PRESIDENPI'I MESSAGE,
1 .- 11) , -riliteti , of the senate and
ul Liu Repromentatives
I`lu` annual liv'et , w4 of l'om:r, sin alwayii an,
inb rain; rkelll. • I'lte It+•pp•netdntire. 14 the
r'r rtrc tal of thi• po3ple tri , ilt front their coil
stir Like voiliniel together far the roalflloll
Atter an exiltellee of near threr•rintrtha of
ri% a tree and independent republic, the
proljein no longer rein:tine to be rolled whether
Ini.;1011,10V , rllllleilt. The Nucee
1,1 . 4•1ir sy akin ia•a concloinv" refutation
inlier ruonlira who
1,11.111. it - 6 4 1iirtirvaloor '' aro •born to role, and
Old; the 1814 , . of ntaidsiml 1)111 1 1 Lr g3,111e.1 bi
s\lh_jt•rt ailitrary of liereilitary au
-I'inrity3lio peopto me the rvltV . F.ose,ei!.•lo n•catjlli-.•.1.1ty
SUMlvar• entigratits
.
~,e!e-ltriwsleclentt O ,
tangnag,,, attrailed by the civil
„,,ja.00. 4 . , , j ,0 0e d0 0t we mijoy, nod Is) our happy I
tll.4trim, annually craw," to our shoe,, and trans.
f•r their hen( not less thantheir allegiance, to the
e w
- host• dominioo lielonos o h m , to the
people.• •
mutey has beim st much favored, or should
a elvuovrtethre with deeper reverence the manifes
t meats of the Divine protection. An all wise
Cittator directed and guarded us in our infant
rtrugtle for freedom, and has constantly watched ;
over oar'surprising vtaress. until we have become
o n e of the greatest nations of the earth.
It it in a Notary than favored, and under a
goverimo•nt in which the executive and legislative
branelwa bold their authority for limited periods,
alike from tit: people, and where all are responsi.i
Ide to their to apective constitocoeiva, that it is as
hain My ditty to communicate with Congress up.
on the state of the Unian„and the present condi
tion of public affairs.
Daring the past year the most gratifying proofs
are phitetited , that Our yountry has been blea.sed
w wide-Ivrea.] and universal prosperity.—
There has limn no period since the governinent
WAS. founded, when all the inthistrial pursuits of
our people have been more successful, or when In.
It it. :in dl is branches of business has received a
fairer or better reward. From our abundance we
have been enabled to pertitrm the pleasing duty of
furnishing Mod for the starving millions of less fa
vored countries.
Ti; the enjoyment of the bountiee of Providence
at home-ouch an have rarely fallen to the bit of a
ny ticoole, it is rause of conundulation that our in-
wourae with all the Powers of the earth, except
Mexico, continues to he of an amicable character.
It has ever been our cherished policy to culti
vate pears and good will with all nations; and
this policy has been steadily pursued by me.
No change has taken place in our ref ationa with
Mexico since_ the adjournmentof the last Con 7
'tress. The war in which the U. States were
forced to engage with the government of that
country still continues.
I deem it untoicessary. after the full exposition !
of them contained iii my message of the 11th of
May, 1816, nod in my annual message at the
commencement of the session of Congress in De-'
centher last, to reiterate the serious causes of com
plaint winch we had against Mexico before she
v onimeneed
It is sufficient on the 'prevent occasion to say,
that the wanton violation of the rights of person I
and property of air citizens t•aanamitted by Mexico,
her repeated acts of bad faith. through a Twig se
ries of years, nod her disregard of solemn treaties,
stipulating for indemnity to our injured citizens.
n'lt'ooty cm/stitowd ample cause of war on our
part. bait were of such an aggravated character as
woOld have justified us before the whole world in
resortine t fais extreme remedy. With an anx-
Mita desire to avoid a rupture between the two
cosmic-. we forbore for years to assert our clear
tights by force, and continued to seek redress for
the wrongs we had suffered by anneablo negotia
tion, in the hope that Mexico might yied to paci
fic rompols and the demands of justice. In this
loupe we were disappointed. Our minister of
peace seta to Mexico was insultingly rejected.—
The Mexican government Mit aeal even to hear
the terms of ;Min.:talent which he was authorized
to propose; mid finally, under wholly unjustifta
bar ltreteif4, involved the two countries in war by
My:Ohio:the territory of the state of Texas, stri
king the first blow, and shedding the blood of our
citizens onseur own soil.
Though the U. States were the aggrieved na
tion. Mexico commenced the war, and we were
compelled, is self-defence, to repel the invader, and
to vindicate the national honor and interests by
prosecuting. it with vigor until we could obtain a
just and hotto*lepenee,.. .
