ITS
9
0
uu
STAR AND CHRONICLE.
PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE.
Fellow ctiuen of the Senate and Houm of Rfpraen-
Utitvrs :
Siuce your last annual assembling another
year of health aud houutd ul harvest has passed.
And while it had not pleased itjo Almighty to
bices us witti a rctut a ot peace, we can but press
on, guided by the best li&ht lie gives us, trust
ing that iu liis own good time, and wire way
all Will Vet Well.
ihe coiicripondcnce touching foreign aifaiis
wliii.li has taken place during tbe last year is
herewith submitted, iu virtual compliance with
a request tu that effect, made by tbe House ot
Uepftwcntttives near the close ot the last ses
sion ol Congress.
ll the condition of our relations with other
nations kt lf Kratifviug than it baa usual 1
been ai former periods, it is certaiuly more
satisfactory thau a uatiouso uu happily detract
edw wo are, might reasonably have appro
heuded lu tbe month ot June last ibt-re were
some grounds to expect that the maritime pow
ers which, at the org inning ot our domestic
dilhcuiuee, o unwisely and unnecessarily, an
we think, recognised the insurgents ait a bellig
erent, would soou recede froiu tbat positiuu,
wutcb now proved only lent injurious to thein
selv m tliau to oui own country. But tbe tem
po ary reverses wliiih alter wards befell tbe
national arms, and which wele exaggerated by
our own disloyal citizens abroad, have hitherto
delate 1 that act of simple justice
'1 he civil war, which baa setadii ally changed,
fr to- uiouieut, the occupations and habit ul
the American people ba necessarily disturbed
the social cou utiou, aud Mflccted very deeply
th prosperity ol the nations with which w
have carried uu a conmieice that baa been
steadily increasing throughout a period of hall
a century, it has, at the satue time, excited
political atubittoijs aud apprehensions which
hav produced a proiound agitatiou throughout
tbe civilized world, lu this unusual agitation
we have tur borne tioiu taking pait in any con
troversy bet we. u lou iu stales, aud between
parties or lacuous iu such slates. We have at
tempted no ptopagandisiu, aud acknowledged
no revolution, but we have left to everv na
tion tne exclusive conduct aud management of
its own allairs Our struggle ha been, of
couiie, contemplated by foreign nations with
reference less to its own merits, than to lis sup
posed, aud otteu exaggerated effects and couse-
queuces resulting to those nations themselves.
ever Unless, complaint on the part of this
government, even it it were just, would cer
tainly be uuwise.
The treaty with Great Britain for the sup
precision ot ike slave trade has been put into
operation with a good prospect of complete
success. It is an occasion ot Hpecial pleasure to
acknowledge that the execution of it, on the
rt of her Majesty's government baa been
maiKi a wun a leaious respect ior uie aumoruy
of the United States, aud the rights ol tueu
moral aud loal citizens.
The convention with Hanover for the aboli
tion of tbe state dues has been carried into full
effect, under the act of Congress for that pur
pose. A blockade of three thousand mites of sea
coast could not be established, aud vigorously
euiorced, iu a season of great commercial ac
tivity, like tbe presi-nt, without committing
occasional mistakes, and lb Dieting uuuten
tional injuries Uuu foreign nations aud their
subjects.
A civil war occur ting in a country where
foreigners rehide anl carry on trade under
treaty stipulations, is necessarily fruitful of
complainui of the Violation of neutral rights.
Ad such collisions tend to excite miiiapprehen
siou, and pubstbly to produce mutual reclama
tions between nations which hare a common
inteiet in preserving peace and friendship.
In clear cabcs of thse kinds 1 have, so tar at
pokoitde, heard aud r. dressed couipUiuls which
nave been presented by friendly powers. There
is still, however, a Urge and augmenting num
ber ol doubt iui cases upon which the govern
ment is unable to agree With the gu venue ut
whotte protection ir di-rnauded by the claimants.
There uv, moreover, maoycases in which the
Lulled niaUb, or their citizens, sutler wrongs
from the naval ot military authorities of for
eign nation, whieh the governments of those
siau-s are not at ouce prt pared to redress. 1
have piopused to some of the foreign states,
inteiesUxl, mutual conventions to examine and
adjust such compUints. ibis proposition hak
been matleeKpeciadytoGieut Britain, to France,
to .Sjmuu, uLd to fiubbia. In each case it has
been kindly received, but has not yet been tor
mady adopted
I deem it my dutj to recoommend an a(pro-r
prim i on in l Lilt ot the owners ol the Noi we
gtau bark A.liuual P. lordeubkiold, which ves
sel was, iu My, Ihtil, prevented by the com
mauder of the blockading force otit Cbarhston
trom Jeaiiu that port with cargo, notwith
standiug t himi'ar oiivilege had, before, been
ffrantrd to au fnghnh vemel. 1 have directed
the Secretry ol Mate to cause the paM-rs in
the case to be commuuicoted to the proper
committees.
Applications have been made to me by many
free Ameiicuis of Atrican descent to lavor their
emigtatiuD, with a view to such colowixatiitu as
wan ouutr in plated in rncent mtM ot Congress.
Other parlies at home at d abroad - some from
iiitcrtfcted motives, others upon patriotic con
siderations, and still others liihiicuced by pull
anthropic sentimeuts have suggested siniil r
measures, while, on the other hand, several of
uus bpautKh Amernao republics have protested
agt imt the sending of Mi h colonies to their
"-pwtive temtorries. I 'nd- r these cutum
stanos, I have declined to move any such
colony iu any state, without fit obtaining the
cuuNeniot it goveri.ment, with an agreement
h its part to receive aud protect such emigrants
in all the rights of freemen ; and I have at
the same time, ottered to the several states
wiuauxi within the tropics, or having colonies
theie, to negotiate with tiiem subject to the
dvice and cuum of the Senate, to favor the
voluntary wnigrath ot persons of that class to
2Pfc,?lUw lmit" i. I"n condiuons
which Shall 1,1, jUBt huumie- u.
belts i and Hayti , ta ,et tne ooniltrietj
to which colonist, uf Ah lean dtcent from here,
could go with certainty of being received and
adopted as citizens; and i reret to say such
persons, cxmteuiplatimr colonisation, do not
seem so willing to migiate to those countries
ss to tome others, nor so willing asl th nk
their interest demands. I believe, however
opinion among them, in this respect, is im
proving; and that, ere long, there dl be an
JKmmed, and considerable migration to both
tEJ Dtmutnc8' Uom be United but,
iu new conimctcial treaty between the
Ty9, r' r. I
lh Simti.. f.f lit. n ThrtMiii at t kia I '
United Stat and the Sultan of Turkey has
been earned into execution.
A commercial aod coiisolur treaty has been
nvotiatd, snbject'to the Senate's consent, with
Liberia ; and a similar negotiation is now nl
ing with tne republic ol uayti. A coiwtderilil
iuipmvemeut of the national oommerce is ex
pected to result from thiwe measures.
Our relations with Great Uritaiu, Frain-e,
Sp.dn, Fortutral, KiiHriia, l'nibHia, IVnumik
isweden, Austria, the Netberlaudo, Italy, borne,
xiid the other Kuropean States, remaiu undid
t orbed. Very favorable relations alno continue
to be maintained witb Tarkey, Morocco, Chiua,
aud Jaiian.
During tbe last yAr there bas imt only I en
no change of our previous relations with the
independent hlatee ot our own continent, but,
more friendly sentiments than have beret- ton
existed, are tteheved to be entertained by thiMV
ueigbbors, whOM satety aud progress are s
intimately connected with our owu. I his state
ment especially applies to Uexico, Nicatitgtia,
Cota tiica, Honduras, rem aud Ohill.
The commission under the onuvt-ntioii witli
the republic of New Greuatia closed its sessiou,
without having audited and pjsned upou. alt
the claims which were submitted to it. A
proposition is pending to revive the conven
tion, that it may tie able to do more complete
justice. Tbe joint coin mission between the
United States and tbe republic of Cobta liica
bas completed its labors aud submitted its re-
prot.
X have favored the protect tor connecting the
Lmted States with burope by an Atlantic tele
graph, aud a similar project to extend the tele
graph to San rrancisco, to connect by a l acilu
telegraph with the line which is being extended
across the liussian empire.
lh 1 err i tones ot the Lmited States, witli
unimportant exceptions, have reniained undid
turbed by the civil war; aud they are exhibit
ing such evidence ol prosperity as justifies an
expectation that some of them will soon be in
a condition to be organised as Mates, aud be
Constitutionally admitted into the Federal
Union.
The Immense miueral resources of some of;
these Territories ought to be developed as rap
idly as possible. Every step iu that direction
would have a tendency to improve the rcveuue
ot the government, and diminish the butdeun
of the people. It is worthy of your 6erious
consideration whether someextraoidinary niea
sures to promote that end cannot be adopted.
The means which suggests itself as most likely
to be effective, Is a scientific exploration ot the
mineral regions iu thoie Territories, with a
view to the publication of its results at hom
and in foreign countries results which cannot
iaii to be ausnicious.
The condition of the finances will claim your
most diluent consideration, ihe vast exteu
ditures incident to the military and naval op
erations required for the suppression of the
rebellion, have thitherto been met with a
promptitude, aud certainty, unusual in similar
circumstances : and the nublio credit has been
fully maintained. The continuance of the war,
however, aud the increased disbursements
made necessary by the augmented forces now
in the field, demand your best reflections as to
the best modes ot providing the necebsary rev
enue, without injury to business, and with the
least possible burdens upon labor.
the suspension ot specie payments vf the
banks, soon after the commencement of your
last session, made large usus of Lmted Stato-
notes unavoidable, iu no other way could the
payment ot the troops, and the satisfaction ot
other just demands, be so economically, or so
well provided for. the judicious legibUtion
of Congress, Securing the recti vabuity of these
notes for loans and internal duties, and nutkiag
them a legal teuder for other debts, has made
them universal currency ; and has satinutd,
partially, at least, and for the time, the long
felt want ot an uniform circulating medium.
saving thereby to the people, uumeuse sums in
discounts aud exchange.
A return to specie payments, however, at the
earliest period compatible with due regard to
all interests concerned, should ever lm kept In
view, fluctuations in the value ol curreucv
are always injurious, and to reduce these fluc
tuations to the lowest possible point will alwa
be a leading purpose in wise legislation. Con
vertibflty, prompt and certain convertibility
lutocom, is generally acknowledged to be the
best and surest safeguard againnt them ; aud ii
is extremely doubtful whether a circulation ol
Lmted stales notes, pavable in coin, and sum
ciently large for the wants of the jMjopk, can
be permanently, usefully and safely main
tained.
is there, then, any other mode in which the
necessary provision for the public wauts can tw
in ade, aud the great advantages of a safe and
uniloTui curreucy s- cured r
1 know ot none which promises o certain
results, and is at the same time, so unobiectiou
able, as the organization of banking associa
tions, under a general act of Congress, well
guarded in its provisions. To such associations
the government might furnish circulating notes.
on the securiry of United states bonds detooi
ted in Lhc treasury, these notes, prepared uu
der the supervision of proper otuceis, being
uniform in appearance and .security, aud con
vertible always into coin, would at ouce pro
tect labor against the evils ol a vicious curren
cy, aud facilitate commerce by cheap and sale
exchanges. .
A moderate reservation from the interest on
the bunds would compensate the t'uitod htates
for tbe preparation and distribution of ihe
notes, and a general Bupervumu ot the HVKteux
aud would lighten the burden of that part ot
the public debt employed as securities. The
public credit, moreover, would be gTeatly un
proved, and the negotiation of new loans great
ly facilitated by the steady market demand lor
government bonds which the adopliou of the
proposea system wouiu create.
it is an additional recommendation of the
measure, of considerable weight in my judg
ment, that it would reconcile, as far as possible
ail existing interests, by the opportunity offered
to existing Institutions to reorganise under the
act, substituting only the secured uniform na
tional circulation, for the local and various cir
culation, secured snd unsecured, now issued by
them.
The receipts into the Treasury from all sour
ces, including loans, and balance from the pre
ceding year, for the fiscal year ending ou the
3bth June, iso were ot,SN,::- t, oi
which sum $49,066,397 62 were derived trom
customs; $1,796,331 73 from the direct tax;
worn public lands, $152,203 77 ; from miscella
neous sources, $931,7S7 64 ; from loans iu all
forms, $529,612,460 5d. The remainder, $2t
267 ,065 SO, was the balance from last year.
ihe disbursements dunng the same period
were fox congressional, executive and judicial
purposes, $6 939,099 39; for foreigu in tei course,
i,s.i'J,i 10 3o ; fur mibuulaueous expenses, in
cluding the mints, loans, post office deficien
cies, collection of revenues, and other like
charge, $14,129,771 60; for expenses under
the Interior Itopartment, $3,102,9) 52 ; under
MwnNoa itaiia priei MTt prt-l
. . r . - a. 1 ,
tbe War ltepaituieut, 394.368,407 36 ; under
the Navy Department, $42 67 4,569
the interest ou pulMic debt, $I3,1I.H,324 4';
and for jtayuieut of public debt, iniludiuK
reiiubuis nieuts of temporary loans, and re
demptions, t'.wi.tr.to 922 U9 ; making an agre
gate ot 670,611, 700 25, and leaviug a balance
in Ihe treanuiy ou the first dy of July, 1&2,
of d:t,04;t,54o Hi.
It tthould be alwerved tbat the sum ol
$H,0'.6,922 09, ex i (ended lor reiiubiirrtementh
iiud redumption ot public debt, being include I
ilno iu the loans made, may be pioperly
leducttd, both from receipts aud expenditures,
leaving the aetual receipts for the year $4H7,
7K,o24 97, and tne expenditures, $174,744,
778 lb
Other information ou the subject of tinan
ces will lw found in the report ul the Mecretart
ol the f icartuiy, to whose MlateineulH :4iid vicwm
I invito yur uiont ctndid and cou&idcrulo at
lent ion.
'Ihe repoibM'l the Secret tlies of War, and of
the Navy, are herewith triuiMintted. l itese re
purl, though lengthy, are marc ly more thai!
oin-t ultolr ct of tne. very numerous and ex
tensive transactions aud oenttioiit conducted
through thoMi departments. Nor could 1 give
a summary of theiu here, upttu any principle.
wuieh would aliuit ot its tieing much shorter
thao the reportu thembelves. 1 therefoie am
tent uiSv II with living the iciions before you.
and asking your attention to mem.
It givts mc pleasure to rettort a decuied nu
pri'Veuicnt iu the financial comlition ol the lt
Ottiev Deptriment, as coniitared with wviT-ii
preceding years, ihe receipts for the tatnnl
year 1m1 umoiiutctl to $S,-A'.2'J 40, whieb
tubrated the revenue from all thehUU-sot tin
L u ion for three iitiarters of that year. Not
withstanding ihe cessation of revenue from tin
so called seceded Mates during the laMtascid
vcar, the iucrease ot the correspondence ot the
loyal Slates has bceu sufficient to prtMlucu a
revenue during the same year ot H,99,h20 90,
lieiug only $60,0tAJ less thau was derived trom
nil the btates ot the Union during the previous
year. the expenditures show a still more
favorable result. The amount expended iu 1801
was $li,ouo,io9 11. tot the last ear tbe
amouut has been reduced to Jll.12o.3o4 i;i,
showing a decrease of about $2,481,000 in the
uXjiendiiures as compared with the precidini;
year, and about $3,760,100 as compared with
the hhcal year lfoO. ihe deticiemy in the De
1 tart ment tor the previous year was $4,551,-
:b i9. tot the fact hduU year it was reduced
to ,U,M-i Oj .
these favorable results are iu part owing to
the cewallun ot mail service in the maurrec
tiouary States, and in i-ait to careful review
ol all expeuduureb in that department in the
interest of economy. Iho tthcieucy oi the port
Lit service, it 18 believed, has also been much
improved. 'Ihe i'ostmabter Ueneial ban also
opined a coirespondeuce, through the Depart
ment of State, with foreign governments, pro
pohiug a convention ot postal representatives
lor the puipoae ot aimplitvtug the rates ot lur
eigu poHUtge, aud to expedite the foreign mails.
inis prouoriiitiu, equally important to oui
adoptetl citisene, and to the con.nicn.ial inter
esit) ot this country, has been favorably enier
uiued, and agred to, b all the govaiuments
from whom replies have been received.
1 ask ihe attention ot Congress to the sugges
tions of the fuHlmastLr General in his report
respecting tne further legMtaltuu n quired, in
his opinion, for tbe beneni ot thepontal service
J he recretary ol the interior repoits as fol
lows iu regal d to the public lauds :
1 he public lands have ceased to tie a source
of revenue. From the 1st of July, lbtil, to the
0th ot ?epteuiber, 1Hj2, the enure uk h receipts
trom the sale of lands were $240,476 20 a sum
much les ttmu, the expenses ot our laud system
luring liie same pertod. Ihe homestead law,
which will take effect on the 1st of Jbuarv
next, oilers such inducements to settlers that
sales lor cash cannot be expected to au exteui
u thi lent to meet the expenses ot the General
Land Ortic, aud the cost of surveying and
bringing the laud tuio market."
'i he diocreiiaiicy t e t ween the sum here stated
as aiining from tne sales of the public lauds,
aud the sum ueiived from the same source at-
reported from the Treasury LN-prtiueut arises.
as 1 understand, from the tact Ib-tt the periods
ot time, though apparently, were not really,
coincident at the begiuuiug omt - the Ireasui)
report including a considerable bum now,
wbieh had previously been reported from the
Intel lorsutheiently large to greatly overreach
the sum derived from the three months now
reported uon by the Interior, and uot by the
1 reasury.
The Indian tribes upou our J i on tie 1 8 have,
ilunug the Ktst year, in mites led a spirit ot iu
suboitliiiattou, and, at several points, hav
engaged in opeu hostilities agaiust tnu wbrte
settieuieuts- iu their vicinity, the tribes occu
pying Uie Indian country south ot Kamas, re
nounced their allegUucu to the United Suites,
and enteied into treaties with the insurgents.
those who remained loyal to tbe I nited ataU.
were driven trom the couutiy. ihe chief of
the (Jherokees has visited this city for the pur
pose ot restoring the former relations of the
iuIh; with the LniUtl States, lie alleges that
they were constrained, by superior force, to
cuter iuto treaties with the insurgents, aud
that the I' in ted .states neglected to furnish the
proUctiuu wnku their treaty stipulations re
quired.
In the month of August last the Hioux In
ilians, m Miuuesttta, uttaikid the eettlemeuts
in their vicinity with extreme teto.ity, killing
maiscrimiuately men, women aud children.
iu" attack was wholiv unexiH tel, aud there
tore no uieaiis ol defence had been provided.
It is eil limited i hat uot lens than emht hundred
h;ihuiim were killed by the iudiaus, and a large
amount of property was destroyed, flow thht
tuLureaa was indutexf is not definitely known,
and suspicious, which may be unjust, need not
to im Rutuii. luloriuatiun was receiver 1 by the
ludiitn bureau, from dilfereut sources, about,
the time hostilities were commenced, that a
almultaueoiis attack was to be made upon thc
whlte settlements by a. 11 the tribes between the
MiHsiHsirpI river and tbe Kocky mouutaius.
he Mate of Miuuesota has sulft-re! great iu
jury from this Indian war. A lan;e portion ol
httr territory has been depopulated, and a se
vere hs has been sustaiued bythe desttuctiou
of proierty. 'the eople of that State maui !
ivtm much anxiety lor the removal of the
tribes beyond the limits of the State as a guar
an tee against future hostilities. The Commis
sioner ol ludiau Attatrs will furnish full details
1 submit, lor your especial consideration.
whether our Indian system shall not be re
modelled. Many wise and good men have
impressed me with the belief that this can I
pro.) tab ty done.
