history. He pictured twice six summers, Of light and melody, He lived in beautiful Naples ; How, crossing o'er the sea, His loving parents died, and how His orphaned years were three. Crossing himself, with upward glance, He told of the Virgin's care, Then showed a little crucifix, Hung by a tress of hair Ilis mother's hair, that on hi3 neck She clasped, with kiss and prayer. He tarried till the morrow's dawn, But would no longer stay ; And up and down, from town to town, With his organ, day by day He journeys on; God prosper him, And speed him on his way I Johnstown, Pa. THE CATACOMBS. So peculiar, so striking were the Cata combs of i'aris, that although upwards of a quarter of a century has passed away since I visited them, 1 still find them viv idly reflected on the mirror of my memo ry ; and as they have now been shut up fur the last twenty years, and will proba bly never again be thrown open, a short sketch of my visit to them may, perhaps, be not wholly uninteresting. As I have already said, it was some thirty years since one tine morning, we drove forth to see the catacombs. Shortly after passing the barrier, ur carriage came to a halt, and we all alight ed. Within a few yards of the road we found the entrance to the catacombs. Here we were met by a guide, who dis tributed tw ) or three unlit tapers amongst the gentlemen of the party. This was a mere precautionary measure ; but more than one rose faded ffnm a fair cheek, as this hint of a possibility of danger was communicated to the party. We now mado a tedious descent down a corkscrew flight of steps, about ODe hun dred and twenty or one hundred and thirty in number, our only light being the lighted torch carried by our cicerone. The tail of the party (for we could only go down two abreast) were left in the dark. On ordinary occasions tuch a cir cumstance would have dieted fun and frolic ; but at the present moment not a titter was heard nor a joke was uttered. The rear kept as close as they could to the leading persons, apparently awed at the idea of thus approaching the most exten.-ive place of human sepulture exist ing in the known world. In five minutes we had all descended and as we gathered into a circle at the foot of the stairs, the guide held his torch on high, and waived it to and fro, the better to display the scene around us. We were in a chamber (or rather cellar) hewed out of solid rock, which was some what elaborately arched over our heads. The height in the centre might have been about ten feet ; the walls from which the rock spruug not more than six. The whole of this portion was covered iu by human bones ; white skulls formed a sort of border cornice, and every here and there were so arranged as to produce an ornamental pattern. At the first glance even some of the gentlemen suddered, not from a feeling of fear but from an in stinctive horror they could not repress. Indeed, that man must have been wholly divested of feeling, who could thus fiud himself in an undisguised charnel house, some eighty feet beneath the surface of ihe earth, without a eensatif of disgust and awe two closely, yet strangely ming ling throbs. "Look up," cried the guide: "look at the black line in the centre of the roof ; should any accident befall you, and you have the misfortune to get separated, fol low it till you arrive at this spot, and then rir.g youder bell ; it will bring you succor. There is a much thinner bar in another branch, which three British officers fol lowed by mistake, when the British army were here, and got so entangled that their bodies were not found for three weeks. They expired under one of the wells which led to the surface ; they probably perceived daylight, and died shouting for assistance, but no one heard them." This was not a pleasing prologue to our day's entertainment, and the ladies did not hesitate to express their fears, at which the guides laughed heartily ; but there was no responsive echo on our part. We followed our leader through several branches extending nearly a quarter of a mile, and at leugth came to a circular opening, where there was an altar entirely formed of deformed spinal bones; and we then went on between two rows of grinning skulls, till we arrived at a c hamber, in the center of which was a basin of live fish that seemed to live in health and happi ness in this strange spot; above us was one of the wells Epoken of by our guide. "What is the supposed origin of these catacombs?" asked Miss M . "Oh," replied our cicerone, without hesitation, "they are the great quarries from which the stone was taken by King Clovis to build l'aris ; they extend iu three different branches, nine miles, and one passage leads under the river almost to Montmatre." "But how came they to be so well fin ished V demanded B . "Oh, they were arched and ornamented by the monks who first lived in them, and only left them when the brigands and se cret societies cleared them away, and took up their quarters in them." Little Mary Smith, who is always ask ing foolish questions, naively demanded : "Did they bring all these bones V "Xot all, Madamoiselle, not all ; they were turned out, or rather hunted out, about three or four centuries ago, and the king who then reigned had all these bones collected and brought here. It took fifteen years to arrange them." "And whose bones are they ?" "That's the question ; no one can tell ; some say the bones of the Innocents bro't over here ; some say they are those of the Protestants who were killed in the St. Bartholomew affairs ; others declare that they were taken out of every churchj-ard; while ithers believe them to be the skel etons of those who perished in the Great Blague." Th:8 was the mo.