On learning that hostilities had been commenc
ed by Mexie t, I promptly comonmicated that fact
accompanied with a succinct statement of our oth
er causes of complaint tagaire4 Mexico, to Con
gress ; and that body, by the art of the 13th of
May, 1846, declared that "tvy ihe act of the re
politic of Mexico, a, state of war exists between
that government and the U. States"—this art de
(daring -Oar war to exist by the net of the repub
lic of Mexii-.," and nothing provision for its pros
ecution a r speray old successful termination,"
was passed iv ifh atreat unanimity by Congress,
th •rt• but two negative votes its the Senate,
and but Iturtecn in Pte House of Representatives.
The existentat of the war having thus been de
clared by Congress, it became my 'buy, unilerthe
consti•lltionand the laws. to venduetand pros-cute
it. This duty has been performed ; and though; at
every stage of its progress. I have manifened
W illingnesa to terminate it by a just peace, Mexico
ll•o• refused to accede to any terms which could be
accepted by the U. Sta•ea, cousistently with the
I.atitioal honor and interest.
• The rapid and brilliant suceetwes of our arms,
end The vain extent of the enemy's territory which
hail been overrun and conquered before the close
of the last session of Congress, were fully known
to that body. Since that titm•, the war has been
prosecuted with incirawd lowrgY, and, I um grati
fied to state, with an admit atUni that commands
tiaiversal admiration. History presents tio tonal.
del of so ninny glorious victories achieved by any
',anon within so short a period. Our army, rept
-I.inv and volunteers,have covered thenisslves with
imperishable homes. Whenever and wherever
our hirers have encounter" l the enemy, though he
was in vastly superior numbers, and often entrench
e I in (addled positions otitis OIVII selection, and
of great strength. he has been defeated. 'l'oo
much praise ra snot be bestowed upon our officers
amd men, regulars and volunteers, for their gallon
-I.•y, discipline, indomitable courage and perseve
mum all seeking the post of danger. anal tieing
With curb other in deeds of noble doing.
While every patriot's heart must eittllt, nod a
jug tuitional pride animate every bosom, in be- I
holding the high proofs of courage, COllSUlllinute
military shill, steady discipline, and humanity to'
the vatiquialted enemy, exhibited by our gallant
army, the nation is (Tilled to mourn over the loss of
11130) brave °Moen, not soldiers who have fallen
in detimee of their country's honor and interests.
The brave dead met theit melancholy fate in a for
eigo land, nobly disclutiging their duty, and with
own' country'. flag waving triumphantly in the
I i ce of the fie. Their patriotic deeds are justly
appreciated. and will long lie remembered by their
grateful military oleo. The parental care of the
puernmeut they loved and served should be cx
t robel to their surviving
Shortly niter the adjournment of the last session
of Congress, the gratifying intelligence woo re
ceived o f the signal victory of Buena Vista and of
thetill of the city of Vera Cruz, and with it the
, •strone r'•astle of S Juan de Clloa, by which it
Was defended. Dciieving that infer these and oth
, r slitlie`tstt, so ho•mrable to our 1.01116 and 60 dia
. , trot, to Nit' WttS propitious loaf-.
Lod her another opportunity. if she thought prop
vr to cuittracet it, to elder into negotiations fur
peace, a commisaioner was appointed to proceed
the headquarters .4( our anny, with full powers
to niter. Upton negotiations, and to conclude a just
and honorable treaty of rare. Ile was tint direct
ed 1,5 make any new ovenurea of peace, but was
the 110.41 , ..r despatch front the Secretary of State
of the 1. &alert., the Munster of l'oreig,n Affairs
of Mexico, in reply to rue rereiactl bona the latter
of the '..!;41 of rehtwiry, 1H47, in which the Meat
, as Auveriltatent was tofooned of his appointment
and of ht repartee at the headquarters of our st
ow , and that hte was invested with full powers to
c multi& it definite treaty of peace, whenever the
Meairan goregotnent might signify a desire to tin
so, Whiio I wise uuwiUittg to subject the United
;goo to another indignant refitsal, I was yet re
*deed thit Mc evils of the war should not be pro
t 'wird a day 'lenge( than might be rendered abso
lowly werestawy by the Mciciewo government.
t'are was takes, to give en instntetiong to the
\iininissisitee whith triulit'in any way interfere
o ,, n ou t y tv.inittious, ix trial our energies
ink. isnosestsigis (Witte war. lie was autioriliad
1,1 tithig ineiguetinits to the General in eons
niatt wtrhe rtgtr ; in the vices of a ArvAty
reistitl - ratitteit on the part of :Heil.
A
3 . 11160031. AO wive hint antics. of that (act.
hi the bappasins'arioral .. - ontiu;enet , tad on re.
ceiving nonce thereof, the General in command
wits instructed by the :r ,, cretary of lVar to suri , crul
I olter aelive military orrationa until further or
der,— instraetions given xvith a VieW t , l intermit
hootilitietr, until the treaty !Jinx retitled by Mexico
could he transmitted to Waxhingtim, mid core re
the notion of the government of the r States.
