0 , 4 I - I THE RESTOHAI6N OF THE UNION. Speech of Ron. Thaddeits Stevens, OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE HOOSE OF REPRE SENTATIVES, JANUAHY '41E54. • . , Mr. Speaker, the gentlematarom Ohio Lair. Spaldingrhea said nearly all 'I intend to say upon thiertbject.;tuply: by denying?that tl4COnstitution - has the leasereference to anibile of theprOvisions - of the bill in question,' and Lintend to show that the act of 1862, which wirimodified by a resolution which it hag been trulrlitildwas passed under duress very little to thettredit - bl , the Congress that passed it—that act of 1862 is not affected directly or indirectly , by am.one.of the provisions ofthe Constitution, an a that especially: that, part,' of the act which provide's for seizing property and confiscating it in farsimple is- purely a proteeding -under the lawapfwar and under the 13,W of nations, over 'which the Constittition has no control, and in regard to which it has no effect whatever. The firatiectictfof the act of 1862 punishes the crime .of treason with death and the, forfeiture of per sonal,,estate. That, I believe, is. not objected to, begause personal estate, once forfeited; is forfeited: forever. - There-is no such a thing as a lifetetate in personal property. He who gets . •it for an hour gets it forever.] That is the plaip eat.principle of law,.The second provision is nit those who incite - to rebellon shall be pun ished, with tine and imprisonment. That has ixothifire do with the Constitution. It is mot pretended, I suppose. - that the Constitution in anyway effects it. • Then Comes the clause of the•thill to which gentlemen Mite exception ; ' und,what is that? It is to be found in the stat ute-606115W that session of Congress page 313. 'it provides - that, to insure the speedy termini teen bl'-the present rebellion, it shall be the duty of the President of the United States to cause the seizure of all the estate; and property, mo ney, etaidits,'&e., of the persons guilty, and • ap ply the proceeds thereof to the support of the army of the United States. I . Here is no attainder for treason, here is eo tioaffeatien Of property under any provision of the COnatitntion. Then the law goes on to state how ,yon-are to seize and. condenin property. It it(W,be seized and proceeded a,gaiestic ran t according to the law for that purpose. and con demned. As what? As the property of trait: ors? -NO aueli thing. Condemned as "enemies' pv_qiterty." Does not that show that the Consti tution has nothing to do with it ou the question • of treason ? Here are a body of men in arms tieing . the. United States: This act of Con grAi,`,sa Tar as it refers toteizures of property in San, iefors togthem as seizures of the property of aliqeuemies., to be treated as such:. Now. where is there a Word a'oout attainder of thaiOn't That part of the act does not seize property as traitors' property at all. ' But the lear.neti gentleman from Ohio (Mr. Spalding) , hasavell said all that I intended to say with ref ore, , nce to attainder for treason. r Attainder for treason is impossible under the laws of the'Uni ted Statesras. they now -stand, Without an ex presstact reeking, a conviction and sentence and execution: for treason an attaint of treason. The is :no attaint of treason in the United Safes; And there is no suet' law here. BY the common law of England, after there is aoentence of execuliOn, or a final sentence, for„taaasonaAn attaint is Worked, not by the act itself of the sentence of death, but by the coin nun- law. Ir. the United States there is no com mon laW.'" I need not Say to lawyers iu the House that eo tar as tie States Cover'. moat is-concerned crime, is only by pesitive 'en actment, mid there is 001 crime at common law punishable under the laWs of the United States. Therefore, as there is ne common law - the sen tence and conviction for. treason works no at taiMer. It cannot be. Iris impossible. And nitbeegliihe clause in the Constitution provides against a pbsitive act ofithat kind by - Congress, yet it- c lus never taken, p, ace; and to talk about - Whit,f -eau ,be done 'under an attaint for treason is ifoloitideistanding, the:subject in a legal pint of -view. - ' HIS; however, essential to ascertain what re - latfbii!the seceded Statias bear. to the. United Stal,.e.shiit we may know how to dual with theui, in „re-establishing the Natiolial (it,vern mebt: :There seems to . be great confusion of ideas anagiverkity of opinion on that subject. Smile 'think that those States are still in thee Union and entitled to the protection of the Conttitution and laws of the United States, ate that;notivitlistanding all they have done, tut* at anyjime, withunt any legislation, come, back,. sertdaienatori andßeptesentatives to Congress, and'e,niby all tire-privileges and immunities of loyal _members of the United States. , That whenever- those . I‘vayward sisters" choose to abandon their frivolities and present themselves et the door of the Union and demand adixasion • we mint receive them s' ith open arras and throw over them the protecting shield_ of the Union, of which it is said they had never ceased to.be members.: Others hold that, having committed treason, renounced their allegiance to the Union. dikatiledits Constitution and laws, organized • a distinct and hostile Government, and by force of arms having risen from the condition of ittsttr gents to. the position of an independent Power de faito," and having been acknowledged as a belligerent, both by foreign nations.and our own tiovetnment, the Constitution and laws' of the Union - are abrogated. So far as they are concern ed, and that, as bet Ween the two belligerents, they are under the law of war and the laws of nations alone, and whichever Power conquers maereat the vanquitted us concerned provin cesiltud may impose upon them suldt conditions andliws as it may deein best. r It- - is:olM'ous that this question is of vast int -pc:entice: if the first position Should be estab the'rebel'Stutes,-after having been conqUered and 'reduced to utter helplessness throifgh - the expenditure of many 'billliens of money and the shedding of oteans of loyal blood, may lay' down their ern* which they can no longer wield, claim to be legitimate members of the Union, isend Senators and Representatives