-1
BY S. B. HOW.
YOL. 4-NO. 12.
CLE AEHELD, PA, WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 11, 1857.
.4
' TWO PICTUIIES.
Somebody's heart is gay.
Ami somebody's heart is sad :
For light shines out across the way,
And a door with crape is clad
Sadness and gladness alike
Are dwelling side by side ;
Perhaps the death of an early one,
And the crowning of a bride.
Bright eyes are filled with mirth,
l'ale faces bend in prayer ;
And hearts beside the household hearth,
Arc crushed by cold despair ;
.. Ah ! sorrow and hope and joy
Are parted by thinnest walls
But on the hearts of the thoughtless ones,
No shadow of sorrow falls !
No thouglits of the funeral train
Come to the festive throng ;
, No hope that the past will come again,
To the anguished hearts belong ;
The future's a sunny sea
To the lover3 of joy and mirth
But the past alone to those who weep
For the parted tits of earth.
Homebody's heart is gar.
And somebody's heart is sad :
For the lights are bright across the way,
And a door with crape is clad
Sadness and gladness alike
Enclose ns on every hand
A wealth of smiles and a flood of tears,
IVith hope and sorrow stand.
A FIST FIGHT WITII INDIANS.
AX OLD-TIME ADVENTURE.
Joa Logston was ono of. that class of half
horso half alligator Kentuckians, that could
to use his own words "out run, out hop, out
jump, throw down, drag out and whip any
man in the country'
Joe was a powerful fellow of six feet three
in his stockings, and proportionably stout and
muscular, with a handsome, good natnred face
and a fist like a sledge hammer. Fear was a
word ho knew not the meaning of, and to
fight was his pastime, particularly if his scalp
was the prize he fought for. On one occasion
lie was mounted on his own favorite pony,
(Joe owned two or three others which he had
"run" from the Indians,) which was leisurely
picking his way along the trail, with his head
down and half a sleep, while his rider was en
joying a feast on some wild grapes which he
had picked as he came along. Neither dream
ed of any danger until a crack of two rifles on
cither side of the path killed one and wound
ed the other. One ball struck Joe, passing
through the paps of his breist grazing the
kin above the breast bone, hut without doing
any material damage. The other passed thro"
his horse, just behind the saddle and in art in
stant of time Joe found himself on his feet
grasping his trusty rifle he had instinctively
seized it as he slipped to the ground and look
ing for his foe. lie might easily have escaped
by running, as the guns of the Indians were
empty and they could not pretend to compete
with him in speed. But Joo was not of that
' oort. IIs boasted that he never left a battle
field without making his mark, and he wa3
not going to begin now.
One of the savages sprang into the path and
mad at him ; but finding his opponent pre
pared for him, he retreated again. Joe know
ing there were two of the varmints, looked
earnestly about him lor the other, and soon
discovered him between two saplings engaged
in re-loading his piece. The trees were scarce
ly large enough to shield his person, and in
pushing down the ball he exposed his hips, and
Joe, quick as thought drew a bead, fired, and
tit ruck him :n the exposed part. Now that his
rifle was empty the big Indian who had first
made his appearance rushed forward feeling
sure of his prey, and rejoicing in the antici
pated possession of Joe's scalp. Joe was not
going to loose the natural covering to his head,
however, without a struggle, and stood calmly
. awaiting the savage. with his rifle clubbed and
bis feet braced for a powerful blow. Perceiv
ing this, his foe halted within ten paces, and
with all the vengeful force of a vigorous arm
threw his tomahawk full in Joe's faee. With
the rapidity of lightning it whirled through
the air, but Joe equally quick in his movements
Iodged it, suffering a slight cut on his left
Hlinulder as it passed, and then rushed in. The
Indian darted into the bushes and successfully
dodged the blow made at his head by the now
enraged hunter, who becoming mad with rage
at the failure of his successive efforts, gathered
all his strength for a final blow, which the cun
ning savage dodged as before, and the rifle,
which by this time had become reduced to the
simple barrel struck a tree and flew out of Joe's
hand at least ten feet in the bushes.