The commie loner AVaa ohm directed. on reach
ing the army, to activ,,, to the General in com
mand the loop-itch which he bore from the Secre
tary of State to this Minister of Foreign Affairs of
Mexico, and, on receiving it, the General was in
structed by the Serial:try of War toe:Moe it to he
transmitted to the commander of the Mexican
fia
ts. With to reple,t that it llll4ht Lo 1 - 01111110111Catril
to his government.
rhe cononiiicioner did not reach the 11(.1,10:tr
iers of the army until after anotlwr brilliant virtory
had crowned our arias at Cerro Clank. The de
!patch which he bore from the Secretary of War
to the Iteneral in command of the army, was re
erived by that offieer, thrn at Jalapa, on the 7th
day of May, 1N 17, together with the despatch of
the Secretary of State to the Minister of Foreign
Mftir B of Mexico, honing been transmitted to him
front Vitra Crum. The commisaioner arrived at
the headquarters of the army a few days a tier
wank His presence with the tinny and his dip
lomatic character were made known to the Mexi
can goverment, from Puebla, on the 12th of.ltme
1847, by the transmission of the despatch from the
Secretary of State to the Minister of Foreign Af
fairs of Maxim
Many weeks elapsed after its receipt, and no o•
vertures were tamale, UM Wag arty desire ex presNal
by the Mexican government to enter into negotia
tions for peace. Our army pursued its march up
on the capital, and. as it approached it, wit met
by formidable resistance. Our force,, first eneoun
tered the enemy, and achieved signal victories in
the severely contented laattlesof Contrera and Chu
rubuseo. It was not mail after these actions had
resulted in decisive victories, and the capital of
the enemy was within our power, that the Meab
ran government manifested any disposition to en
ter into negotiations for peace; and even theta, as
events have proved, there is too much reason to
believe they were insincere, and that in agreeing
to go through the forms of nogotiation, the object
was to gain time to strengthen the ilefenecA of their
capital, a ad to prepare for fresh resistance.
The General in command of the army deem
ed it espedient to suspend hostilities temporarily,
by entering into on armistice with a view to the
opening of negotiations. Commissioners were ap
pointed on the part of Mexico to meet the com
missioner on the part of the U. States. The re
roll of the conierenere which took place between
three functionaries of the two governments was a
failure to conclude a treaty of peace.
The commissioner of the U. !states took with
him the project of a treaty already prepared, by
the terms of which the indemnity required by the
C. States was a cession of territory.
It is well known that the only indemnity which
it is in the power of Mexico to make in satisfaction
of the just and long deferred claims of cur citizens
against her. and the only means by which she can
reimburse the li. States for the expenses of the
war, is a cession to the . 17. States of a portion of
her territory. Mexico has no money to pay, rind
no other means of making the required indemnity.
If we refuse this, we can obtain nothing, else. To
reject indemnity by refusing to accept territory,
would be to abandon all our just demands, rind to
wage the war, bearing all its expenses, without a
mu liaise Or definite. ObiCet.
A state of war abrogates treaties previously ex
isting between the belligerents, and a treaty of
peace puts an end to all claims for indemnity—for
tortuous nets committed under the authority of one
government against the citizens or subjects of an
other, unless they are provided for in its stipula
tions. A treaty of peace which would terminate
the existing war, without providing for indemnity,
would enable Mexico—the acknowledged debtor,
and herself the agretemr in the war—to relieve her
self front her just liabilities. By such a treaty our
citizens w ho hold just demands against her would
have nn remedy either against Mexico or their
own government Our duty to those citizens must
forever prevent such a peace, and no treaty, which
does not provide ample means of discharging
these demands, can receive my sanction.
A treaty of peace should settle all existing diff
erences between the two countries. If nn adequate
cession of territory should be made by such a trea
. tv, the 11. states should release Mexico from all her
I liabilities, and assume their payment to our own
citizens. If, instead of this, the 17. States were to
consent to a treaty by which Mexico should again
e1q.120 to pay the heavy amount of indebtedness
which. u just indemnity to our government and our
citizens would impose on her, it is notminus that
she does not possess the . means to meet such an
undertaking. From such a treaty no result could
could he anticipated, 101 l the same irritating disap
pointments which have heretofinT attended the vi
ulm ons of similar treaty stipulations on the part
of Mexico. Such a treaty would be but a tempo
rare cessation of hostilities, without the restora
tion of the friendship and good understanding
which should characterise the future intercourse
between the two eountries.
That Congress contemplated the acquisition of
territorial indemnity when that body made provi
sion for the prosecution of the war, is obvious.—
Congress could not have meant—when, in May,
1816, they appropriated 310.000,000, and autho
rized the Prraident to employ the militia, naval and
military forces of the li.Nates, and to accept the
services of 50,000 volunteers, to enable him to
prosecute the war : and when. at their last session,
and after our army had invaded Mexico, they
trade additional a ppropriations and authorized the
raising of additional troops for the saute purpose—
that 110 indemnity was to be obtained from Meal
co at the ronclusion of the war; and yet it was
certain that if no Mexican territory was acquired,
no nub:ninny could be obtained.