to Congress, retain all their lands and possess -ions, and leave. the 'loyal_ States burdened with an mitietiie debt, With 'no - indemnity for their putferings and ditmageS,- and with no security; for the inttrie, , • - If the latterproposition preValls, then Con. greis , will ma diusi ihe 'Ex'overnment-oq the firm bastsof ihdifidual and piiblic justice; will pro tect the innocent and pardon the least guilty wilPpunigh the leading ' traitors; seize their laudrAudestates; seWthent in fee siinple; the frpeeeds into the Natibnal Treasury to die-' charge the expenses and.datuages of the war, - and - provide a permanent fund for pensions to the tWidetweumi orphank and the maimed and m togled itirvivors of 'this infamous weir; end, above all, will forever exclude the infernal cause of this rebellion—human bondage—from the continent' f North America. • Inlerder rightly to -determine this question we Mot inquire 'whether the "Confederate States," are to be considered ,a hestile, peo ple, entitled to no other protectiori or privi legeethan are due to foreign nations at war tfi eaeh other.' Is the present contest to be regarded as apablic war, andlo'be governed by the !tiles of civilized warfare, or only as a do rnestie insurrection, to lie surpressed by crim nal prosecutions before the 'courts of qbe coup= try ;-lithe'latter,, then the insurgents when procieded.against have a right to invoke the prOtiotiOn'et the Constitution a nd muncipal law. — lf , the former, then they are subject to the laihrvf the War alone. Another importaut gnestiod is, is This war wed biZtates in their corporate capacity, or is it merely a treasonable outbreak by guilty individuals 1 Vdttel,- pages 4244425, saYs : " Who Win a Itenublio the nation - is divided into two opposite factions, andboth 'sides take np. arms, his is called civil war.' .t The sovereign i ndeed never fails _to h4tow thAppellation of rebels on all such of his subjects as otehly resist him; but when the Letter havneeiguired istitheient. strengttr to give itint'elfeettiol opposition.- rind' oblige ter carrFY on the war them according to the established la rules;!heust necessarily submit to the :use of the • term eiviiNvar.`" ' r- ' ,• - ' On earth they have no' conticon superior..-They stand precisely inthe'same predicament as two na tions who engage in a Contest, and being unable to come to an agreeinent, have recourse to arms. When an insurrection becomes sufficiently for. midabie to entitle the party to . belligerent .rights, it places the contending Powers on pre t;isely the same footing as foreign nations at war with'each other. For all the consequences of , war, f combat, and of conquest they are for eign nations. Judge Grier t in a, niostable,-lu cm, and conclusive opiniolvdelivered in theiTize cases, says: • • •. ~ • • . • "The parties belligerent in a public war arein dependent nations." No one acquainted _ with the magnitude ofl this cod it ; WI • deny -fu'it !' .chid war. For nearly three years the limited, mate States have maintainedlheir declarntiOn of independence by ibice Trinc, have met with sad defeats. But success_ has not been all (Mune side. Nit . what,ienders': their position beyond contrev6isylsjile great .Powers of Europe have acknowledged them as belligerents, entitled from foreign nations to -equal rights with the parent Government- - ;What . 'is still more conclusive, we have acknowledged them as belligerents ourselves. With unfortun ate haste we blockaded their ports: A. block ade is declared only against a tbreign uation.=, If _they werOtill 'Members of the Union we should repeal-the lit ws ports of entry. A nation mockade itself. i'lWe have treated theie captive soldiers as prisoners of -war, not as rebels ; we have exchanged prison ers.; we have sent and received flags Of truce. This is not the usage awarded to, fin unerganiz-, ed banditti. What then, is the effect of this public war between these • belligerent; fliese•joreigri na tipns Before this war the parties were bnund together by A coininict, by irtreatt called a " Constitutiorli" TheytaelamAedged the,validi ty muukiptil lawi,thutually binding - on each. This war has cut' asuriderall these' ligaments, abrogated all these 'obligations.- " "The Conventions. the trezitiesouute with nations are broken or arm - tilled by a war ;Ili:lug butwuea the contending narties.!',-- - Srattai,liook -3, ehati.lo, 50c,123. • _ • Phillimore says, page 66'2 - " It Was at One time an international custom that the belligerents should, at the beeakirrg oat of the war make a public and solemn_ proclamation that the obligation of treaties beta een thMn hatl That custom has become obsolate. Di - the plaee'of it his arisen the gener-almaxim that war, ipa,3facto, abrogates treaties between - the 6cll4"ffrentk." . I .. .Chancellor Kent says '• As a generarrule, the obligations of tre.a.ties are dissipated by host ility'"-4 - K,at 175. Professor Lieber, -the most lezroe3 of. living publicists, in a c,onimuuication 'to Majiir-Gen-. eral Halleck,- - containini instructions •for the Government of. our armies, whi eh were revised by a board of (Akers and approve . ll. bp,. the President, treats the,' rebel States us subjeet to martial lasi only, and , noPsahjeas to the Mun icipal law of the, United States or to - the Coin stitutioir. On page e. he says-:. - " All municipal law of.tho_pud ori which the armies stand. or of the imuntrtes tb which they be long is silent and of no effect between armies in the field." Hence he declares the slaves free and not to he re euslased, passim. - - • The Suprethe Court:of the United States (in Hilton rs. Jones, Dalt, _224) lays doWn the. same doctrine.' It decided-- that the revolted , provinces of ictrieriea, by the Declaration-of In .dependence, the formation of a Oovernment, and .supporting it by arms, became an indepen dent foreign nation in 1776. ": Team heihre their independence 3%*1 acknowledged .by-aby 'other nation; courts applied the law of prize to them as to - other foreign natiolas. Segeant Wildman (page 6) say: • Thc primary effect of war is to cxtirimiNt all civil intercourse, and to place all the subjects of bettiveccaor in the condition of enemies. This rid tilde ex - tends not only , to the natural-bornsubmos, but to persons domiciled in the enemies' terri— •tories; to