The Indian sprang to his feet and confron
ted him. Both empty handed, they stood for
a moment, for the blood was flowing freely
from the wound in Joe's breast, and the other
thinking him more seriously wounded than he
really was, and thinking to take advantage of
his weakness, closed with him intending to
tiirow him ; in this however he reckoned with
out his host for in less time than it takes to re
count it he found himself at full length on his
Lack' with Joe cn top. Slipping from under
' ! ' - . . V,4k
him -with the agility of an eel, tney were ooiu
on their feet again and again closed. This
timo the savage Vas more wary, but the same
result followed, and he was again beneath his
opponent. But, having the advantage of Joe
In being naked to the breach clout snd oiled
from head to foot, he could slip from out oi the
grasp of the hunter and resume his perpendic
ular. Six different times was he thrown with
the same effect ; but Victory fickle jade
seemed disposed to perch upon the banner of
jieitherof the combatants. By this time ilicy
had. in their struggles and contortions, re
turned to the open path, and Joe concluded to
change his tactics. lie. was becoming sensibly
weaker from loss of blood, while, on the other
hand, the savage seemed to lose none of his
strength from tho many falls he had had.
Closing again in a close hug, they fell as be
fore ; but this time, instead of endeavoring to
keep bis antagonist down, Joe sprang at once
to his feet again, and as the Indian came up
he dealt him a blow with his fist between the
eyes which felled him like an ox, at the same
time falling with all his might upon the body.
This was repeated every time he rose, and
began to tell with fearful effect upon his body
as well as his face, for Joe was no lightweight,
and at every succeeding fall he came up weak
er and seemed disposed to retreat; this his
foe decidedly objected to and dealt his blows
more rapidly, until tho savage lay apparantly
insensible at his feet. Falling upon him he
grasped the Indian's throat with a grip like a
vice, intending to strangle him. lie soon
found however that the savage was playing
possum, and that some movement was going
forward the purport of which ho could not
immediately gue-ss. Following wiih his eye
the direction of the movement he discovered
that he was trying to, disengage his knife,
which was in his belt, the handle of which was
so short that it had slipped down beyond reach
and he was working it up by pressing on tho
the poiut. Joe watched the movement with
deep interest, and when he had worked it up
sufficient for his purpose seized it, and with
ono powerful blow drove it to tho hilt in the
Indian's heart, and he lay quivering in the
agonies of death.
Springing to his feet, Joe now bethought
him of the other re J-skin ; and looked around
to discover him. lie still lay with his back
broken, by Joe's ball, where he had fallen ;
and having his piece loaded,ho was trying to
raise himself upr'ght to fire it but every time
he brought it to his shoulder he would tumble
forward, and again renew his struggle.
Concluding that he had enough fighting for
exercise, and knowing that the wounded Indian
could not make his escape, Joe took his way
to the fort.
Although he presented a truly awful sight
when he reached there his clothes being
torn nearly -off from his person, and covered
with blood and dirt from his head to his feet
yet his story was scarcely believed by ma
ny of his comrades, who thought it ono of Joe's
big stories. "Go and satisfy yourselves,"
said he : and a party started for the battle
ground, where their suppositions were con
firmed, as there were no Indians to be found,
and no evidence of them except Joe's dead
horse in the path. On looking carefully a
bout, however, they discovered the body of
the big Indian buried under the leaves by tho
side of a stump, and following on they found
tho corpse of the second, with his own knife
thrust into his own heart and his hand still
grasping it to show that ho came to his death
by his own hand. No where could they dis
covt r however the knife with which Joe had
killed the big Indian. They found it at last
thrust into the ground: where it had been
forced by the heel of his wounded companion,
who must have suffered the most intense
agony while thus endeavt ring to hide all tra
ces of the white man's victory.
Remarkable Isstasck of Heroism. The
Rev. Mr. Scndder, of India, in a letter to the
Christian Intelligencer,gives the following in
stance of heroism, called forth by the Indian
mutinies: This rebellion has brought out
deeds that deserve to be associated with those
valorous actions which we, with throbbing
pulses, read in history. In one place an Eng
lish lady and her husband fled in their car
riage. He stood upright. She took th e reins.
She lashed the horses through a band of mu
tineers, while he, with cool aim, shot dead
one who seized the horses' heads, and another
who climbed upon the carriage behind to cut
him down. On they fled, till again they found
themselves among toes, and a rope stretched a
cross the road, made further progress appear
impossible. True to herself, she dashed the
horses at full Fpeed against the rope, and as
they, beating it down, stumbled, she, by the
rein and whip, raised them, while her hus
band's weapons again freed them from those
who succeeded in leaping upon them. lie
was wounded, but both escaped with their
lives. In another place a young lady, the
daughter of an officer, shot seven mutineers
before they killed her. A captain, pressed by
his sepoys, with his good sword slew twenty
six of them before he fell."
Beer Drinking. The greatest lager beer
drinkine city on tKe globe is, undoubtedly, the
city of Munich, in Bavaria, where revolutions
are caused by the slightest riso in the price
of beer. On the 1st ult., there were in the
different vaults 28,709 Eimcrs (about 521.S80
gallons,) of winter-brewed beer, the "genuine
lager;" and 393,580 Eimers (7,139,541 gal
lons.t a total of 7.GG1.421 gallons. The quan-
titr brewed this season exceeds that of the
previous one by 42,739 Eimers. Twenty-three
brewers have manufactured mis enormous
quantity of beer, which wiirjust suffice to
supply the 130,000 inhabitants of Munich for
180 days.
Something E.ntireit New; -.-It "thought
by many that economy will be "fashionable"
The "oldest inhabitant nas
never bclore heard anything like it
AN AWKWARD PREDICAMENT,
I was once engaged to be married (how I
went so far as that is a marvel to me still,) but
an accident of so frightful a character took
place as to put the matter entirely out of the
question. I was a young undergraduate, spen
ding tho summer with a reading party at the
Irish lakes, when I met with with Lucy, and
got, in short to be accepted. She was resid
ing with her mother, in tho same hotel in Kil
larney as ourselves, and we all met every day.
We boated on the lake together, and fished,
and sang, and read. Wc landed on the wood
ed islands in the soft summer evenings, to take
our tea in gipsey fashion, and to sketch ; but
she and I mostly whispered not about love at
all, as I remember, but of the weather and the
rubric ; only it seemed so sweet to sink our
voices and to speak low and soft.
Once, in a party over tho moors,while I was
leading her pony over somo boggy ground, I
caught her hand by mistake instead of her bri
dle, aud she did not snatch it away. It was
the heyday and the prime of my life,my friend,
and that youth of the spirit which no power
can ever more renew. I knew what she felt,
and what would please her, as soon as the feel
ing and the wish themselves were born. Our
thought my thought, at least "lept out to
wed with thought, ere thought could wed itself
with speech." She took a fancy to a huge
mastiff dog belonging to a fisherman ; and I
bought it for her at once, although it was ter
ribly savage, and (except for Lucy's liking it)
not either good or beautiful. Its name, also
tho only ono it would answer to, and sometimes
it would not to that was Towser ; not a name
for a lady's pet,and scarcely for a gentleman's.
There was a little secluded field, hedged in by
a coppice, which sloped into the lake, about a
mile from the hotel ; and there Lucy agreed
(for tho first time) to meet me alone. I was
to be there before breakfast, at eight o'clock
in the morning, and you maybe sure I was
there at six with Towser.
Perhaps I was never happier than at this
particular time. The universal nature seemed
in harmony with my blissful feelings. The
sun shone out bright ana clear, so mat me
fresh morning breezes could scarcely cool the
pleasant throbbing of my blood, but the blue
rippling waves of the lake looked irresistably
tempting, and I could not resist a swim. Just
a plunge and out again, thought I ; for though
I had such plenty of lime to spare, I determin
ed to be dressed and ready for the interview
an hour at least be fere tho appointed time.
Lucy might, like myself, ba a little earlier;
and at all events, with such an awful conse
quence in possible apprehension, I would run
no shadow of a risk. "Mind my clothes, mind
them," said I to Towser (who took his seat
thereon, at once, sagaciously enough,) for I
had heard of such things as clothes being sto
len from unconscious dippers before them.with
results not to be thought of; and in I went. I
remember the delight of that bath even to this
day, the glow, the freshness, the luxurious
softness of each particular wave, just as the
last view which his eyes rested on is painted
on the memory of one who has been stricken
blind, or the last heard melody is treasured in
that of a man strack deaf by a fall ; it was my
last perfect pleasure,and succeeded by a shock
that I shall never, I think, quite get over.