1 submit a statement ot the proceedings oi
commissionrrs, which shows the progress that
has been made in the enterprise of coustructitu:
the i'aciiic railroad. And this suggests the
a r lii at completion of this road, and also the
favorable action of Congress upon the projects
uow pending buor them for enlarging the
A 99 iMWM IHftOWa PCSa M OBI
c-tpacities of the great canal In New York and
Illinois, as being of vital aud rapidly increasing
importance to the whole nation, and especially
to the vast Interior regiou hereinafter to be
noticed at some gTeater length. I purp ise
having prepared and laid before you at an early
day some interesting and valuable statistical
information upon this subject. The military
rind commercial importance of enlarging the
Illinois and Michigan canal, and improving the
Illinois river, i presented iu the report of Col
ouel Webster to the Secretary of War, ami now
transmitted to (mgrtss 1 respectively ask
attention to it.
To carry out the provisions of the act of Con
gress of the 15th of May last, I have caused
the Department of Agriculture of the Uuited
states U I) organized.
'Hie tVmmissinner informs me that within
the eriod of a ft w mouths this department has
established au extensive system ol correspond
elit e and exchanges, both at home aud abroad.
which promises to eitect highly beuetictal r
results in the development of a con eel knowl-
cdr of receut improve uientb in agriculture, in
the introduction of new products, and in the
collection of the agricultural statistics o. the
several States.
Also that it will soon be prepared to distri
bute target seeds, cereals, plauts aud cuttings.
and has already established, and libcally dif
fused, mtkh valuable information in antieitia-
tion of a more elaborated report, which will in
due time be furnished, embracing some valua
ble tints iu chemical science now in progress iu
the laboratory.
Tbe creation of this dot artment was for the
more immediate Ik-neb t of a large class of our
most valuable citizens ; and I trust tbat tu
liU-ral ttasis ii(tou which it has been organized
will uot only meet your approbation, but that
it will realiiM.at no distaut day, all the fondest
anticipations of its most sanguine friends, and
hecniue the fruitful source ot advantage to all
our people.
On ihe twenty second day of September last
a proclamation was issued by the Executive, a
copy of which is herewith submitted.
In acconlunce with the purpose expressed in
the second paragraph ot that paper, 1 now re
rtjtcctlully recall your attention to what may be
called " compensaU-d emancipation."
A nation may be said tucomt st of it territory.
its people, and lis laws. Tbe t- riitory is the
only part which is ot certain durability. "One
generation passeth away, and auuther genera
tioncometh, but the earth abideth forever." It
is of the first importance to daily consider, and
estimate, this ever enduring part. 1 bat portion
ol the earth's surface which is owned and in
habited by the people of the United States, i
well adapted to be the home of one national
family ; aud it is not well adapted for two, or
mure. Its vast extent, aud its variety ot cli
mate and productions, are of advantage, in this
age, for one people, whatever they might have
been in former ages. Steam, telegraphs, and
intelligence, nave urougnt uiese, to be an ad
vantaaeous oombiDaUuti for oo united people
In the mauicural address 1 briefly pointed
out the total inadequacy of disunion, as a
remedy tor tne differences ol tne people ot the
two sections. 1 did so in langutge which 1
cannot impruve, and which therefore 1 beg to
repeat :
"One section of our couutry believes slavery
is runt, aud ought to be extended, while tbi
other believes it to be wrong, mnd ougbt not to
extended. I his is the only substantial dispute,
ihe fugitive slave clause of the Constitution,
aud the law for the suppression of the foreign
slave trade, are each as well enforced, perhaps,
as any law can ever be in a community where
ihe moral sense of the people imperfectly
supporut the law itself. The great body of the
letple abide by the dry legal obligation in
both cases, and a few break over iu ech.
Ibis, 1 think, canuot be perfectly cured ; and
it would be worse in both cases, after the
rtt-paiatiou of the sections, thau before. The
foreign slave trade, now imperii ctly suppressed,
would be ultimately revived without restriction
iu oue section ; while fugitive slaves, now only
partially surrendered, would not be surrendered
at all by the other.
"I'hysicalty speaking, we cannot separate.
We cannot leinove our respective sections from
each other, nor build an impassable wall be
tween them. A husband and wife may be di
vorced, aud go out of the presence and beyond
the reac h of each other; but the different pans ot
our country canuot do this. They cannot but
remaiu face to face; and intercourse, either ami
cable or hostile, must continue between them,
fs it possible, then, to make that intercourse
more advantageous, or more satisfactory, after
separation thau before t Can aliens make trea
ties, easier than friends can make laws? Can
treaties be more faithfully enforced between
aliens, tnou laws can auioug friends t Suppose
yon go to war, you cannot tight always, and
when, alter much loss ou both sides, and no
gain ou either, you cease tightiug, the identical
old question, as to leims of intercourse, are
agaiu upou you."
i here is no line straight or crooked, suitable
for a national bouudary, upou which to divide.