all-who come toveside there with knowl-1 edzo of the war; and who having come to redo before the war continued their residence after the commencement of hostillti,cs torn. homer time than is necessary for their eon venfent'departurc." But it is 'said that this must be considered a contest with rebel individuals euly, as States in the L'Hion cannot make war. Th.tt is true so long as they remain in the Union. But they claim to Le out of the Union ; ;tail the veQ tiu•t that we have admitted them to _be in a state of war, to be belligerents,'shows that they are 00 longer in the Union, and that they are waging war in their corporate capacity, under the cor porate name of the "Qoufederale States," and that such major corporation is gonna:ea of minor corporations called Statets:lteting in their associated character. - It is idle to say that townships end counties • and parishes within such Status are at peace, While • the; -States by acknowledged majorities hate decluVed wur.— Is is still more idle to say that individuals witht• in the belligerent' territory, because they were opposed to secession, and. were loyal to the parent Government, are the State, though com prising but five per cent, of the people, and, hence that the States are not at war ignoring the fundamental principle of ilemocra-, lie republics, which is that majorities must rule, that the voice of the majority, however wicked and abandoned, is the law of the State. if the minority choose to 'stay within the misgoverned territory, they-tire its citizens anti sitbject to its conditions. The innocence of individuals forms uo protectiont'exeept in a persona I point ofv iew) to those residing in a liosttic territory.. Vattel, iage 311, e_;ly's "When ate sovereign or ruler of a State deviants war aguindranothersovereicn, itis.understood that the whole nation declares war against another ha tion. React the two nations are enemies of all the subjects of ii - At other. Since 'women and children au subjects of the State and members or the nation they at c to be ranked in the class of enemies." ' Even the innocence of women and children does not screen thein4ont the fate of their tion. True, iu dealing 'with them personally, great difference is made between the innocent and the guilty. But how can it be said that the States are not at war ? Individuals do not make war. Individuals may take life, but they can not make war. They canuot be recognized as belligerents. War is made by chartered vrenr porate communities, by nations or States. Phillimore, vol. 3, page 101: section 69, says : " NeVertheless. as war is the conflict of societies, that is, of corporate bodiespeoguising and governed by law in all their actions. • Se. On page 100, eection 6S, he says: ' war between private individuals, who- site members of a society. cannot exist. The use of Three in,such a case is a trespass or violatfon of municipal law, and not war," The Supreme Court of tini United States, in the prize cases decided at its last session, says "Hence, in organizing this rebellion, they hare <mkt( as Statoir claiming to be sovereign overall Per sons ritni property within their respective limits and asserting a right to absolve their citizens from their allegianee , tozhe Federal Government." - Mr. Smith—l do not exactly understand tho position, of the gentleman, nor do- I know that the question which I propose to ash will cause any difference in the result at which the gentle man arrives; but from - the - remarks already made by him, I des ire to ask him this question : wheth er he takes the ground that a State, and not the individuals of a Slate,cammita the crithe of trea son agaiustthe government of the Milted Staten. Mr. Stevens—l take the ground, pir, that when you cannot punish them las traitors, you can make war with them as- belligerents. It is not a question of punishing under the Constitution, but outside of it.. These metiare inemiee, and we are treating them ae enemies; and I have no doubt that, as States, they are at war with us: Mr. Smith—The question.that I mean to pat directly, if the gentlemenwill allow pie, is this ; whether the Government has power to punish a State - in ltwemporate capacity, ind not the izens of a State as individuals? , Mr. Stevens—l Mean to say that if a Statepttt the firanklin Ilevositorp, ,March . 16,.1864. a State, makes wact anon:the Government and "It is no lebeofennosemnized is having no defin r ed_brtiOdy of'&ossessiodeg..4.t. has a beund becomes a,belligeriat po?Weree we treat it'as a Ibreign-natiou,...and,When We conquer it we treat :gee% only 4....r e ! f ikeAlthktlir i z At i r . ,A l ) , ) , ° , it just as we ;do any:Other foreign nation. That territory ,".because it' is ;claimed ',Mid held nines! is my. Positieite;very distinctly. se side br an;ntanized ,hoStalOnd belligerent ' ! Mr.: Smith. , --I. understand the, rule of law to POTer."-z- :' 'l• - -- i - , - II - .e' ' ," '': •: be that a cerportition hasneither body nor sonl ; . ' .- Tlie sante' Judge -ffrist alitiVerr'l ,eferred to very hiCensistently-toridemnedtd . laWful prize u reb- - and. theiefore I would like to ask the question el vessel captured by one of 'our vessels. Why whaler we can punish' a State which, as a cor ! poration, has neither body nor soul? did he not say, 'This property c'auttot be helot,' Mr. Stevens-If the gentleman be right, how it belonged to one of our citizens; and no nation therecould we putiish, Great' Britain when We 'over eaptiares the' repertv.-ofite4wn eitiEena.?" make war upon her? ' If' she has no soul to be -SuPpostettie"-rebelel should etintitieleMnrilinid as -dafiined, She e - ertainly - hailf hody'to be Seized: we have.Tennesseeeandethe parties should tan [Laughter.) When we conquer her weal:tall tually area to cease - hostilities, would not Ma; take ; gra:card; let nie tell 'therie s titleniiiethit e- rylandleloug to tlie- Confederate States and she'fihaltbe properly iiniahed.. irwe- haie al#, Tennessee ththe United - Statpel By the laws regard for eam:petiple at all. •-- of war, -When peace erisues -without, any stipule -- e „-- -: Mr. Bliss-I ask the gentleman fromPennag- tom as to er 'tor). each one maintains the uti vania, if the seceded States are foreign govern- pozsidetis. Does not this show that when we ' conquer secede'd. State. we 'take it as liostilel men-fs e whidright Ivo hard tit adjudicate, urbn their prirtite.propeity. ' - ' -' - territory and not as' °M. 