-t unpleasant suggestion of all. We now began to fancy that the close smell which annoyed our olfactory nerves might be infectious ; we might catch the plague; we might fall victims to some abominable contagion; already did we wish ourselves out of those ghastly cellars. We now proceeded on through a con tinuation of galleries, so similar in appear ance that there was little to remark. Our curiosity had been satisfied, and we now felt satiety and disgust. All of a sudden our guide with his torch disappeared. The ladies set up a general shriek, and the gentlemen for a moment or two, vainly endeavored to dis pel their fears; but, alas ! they had but little cheering information to give them. In less than a minute the man re-appeared with his torch, laughing heartily at the fright he had given us. He had dodged behind a screen of bones, and thus alarm ed us; he now rejoined us, much amused at the fun ; but his hilarity was of short duration, for a young Irish cousin of mine instantly knocked him down, and, as he lay sprawling, the light rolled from his hands, and had 1 riot lortunately snatcneu it up, we might all have been lost in the dark and puzzling mazes of these fearful subterranean labyrinths. The guide was raised and soothed; a five-franc piece restored his good humor, and in a few minutes we reached the as cent which led to the free air of heaven. I was glad I had seen those strange exca vations. They are now shut up, probably for ever and aye; but were they again open it would require a rich bribe to tempt me to revisit them. Dependency. The race of mankind would perish, did they cease to aid each other. From the time the mother binds the child's head till the moment that some kind assistance wipes the death damp from the brow of the dying, we cannot exist without mutual help. All, there fore, that need aid, have a right to ask of their fellow-mortals. Xoonc who has the power of granting it can refuse it without cuilt. Tlic Whip Among tlic Romans, j The whip played a very conspicuous part, iu both the public and private life of the Romans. The lictors, always attend ing the consuls, woie their bunches of rods not merely for state show, although it was not permitted to beat Roman citizens ex- cept in the case of their being thieves; but slaves were beaten with smooth leather straps, called ferulae ; more painful were the retiva;, made of several st rips of parch ment twisted together; and the superlative was the oxhide, called flagellum, often right terrible. 3Iost terrible of all was an instrument imported from abroad: the Spanish whip, but which was used only by severe masters. They had not only the right of whipping slaves at pleasure, but even of killing them. Some masters, not satisfied with the plain Spanish whip, made it more ter rible by fastening small nails or bones, and little leaden balls to it. Slaves were stripped, their hands tied to a tree or po.-t, and their feet hindered from kicking by a clog of a hundred pounds weight. The most trifliutr faults were punished in this manner, and a poor fellow might be flogged for the amusement of his master's guests. It was no rare occurrence that a slave died under the whip, and there was no more regret than for the loss of a pan or other piece of household property. The ladies were particularly cruel to their slaves. The poor girls in attendance, scratched and bleeding from wounds made with the long pins the ladies wore as orna ments, sometimes filled the whole house with their cries. The cruelty toward the slaves increased so much that the emperors made some ef fort to cheek it. Laws were made, pursu ant to which, such masters as would for sake their slaves in sickness forfeited their rights to them after their recovery; and a Roman who would intentionally kill his slave was to be banished from Rome. Any lady who would whip, or order the wlrpping of a slave, to such a degree that death en sued before the third day, was to be ex communicated for from five up to seven years. The young Roman libertines often chose the disguise of a slave's dress for their love adventures. Rich people kept so great a crowd of slaves tha they did not know them personalty, and thus the introduction into houses was made easy. Sometimes, however, the master if the house got a hint, pet haps from the shrewd ludy herself, and the intruder was flogged as a runaway slave or spy. Such an oc currence gave particular delight to the real slaves. It was a misfortune that happened to the historian, Sallust, who courted Faustina, daughter of Tulla, p.nd wife to Milo. After having received a severe flogging, Sallust was released upon paying a considerable sum. Caligula used the whip with his own hand, and on the spot ; even upon people who, by talking too loudly at che theatre, spoiled his enjoyment of the players, lie did not much care who the offender was. Even the vestals were not exempt from this punishment. The vestal lTrlina was whipped by a priest, and led in