1 race through, from east to west, upon the
Hue between the free aud sUve country, aud
we shill hud a little more than one third of its
length are rivc-rs, easy to be crossed, and popu
lated, or soon to be populated, thickly upon
both sides ; while neatly all its remaining
length, are merely surveyor's lines, over which
people may walk back aud forth without any
cousciousneps ot their presence. No part of
this hue can b-i made any.moredifficult to pass,
by writing it down on paper, or parchment, as
a national boundary, ihe fact of separation,
if it comes, givts up, on the part of the st ce
iling sectitsa, the fugitive slave clause, aloug
witu all other constitutional obUgatious upon
the section seceded from, while I should expect
no treaty stimulation would ever be made to
take its place.
liut there is another dithculty . The great in
terior legion, bounded east by the Alleghauies,
north by the British dominions, west by the
Rocky moan tains, and south by the line along
which the culture of corn and cotton meets,
aud which includes part of Virginia, part of
leunessee, an ot neuiucay, unio, luuiaaa,
Michigan, Wisconsin. Illinois, Missouri, Kan
sas, Iowa, Minnesota, and the Territories of
Dakota. Nebraska, and part of Colorado, al
ready has above ten millious of people, and
will have titty millions witbtu hity years, u
uot prevented by any political folly or mistake.
It coutaius more than one-third of the country
owned by the United States certainly more
thau one million of square miles. One-half as
populous as Massachusetts alteady Is, It would
have more than seventy-five millions of people.
A glance at the map shows that, territorially
speakiug, it is the great body of ihe republic,
ihe other Prts are but marginal bottlers to it.
the maguiuceut region sloping west from the
ttocky mountains to the Pacific, beiug tbe
.lee pest, as also tbe ncbest, lo undeveloped
resource.
lu the production of provisions, grains.
grasses, and all which proceed from them, this
aod this yield hetmr eropw M wfw
great interior regiou Is naturally one of tbe
most important in the world. Ascertain from
the statistics the small proportion ot the regiou
which has, as yet, been brought iuto cultiva
tion, aud also the large and rapidly incrcaniug
amouut ot us products, aud we ahali be over
whelmed with the magnitude ot the prospect
preseuted. And yet this region ha uo sea
coast, toUib.es no ocean any where. As put ot
one natlou, its people uow find, aud may tor
ever hod their way to Europe by Mew Vork,
to South America and Africa by New Orleans,
aud to Asia by Sau Francisco. But separate
our couiiuou country into two nations, as de-
sigaed by the present rxbeUiun, aua every mau
ol this gieat interior regiou is thereby cut eft
trom some one oi uioie ol these outlets, not,
perhaps, by a physical barrier, but by embar
lusoinK and ouerous trade regulations.
Anil this is tiue, u fur ever a dividing, or
bouudary line, may be fixed, f lace it between
tne uow tree aud slave couutiy, or place it
south ol Kentucky, or north ol Ohio, and still
tbe tiuth remains, tnat none south ot it, can
irudc to any port or place uortn ol it, aud none
uorth ot it cau trade to any port or place south
of it, except upou terms dictated by a govern
ment loreiMU to them, 'these outlets, east.
west and south, are indispensable to the well
beiiuc ol the people inhibiting, aud to inhabit.
all this vast interior regiou. Whck of the
three may be the best, is no proper question.
Ail. aie better thau either : aud all, ot right,
belong to the people, aud to their successors
lorever. true to themselves, they win uot ask
where a line ol separation shall be, but will Vow,
rather, that there shall be no such line. Nor
are the marginal regions less interested iu there
communications to, ami tn rough them, to the
Kreat outside world, ihey too, and each ol
tuem, must have access to this fcgypt of the
Went, without pay lug lolls at the crossing of
any national buundaiy.
Our uatioual stale springs uot trom our per
manent purl; uot m m tne land we inhabit; uot
trom oui national nom-tead. Theie is no pos
sible severing ot tnis, but would muluply, and
uot uiitigttc, evils amoug us. lu all its adap
La lions aud aptitude, it demands uuiou, aud
abuois sepaiaiiou. lu lac I, it would, ere ioug,
ioice rc-uuiou, however much ot mood and
treasure the separation mignt have cost.
Our suite pi rt tins lo ourselves tu the pass
ing generations of men, aud it can, without
convuisious, be hushed lorever aitn Ihe pass
im; ol oue (feneration.
iu tnis view, 1 recommend the adoptiuu of
the lollvwiug resolution aud ai titles au.euda-
lory to the CousiUUUou ot the Lulled Miles:
" huoivtd ku lite Heiuttc and llume of heyrtaenia-
Uvea of ihe L'toisd Haiti at Avtenca in Cuturtsi 09-
sernUtd, tio tunds ot bib houses coucuiriu.)
thai tne lollt'Wmg articles he ptoposvd to the
leislatuns (or couveutious) ot tbe several
itaies as amendments to the Ooustitutiou ol
the Uuited Slates, all or any of which articles
wbu tatiDed by three-lour (.! ot tne said le
gislature tor xuvcn ions) u iw vtua a pan
ur pari oi the saal CobsUtUilon, via;
"Annexe. . avery State, wherein slavery
now ri'tt! which shall abolish the same there -iu,
at any time, oi times, before the fust day
of January, in the year ot our Lord one thou
sand and nine huudred, shall receive comcn-
satiou trom the United Male as follows, tu
wit :
'lhe President of the United States shall
deliver to every State, bonds of the United
States, bearing interest at the rate ot per
ceut. peraunuui, to au amount equal to the ag
g regaie sum of tor each slave shown to
have been theiein, by the eighth census ot the
Uuited States, said bonds lo be delivered to
i-uch Mate i-y instalments, or in oue parcel, at
the completion ol the abolishment, accordingly
as the same shall have been giadual, or at one
lime, wuhiu ucb State; aud interest shall be
gin to run upon any such bond only fiom the
pioper time ot its delivery as aforesaid. Any
stale having received bonds as aforesaid, and
afterwards lemtroducibg or toleraliug slavery
Lhereiu, shall refund to the United Slates the i
bonds so received, or the value thereof, aud all :
inteiest paid thereon.