'oeen 'I ' The Confede: Mr. Stevens-When we, seize It as the ptle..- rate States cannot be a foreign cation for one erty. of . .eneinies during ewer We have ariglao PRrpeseand not for all-e-for the purpose of ob take if. - —. '- . - Madrid 011ie protection of a - belligerent under Mr. Bliss-And holdjurisdietion over theioil the i law of nations and yet not incurring any of ofa foreign 'country, : . ~, • .-- :: 1 - 5 -e i call tal ; , rtelemalties...e Thie Would be showing a remark - - Mi. Stevens-That is what I shouldable advantage to a Belligerent made up of trai phibious action, Which the ' gentleman Willun- " tors and rebels over an `honorable foreign int derstaxitlfrom my . remarks. %-- - - ---, -. :- tion.Withavhom whwere unfortunately-at war.- ' All - Persona residing-within thia - territoi- Wleac' - ' :ills, would beAs unjust as Absurd., - iiroperty.mar.ba-used eto increase the revonms of - Suppose the Confederate- States should. con the_ hostile-etewer, are in thiticonte'stcliablo F.) he quer the_Uttited States, could we delta the be - , treated-as enemies, though not foreigerctsf - nefit of the Constitiition of the - United States Alia:seem - a tome to settle -the queStioi.- and bites made under . it I Would they not have' LThia initY work a hardship;Citt• loyal-mei-7°p right to holdors as conquered provinces, and posed to tlie - ivar. But to escape the coidie I isphse of us 'as they might deem best I Cer tion of enemies' they-must change theirdouicile. ' aluly,such is the law of nations. And yet con -leave the hostile State; .for ragain-riteitt • - tervativ.e.gentletuen, , With some smattering of thercean nO neutrals in allostile State.' ea ilie knowledge, ignore the doctrine of mutuality, Cuited States are at ,vviir with an acknowlidged belligerent, ' with - - a - foreign nation; and_assuch ar .T-- a ' a Y. as-t - he it ' nie light!' her -rebels ' now did Englund deal with war has abrogated all-former- compacta•exsting' tt „... . . • v i e:, inetiny in India I When sire reconquered `?ter h af t great e to n r:Lr:', sh e e n declared i.. ; c, between them, neither-the Alnited State..ner . the Confederate States can, as magnet theither, . -claim-the-aid of the Constitution ; rit- thelawel , ilieauhellion, and tfifiTta!prom.kg`ri'gleitien d th pussed•underit. -If they-still-ex*, thOlirvee soil was eontiseatedzto- the British Government, Milder of Siintli Ctirlimi, might claim thetiol of Ythieh would dispoe'er that right in such a manner the fugitive slave law . .to - regain. his absedideol as to it might seem'fitting:" , a ; slave. t' - To my Mind there can be no doubt as to -what slave. So - Geo: - Bafkadale and, others Were shot...devil wtholit, we have a-right to do ifeiii I Will.- not permit murdered, beeause boo wits enayaelf to.doubt, we :should fluitllY conquer the being tried and. condenined . iiceerdiiia -`o. the e' --- Ci nfederate States... What it will be policy to provisions of the Censt limier,. . . . . - - do may be more difficult to determine. , My I am not now cOnsiderin; hew ihr undr the' ,mind is fixed. ',-The'rebels have waged the-most rights ,of sovereignty ,thei - Parent,-State may nejust, cruet, and causeless war that was ever plash' the individuattraitObewhen the innici presecuted by rutidesi murderers and pirates. -pel laws shall retatine their sway. I auereat- They hgve-• compelled. the Gbvernmeny in self defense hied 440:."tliiabitilkes of the belligereuseitnd . 1 , thei;)riglitE as belliO re tits ulltilirthe Coh stititi on; inchlitth t e o sol P o e f u l li ht -b g i i i i i i i l g t; s po ° r f ti lu on ? o n it Y aS usurp I.deny thetethey,have any. I : The assdiated ing power should be held -responsible to renn- -' States, amine ! Its 'a public enemy, Acitriclaim. ; - .burse all. the, costs of the ware to pay all - the , fiothing whictithe laws of wax oloamt graite.eee damages to privitte,property of loyal men; and-' ' . By the law of nations, the Captain ancerevv - - to create an ample fund to pay pensions to of a vessel are supposed toebe'struidiugnethe wounded soldiers end to the :bereaved friends seil'of the liutiem - Whose -flag the shipmars, of the Maim', Who - will object_ to this I . Who !ilthong,h in diataiit seuse ' Those armed ussels n-ill Cement that his constituents-rind their pos ' that:belong to no endive, and tniike'Wir are Amity shell be brivolened.with fin immense load -pirates. The klabainre and its'-fellows to not . ea - Used by these, Woody; traitorel - Their lands treated as pirateseAndilMat therefore been to :if - sold in fee would produce enonghfor all these an acknowledged nation - a That nation is -the, n ~Cenfe,Oratio States. t fi - o tut-if the -ritoryef ... purposes, and leave a large'surplus. Such coi - ithe.. 'Confederate Statexis our territory; then h who "5C414)11'4.- course 'w°4 l Cs.Pare the property of those who took no part in the war, and of the treatistthe,deelt'oftlieeklabiona'or Florid:stands common soldiers,who were- ccatiPelled by the ~ i nfinfieseil, tindephinderhig on the higheitoeia. raws..of-their States to enter:the army. :a pirate. ' We: do nut soft-teat them.' Util - We All this done, and yet the half would be left have conquered the county- - held bithe (confect undone.....Oppressive as would be the debt, and . crate States, covered by- - the confederse flag, grievous the toss of ,our loyal citizens, yet if an it is it foreign conntry. ' When we. do Mnier honorable mid safe peace were nttle, our free it is a conqueled'eortetrv., Any other pmeiple: and prosperous people would bear it Without a would render ell'enr conduct int - sista and murmur. But if a disgraceful peace were made anomalous. . ' leaving the-cause of this rebellion, and-the fruit 'lf the rebel States arestill-in the tuio.'l.Ser- fill cause 6f . future wars, untouChed and living, no reasomadv they ..should not elect th next - , its aethera Would be the - objects' of the .deepest Presidept Of the: United StateS. .1.14 ,tutiher execration and of thhbleckest.infamk... While of them-blight - Meet and choose electosewlio- the Coustitution- - pretected the 'institution of might east their' votes fee I'residinat all Vice, layery very few -desired toi, disturb - it in the President, Mid demand that- they - she'd' be' , ' Statee. There were not thrtie thousand aboli ; counted by Congress. Or, ,if the rebel:decline ' iiortis, properly en called,inthe United States. te vote,-then a hundred lop-il Mee, "whanre the' But since those States have-volnutarily thrown . State!' might meet and choose' electors The (,l: .1, oti that protection, and placed themselves under few lovnl men • around Fortress Menu°, the law &nations alone, it ja not only - our right Norfolk, or: Alelante and a few- 'clamed lint our duty to'knoek oil every shackle from patches in Louisiana, being- one theiMandhpzt of the States,might chotie. elekosa ;;'or -.fir- ever;elhub. So far as other nations are, con.. t ~, i . . eerned, tlik-e is not a slave in the Confederate whole States. ' '. , -, States. As we have seen, the law of nations The. idea-that the 16'0 citizens, thougefewe fixes their c ondition, By the law no man can aretlic State, and. in State Munielpalitiamay hold property in man. -- 'overrulee and govern the disloyalmillions, have not been able to comprehend. If ten me fit to phillimore (1, page - 316, chapter.l7) says .. save Sodom eau elect a Governor audother unlawful ibr States or individn in als,to . possess— to- State otlieers for -and against the eleveniund- perty man.- red thooisand Sodoinites in . Virginia, tire the " A being endowed 'with Intellect, IMssiOn and ' constienee cannel be acquired and alienated. bought i Democratic doctrine that. 11 . 0 - majority shityule is discs rdeti and dangerously ignored: Viten l a in n d u s i ld e i t t his t d epow-beils ii , lik e l an , inanimate or the doctrine that the quality andnet the umbel •• Th e chi.f.,','ina,l,lZeSi.nilinZisi„Vi.,lrtfu.t' irrevocably of voters if.; to deride the right to g o vern;h e n arrived at the attainment of this great truth; and we have no longer a Republic, but the torst l oTto " tli r t l has gone out into all land:, and its voice ' form of despotism. 'flm saints are the sit of `. - The l e .lac s k o i f r t in ie is v'. o n r 0 14. M. ore cap able of being a the earth; but the "salt of the earth" dot chattel than the white man." carry-tire elections and make Governorand ' Such, thank God, is at last the national law Presidents. Within the State of South Ciro- of theeivilized;world. And *Alois there base line a srebel's vote weighs just as much as rival enough in this le eptiblit- to wish it other Wise or voter's. We may commerrebels and hold tem - to attempt to, evade it . ? He who - now wishes to hi subjection, Dud legislate for them as son- re-establish " the Union its' it was" and to re.: quered people; but 'it ie mere mockery tray tain the " Constitution as it is " -cannot escape that, aceording to any principle of popular o'- the guilt of attempting th enslave his fellow et-lit/met yet established, a tithe of the resient men; , inhabitants of an organized State can chage But something more must be done than to its form and carry on government hecase declare ail Weil free in the rebel States-. Sup they are more holy or more loyal. than he ,posing them now to be conquered, until some others. . I = legistion by the conqueror takes place us among From fr this the legitimate conclusionis, themselves, theirehl laws and institutions will that all the people and all-the territory whin remain. Until we declare otherwise, slaverv the limits of the organized Stqes which, t a evil] be among their municipal laws and will bind legitimate majority of their citizens, renonmd Allan in their intercourse with each other. Even - the Constitution, took their Statiar out of he if you were to liberate every slave now - and Union - end' Made war upon `the Ceovernmat, thep readmit them into theTition as free States, ere, so far as they are concerned, sebjeet to re the moment they had acquired that standing laws of the State; and, so fur as' -the ..ITnil they would re-establish ' slavery and enslave every gran of color within their limits. ,Xou States- Government are concerned, subjecto the laws of war and of nations, both while to corn prevent this only by amending the ,miti war continues and wlieu it shell be ended. = tution of the United States, prohibitin e laver} If the Uhited' States succeed, It* maY le - forever in this, Republic. " The Un' as it treat the viinguished belligerent ? Must to was and the Coustitation us it is "is an atro treat her precisely as if she had always hete cieus ido T; it Is man-stealing. tt . peacti I' If se; then this war, on the part of There: s a class of very resp e &able Meu-whese United Stated, has been not only a foolish but vocation and habitual' reverence for the Union compel them openly to condemn secession, and very wicked one. But there is 110 such absill principle to restrain, the hands of the'injurl . vet whose argument and opposition, toallelfec victor.. , ' . trial means for its suppression show'thattheir By the'laws of war the conqueror may see whole souls and secret .Yearnings are with the rebels. They are laboring hard to establish• mind convert to his oWn use everything th ' principleS which, when the traitors are subdued, belougs tor the enemy. }weaken the -enemy, at will remit them both as States and indiViduals when it is ended the :things seizedmity bee' to all their ancient rights Miti r plivileg,es ;to the' tab l ed to pay the expenses-of the war and-ti, right to eeter Congreas and e,ontrol our conned's'. damages caused by it. Towns, cities, and pr To this end, mistaking the argument, they con= videos May be held as a punishment for an ir tend that the - war has not abolished State Govern. ' just war, and as security uguinst future aggro .nient, I observe that a very excellent Rhpub limn meinber of the last Cougress from Ohio, sions. The property thus takep is not coutisen is cited as holding that the rebellion has not ed under the Constitution alter convictien.ft treason, but is beldby - virtue ofthe laws of wa destroyed .State governments. I have iikee supposed that it did. On ' the other hand I be- No individual crime need be proved eguinst tl owners. The fact of being a belli,gerent enen lieve the State governments in the rebel States' carries' the, forfeiture with , it..