It is further manifest that Congress contemplated
territorial indemnity, from the fact that, at their
last session. an act was passed, upon the Execu
tive recommendation, appropriating three millions
of dollars with that express object. This appro.
priation was made to "enable the President to conn
elude a treaty of limits, and: boundaries. with the re
public of Mexico, to be used by him in the event
that said treaty, when signed by the authorized a
gents of the two governments, and duly ratified
by Mexico, shall call for the expenditure of the
same, or any part thereof:" The object of asking
this appropriation was distinctly stated in the se,
eral messages on the subject which I communica
ted to Congress. similar appropriations made in
1803 and 1806, which were -referred to, were in
tended to he applied in part consideration for the
cession of Louisiana and Florida. In like man
ner it was anticipated that, in settling the terms of
a treaty of 'diorite and boundaries" with Mexico,
a cession of territory estimated to be of greater val
ue than the amount of our demands against her
might be obtained ; and that the prompt payment
of this sum—in part consideration for the territory
reeled—on the conclusion of a treat•, and its rat
ification (rn her part, might be an inducement with
her m make such a cession of territory as would be
satisfactory to the United States. And although
the failure to conclude such a treaty has rendered
it unnecessary to use any part of the three millions
of dollars appropriated by that act, and the entire
sum remains in the treasury, it is still applicable
to that object, should the contingency occur ma
king such application proper.
The doettine of no territory is the doctrine of no
indemnity ; and, if sanctioned, would be a public
ark now ledgement that our country was wrong, and
that tit , ' war declared by Congress with extraordi
nary unanimity, was unjust, and should be aban
doned; an admission untiihnded iu fact, and de
grading to the national character.
The terms of the treaty proposed by the United
States were not only just to Mexico, but, cons der
ing the amount and diameter' of our claims, the
unjustifiable and unprovoked commencement of
hostilities by her, the expenses of the war to which
we have been subjected, and the success which
has attended our arms, were deemed to be of a
njiw.t liberal character.
The coin missioner of the 17. States was authori
zed to agree to the establishment of the Rio Gt an&
as the boundary, from its entrance into the Gulf to
its intersection with the southern boundary of New
Mexico, in north Latitude about thirty-two de
grees, and to obtain a cession to the U. States of
the provinces of New Mexico and the Californian,
■nd the privilege of the right of way across the
isthmus of Tehuantepec. The boundary of the
1110 Grande, and Me cession to the U. Stales of
New Mexico and Upper California, constituted an
ultimatum 'which our commissioner was, under
no circumstances, to yield.
That it might he manifest not only to Mexico,
Litt to all other notions, that the United-Stove
were not disposed to take advantage . of a feeble
power, by insisting upon wresting front herall the
other pro. ifICCS, including many of her principal
towns and cities, which we lad conquered and held
in our military occupation, hut were willing to
cumin* a treaty in a spirit of liberality, our corn.
n:i.•inurr Kae WMIIOO7II to stipulate for thr
MrNico of all our other cougursts•
.\s the territory to lbe arypbirril by the 'boundary
pniposra might ho ~tigut,,l to he oh a urratrr
tie !hail a lair equivalent for our Pint ylrinand., our
eyonyniA%ioner way , authoritrd to stipulate for the
pac tornl of such additional pecuniary romOylera
thin a" o'lo duelled rea.onable.
The terms at a treaty proposed by the Mexican
coinmissioners were wholly inadmissible. They
negotiated as if Mexico were the lictorious, and
not the vanquished party. They must have
known that their ultimatum enal !WSW be accept
ed. It required the United States to dismember
Tents, by surrendering that part of the territory
of that state IVile4 between the Nlleel4l Ond the
Rio thandr, included within her lunits by her
long when she cos on independent republic, and
when she Was annexed to the Ueited State', and
admitted by Vongresa as one of the States of our
Union. It contained no provision far the pay
ment by Mellen of the just claims of our citizens.
It required indemnity to Mexican citizens, for in
juries they may have sus tailed he our troops in
the prosecution ofthe war. It demanded the right
for Mexico to levy and collect the ',lexicon taritl"
of duties oil goods imported into her ports while
ill our orrupation during the war, and the owners
of which had paid to officers of the Uni
ted States the military contributions which had
been levied t and it offered to cede to the I. States
for n pecuniary consideration, that part of Upper
('aliliirnin lying th of latitude thirty-seven de
grees. Such were the unreasonable terms propo
sed by the Mexican commissioners.