'Aktiojl . Ail slaves wno snail nave en
joyed acuial freedom by ihe cnances ot the war
atau time before Uie end oi me reueiti .u,
halt be lorever trie,but all owners oi sucn,who
hall uot have beeu disloyal, a. -all be com pen -
sated tor them, at the same rates as is prowdid j
tor Males adopting abolishment ot slavery, but ,
iu such way, that uu slave shall be twice ac- i
counted tor. I
'Amticls . Congress may appropriate mo
ney, aud otherwise provide, lor coionumg
tree colored persons, with their own consent,
at any place or places wi.hout Uie Uuited
Mate.
beg indulgence to discuss these proposed
articles at some length. Without slavery, Uie
leheiliou could never have existed ; without
slavery it could not continue
Among tne Iriends ol the l uiori there is great
liveratty ol seutimeut, and oi policy iu regard
to slavery, and the Africau race among us,
Some would perpetuate slavery, some would
abolish it suddenly, aud without conieusatiou;
some would abolirh it gradually, aud with
couiensaUoa ; some would remove the freed
people trom us, and some would retain them
with us ; and there aie yel other minor diversi
ties. Because ot these diversities, we waste
much strength in struggles amoug ourselves.
By mutual concession we should harmonize, !
and act together. 'Ibis would be cuniprornixu i i
but it would be compiomiM) among the friends, j
aud not with the enemies of the Uuiun. Ibese
aiticles aie in tended to embody a pian of such
miitualconcessious. If thepianshail be adopted,
it te ar-sumed that emancipation will follow, at
least, in Several of the Slates.
As to ihe first article, the main poiuts are:
first, the emancipation, seconuly, tne length ot
time tor consummating it thirty seven years ;
and thirdly, the compensation.
Ihe emancipation will be unsatisfactory to
tbe advocates of perpetual slavery ; but the
length of time should greatly mitigate their
dissatisiaclion. The time spares both races
from tbe evils of sudden derangement in tact,
from the necessity of any derangement while
most of thote whose habitual course of thought
will be disturbed by the measure, will have
passed away before its Consummation, they
will never see it. Another class will nail the
prospect of emancipation, but will deprecate the
length of time, i bey wui feel that it gives too
lutie to the now living slaves, but it really
gives them much. It saves them from the va
ifraut destituuou which must largely attend
immediate emancipation iu localities where
their numbers are very great ; aud it gives ihe
inspiring assurance tbat their pusteiity snail ne
iree forever.
1 he man leaves to each v tate, choosing to act
under it. to abolish slavery now, or at the end
of the century, or at any intermediate time, or
by degrees, extending over uw wuoie or auy
part of the period ; aud it obligee no two States
to proceed alike. It also provides for compen
sation, aud generally, the mode of making it.
ibis, It would seem, must turtner mitigate tne
J pd ArpYea!$TOt) Wool.
.ftOti.JSO
iissatistactiou of those who favor perpetual
slavery, and especially of those who are to re
ceive. the compensation. LMubtiess some of
those who are to pay, aud not to receive, will
object. Yet the measure is both just an 1 eco
nomical. In a certain sense, the ut ration ot
slaves is the destruction of property property
acquired by desu nt, or by purchase, the same
as auy other property.
It is uo lens tiue tor having been oiten said.
that the people ot the sou u are not Hiure re
sponsible tor Uie original in Induction of this
property, than are the people ol the ortb ;
aud when it is remembered hoW Unhesitatingly
we all u.-e cotton and sugar, aud sh ire the
profits os dealing iu them, it m y not besre
to say that the south has been more responsible
thau the north, lor its continuance, ii, then,
for a common objict, this properly is t j be aac
lihurd, Is it not just that it be d.Hie at a com
mon charge t
Aud it, with less money, or money mitre
easily paid, we cau pieserve the begems ot the
Union by this means, ti au we cau by the war
aloue, is it uot also economical to do it Let
us consider it then. Let us ascertain the sum
we have expended in the war since compensate d
emaucipatiou was proposed last March, aud
consider whether, u siiat ineasuie had ben
promptly accepted, by even some of the slave
Mates, the same sum would not have done
more to close Uie war than has beeu otherwise
dune. If so, the measure would save money,
and, in that view, would be a piudent and ecu
uomical measure. Certainly u is uot setsy
to pay Bumttwuj as it is to pay mMntty, bjt it is
easier to pay a tate sum thau it is to pay a
larger oue. Aud it is easier to pay any sum
when we are able thau it is to oay it before we
are able. Tut war rcvums laige sums, and
requites them at once.
ihe aggregate sum necessary lor compensated
emancipation, ol course, would b laie. But
it would require no ready casu ; nor tne bonds
even, auy taster ihau the emaucipatiou pro
fesses, this might uot, and probably would
'not, close befure tne end ot tne tnuiy seveu
years. At that time we snail probably h .ve a
huudted millions ol people to siiare the burden,
iustead of thirty-one millions, as uow. Aud
uot only so, but the increase of our population
may be expected to continue ior a long lime
niter that period, as rapidly as before ; because
our territory will not have become full. 1 do
uot state this inconsiderately. At Uie same
ratio ot iucrease whicu we have maintained, on
an aveiage, from our first ntU.nal censure, lu
Yl'JQ. until that ot lttu, we snould, iu l'JWt
have a population of lO-i.-US.-llo.