„ Here ,was tt th be as perfect now as before ,the rebellion. error of the President when lie vetoed the the' lint that proves what these conservative gentle% fiscation bill passed by, Congress. In the en Meu would wish to avoid; that being subsisting States, capaplo of corporate action, they have fusion of busieesa he over the distinctic between a traitor nude belligerenteneMy. as States changed their allegiance from theUni - ' Vattel, page 125, says: • ted States to the - Confederate States - and that " Everthing, therefore, which belongs tothc n: a to inhabitants, o suchhostiles corporations 11 the f ' tier). to - the State, to the sovereign, to the subjects „,:,. .. Lave forfeited all rights under the Constitution whatever age or sex-everything of that k ind. I sa falls under the description of things belonging' which they have renounced: and that they are the onernr. , As - to 'landed estate, property of th 'forever estopped from claiming the "Union as kind does notecase to be enemy's propel t ye thoup tlt, is Indeed true that the Unite d States iili',,,;v.a give s'" them throes right's residentpossessd i b n y n it h n n e s u t t i r e al ee four n e t i n gT, since the h th a e re ow a n ri e g r gilts if it choose, but they to deprive (=enemy of his possesSion of ovary cannot claim them. Nor do I contend that the which rimy_ augment-his strength and enable hire rebellien has- abolished slaVery so far as it re, make var.!! (Page -349.) .. In fine, we seize on t sects the citizens of the rebel States. Over , enemy's towns, his provinces," &e. p I am aware, that a respectable -Jidge ha them the State laws have full power until chan denied, this doctrine, because he says, !'No 114 ged by the conqueror. ' But as to all the rest tioh.erer makei. conviest, of its own territory , of the world, us to the 'United States and for- This assuming is a fact Which does not exist eigp natiOns,,Aliere is no law, no rule of interne- The moment a - power becomes an acknowledgeitionaraction which' re - gulf - ea them to respect the belligerent, itia 'Politically the owner of all thialave laws of the States. Foreign nations never territory within the acknowledged limits of 'thiweie tints bound, end have never se regarded hostile power. All the lands and; towns en4thetn. A slave escapi ‘ ug from. South Carolina people within such boundary-, so ferns the conto.Cittiadtt, or Jamaica, is free; and there is no tending parties 'are concerned, belong toll thOopiiity of nations which requires his return to belligerent so far as the application of the law is: Wore it- not for. it ;aingleprovision of the of war and of nations touthes them.- The cottrVongtitution every State in the Union .would - in the prize cases says: i - , I ,bave been on the same footing as fore ig u nations. 0 That provision, - 7- . i God, -is now dead--kill ed bytthe .traitors " . Ives.. All this strug. ileStalth7:44 4 ,iliffled an moderate pa -c : trietsiall - thiCelaiikAta ns t radicals; all this ' . .cq of frt'•.the'Union tialt . .4vas and the Constitu- s 1 thin its:it - it:4,7lS but :u; effort to re-' ',establish slavery, uthrt o ,jrivet anew and forever 'the chains "of borlda*bn'vri,li bs of immortal beings. May the God - Of juis ,ee thwart these designs and paralyze theirivi ed efforts! I pray gentlemen to consid r that any other doctrine than this will fatally 11 upper them when they , come.to-reestabligthis verament'• - To 4entlemen who Were m mbers ofthe last_ Congress thii is but repaiti n."' At the extra li session of 1861,. I advanced thi3same sugges— floes; and I have repeatd the on-all occasions that I, deemed proper since. They were not then quite acceptable to either side 'of the. Hence.' But:I sin glad to find that the Presi dent, after careful examination has come to the same concinsion. In details we may not quite agree; but his plan of reconstruction assumes the same general grounds. It proposes to treat the rebel territory as a conqueriir alone could treat it. His plan is wholly outside of and, unknolvn to the Constitution, but it is within the legitimate province of the laws, of war. Ills legal Mind has carefully studied the law of na tions andreacheda just conclusiod. Martial law is not Unconstitntional. Hut - mii: niCiPal laws and'inartial law do not act concur rently over the,sanie territory: The Cbustith tion leads in martial law, -add then retireg until the clangor of arms ceases. The condition of the rebel States having , been. thus fixed; reconstruction becomes an 'easier, question,.becauso we are tratrammeledlii mu nicipal compacts and laws—that refuge of Con servative sympathizers With our "erring breth-- ren." The President may not striate 118 direct 'a blow with a battering ram again:4 this Sabel as some impetuous gentlemen Would desire; but with- his usual' shrewdness and caution. he 'is picking, out . the mortar from the joints until eventually till', whole toirer will fall, ' When the Fee North shall be united, when that odious party which is inspired by the' love of Slavery alone shall have sunk into 'thereon tempt and be despised 6f all men, then will the traitors' hearts sink within them ; then will the brave freemen of the North, aided by the perSe ented loyal Men of the S,Mith, bear aloft the 'banner of the Union from the lakes to the Gulf of Mexico,•and from the Atlantic to the Paci fic ocean. , , -.Having, crushed into atoms the ‘ iphemeral em pire, whose 'corner-stone was slavery, they will establish a united hod enduring nation on the solid fbuodation of universal freedom.,, Such a nation, possessing the most fertile soil and every veriety of climate, will soon abound with un told riches. and will Swarm with millions of just, intelligent, and brave free\uen, who will • bid daia nee, to the despots of the earth. Obitationat. ==l QUAK' E R I C _T ,Y' BUSINESS.COLtEGE N. E. CORNER OF TENTH' AND CURSTNUT STREETS, _ PHILADELPHIA, , -• • • UNDER l'ilE MANADERIENT OF L: FAIR. BAN.K,S., A. M., for the lust four years. Principal and Cldef Business Manager of Bry'ant &Stratton's Commercial College. • MODEL BUSINESS COLLEGE, - Conducted on a new system of Actual Business Training, through the establishment of legitimate Officers and Counting House, representing different_ departments of Trade and Commerce, and a regular Bank of Deposit and I . .de, giving the student all the advantages of actual practice, and .qualifying him in the shortest pos4ible time and most effective manner for the ,various duties and employMents of business life. The course of instruction in the Theoretical De vart ent em briiCeS elmt erciulCll r+ilt to ud, lectured u'n Bueirfeee Affaire, Penmanehip; t'unaderri , cl Lowe, Fcrni ("orceePiltadeitre, dy, In THE BUSINESS DEPARTMENT the student enters upon the Graduating Course, which includes a continuation iu the above studies, with their practical application in alltheir details.' Ile will in turn fill the •position of Accountant and Proprietor in, the various departments of Whotcxate find Retail Trade, Forwarding, lobbing, and _Com m ivdon IhrAine.., Bankinp, 3fanpfacluring, Xining, Steakilmating. (N._ and' tell/ km//if Oa WI ao4 kr. Book-Ko-per and: Teller in flee Rank, in each of which positions his, previous knowledge tai I be put to the fullest practical,test. This Institution otlerkto young men num emu; ad vantages not possessed by any other - Commercial College in the State, It is complete in all its ap pointments. It-is the Only Institution in the State conducted on actlial husinessprinciples. The course of instruction is unsurpassed, and may be completed in about one-half, the time u,ually spent in other institutiont. in 's consequence of an entirely new ar rangenient, , and the 'adoption of the new, practical system. :'„ . Dipinmaaj awarcle.diupon the , cernpkition of the L'onenrercial whijh embraces all except the higher seti , of Banking, itanufactur-ing, ef•c. SN)4I fog - a circular. ; (.1c62-Iy. CA MBE R. RB R G ACADEMY, REFITTED AND REORGANIZED, Commenced a now quarter on Monday, February S. Largo additions have been made to its already ex tensive apparatus. a full and:efficient corps of tea chers has been employed, and no pains or expense spared to -ender it 011 e of the first institutions of learning in the country. ,Particalar attention paid to Teachers and young men preparing for College. It is desirable that Students enter at the com mencement of the quarter, but they may enter at any time, and they will beeharged only from date of entrance. Toms her quarter from '4 , 4 - 1 to' A de duction of from the 1.)ills of Clergymen. iiend for Circular. FACIILTY. J. IL KL*NET, A. 8., Principal, Greek, ,German and Modern Languaees. M== A. 31, TRINIMF,R. Commercial Depft#llloTlL MISS II; H. PCRKINS, PreCeptreS:.;, CUM. Eng., Painting and French. • Miss tistun A.FIAIIIY, Primary Dept.. Pencilling, C. - ayening, Music. fellnmb!g, Jan. 27, 'al. CHAMEEIZSBURG SEJfINAItY FOR 'YOUNG LADIES,—The Slirinf , " Sesaioc will commence on Tuesday, flthlB6l, but boar ders can enter at any time, and will 'be charged ac-_ cordingly., A large attendance: both in the plimary and academical departments, gives evidence of an interest in. the school not surpassed in any former period. 1/liss S. H. Cat tis, assistant in the higherde partinent.:beara testimonials of her eminentfitness to instruct in the higher branehm from a 1:-!eminarY' in the West, where she taught for several years.— The nriniary Department. is eldeity under the care of Mrs. C., IL Momey. the effects of whose energy and eiliciencrappear in the flourishing condition of the department his Z. C. Deforest is well known asap ableand experienced teacher of music. TUITIOIN.—From $8 to :515 per session oLfivc months. Boarding, '*fit). • TEACHERS FUR).7ISHED.--Scheols end- fami lies in nc ,, d of teachers can hear nf young ladies well qualified, chiefly graduates of the Institution, by . addressing Jan27-tf. Rev. HENRY REEVES, Principal. Z 3 etitistrg. • DR. R. W. W. SCH LO S E Surgeon _Li Dentit. has removed Office from the Surgeon lion House to residence of Mr. John Noel.. North- West darner of the Diamond, and immediately op posite the Franklin Hotel. Office on' the sect* floor—entrance through the passage,lo the right you ascend the stairs. • • • jun 17,63. 1) E-31.0V A, L ,J. K. REID. I.lld Dentist, haarernaved his office from theborner of the Public Square, where be practised so many years. to the corner of Main and Queen Streets, above Heyser S Cressler's Drug Store, Chnmbers burg, Pa.; where he will bo pleased, to receive the calls of his friends. jun 17.63. Uir v/ . S have not the Ban • Bands. i 5-20 BONDS.—Those persons o have subscribed for these Bonds, and yet received there, are requested to call at , surrender theirdne bills and receive the [mar me) G. R. MESSERSMITH. — ,..1. . • , 41 , 1 -. t iatta - '' - ill. ItiOURIRENTI kiNtitAL - REPORT ....,. of the AMERI . AN'," ILA' INSURANCE 'MST CCU. t Vit.itzti ,STREET:, SOL - 171-f.iFiT C. IN AlSTRa'ftads/Phia t -CCT the 3tear ending Deem - 1 ber.33.5t.,18 . ' • Premiums received RECEIPTS Interest: ** Rents _ . ..W2,670 ....... .38477-lif4 • - • - - DISBUESEMENTS,--,- Life Losses &e. paid. amounting to Wand 18 - Comukihsions o Trayolting AgiAtts, anti,tix-f• PenSc4 of AgitiCi.o.l;.:_.. • 27, 8 48, : - Bouns Certificates prirotiased, and viri- - den& paid _25,7'59 Salaries and Medical Examinations-. ...... .10,047,1:0 Real E.-Auto. ......• 1,36; - ndturn premiunis and- ' 7,876 34 rinting, Adrerrg,Station'y, Sturaps.&e. ' 7,541 66 ASSETS. 5100,00011. S.', s=2olinati 600 Shares Benna., Rail Road Stock $lO,OOO WyominCanal Bond= :$O.OOO State of Tennessee Bonds $lO,OOO Phila.& Erie Rail Bowl Bonds: 442 Shards Corn Exchango 510,000 Pittsburg. Fart Warne;grid Chi cago Rail Road Bonds 20 Shard Consolidation Bank? :$2,0(10 Allegheny, counts Bonds Reading Rail Road Bonds 107 Shares Farman:Bank of Remling..: $8.300 City of Pittsblirg arid other BoodS 142 Shares Williamsport Water Cifeup'Y. 5;3.000 City of Philadelphia Loan 192 Shares American Life . Insurance an& Trust Company Mortgages. Real Estate and Granted Rentss3o.:).3 , t 603 Loans on Collatcrals amply secured...,.... 159,533,94. Premium notes secured hy - Policies ' 61.2..M13. 5 ' Cash in hands of Agents secured by Bonds 12,71'1).62 , Cash on hand and in Bunks 33,358 . 4 1518, , t40 51: :VALUE OF FUTURE PREMIUMS " Calculated to December 115t,1§63 -, , 1. R 6.249,,e6 I NET PRESENT VALUE OF POLI ES Or amount necessary to reinsure all out-. •-•- •:- standing risks." 