procession through the streets. Other vestals, we are told, hal been whipped for the same offence. The guilty one, covered with a thin vail, was whipped by a priest in a dark room. Fven Empresses were not always spared, at least in the Christian time, and in Constantinople, where the mother of Justiana II. was so admonished. To be whipped, however, was, in the eyes of a Roman, the lowest disgrace, and for this reason Judges ordered Christians to be whipped at their first examination. Once a Week. Bsa, A straDger riding along the road, observed that all the milestones were turned in a particular way, not facing the road, but rather averted from it. He called to a countryman and inquired the reason. "God bless you, sir," replied the man, "the wind is so strong sometimes in these parts, that if we were to turn the backs of the milestones to it, the figures would be blown off them clean and clear." Bf, It is wittily, but sometimes ungal lantly, said that a woman is the very re verse of hermirror the one reflects with out talking, the other talks without flectinjr. re- eS?A fellow has been collecting mon ey of the verdant in Michigan by preten ding to be the son of first Napoleon. He gratefully raised one of the men whom he duped to the dignity of archduke. EtGood men have the fewest fears. He has but one who fears to do wrong. He has a thousand who has overcome that one. J 3f Subscribe for Tue Allechama.n. 17, 18(51. TIe Crisis Tlie Iroscait Aspect. It is curious to observe how rapid the recovery is from the late panic, and how unaffected the public mind is to-day by events which yesterday would have thrown it into a paroxysm. Men have become tired of being frightened, and now laugh at the feats which a little while before made them turn pale and tremble. The upward teudency of the stock market has been steady for more than a week past, and nothing shakes the renewed confidence which is spreading through commercial circles. The Secretary of State resigns, showing a serious disagreement in the Cabinet at Washington ; still stocks go up notwithstanding they are pressed upon the market at tiie reception ot the news. Senator Wade makes a war speech, and Wall street cheerfully responds with hi larity at the Board of Brokers. A state solemnly announces that it is no longer a member of the Federal Union ; yet while everybody's first impression is that every body else is going to be alarmed, and to sell out immediately everybody neverthe less finds out before noon of the day that nobody is panic-struck, and that stocks command one or two per cent, more than they did the day before. Is there really any reason for this state of things ' Is there any positive change iu the aspect of affairs to account for it ' Not the least. On the contnrv, the commercial fact that the South cannot pay its debts i--more evident now than it was six weeks ago; and the political cveut which then was only threatened and apprehended, has now actually came to pass. More than five millions of gold, it is true, pour ed into our bank vaults last week, but the increased ease which this gave to an already easy money market is not enough to account for the remarkable change which the last two weeks has witnessed. The simple truth is that the commercial world has recovered its equauimity, has considered the real and fancied causes of panic, has looked the political difficulty in the face, has examined its origin and calculated its results, and has found there is nothing to be seriously alarmed at. Stocks rise as a natural and inevitable consequence ; the great staples of trade command a higher price ; confidence is restored ; the recuperative energy of the country asserts itself ; everything gets in to gear, and the wondrous machine begins to work again slowly, with something ot its wonted certaiuty of stroke and gi gantic power. It is not improper for us to say that this is precisely what we ex- j pected and predicted. Acic l:udtnt. 1 one JMW- R E V. I lo VL AN Dili i.L. M a ny nm using anecdotes of the eccentric but piuus and useful Rowland Hill have been told, but the following, narrated to us by one of his parishioners, is decidedly rich : It was Mr. Hill's habit to ride to church in an old family carriage, a practice too aristocratic, in the judgment of one of his flock, who determined to rebuke it. It was customary in his chapel for notes to be sent to the pulpit requesting prayers for various objects. One Sabbath, Mr. Hill was proceeding with the reading of these requests as usual, when he found himself in the midst of one of the follow ing purport : "Prayers are requested for Rev. Mr. Hill, that he may be made more humble and like his Bivine Master, who, instead of riding in a carriage, was content to be borne on an ass." Having read the notice, he lifted his spectacles to his forehead, and looking around the house, observed, that it was true he had been guilty of the lault al leged ; but if the writer would step around to the vestry door after service, saddled and bridled, he would have no objection to ride home, after his Master's example, on the back of an ass. Certainty of Science. A remarkable instance of the practical value of scientific knowledge, iu the science, too, which is least settled and certain of all, was given lately by lit. Maury. He sailed from this country seven days