The cession to the 1 7 . States by Mexico, of the
provinces of New Mexico and the Colifornia, as
proposed by the commissioner of the li, Stales, it
was believed, would he more in arcordance with
the convenience and interests of both nations, than
any other cession of territory which it was proba
ble Mexico could he induced to make.
It is manifest to all who have olnierved the actu
al condition of the Mexican government for sonic
yearn past, and at present, that it these provinces
should be retained by her, she could not long con
tinue to hold and govern them. Mexico is too
feeble a power to govern these provinces, lying as
they do nt a distance of mare than n thousand miles
front her capital, and, if attempted to be retained by
her, they would constitute but for n short time, e
ven nominally, a part of her dominions.
I . IIIK should lie especially the ease with Upper
California. The sagacity of powerful European
nations has long since directed their attention to
the commercial importance of that province, nod
there can be but little doubt that the moment the
United States shall relinquish their present occu
pation of it, and their claim to it as indetility, an
etllirt will he made by smile foreign Power to pos.
Seas it, either by con q uest or by pUrenbe. If no
foreign govertiment should acquire it in either of
these modes, an itidependent 10'0111(4111aq govern
ment would probably be eSinbliSbed by the inhabi
to tits, and such foreigners as may remain in or re
move to the country, as soon 118 it shall la , known
that the 11, States have abandoned it. Each n gov
comment would be too feeble long to maintain its
separate independent existence, and would finally
become annexed to, or be en dependent colony of,
some Mare powerful State.
Should any foreign government attempt to pos
sess it as a colony, or otherwise to incorporate it
with itself, the principle avowed he President Mon
, roc in 1825, and reaffirmed in my firat annual mes
sage, that no foreign power shall, with 011reanSent1
be permitted to plant or establish any new colony
or dominion on any part of thin North American
continent, roust be maintained. In maintaining
this principle, and in resisting' its invasion by any
foreign Power, we might be involved by other
wars more expensive and more difficult titan that
in which n'e are now engaged.
The provinces of New Mexico and the Califor
nia, arc contiguous to the territories of the U. States
and if brought under the government of our laws,
their resources—mineral, agricultural, manufactu
ring, and commercial—would soon be developed.
Upper Calif rnia is bounded on the north by
our Oregon possessions; and if held by the United
States, would soon be settled by a hardy, enterpri
sing, and intelligent portion of our population.—
The biy of San Francisco, and other harbors along
the Californian coast, would afford shelter for our
navy, for our numerous whale ships, and other
merchant vessels employed in the Politic ocean,
and would in a short period become the marts of
an extensive end profitable commerce with China,
and other countries of the East.
These adrantagra, in which the whole coroner
cislaaorld would participate '
would at once be se
cured to the States by the cession of this terri
tory ;while it is certain tlttaAlottlz . aajAremaita .
a part of the Meriroe dominions, they can ~e en
joyed neither by Mexico herself nor by any other
nation.
New Mexico bra frdntier province, and has nev
er been of any considerable Tokio ,to Mexico.—
From its locality, it is naturally connected without
western settlements. The,territorial limits of the
State of Texas, too, as defined by her laws, before
her admission into our Union, embrace nil that por
tion of New Mexico lying east of the Rio Grande,
while Mexico still claims to hold this lerritoryin
a part of her dominion. The adjustment of this
question of boundary is important.
There is another consideration which induced
the belief that the Mexican government might e
ven desire to place this province under the protec—
tion of the government of the U. States. Numer
ous binds of tierce and warlike savages wander
over it, and upon its borders. Mexico has been,
and must continue to be, too feeble to restrain
them from committing depredations, robberies and
murders, not oafs upon the inhabitants of New
Mekien itself, but upon those of the other northern
:mites of Mexico. It would he a blessing to all
those northern States to have their citizens proteo
ted against them by the power of the U. Stahs.=
At this moment, many Mexicans, principally fe
males and children, are in captivity among them.
If New Mexico were held and governed by the U.
States, we could etlectually prevent these tribes
from committing such outrages, and compellthem
to release these captives, and restore them to their
family and friends.
In proposing to acquire New Mexico and the
Californias, it was known that but an inconaidera-
He portion of the Mexican people would be trans
felted with them, the country embraced within
these provinces being chiefly an uninbabitedregion.
These were the leading considerations which in
duced me to authorize the terms of peace which
were proposed to Mexico. They were rejected;
and, negotiations being at an end, hostilities were
renewed. An assault was made by our gallant
army upon the strongly fortified places near the
the city of Mexico, and upon the city itself; and
niter several days of severe conflict, the Mexican
faces, vastly superior in number to our own, were
driven from the city and it was occupied by our
troops.
Immediately after information was received of
the unfavorable result of the negotiations, believing
that his continued presence with the armyrild
he productive of no good, I determined to .call
our commissioner. A dispatch to this effset was
transmitted to him on the 6th of Oetobe - e last.—
The Mexican government will be informed of his
recall ; and that, in the existing state of things, I
shall not deem it proper to make any further over
tures of peace, but shall be 'at all times ready to
receive and consider any proptisala which may be
made by Mexico.
since the liberal proposition of the U. States
was authorized to he made in April last, large ex-.
pcnditures have been incurred, and the precious
blood of many of our patriotic citizens has been
shed in the prosecution of the war. This consid
eration, and the obstinate perseverance of Mexico
in protracting the war, must'intluence the teems
of peace which it may he deemed proper hereafter
to accept.
Our arms having been every where victorious,
having subjected to our military possession a large
portion of the Crirmy'it country, including his capi
tal, and negotiations for peace having failed, the
important questions arise, in what manner the war
ought to be prosecuted I And what should be our
future policy I I cannot doubt that we should
secure and render available the conquests which
we have already made; and that, with this view,
we should hold and occupy, by our naval and mil
itary•forces, all the porta, towns, cities, and pro
vinces now in our occupation, or which may here
after fall into our possession; that we should press
forward our military operations, and levy such
military contributions on the enemy us may, as
far as practicable, defray the future expenses of
the war.
lied the government of Mexico acceded to the
equitabk and liberal terms proposed, that mode of
adjustment would have been preferred. Mexico
having declined to do this, and failed to offer any
other terms which could Ire accepted by the U.
:states, the national honor, no lees then the public
interests, requires that the war should be prosecu
ted with increased energy and power untila just dt
estisfectory pace can be obtained. In the mean-
time, as Mexico refuses all indemnity, we should
adopt measurra to indernify ourselves, by appro.
priating permanently at portion of her tertilety.
Ally after the commencement Of rho war, New
Met ico anal the Californias trait' taken posses.mm
of In' Ott , harm Our military and naval common
ders were ordered to rOttillilT and bold them. sub
ject to be disposed of by at treaty of price.
These produces are now lit our undisputed or
rupation, and ltilVe been NO fOr many 11101101 S; nil
resistance on the port of Mexico having ceased
within their limits. lam satisfied that they should
never be surrendered to Mexico. Should Con-
KJ ens concur with me in this opinion, and that they
should be retained by the United States as indem
nity, I ran perverse no good reason why the civ
il jurisdietion and haws of the IT. States should not
at once be 1'7(.44114'd over them. To wait for an
nasty of peace, such 119 We are willing to make,
by which our relutiona towards them would riot be
changed, cannot be good polity ; whilst our own
interest, anti that of the people inhabiting them,
require that at stable, respousible and free got ern
smolt under our authority should, no soon tin 110.titil-
He, be established over then,. :Should Congress,
therefore, determine to hold tliffe provinees jiWrlll3.
nently, and that they shall hereafter be considered
as e . onstituctit parts of our country, the early estab
lishment of territorial goverments over them will
be important for the more perfect protection of per
sons and property ; and I recommend that ouch
territorial governments be establkeltd. It will pro
mote peace and tranquility among the inhabitants,
by allaying all apprehensions that they linty still
entertain of being again subjected to the jurisdic
tion of Mexico. I invite the early and liivorable
consideration of Congress tothis important subject.
Besides Now Mexico and the Californias, there
are other Mexican provinces which have been re
duced to our possession by conquest. These other
Mexican provinces arc now got erned by our mili
tary and naval commanders, under the general
authority which is conferred upon a conqueror by
the laws of war. They should continue to be hold
as a means of coercing Mexico to accede to just
terms of peace. Civil as well an military ollieera
are required to conduct such a government." Ade
quate compensation to be drawn front eontribu.
nods levied on the enemy should be fixed by law
Mr such officers as may- be thus employed. What
further provision may hemline nece-sriry, and what
final disposition it nay he proper to make of them,
must depend on the future progress of the war,
and the course which Mexico may think proper
hereafter to pursue.
With the views I entertain, I cannot faVor the
polies , which has born suggested, either to with
draw our army altogether, or to retire to a desigita
ted line, and simply hold and defend it. To with
draw our army altogether from the conquests
they have made by deeds of unparalleled bravery,
and at the expense of Ito much blood and troaruro,
in a just war on our part, and one which, by the
act of the enemy, we could •not honorably hare a—
voided, would be to degrade the nation in its own
estimation and in that of the world..
To retire to a line, and simply hold and defend
it, would not terminaie the vier. On the contra.
ry, it would encourage Mexico to persevere, and
tend to protract it indefinitely. It is not to be
expected that Mexico, after refusing to establish
such a line as a permanent boundary, when our
victorious army is in poasension of her capital,-and
in the heart of her country, would penbit Mao lipid"
it without resistance. That she would continue
the war, and in the most harrassing and annoy
ing forms, there can be no doubt. A border war
fare of the most savage character, extending over
a long line, would be unceasingly waged. It
would require a large army to be kept constantly
in the field, stationed at posts and garrisons along
such a line, to protect and defend it.. Theenemy.
relieved frbm the 'pressure of our arms on hie
coasts and in the populous parts of the ulterior,
would direct his attention to this line, and, select
ing an isolated post for at tack, would concentrate
his forces-upon-it. , Titiewrmlii-hearte
affairs which the Mexicans, pursuing their favo
rite system of guerilla warfare, would prribibly
prefer tp any other. Were we toassume a de
fensive attitude on such - a line, all the advantages
of such a state of war would be on the aide of the
enemy. We could levy no contributions upon
him, or in any other way make him feet the
Venture of the war,./outmost remain inactive and
await his approach, beingin con; taut uncertain
ty at what point on the line, or at what time, he
might make an assault. He may ass errible and
organize an overwhelming force in• the interior,
on his own side of the line, and; concealing his
I purpose, make a sudden assault upon some one of
our posts so distant from any other as to prevent
the possibility of timely succor or reinforce
ments; and in this way our gallant army would
be exposed to the danger ofbeing cut off in detail;
liffilpinie 'e\o
erywbere exhibited duping this war, they should
repulse the enemy , their numbers stationed at an y
one post may be too small to purser/ma. if the
enemy be repulsed in one attack, ha would have
nothing to do but to retreat to his own aide of the
line, and, being in no fear of a pursuing army,
may reinforce himself at leisure, fin' another at
tack on the same or some other post. He may,
too, cross the line between our poste, make rapid
incursions into the count which we hold, mur
der theifitibitiusts, commit - dePredations oat e'm
and then retreat to the interior before a sufficient
force can be concentrated to pursue him. Such
would probably be the hanrassing character of a
mare_ defitnsivewar_on_our.part. If our forces,
when attacked or threatened with attack, be per
tained to cross the line, drive back the enemy,
and (Miner .him, this would be again to invade
the enemy's country, after having loot all the ad
vantages of the conquests we have already made,
by having voluntarily.abendoned thorn. To hold
such a line successfully and in security, it is far
from being certain that it would not require as
large `
an array as would be necessary to bohlall
the conquests we have already made, and to con
tinue the prosecution of the war in the heart of
the enemy's country. leis also far from being
certain that the expenses of the war would be di
minished by each a policy.
I am persuaded that the best means of
♦indicating the national honor and interest,
and of bringing the war to an honorable
close, will be. to prosecute it with increas
ed energy and power in the vital parts of
the enemy's country.
In my annual message to clongreas of
December last, I declared that ' , the war
has not been waged with a view to conquest ;
but having been commenced by Mexico, it
has been carried into the enemy's country,
and will be vigorously prosecuted there,
with a view to obtain an honorable pence,
and thereby secure ample indemnity for the
expenses of the war, and our much-injur
ed citizens, who hold pecuniary 4emands
against Mexico." Such, in myjUgenient,
continues to be our true policy.—intleed,
the only policy which will probably secure
a permanent peace.
It has never been contemplated by me,
as an object of the war, to make a perma
nent conquest of the republic of Mexico, or
to annihilate her separate existence as an
independent nation. On the contrary, it
has ever been my desire that she should
maintain her nationality, and, under a good
government adapted to her condition, be a
free, independent and Prosperous republic.
The United States were the first among the
nations to recognize her independence, and
have always desired to lie on terms of am
ity and good neighborhood with her. This
she would not suffer. By her own con
duct we have been compelled to engage in
the present war. In its prosecution, we
seek not her overthrow as a nation ; but,
in vindicating our national honor, we seek
to obtain redress for the wrongs she has
done us, and indemnity for our just de
mands against her. We demand fin hon
orable peace; and that peace must bring
with it indemnity fur the past, and securi
ty fiir the future. Hitherto Mexico has re
fused all accommodation by which such a
peace could be obtained.
Whilst our armies have advanced from
victory to victory, from the commence
ment of the war, i t has always been with the
olive-branch of peace in their hands ; and
it has been iii the power of Mexico, at ev
ery etep, to arrest hostilities by accepting it.
One great obstacle to the attainment , of
peace, has, undoubtedly, arisen from the
fact that Mexico has been so long held in
subjection by one faction or military usurp
er after another, and such has been thb
condition of insecurity in which their sue
cessive governtmlits have been placed, that
each has beet) deterred front making peace,
lest, for this very cause, a rival faction
might expel it from power. Such %vas the
late of President Ilerrera's administration
in 1815, for being disposed even to listen
to the overtures of the United States to pre
vent the war, as is fully confirmed by an
official correspondence which took place
in the month of August last, between him
and his government, a copy of which is
herewith cointnunicated. "For this cause
alone, the revolution which displaced hint
front power was set on Mot" by General
Paredes. Such may be the condition of
insecurity- of the present government.