And wh may wu not continue that ratio
b yond that periud t Our abundant locin our
broad national homestead is our ample re
source. Were our territory as lmiunl a are
tne Britisn isles, very certainly our poulatiou
could uot expand as stated, instead of receiv
ing the foreign born, as now, we tOioutd be
compelled to send part of toe uttivo born
away. But such is not our couditnn. We
have two millions mue nunorea and sixty-three
thousand square miles. Kurope bas three
millions aud eight hundred tnousaud, with a
population averaging seventy tuiee and oue
third persous to the square mile. W hy may
uot our country, at some time, average
many t Is it less fertile t U.s it more aste
surface, by mouutaius, rivers, Ukes, deserts, or
other causes ? Is it iuferior to Lurope in any
uatural advantage f If, then, we are, ai some
time, to be as populous as (K.irupe, bow soon t
As to when this may b. , we cau jude by the
past and the present, as to when it wdi be, it
ever, depends much ou whether we nuaiulam
the Union, fevcral of our Mates are already
above the average ot Kuroue seventy -three
and a thud to the square mile. Massachusetts
has la; hhode Maud, 6t Connecticut,
New Yolk and New Jersey, each, SU. Also,
two other great Males, Tenur-ylvania aud Ohio,
are not far below the former having bb and
the latter bSt, ihe States already above ihe
European average, except New York, have in
creased in as rapid a r .tio, since passing tnat
point, as ever before; while no oue ot them is
ipjal to some other parts of our couutry, in
uatural capacity lor sustaining a dense popula
tion, taking tbe nation in the aggregate, aud we
hud its population and ratio oi mciLase, tor the
several decennial periods, to be as follows:
7W 3 'CU.IW7
lNM) 6,o()o,&7 35 O'Z per ct. ratio of increase.
lull) 36.43 "
lhJO ,b;iU3l 33.14
1B30 l'J.bbb.O-JI) 33 4'J "
1S40 17,0bi,4o3 3J.bi "
tn60 23,1'Jl S7ti 3o 87 " "
18M) 31.443,7v 3oo8
'Ibis shows au average decennial increase of
Si 60 per cent, in population through the sev-
nty years from our first I t our last census yet
taken. It is seen that the ratio ot increase at
uo oue of these seveu periods, is either iwo per
cent, below or two per cent, above the average;
thus show lug bow inflexible, and consequently
how reliable, the law ct increase in our case is
Assumiug that it will continue, gives tne fol
lowing results :
170. -tJ.a.oi
6o,in ,-ib
lSiH 7b,77tf.7-
llssj. lo3 ,44o
liUt). l3,blO,o.b
llO. ... 1 Vl 336
IW30. 2ul,WU.14
Thwe hgures show that nur eountiy may he
as populous as jLurope uow is, a some p int
between X'J'JV and lV-i0 say atsut lyo our
territory, at neventy-three aud a third persons
to the square mile, being ot capacity to contain
I7,lw,tw0.
And we wdl reach this, too, if we do not our
selves relinquish Uie chance, by the 'ody and
evils of disuuion, or by loug and exhausting
war springing from Ihe only great eleiueut ot
national discord among ua. W hile it cannot
Iw forsecu exactly how much oue huge exam
ple of secession, breediug lesser cms indefi
nitely, would retard popuiation.civilizalionaud
prosperity, no one cau doubt tbat the extent of
it would be very great and injurious.
the proposed emaucipatiou would Shorten
the war, lerpetuaie peace, lnsuie this increase
of population, and proportionately the Wealth
ot the couutry. v nn these, wo snould pay all
the emancipation would cutt, together with our
other debt, easier thau we snould pay our
other debt, without it. If we bad allowed our
Id national debt to run at six i-er cent, per
annum, simple interest, from thn end ot our
revolutionary eUuggle until to-day, without
pa)ing anything ou either principal or inter
est, each uirtn ot us would owe less upon tbat
kbl now, thn each man owed upou it then ;
and this because our increase of n.eu, through
he whole period, has been great r than six
per cent.; Las run ta-ter th.n tbe mterest upia
the debt. Tuns, time alone, relieves a debtor
nation, so lot g as its population increases
faster than unpaid interest actumulates on its
This fact would be no sxense ior uciaj uqj
OQMiJfViaP os scevstf raos.
Amorotypes, ana
ad KintU o tvp' l Mowry't Cll-rv
. t . . .1 ii tr'-j . f T ff V l . t .trl
r- t l' it th