158.482 fa . Philadelphia, Feb. 4. ISM.' ' The Trustees have this day declared ni Dirdend, of FIFTY PER CENT, on all premiums receixed- - upon Mental, Pouctg's 'during the year Midmg December 31st, 18G3; and in foreit, that date. the above armiunt to:be credited aid Policies. and have also ordered the dividend ISGO on Folinies - during that .year to be paid, as the annualpremiums on,,said Policies are received. i OFFICERS. .. - -. . it President—Alexander IVhilldi - -.- i , Secretary and Tiwuotrer—Jeat 'ilean. BOARD OF TRIISTEES.—A ee Whilldin, J. Edgar Thomson, George Nuge n is.Jaines Pol !mgt. • Albert C. oberts, P. • gin.. Samuel Work, William J. liotrark - -Ilen.4ioph Allison. Samuel T. Bodine; John Ailtman, Ch. Hear.- litt. Isaac Ilaxlehdrst. - - -- i' * . -W . n . G. REF:I), Chamberiburg . Pa... rs * 6 author ized Agent of the American' Life In=' yttned 'and Trust Company, and is always PrePpreAto furnish pamphlets or any information Iva' itetitctind to take Insurances. OFFICE;, inihe Repositiirft Buildinzi DR. J. C. Rim. EDS. OfttiCrt/ h.r.VniuMr. • REFERENCES--lion: A. K. McCliire, Rev. 5.,1 . : . Niccolls. J. S. „Nixon, Cb ainhersburg,,, and ,Wm..M. Marshal Cashier Hagerstown Ilan.. - , . .-ftnnroli '2. (VTR AGENT.-31r. J. V Chambersburg., is tha Franklin County Mutual Insu VUbittat 51' •.; • & 13ANK. NOTE REPORTER, . Ear fib/idled in 'IMO, - " ' Is the oldest REPORTER published in this coml., try, and•hes never' missed a number since its emu meneernent, now nearly . 34 YEARS. • • It is issued on the Ist and sth of each:month, and it has by the :cvell known and admitted ability-with which It is conducted; long shine earned its position of the . • tandard Reporter of the rouiltry. Our whole time and undivided attention is glien to, the Reporter,. and the many years of experience we have had, and the great facilities we command, enable us to give to the Public the most correct'and reliable work of the kindpublished. , QUOTATIONS. Our Corrections and Quotations' for each number; ore inVariahly made up to the hour of going law the Printer's hands, by the well known Banking House of WORK; McCOTICH & CO., 86 South' Third Street. We hold ourselves bound To Redeem at our Qlottitifn *. at thetime of going to • press. - -- COUNTERFEIT MONEY. . The Reporter contains amore correct list of Conn terfeits and Altered. Notes than any other-Reporter now published. Each number contains a full ,and correct description of-all the Fraudulent, Notes pot into circulation since the preceding issue. Particular attention is paid to . • THE STOCK - LIST,` , • It is a full and complete list of all Stocks offered at the Board,of-Brokers. It is always corrected up' to the day of going to press. WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT, Are always full and correct, the corrections being made up to the day of going to press with each issue. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION'. - • ' One Copy, Monthly, one year , *1 (0 ()no Copy, semi-nionthly,one year - 2-tx) Subscriptions may commence with ; tin.y.'montb.-7.- Terms always CASH - IN ADVANCE. All letters must be addressed to the Publisher, CHARLES C. RHODES. 45 South Third Street, "Philadelphia. ja2)-3m rfiIIE•AMERICAN BANK NOTE 'ft; _L PORTER.—Published semi-monthly. Semi-Monthly $2 t Monthly The only Bank Note Reporter in the country with Quatatinns in FOUR CITIES. _ - - Subscriptions may commence with any month.— Terms always cash m acivaime. An communications should be addressed to .L S.F. COHEN, Inar 2-30 23 South Third Street; Phila. 3300t0 an/r NE"VS HOE 8 T OEE.—The sub scriber takes thii method of informing tlio citizens of Chambersburg and vicinity that he has just returned from l'hifedelphin with an ENTIRE LY NEW STOCK of Boots and Sh4Z-1, of overt variety, style and patteru, and of the' best manu factures. He has no old .shopkr.eperB on hand. His whole stock is neer. Give him - a call—you can easily suit yourself. Hainrites the Ladies especially. to call, as-he will take pleasure in showing his goods. Store in the room formerly occupied by Frederick Smith. Esq., as a Law Office. and, m ore recently used f9rthe purpose hv George Fyster, Esq., two doors North of Fifher's Hotel, Main Street. Chanthershurg, Pa. His large and well seleetedstoek. ho beim:a - brae= tieal Shoemaker, consists of 'Ladies' Gaiters,. Boots, Slippers and Buskins; Misses and Children's Monts and Shoes; Gentlemen's Gaiters, Slippers, Boots and Brogan's. - Don't forgot the place. No trouble to shoWrgoods at THE NM' STORE, two' doors North of Pish er's Hotel, Main Street, Chamhersburg. Pa,. iun17.63. PETER .FE,I4DMAN. C ALL A N 1) SEE.--7Themideridt,riv. ed announces to his numerous friends and cus tomers that he continues:to.. manufacture to - eider. and keeps on hand, a full - and-complete assortment of earions 'qualities' and hiles of SHOES and,GAI TERS, for Ladies, Missetrand Children.' Ms ngort .ment of BOOTS, S.IIQES, &e., for Men and Boys' wear is complete, to which he respectfully invites at tention. mis of alt kinds made to order, in a neat and durable manner,..rind at short notice. Call nnti see before purchasing elsewhere, and he will satisfy purchasers that he sell at very smallkrofita for cash. Don't forget the place- , nearly oppclsite Elute Store. Chamberiburg.-Pn. - - jun 17.63- GEORGE LEIIINER. Vaintiitgi (i.la . {4igi 4c-; 1 N A R Er• Tr:- FELL OW-S', ri >• HOUSE AND SIGN ER, GRAB'ER, GLAZIER; AND ' • PAPER HANGER. - - • Shopwin the Old Armory Building, (up Stairs,) next door to the "Old Jail," Pester er • - Foltz's Carriage ffilinkfactorij, op posite Brown's HOW . , and - ' CORNER OF SECOND 'AND MARKET STREETS, • CHLIIIMPSBURG. PA. - I respectfully take this method of thanking the citizens of Chataliershyrg and vicinity for-the veil liberal patronage recerved at their bands for thepast year, my first yearin this place, and flattering myself that I have done, and am still ,Prepared to do , the very best work in my line, I solicit a continuance of past favor. • B. T. FELLOWS. P.S. I respectfully refer to any of my patrmoro James Eyster, Wm. McLellan, Lol. - A. li. McClure, Rev. Mr. Niceolls, Presbyteriab Church, Dr; Rich ards, Dr. Fishier of the - German Reformed Meow ger, J. Allison Eyster, Wm. C. Eyster, and any otb-_, era for whom I have done work—for character of work.done and expedition ihn17.63-tf. $112,-X&lr - ME ;: ) .49,ig X • GROYE, of .I.pmt of the pany.jiml D. T. F.
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers