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". 5- , . ~.-:.•.,-.; •- - •:•• • 4 - 444.4,`1tet-1,,,.. - t - t i . 0 ,..137 , r-••••- .!., ' • ' t lf, -- 4 ot ** Ai ~e-e-, , C..' , ..,....71..,; . ,,1P - K*, . • ipi ••- 4(4 - 410. 1V ti. „ 1 1 .4 ,N_,,I.4. ; :g 4 q., c l • ,e ' ‘q. , a;• • f i ' F f r ?,, •• ~ - .... - -- ,„.r.,.. - 1". , ,- - ii;.,-;,:. - ' , O ' • -• ' *W C.i. ' rt. C " :01 - ,i., , 44 4 I: . t- - . - :` , /,t,?1, - : • ',• : ‘,r„,' "ttt- 44* - 40: 444,- 44 W - 6(, -f iltittP lß ",.. 4,- . ' - - " 11• AV* 6 "7. rA - - '4,tit. , .,2 •• ""r: IV 4 ' 1 f . • '-' 1 .,! - ' - ‘'',' • ;-- fe. Jan., A train. The al.,ove named Committee aro requert..d I. t.l ST. CHARTS, Hare, an zi ITt . RDA!. the 30 h MM.. at 11 o ;eel, A. 11. LAI ILO 11.1'il t EXIILITUCIM from Buchanan's Speeh on• the Independent Treasury THAT C,)UNTI: 1 4 MOT PR,.SPEROCS i. LA BOR COMMANDS THE ORR t TEST REWARD. " FROM MT SOEL I RESPECT THE LIBoRINO MAN. LABOR IS THE FOrNUATION OF THE WEALTH OF EVERY COUNTRY. AIN THE FL EE I.ABuIIFES OF THE NORTH IJE.-ERVE RE.PECT FOR THEIR PROBITI .IND INTELLIGENCE. lIRA VEN F.IIBjt 'MAT I SIit2CLD BO THEM WRONC.4 I" c:LNAL or-AnnwioNiß: GEORGE SCOTT, or Cot ormin Co MIPITCLL GENERAL JACOB FRY, Jr., MONTGintLIST Co. sITRITTOR GENERAL: JOHN ROWE, or FRANEUN C DEMOCRATIC COUNTY TICKET WILSON DI'C ANDLESR, CA.I.Lxs T Vb.l. P HOPEWELL HEPBURN, (Ti AN , CIIBLY THOMAS S. HART, ;•i , LA:', N•H IP. A UGUSTUS H A RTJE, Ftr,tßyt Tun - stquy SAMUEL JONES, eur L. B. PATTER 4 OS, Mirrux T, , Y,1111. SAMUEL SMITH, A LL;OU r.T Carl. Jl thoi , Dr. JAMES POLLOCK, VINDLGT AI A TTIIEW I. STEW ART, .{; I.ViZIENT 4 1 ROBERT B. GUTORIE, it •Att, , ,,tt T .NI EDWARD THOMPSON, T-nv. , 1 - ,TT 311, T. i. E UPWARD WCORK LE, IN: To. THI. HENRY BELTZHOOVER, 130.1% , 1N JOHN JOHNSTON, 1 THE GLORIOUS TENTH ill,. SEPTEMBER. DEMOCRA TIC Mass Convention ! ! AT PITTSBURGH, ON THE TENTH OF SEPTEMBER., IHRANNIVERSARY OF PERRY'S VICIOE. The Democratic State tent ral COIIIIOII - have re-solved that a ' MASS CONVENTION OF THE FRIENDS IF Buchanan and BrecLinride;t• SMALL BE 11EL1 A r PITTSBURGH, ON WE DNESDA 1, THE TENTH SEPTEMBER"! The undersigned Committee were pointed by the BUCHANAN CLUB to make arrangements for the enntempltit II CONVENTION, and have the Minor of informing the public that they have male every arrangement necessary to itisuie a Glorious Demonstration !! On behalf of the lIENtouRAcy tth PITTSBURGH, we ciirdially tiii• friends 01 the Conslitution and the Uni.in —all who would preserve undivided and unimpaired the glorious inheritance I. queathed us lry the Patriots and Sagei the Revolution—all who reverence the memory of WASHINC:TON, the FATHER of nln CitUNTRY ; who waited us to frown down every atiempt at sectest al agitation—all who truly admire the tues of JACKSON, CLAY, WEli:';Tl and WRIGHT, whose energies iii were devoted to the preServan,u, of the Union AS IT Is : All these we cordially invite to meet us upon this occasion. The list of speakers invited to be pi.- sent embraces the names of some the [mit distinguished men in the nation. The fol lowing gentlemen have been invited as speakers, and many of them w i ll b e pie sent : Gem Lewis Cass, David Tod, Wm. 11 Reed, Pierre Soule, L. K. Bowen, Josiah Randall, John W. Forney, John L. Dawson, A. IL Stephens, J. Glancy Junes, Will .1. Stakes, Wm. Wine, Robert J. Walker, No effort will be spared to render this demonstration worthy of the cause, and the candidates we advocate—worthy of PENNSYLVANIA'S FAVORITE SON !! Who is now the favorite of the American people- Come One, Come All. G. W. CABS, Chairman, Charles Steller, D. Fiekeisen. .1. R. M'Clintook, A. Holstein, Saml. W. Black, John Birmingham, • David Campbell, John C. Dunn, G. F. Gillmore, J. A. Giheon, T. J. Keenan, Charles Barnett, Thos. Scott, . E. P. Jones, Wm. H. Smith, Chas. 