When I bad bathed as long as I judged to be
prudent, I landed and advanced towards the
spot where my garments and Towser lay ; as I
did so, every individual iiair upon his back
seemed to bristle with fury, his eyes kindled
with coals of fire ; he gave me notice, by a
low, determined growl, that he would spring
on me and tear me into fragments if I ap
proached nearer; it was evident that he did
not recognize me in tho least without my
clothes. "Tow, Tow, Tow, Tow," said I plea
santly, "good old Tow, you remember me ;"
but the brute, like the friend we have known
in a better day, and appealed to when in indif
ferent apparel, only shook his head in a men
acing manner, aud showed his teeth the more.
"Towser, be quiet, sir ; how dare you Tow,
Tow, Tow Towser (here he nearly had a bit
of my calf off) you nasty, brutal dog ; go a
way, sir go ; ain't you ashamed of yourself ?"
Drops of foam oozed through the teeth of the
ferocious monster as he stood up with tail e
rect at these reproving words, but he manifes
ted no sign of remorse or sorrow. My situa
tion became serious in the extreme ; what if
he chose to sit there, on my personal apparel,
until T
At this idea, too terrible to be concluded, a
profuse perspiration broke out all over me.
Presently feeling a little cold, I went back in
to the lako again to consider what was to be
done, and resolved the fell design of enticing
Towser into the water and there drowning him.
Abuse and flattery being thrown away upon
him, I tried stones ; I heaved at him with all
my force the largest pebbles I could select,the
majority of which he evaded by leaping from
side to side, and those that struck him render
ed him so furious that I believe he would have
killed and eaten me if he could, whether I
was dressed or not, but be would not veuture
into the water after me still. -
At last, the time drawing on apace for the
appointed interview, which I had once looked
forward to with such delight and expectation,
I was fain, in an agony of shame and rage, to
hide myself In a dry ditch in the neighboripg.
copsc,where I could see what took place with
out being seen, and there I covered myself o
ver, like a babe in the woods, with leaves.
Presently my Lncy came down, a trifle more
carefully dressed than usual, and looking all
grace and modesty ; the dog began to howl as
she drew near ; she saw him, and she saw my
clothes, and the notion that 1 was drowned (I
could see it in her expressive countenance)
flashed upon her at once ; for one instant she
looked as though about to faint, and the next
she sped off again to the hotel, with the speed
of a deer. Gracious heavens ! I decided up
on rescuing a portion of my garments at least,
or upon perishing in the attempt, and rushed
out of tho thicket for the purpose ; but my
courage failed mc as I neared the savage ani- i
mal, and I found myself (in some confused
and palpitating manner) back in my dry ditch
again, with the sensation of a loss of blood
and pain ; my retreat had not been effected j
perhaps, because there was nothing to cover it
without considerable loss, and the beast had
bitten me severely. I protest, that, from that
moment, frightful as my position was, it did
not move me so much as the reflection of the
honors that would be showered down on that
vile creature. I knew he would be considered
by Lucy and the rest as a sort of Dog of Mon
targis, anjaffbetionate and sagacious creature,
watching patiently at his appointed post for
the beloved master that should never again
return to him.
Presently they all came back, Lucy and her
mother, and all the maid servants from the inn,
besides my fellow students and fishermen with
drag-nets and a medical man with blankets
and brandy, (how I envied the blankets and
the brandy !) As I expected, neither the
woman's cries nor the men's labor in vain dis
tressed me half so much as the patting and
caressing of Towser ; I could not repress a
groan of horror and Indignation. "Hush,
hush !" said Lucy ; and there was a silence,
through which I conld distinctly hear Towser
licking bis chops. I was desperate by this
time, and halloed out to my friend Sandford
"Sandford, and nobody else" to come into
the copse with a blanket.
I remember nothing mora distinctly. Im
mediately peals of laughter, now smothered,
now breaking irrcpressibly forth ; expressions
of thankfulness, of sympathy beginning but
never finished burst in npon, as it were, by
floods of merriment ; and the barking, the e
ternal barking, of that execrable dog. I left
Killarney that same evening ; Lucy, and the
mother of Lncy, and my fellow-students, and
the abominable Towser ; I left them for good
and all ; and that was how my engagement
was broken off, "and wby there is no Mrs.
Peony Flush," concluded the curate who had
turned from rose-color to deep carnation, and
from that to almost black, during the recital.
TITE INDIAN MUTINY.
All the world is looking with interest and
anxiety to the battle-field of India, and everj
one is speculating on the probable results of
the rebellion. Questions are daily asked'
"What was tho ongion of the mutiny V
"Is it a fight of caste or religion ?" We will
attempt to answer by giving a short account
of the commencement of the insurection.
There aro many castes in India, who, like
the Jews, will not eat pork, and any ono doing
so at once loses caste, that is, his friends will
not cat with him or speak to hini, and he is
regarded as an abandoned character and an
outcast. Thus with the Hindoo to lose caste
is a serious misfoitune, and which every one of
them carefully avoids. Now for the mutiny.
On the 22d of July last, Lieut. Wright, at Dum
Dum, informed his commanding officer that a
report had spead among the troops to' the
effect that the paper of the cartridges of the
Enfield rifles were greased with pork fat, and
therefore to bite them was to lose caste. We
quote an anecdote from bis letter :
"The belief in this report has been strength
ened by the behavior of a classie attached to
the magazine, who asked a sepoy of the 2d
Grenadiers to supply him with water from his
lota. The sepoy refused, observing he was
not aware of what caste the man was ; the
classie immediately rejoined, You will soon
lose your caste, as ere long you will have to
bite cartridges covered with the fat- of pigs
and cows,' or words to that effect. Major Bon
tein then called the attention of the Commander-in-chief
to it by a temperate and sensible-letter,
requesting him to allow the men
to buy the grease themselves and grease their
own cartridges, so that they might know there
was no fat used which their religious preju
dice prevented them from tasting."
The following order was then issued from
Calcutta to the army f "In order to remove
the objection the sepoys may raise to the grease
used for the cartridges of the rifle muskets,
all cartridges are to be- issued free from grease,
and the sepoys are to be allowed to apply,
with their own hands, whatever mixture suited
for the purpose they may prefer."
The day after the date of this, and we may
fairly suppose before it had becomo generally
known, a sergeant's bungalow (or house) was
set on fire at Runegungo by one of the same
2d Grenadiers, other Incendiary fires followed,
and it is the embers from the ruins . of this
house, helped by pig's. fat and Hindoo preju
dice, which hare set India blazing with such
fearfnl. strength that it will take Great Britain
come year a to thoroughly overcome the power
of the flames -
ROMANISM AGAINST FREEDOM.
The advocates of Komanisra claim that she
is the patron of learning and of freedom !
the encourager of free thought, free opinion,
and free expression ; and there are some favor
ite examples quoted to maintain this mon
strous proposition. The Magna Cbarta, the
very groundwork of freedom, Is held up as the
fruit of Catholic liberality. Unfolding the
page of history, wo find that John, king of
Englaud, engaged in a controversy with the
Pope, which resulted in the king yielding up
his possessions to the Holy Second receiving
them back as a vassal. The proud Barons,
who at the time possessed no defined rights,
could not brook the insults and degradation
which were heaped upon them through the
weakness of their king, and solemnly demand
ed, for their protection, what is now known as
tho Magna Charts. In the struggle between
the lords and the crown, the Tope took rart
with John against the Barons, and brought the
whole of his temporal and spiritual power to
defeat their demand, and from the Council of
Lateran, Innocent thundered against them his
bulls of excommunication.