after the sailing of the l'rince of Wales, and arrived at England several days before him. The British Admiralty asked his opinion of the fate of the missing vessels, lie replied, in wri ting, what kind of weather the royal squadron had experienced; on what part of the ocean it had proved most adverse ; what course the ships had taken, and wheu they might be expected in port. Their arrival verified this opinion in every par ticular, Knowing the prevailing winds and the natural course of the storm, Lt. Maury was able to predict the course of the ships with perfect accuracy, demon strating that suc h knowledge must be of the highest value to captains and com mercial men. j : ! NUMBER 22. Dissolvin? tlic I niou. The Knickerbocker Magazine of a :e ccnt date has the following right readable article on dissolving the Union : During the exciting campaigu of 1S5-, in Illinois, a prominent politician made a disunion speech attuincy. After h was tin ough, and before the crowd had dis persed, a man who was styled "the afore said M. 1) ," was called' for. He was lifted upon the platform, so "elevated" that he couldn't stand without holding oa to something. He said : 'icntleiin-n and ladies, you're talkin of di.-.-.olviu' the Union; yim can't io it! Thar's that flag a waving up thar, called the star spangled banner ; how are ye goin' to divide that, ha I Are ve the stars to the Xorf and the stripes to the Soul'? Xo-sir-ee ; the thing can't be did. Cheers. "And the good old tune that the band is a playing out thar, called Yankee Doo dle ; how are ye goin' tcr divide that, oh? An- ye a-going ter give the Yankee to the. Xorf and the Doodle to the Souf ? I sav boldly, the thing can't be did Cheers. "And thar is that stream of water a running down thar, called the 'Father of Waters ;' how are yer a goin' ter divide that ? Are ye a goin' ter dam it up with Mason & Dixon's line ? I say you can't do that thing ! Wal, you can't! Cheers. "And thar is the railroad layin' out thar; how aie yea goin' to divide that, eh? Are you a goin' tj tie it up with Mason it Dixon's line? You can't do it Cheers. "And thar's all the fast bosses standin round here; how are 3-ou goin' to divide them ? old bosses ! Are "ye a goin' to ruu 'em North, and run 'em South, and run 'em East, and run 'em Wet v Cheers. "And thar's all the handsome wimmin round here ; how are ye a goin' to divide them ? Are you goin' to give the old ones to the Xorf, and the youuir ones t j the Soul ? Waal you don't ! If you ro to thunder you can't do it ! Immense cheering. "And thar's all the feathered tribe and other birds a flyin' about here, and the chickens and egg nests, and the yaller legs and the black legs; how arc vegoin' to divide them, eh? Aie ye a coin' to give the pullets to the Xorf, and the cocks to the Souf?" Tremendous cheering. Our reporter could hear no more for the roar ot laughter which ensued, as the "Doctor'' caved in and fell from the plat- lorm. Fall and Winter Advertising. Pardon Brownlcw says: Advertising i.-j in its place at all times, but the fall and winter are the best seasons. The duller the times the more important to advertise, for what little is doing will go into the hands of the man who advertises. Ad vertising is the very life of business, and those who neglect it lose by that neglect more than they are aware of. Tapers cir culate more extensive now than in former years, and more people read them than heretofore. We have long since discov ered that a man can't make auvthin" out of th is world unless he lets people know he is in it ! To Gardeners A Hint. A late in vention is an instrument to prevent poul try from scratching up the gardens. lt is something like a long spur, attac hed to the hind part of a rooster's leg. The instru ment is so arranged that wheu the fowl is about to scratch the earth, the spur eat:hes in the ground before the fnt has fairly descended, and obliges it to bring its foot down quietly and harmlely in front of the place where it aimed at. The fowl therc-upou tries the other foot with a like result. It keeps on trying, and, be fore it is aware of it, the machine ha walked the rooster out of the garden! KHV-When Mr. Wilberforce was a can didate for Hull, his sister, an amiable ami witty yeuug lady, offered the compliment of a new gown to each of the wives of those freemen who voted for her brother, on which bhe was saluted with a cry of "Miss Wilberforce for ever !" When sh pleasantly observed, "I thank you, gentle men, but 1 cannot agree with you, for I really do not wish to I'e Miss Wilberforce for ever !" Vr A supernumerary was once intru- ted to deliver the following message to Lord Randolph in the play: "My lord, the banquet waits." But having lost the run of the sentence, he called out, amid the roars of the- audience, "Mr. Ranuolph, your supper lias been ready for some time." r.-y Bend not books alone, but men; lid, chiefly, be careful to real thyself. x h A. a ed ed in, i a 1 it eo. th, ui aid ion by- K'U- ird, - in 5 -to iful ITS. in zed mir. ica- my ;ood oth- cer how jw rarest I V or - 4 I r -bub r rtain .v to -i i V her bird ame 9 I 111 7 Jres- II any iling tii a d res- eonv- on co fr:m it he it off 0 the : the 114 fun. V"ft 1 had 1 1 v j -V, "Th Mr t WiH.i ' ' r. y if 'm of his Ay, lit I 11 2what d 1h id tlit- hote-1 V id 01 h- t - i. - v 1 ir