'l'. Bnsen, Wm. Id. Stewart, C. Hartwell, D. W. Boss, ' G. P. Hamilton, Wm. M. Edgar, P. C. Shammy, Committee, eT:' M==!M AU .UST :40 BUCHANAN, Stephen A. Douglas, Johi Van 81111,11, IVIII. C Pre-too, Horatio Seymour. A Buckalew, Dan] N Diekention, Geo. W. M'Cook, Daniel Dougherty, H. D. Foster, R B. Carpenter, H. S. Magraw, General Ward. THE TWO MEN who now best abused and black guarded in the Black Republican press, for their political course, are J. Scott Harrison, the son of "Tippecanoe," and James B. Clay, the son of the sage of Ashland. If the venerable fathers of those gentleman were living, the abuse which is now lavished upon the suns wgald be transferred to them, as national-loving men. , d 41: di o , , i r , MEM - • !, 4 Slaver+, Connaution, an antt. Slavery an alili Slarery 110,l '' take the Constitution as it Mitt bud that it recognizes the tilaek people of the South as a part of the basis of our representative system. On that Conalitulianal basis it is perfectly easy to show, by figures that cannot lie, that the South loses by the three fifths rule. We will re-state the case, and try and make the types express it right this time. Supposing the slaves in the South to number three millions, which is too low. In every Con gressional district there must he 93,713 persons. At that rate the 3,000,000 blacks would give just two members of the lower House of Con gress But, according to the Constitution, hut three fifths of that 3,00,000 s lav e s are counted. Three-fifths of three millions is but 1,800,1 am Trio I o t cumber will give but nineteen members of Cougress The difference, or loss by exclud ing the tan, fifths, is thirteen members of Congress That is what our Constitution does. Shall it he de-droyed T•t ante the case in another form . Suppo+e there is a district in the South where there are ns many slaves as white people, ttutl we hi-lieve there are such iligtrichz. In that ra-e there must Le ju-it I 18,0017 people to form a diiitrirt, instead of 11t , 7 Li, as in the N. If the I 11 , .:11111 in the ea-ti Two-fifth.,of that zintolor. 4,0110 re 6lack4 are not c , unto Take thiN 2."..f.0tt fr. ni thv 1 1 , . 1)tal and y,u have vo-v near ate it have adopted whale climbers wlntelt pr,•:!‘: it.- ex,ctuviA, but they show the piluct plr 1 Ark N..n-, , upp,, , e there is a diatrict in the Ni.•rth where one third of the population in negro, Every ohe tho-e negroee in counted in nialto up the requi , :te ppuiation to form a 4 011 el sionnl 3i , trici It iy not so iii the South Such I. 1F:...~F..•..•~i ( utner fact It iw not true, es,s 41 frequently as.er:ed. 01.1 the filaveliiii.Jer caste more Clan one rate Xv man in the South, though he onu 100 .lavus, casts inure than one vote: and his po3re , t neighbor may neutralize that by voting the other war ' tine thing more Cy a glance at the ('oost' to tion it will be scree that the three-fifths rati, of rule adopted as a basis not only of repre , eu tattoo but of taxation also. At the time of the adoption of the Constitution every one .upp.)-ed that the government would have to he supp,,rt ed m only by direct taxation, and the klaveluil ler in that event would lie taxed for his elave ,, on the same basis an that of representation. If it way n 1,11 tax, and he owned lOU !dares, he would pay sixty one poll taxe s . and still rlst hut on, vote Our ancestors Lad learned in the revoli/lion to place taxation and representation cio, together. and ain the same basis. N,.w. we have stated in this article what the of the ' , lima, knows to he facts. Will he adni:t them. or continue to deny them, and de , eive his readers if he can Will be slander Lis neighbor, or admit the unquestionable troth' Vle shrill see. lint perhaps his answer will Len repetition of the tw3,1 , 11«. that we are ..pro-slavery - an , 1 are arguing the cause of the Smith.- , tibole Cuymtarr I icon Mr Journal, you have some good lawyer. , in your pony. Let them controvert the al,..Ve vice of the farts and of the constitutional provi• stow the .übject. referred to if Mrs/ ran. Ad eaptandum halderdash will not do. Let th,ru ah..w by fair argument that we are wrong if they can. DISCHARGED. The laborers and mechanics at the Arsenal, at Lawrenceville, we are told, were all discharged yesterday. Some hundred laboring men are thus thrown out of employment because the " black republican rascals" in Congress refuse to pass the army appropriation bill. The gov ernment is compelled to discharge them for want of money to pay them their wages. D Timm Ft , the member from this district, ii olio or the men who are thus voting to thr-w w.ir loog men out of employment, and cheat them out of their wages. More HOW 11 thousand people in this county are directly and indirectly interested in the large sums of money di-hurled here by the govern_ wentfor work, materials and stores. And he it remembered that the very same Congressmen who have thus compelled the discharge of labor lug men without their pay, have just passe.] a bill To GIVE THEMSICLVES Stiol4o EACH Full TWELVE SERVICEM, and get mileage besides. The working men will punish the rogues. Jr DOE WILKINN.—A young man attached to a jobbing house in this city, upon a recent visit to 'Waynesburg, Pa., stated to several persons that lion William Wilkins, of this county, had taken the stump for Fremont and Dayton, and that he had heard him make two speeches in their favor in this city. Some men have a proclivity for ly ing, but this young man goes in naturally, and in this inuance, his whole length. The charge against the venerable William Wilkins is so ab surd, that a serious refutation of the story is not entertained,—but a word of advice may not lie inappropriate, to this young man, whose appre precintion of the truth is not overly acute ; but we shall desist from further comment, inasmuch as the falsehood but injures the author. We can give the name of the young man, and probably will in a day or two. ~::~ ~ ... 5." MEM Fif=fs2 i-`"~'"~~"~s"'~-'t7~ui'f~emou! `~" BasohuYdEc! In reference to this grave questiowi N tilMut whiat the Frernonters seem so disturbed, tte MOina Examiner explains more directly have tthe polt4,,,than any thing we havien, as Mee thinsines, places and all about it in snail i n t*yr Unit unless distinctly disapproved, will leave tbs 4reifilission upon every one, that Fremont does, sc4rir its he dare do it, actually hold slaves in the right of "Jessie " at this time, or did so very recently ! Verily, this is a pretty predicament for the rantin:: freedom screechers to he caught in: We ietil twid good practical jokes here last week. Among the recent arrivals front Califor nia a Mrs. Noyes—a highly educated /10,1 intelligent lady—the widow of a deceased banker at Ste—l:ton. Sacramento, and San Francisco. Her re:atives being all old line Whigs, she was called upon by several impudent Republicans, to vouch for Mr. Fremont's popularity in the golden State. But what a disappointment met the in quisitiirs. Said she, Fillmore has some friends in California—Buchanan many, but Fremont none. His license or miner's tax in the Senate, and his Mariposa swindle in the State, to say nothing of his manifest incompetency, has done the work there. Buchanan will carry California." Again, a lady from St. Louis, an acquaint ance of Fretnnut recently visited a relative of hers, (A. Failing, Esq., in this village, who is a noisy black republican know nothing. She had hardly shaken hands all round, when she was asked what she knew of Fremont. "Why," said she, " I know him well. He is a good Southern er with us. He owns, or rather Jessie does (for Fremont is insolvent and cannot own anything.) lots of negro slaves, farmed out on the Marco, near St. Louis, and he is nom living on the ivage,l slap , labor. As to his religion, I know that whle in St. Louis he ranked as a Roman Catholic: "for" said she, " I myself have seen him a dozen timrs yo to mass, and is the confession, and Iv sprinkled with the holy tooter." Such is the testimony of intelligent and di:in terested witnesses. Ido not myself attach much importance to a man's religion, and do not he lieve Fremont has enough of any kind to hin , him. yet the evidence that, he is, or rather aft , A Roman Catholic i., I think, ennelneive Mr Deicer, a young gentleman of considerable p•.,i tion here, end it Whig, has been following op the matter, and lie has received letters from men of the highest respectability, showing that Fremont teas both a Catholic and a slaveholder ; and butt he only changed his ground when the Reputiii cans began to talk of him for the Presidency He now professes, by prosy, (for he sap not it word himself,) Episcopal and anti slavery senti ments Well, I would rather have a Catholic than an liberlinite. So go it Beecher, Fin ney, Black, Douglas :x Co. Two Heouttful Extracts to be Kept Before The following extracts cannot be kept too prominently before the people. Wendell Phil lips, a diPtinguished Aholitic,nist, who is avow edly in favor of n ditsolution of the Union, in a late speech in Mutssachus , ett-t, said . There to merit in ibi; Republicun party. It it this --it le the first ‘ei-tional party ever organized In country. ' It it not national, it is aecti•,ca! It is the North arrayed agaimit the South. The first creek in the iceberg ei risible; you will yet hear it g., with a crack through the centre. While our American disunionist thus sees Illt`ri( in the Black Republican party, the Loie .111,rniny Chrfm,ri,. one of queen Victoria's or gans, deplores the election of Mr. Buchanan for this reason. It said : ShOOlti Iw NOrry to roe Mr. litiehromur titled brews.. be i, in for, "( pr. , 5,-rvio,r the fitstutlim , :tt, they rzi.tt, AND THE I'S ury ~ F TII pi STATE:•:. 1-• t•ir Europrun ii •• ,Tiiverucutint, if the prt.grt,, Ito •pi rti of Ih. Iteit,entey the I it all ~,, I NI:E("1 FEEIIIO,I'. .tst) TILE r krl4):c I, F THE 1 NT( LI , STATE, I- EPEE( TEDI Desrlo<•ralle Crlebrellon on Srpleasaber lU ciF AfttikNi;l:\lEST 111 . 11, ord list »ills ,1 a.l.•plvd k 't rueetmy ..t the Sixth, B , , , ,nthi t.:..1 1:;•;.!Ilth Vihr, Pein.wrat, ' l l ll l.:Ltll~~aiuggentleweu 1 , 1 , rr 1114,1111,d Com to make the iteceseart ar- ratlyertletll , t.. uttehd the tit , tB,l meeting to I.e hrl.l IL,• 10111 ,3 S 4 ptethher • H • N..lbtre, Jamel Arm-tr./w.7 Wm. B Kelly, Jficoh Toner, jr , Wm N.l'llwwn .11 . 110 wry, titeß,o-1 lienjaruiti I I.at,tviw. I'. iI N 61111 ', W E1y414 War,/ t' Magee, II Every, ItPuLen W N [Clore, Ilrorße henry The aht,ve committee will meet at Henry et root, l.i/ oututdny,Augunt 30, 41l o'rlork I'. NI W W ALEXANDER. Chairman of iNleetini: ONE or THE FNL.EHOuDE practice now for the Itepultheana ltl reprt.,•it Democrat- a. , Itayiug eonte out for Fertuout Tb, ',lore in Nona coutrndicte. iu the immediate reach hurlirad, lot the nht a t nail to tieliese4st a ii:s taro. The It-.+t ease a the kind that we hay. heard -r 11 this the Iry that Thiitni, It h i.l become q Freetnont ri, hunter Then• rut v‘ol,l trot!: tit Ctlit,tnet ter i i e of the twin,- he er.ite PP Iporv, xrpl Riil tell thn ralsiti. r“ from the st.mr, where I.'ll disuniouism rear- its brad amonot us. THE nevelatel Nati/ dealer sets ti.,wn the er,,w.l at Salem, Phi°, on ‘i , ...lne-day last, at twelltv thuumand Col Met 'and lep,. presided Jhn Van Buren made a mice , ll of two hour,, ii says was nevor excelled Vitri Buren will lie here next nienth. his promised it mist ti vel y Qs v ri ON discharge laborers you cannot pay, or keep them at work for a long time, and then tell them y..ti have no money to pay them with lIA9 the gentlytmin on Fourth street rereiv.l mc,re out valahle 'otter, from .•Iforroro." The German Know Nothing "Repub 7'u the Editor , ! f the N.' 1. Daily Yews.- If you will please to look into to day's Stoats Demokrat you can count the number of hernial' Black " Republicans " in this city Ruder the call for a mass meeting. They have been collecting these names for the last three weeks. The cir crulare were laid out in every lager bier salvor. Dozens of agents were collecting these names. and how many have they gut'.'—four hundred and eighty in all. At least one-third not citizen , . and a good many of them have not even declared their intention to become citizens. Another hind consists of broken down doctors. That's the whole amount of Ge 1 111311IlbliG11118." It would be well for The .thily Seers to state these facts--aml facts they are. HERMAN DEM( )(TAT New V4/111{, August 21, JULIANN AS AN 1111ATOR. —At a private festive meeting, previous to the opening of the surrey Gardens, London, Mous. Jullieu expressed his determination to make the shilling concerts equal in every respect to the best ancient concerts, and continued:—"l would say--no—de programme shall be all good—de classique—de tine moosike. Not arlways from de time I give de farst concert in Paris—it was ven I was seventeen-1 put in the programme de tine—elassique—moosike: but, arlways also de frivole—de populaire rnoos ike. Some tings I have write good. But I write for de many—de frivole. be frivole make dem comb. Ven dey comb, I give dem beseer. I of fair shinsherbread, and when dey comb, I give dem r-r-roast beef." SWINE AND THEIR VALI E AT THE WENT.—The number of bogs in the State of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan. and Kentucky, at this time, is estima ted, by the editor of the Ohio Farmer, at 10,9-11.1,- 334, which, at $:1 a head, a fair average value of the stock, amounts to $32,839,002. if fat and sold in New York, they would average $lO 0 . head, 1011,4.1:1,:140 The pork interest of the whole country is almost beyond itself, its magni tude is so great. The e.•nsus report of stork owned by farmers in 1819, gave the number of hogs in the United States at over thirty millions. It is more than fifty per rent. greater now, and the average value is at least s3—say one hun dred and fifty millions dollars invested in stork hogs. I have no doubt but the free and stave Slates ought to be separated. * * * Th e Union is not worth supporting in connection with the South.—[Horace Greeley. The times demand and we must have an ANTI SLAVERY POISEITITUTION, ANTI-SLAVERY BIBLE, AID MI n-inLevEsv GOD.—[A. P.' 13urlingsme. _suy• ati , • Prom the Ntedintt 01,10 Exemunser the People —lt I a COM/at'? —Which i• for lomrqd. cour4e, Tear Away the Veil M ' fL•i THE tIBBASSINATION OP PASCHAL D. CRADDOCK. —This individual had been for many years Sue peoted of crimes against the laws of He had been arrested and tried, but had always eacaped:alW penalty. He was a man. of proper ty; had a . beautiful farm and residence in the country, some ten miles from Louisville, and was a man of energy and sagacity. Tho losses of property suffered by his neighbors were ascribed to him, and they were highly exaspera ted that no justice, as they believed, could reach him Some time ago they gave him notice to leave the neighborhood within a given time, which we believe has just shout expired. Monday night sotl/e one came to his house and told him that one of his acquaintances wished to see Lim. He started alone, although requested . by his wife to take a servant with hint. About that time of night the report of four guns were heard, and shortly afterward that of two others. Yesterday morning the body of Craddock was found about alieile from his house, partly mutilated by hogs. His horse was hitched near by, and not far off three ethers; nothing more is known. The coro ner held nn inquest yesterday ; whether any facts were elicited we Lave not learned. The transaction shocked all who have any respect left for human life or human laws. Of course no one can believe that his neighbors who warned him to leave, are capable of such a deed. We must look elsewhere for its perpetrators. We know nothing of Craddock, except the character common rumor gave I.IIM, and that was bad enough ; hut the perpetrators of this deed are worse than Craddock was ever charged with being. They are guilty of cold-blooded tuisassi natiou.—Lortisvilk Courier. Ttrooe TICHRY, cc CALEFoRNIA.—We observe by one of our late Texas exchanges that the Lo• gislature of the State of Texas, of "Melt State Judge Terry was a citizen before he emigrated to California, where he is now held a prisoner, has interposed with an endorsement of his high char acter, by a joint resolution, and by a formal re quest to the federal authorities to interfere, in all legal ways, to obtain him a release or a fair trial. The papers all speak in the highest terms of the Judge. A LADY made a great sensation in Broadway, the other day, by starting a new fashion in bon nets. Instead of wearing her bonnet on the back of her head--where no one could see it— a gorgeous Johnny cart-led it behind her on a crimson velvet cushion. The result was, that every one could perceive she had a bonnet, and the lady herself had not the bother of carrying it. The effect was considered extremely light and airy. PAPER MARIA° in the United States has he. crane one of our greatest productive interests, in consequence of the unrestrained liberty of the press, the prevalence of common school educa tion, and the appetite for literature of all descrii There are in the republic seven hundred and fifty paper mills in actual operation, having three thousand engines, and producing in the year two hundred and fifty million pounds of paper. Unnziisklng There u merit In Me Republican party. It is this: Ur the first sectional party eter oryanizeii in this country. • * It is not national, it is sectional. ft is the North iterzyrd against the South. * ' The first crack in the ice hcrg u risihlr you will yet hear it yu with a crash through the crab', -- [Wendell Phillip' Speech. 44- Wormit Worm. I Worms I-- A pr.: many karned treatine,l have bvto written., eCplaining tl ..rtgiti of, and cleiardf) ihg tho worms generated In the human n Orin, Siinreely aur topic of medical men, has elicited noire .71.11.• oh*, vatiou and profound riteearch and ). t veirianii arc 1.. 1110. It divided In opinion on tho I i runt fm aitiluttod how over. that, allot all, a too& ,li 1 ..11 Jig thew and parifylng the lasi) from tloir .•I un , ro , value thau th, au. at dtauLuailiuus !al 10 tiler onio, , 10 , 14zdf agent has at length born found 1; 11'Lan. '4 ef tni (nue prose. te tr. the liitich nfte, eitt,w ) Isaur tdo,ersulil mknoul..lged by the .a Lie to faculty As torthei vOOl, r.-ad the full , . n. tr , n 1 a lady— •01 .11 I.a n NI. tlci...ln, 15th. 1'451 11. LA t• t o rot lily that I N:nn 11141_0.1rd With w,umx F , l Lau, :1..111 n yrnr 1 Una aa, M . 1..an...*L",101.rnin.1 Vet 1 1 ."1.re 4 1 , 1 Flottattle IlYte , .tt Pitt•tburg r la - witch! A sty atom( lit . ty AL - Attinet 1 t - ttitt 1116•11.'ed IMO vvilw at nl4 . .1 ntfl 111.- p:O4. loArtt En) two., and rut t Loy partteuturs, hp Alto Hardin, N. NieltlitaAJAAt Plan, an to L Dru o o,tist, txtYnor of Rutitor nod Mom,* et.. to. haro.ro w Ul fn- faforful to ~k for LI, r blTitih, I've All oilier Lies P 111.4, Ur coulft.risoh, aro ii•wth Lour 14. 3.1'1.au..'n gouulno Liver lnlllo. airy, llln rolobrotod Vol troffigii ran tom b bad at all renjsadablu drug at..rca Nolo, i t. milli« , without th.• naguaturo of FLENIINtI for tale by the jab proprietors, FLRAI ENG DIVAS , Flucgosfiore to J. Klild d Co, No. th, lived Edroug. ooruor of Fourth meg!, fed, vitro pr,,v,r fatal; load to c:ousttliti t+-1, A 4,,int tit., parts three tin.l.4 n flay ,,,.,,,..::,..„... ..-.,...,:z..N.it4.4.-::K,4:.,f-N1,%.:F±0'...-'f'.-. *-/ 1 : .r ,~~ ~r.,~~~ A y n ~~ L . 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