The example of France, which has several
times shaken off" a tyrannical monarchy and
made approaches towatds republican institu
tions, has been held up as a testimony that Ho- ;
manism favors liberty. The French people al
ways resisted, more persevcringly than those
of any other Catholic country, the assumptions
of Popery ; to France, the world is indebted,
not only for catholics imbued with a true spirit
of Christianity, but for some of tho most pow
erful writers against tho assumptions of the
Holy See. The Kings of France ever con
tended for the right of appointing their own
Bishops, ad it was only under monarch most
deeply imbued with Romanism that France
fourd her greatest tyrants. Of late years, as
the light of true liberty has made encroach
ments upon the domain of despotism, it has
modified the illiberality of darker times, and
one of the first fruits of the late popular revo
lutions in that country was the separation of
Church and State, and protection to-every re
ligious belief. But France, liberal as her peo
ple naturally are, is yet too much under the
influence of Roman supremacy to be quoted
as an example of religious toleration.
It seems but yesterday that Rome herself
v . -
woke from her long night of slavery, and de
claring herself free, her spiritual and temporal
despot, the Pope, fled from her walls, and took
refuge in Gacta. Tho regenerated Romans
offered to teceive the Pope as their spiritual
head, but resolutely insisted on the abolition
of his temporal power, and that of his tyran
nical cardinals. The overture was scorned,
and the work of their subjugation to despot
ism was assigned to France, and, in spite of
her Republicanism, the lingering slavery of
priestcraft was so wrought into the blood and
bones of her rulers and her soldiery, that she
accepted the work, marched her armies on
Rome, bombarded and carried the city by as
sault, and crushed the new Republic and the
liberals of Italy in the dust.
In the United States -toleration is claimed
as a Papal virtue, because it is known to be
harmonious with public sentiment. Upon the
Continent of Europe all is different, and Ro
manism becomes the strong right arm of des
potism, and the enemy of everything that is
free. Not the supporter of tyranny by infer
ence of its enthusiastic devotees, but by the
powerful precepts of its written laws, sanc
tioned by all the solemnities of tradition, and
all the massive machinery of the Church.
The establishment of the Inquisition in the
sixteenth century was for the avowed purpose
of putting down free thought, free expression,
and free opinion. Under its sway, enormities
were committed which make humanity shud
der. Under its administration, John Louis
Vivis, a Spaniard of great learning and rcpu
tation, bewails the fate of moderate and char
itable Catholics even in Spain ; what must
have been the' fate of avowed Protestants who
came under its condemnation ? Says Vivis,
in a letter to Erasmus, dated May 18th, 15-34,
"We live in hard times, in which we can nei
ther speak or be silent without danger." In
the forty-three years of the administrations of
the first four Inquisitors-General, which closed
iu the year 1524, they committed eighteen
thousand human beings to the flames, and in
flicted inferior punishments on two hundred
thousand persons more, with various degrees
of severity. It was this work of the Inquisi
tion in Spain, with a knowledge that the Span
ish and French monarchs meditated the exten
sion over all Christendom of the Inquisition,
that seated Elizabeth firmly on the throne of
England, and seenred that political toleration
that led to the brightest triumphs of the Ref
ormation. : : .
, The fact that the Romish Chnrch assumes to
be inlallible, of necessity makes her intoler
ant. He arrogant claim of supremacy above
all governments of the earth in things spiritu
al, must also of necessity make her an enemy
to free thought and action. The Rhemish
Testament urges that "the blood of heretics
is not called the Wood of saints, no more than
the blood of thieves, man-killers, and other
malefactor, for the shedding of which, by or
der of justice, r.o commonwealth shall suffer."
Cardinal Bellarmine says, "experience teaches
that there is no other remedy for the evil but
to put heretics to death," the Church having
trie! milder penalties to n pnrposc. If anv
further evidence were needed to show that Ro
manism is the enemy of free thought, free ex
pression and free opinion, it can be found in
the language of the General Council of Late
ran, which says, "Let tho secular powers be
compelled, if necessary, to exterminate to their
utmost power all heretics denoted by the
Cbuich."
Such are the assumptions of this mighty re-ligio-political
organization, which, under the
mild regis of our Republican institutions,
sends forth both its deceived and its know ing
disciples, to teach the people of America that
it cherishes the fundamental principles of re
publicanism, denying for the timo its most an
cient doctrines, denying its practice through
centuries, and seemingly holding in contempt
the intelligence of the American people, by
claiming attributes so utterly opposed to its
practices and precepts. Romanism is wily and
unscrupulous in its operations, and history
proves it to bo the enemy of Freedom.
LATLAND AND ITS INHABITANTS.
The number of the Russian Lapps docs not
exceed 2,000 ; those f Swedish Lapland were
estimated in 1S41 at 4,000 an aggregate of
only 11, 000 'souls. Besides the Lapp popula
tion, there are to be found on the shore of the
White Sea several villages of R nssians, 6trt-tch-.
ing along from Kerrett to the Bay ol Kandal-
asch (or Candalax.) Between tho village of
KandalaschKa and Kola, on the coast at the
mouth of the Touloma, a distance of 213
wcrsts, (141 miles.) there are seven post sta
tions, the mails being carried from one to a
nothcr by reindeer, four of wbteh animals aro
kept at each station. This mode of transport,
however, is only employed in winter ; in sum
mer everything being transported first, a few
miles by land to Lake Imandra, then thejwhole
length of that fine body Of water, some sixty
miles, thence across to the river Touloma, and
down that stream to Kola. The navigation of
the Lake, by the way, is not always free from
danger.
The language of the Lapps is similar to that
of the Finns, from which race they are origi
nally an oflshoct. The Lapps, in general, are
of middle stature. They have large heads,
short Decks, small brown-red eyes, owing to
the constant smoke in their huts, high cheek
bones, thin beards and large hands. Those of
Norway are distinguished from the Rnssian
Lapps, by the blackness, luxuriance aDd gloss
of tbeirhair; the more northern portion of
the race are somewhat larger, more muscular
and of a lighter complexion than the rest.
Those ol Sweden and Norway are to some ex
tent more cultivated and enterprising than
those of Russia, and make light of the great
est privations and hardships. The richest of
the latter have not more thun 800 reindeer,
while the tormer possess from 2,000 to 3000.
In Sweden and Norway, whoever owus from
400 to 500, passes for a man in moderate cir
cumstances, with 200 a small family with prop
er prudence can live without suffering from
want, but less than this number plunges a fam
ily into all the troubles of poverty. Whoever
has not more than fifty, adds his herd to that
of some rich man, and becomes his servant
almost his slave, and is bound in the proper
season to follow him to the bunting or fishing
grounds.'
Fisb, game, and the flesh of the reindeer,
are the usual food of the Lapps. Bread they
neverat, though of the rye meal, which they
procure in Kola or of the fishermen in barter
for the products of their reindeer herds, they
make a sort of flat or pan cakes, mingling tho
meal with the pounded bark of trees. For
this purpose the meal is first soaked in cold
water, and the cakes baked npon a hot iron.
They are eaten with butter or codfish oil, which
is esteemed a great luxury. The mingling of
the bark with tho meal is not done merely for
the sake of economy, the Lapps considering
it an excellent anti-scorbutic. They are very
fond of salt, and cat nothing uncooked. Their
cookery is all done in nntinned copper vessels,
perhaps because in all Lapland there are no
pewters, more probably, however, it is a long
descended custom, since in all North ern Asia,
the bso of copper was formerly universal, and
tho art of overlaying that metal could hardly
be known by the rude inhabitants. Neverthe
less, cases of poisoning from the copper never
occur, being rendered impossible by the per
fect cleanliness of tho copper vessels, which
after every meal are scoured with sand till they
shine like mirrors. Besides, after the food is
sufficiently cooked, it is immediately poured
Into wooden vessels of home manufacture. .
- Tho Norwegian and Swedish Lapps mako
cheese of reindeer milk, aud carefully save for
use all the whey, &c. They milk their ani
mals summer and winter, and freeze the milkj
which is set apart for cheese. The women con
sider this as a great luxury . ; It is remarkable
for its pleasant odor, and has a ready sale in
Norway at a rather high price. The Russian
Lapps have no idea . of making cheese from
their reindeer milk, although the manufacture,
beyond a doubt, would be of great advantage
to thein. This milk is distinguished for its
excellent flavor ; in color and consistency it
is like, thick cream from the milk of cows, and
is remarkably nourishing. .
FLorR During the war of 1812, a barrel
of flour at Buffalo cost $70, in consequence ol
the almost impassable roads thither, and the
snail-like travel of the horse and wagon line.'
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