There can be no doubt that the peacea
ble and well-disposed inhabitants of Mexi
co are convinced that it is the true interest
of their country to conclude an honorable
peace with the linked States; but the ap
prehension of becoming the victims ofsome
military faction or usurper may have pre
vented them from manifesting their feelings
by any public act. The removal of any
such apprehension would probably cause
them to speak their sentiments freely, and
to adopt the measures necessary for the
restoration of peace. With a people dis
tracted and divided by contending factions,
and a government subject to,constant chan
ges, by successive revolutions, the contin
ued successes of our arms may fail to se
cure a satisfactory peace. In such event,
it may become proper for our commanding
generals in the field to giie encouragement
and assurances of protection to the friends
ofpeaco in Mexico in the establishment and
maintainance of a free republican govern
ment of their own choiceoble and willing to
conclude a peace w hich would be j ust to them
and secure to us the indemnity we demand.
This may become the only mode of obtain
ing such a peace. Should such be the re-H
suit, the war which Mexico has forced up
on us would thus be converted into an en
during blessing to herself. After finding
her torn and distracted by factions, and
ruled by military usurpers, we should then
leave her with a republican government in
the enjoyment of real independence, and
domestic peace and prosperity. performing
all her relativoiluties-in-thogreat family of
nations, and promoting her own happiness
by wise laws and 'heir faithful execution.
If, after affording this encouragement and
protection, and after all the persevering and
sincere efforts wo have made, from the mo
ment Mexico commenced the war,--and
prior to that time, to adjust our differences
with her,. we
_41411
_ultimately fail, then
we shall have exhausted all . honorable
means in pursuit:of - peace, and must con
tinue to occupy her country with our
troops, taking the full measure of Welton,
ty into our own hands, and must enforce
the terms which our honor demands.
To act otherwise, in the existing state
of things in Mexico, and withdraw our ar
beitetni my without a ppac#, would not may Waxy_
all the wrongs of which we complain unre
. dressed, but would be the signal, for new
'"'"rdt - fie 7 ' 7 -7.ivil dist.- - nntrnet-
anu fierce civil and new rem
lutions—all alike hostile to peaceful rela.
tions with the United States.
Besides, there is danger, if our troops
were withdrawn before a peace was conclu
ded, that , the Mexican people, wearied
with successive revolutions, and deprived
of protection for their ?erions and prop
erty, might at length be inclined to yield to
foreign influences, and to cast themselves
into the arms of some European monarch
for protection-from the anarchy and suffer
ing which would ensue. This, for our
own safety, and in pursuance of our estab
lished policy, we should be compelled to
resist. We could never consent that Mex.
trince`rtord intrr
archy governed by a foreign prince.
Mexico is our near neighbor, and her
boundaries are coterminous with our own,
through the whole extent across the North
American continent, from ocean to ocean.
Both politically and commercially, we
have the deepest interest in her regenera
tion and_prosperify. Indeed, it is impos
sible that, with — any just regard to our
own safety, we can become'ludifferent to
her fate.
It may be that the Mexicanlevernment
and people
have misconstrued or misunder
stood our forbearance, and our objects,
in desiring to conclude an amicable,
adjustment of the existing differences
between the two countries. They may
have supposed that we would submit
to terms degrading to the nation ;' or they
may have drawn false inferences from the
supposed division of opinion in the United
States on the subject of the war, and may
t i n
have calculated to gain - much by pr tract
ing it ; and, indeed, that lye might ul ' ate
ly abandon it altogether, without in juting
on any indemnity, territorial or otherwise.
Whatever may be the false impressions
under which they have aeted, the adoption',
and prosecution of the energetic policy
proposed must soon uudeceive them.
. In the future prosecution ofthe war, the
enemy must be made to feel its pressure
more than they have heretofore done. At
its commencement, it was deemed proper
to conduct it in a spirit of forbearance and
liberality, With this end in 'view, early
measures were adopted to conciliate, as
far as a state Of war would permit, the
mass of the Mexican population ; to con
vince them that the war was waged not a
gainst the peaceful inhabitants of Mexico,
but against their faithless government,
which had commenced hostilities ; to re
move from their minds the false impres
sions which their designing and interested
rulers had artfully attempted to make,
that the war on our part was ono of con
quest ; that it was a war against their reli
gion and their churches, which were to be
desecrated and overthrown ; and that their
rights of person and private property would
be violated. To remove these false im
pressions, our commanders in the field
were directed scrupulously to respect their
religion, their churches, and their church
property, which were in no manner to be
violated ; they were directed also to ' re
spect the rights of persons and prOperty of
all who should not take up arms against us.
Assurances to this effect were given to
the Mexican people by Major General Tay
lor, in a proclamation _issued in pursuance
of jestrnetions from the Secretary of War,
in.trethonth of June, 1846, and again by
Major General Scott, who acted upon his
owa convictions of the propriety of issuing
it in a proclamation of the eleventh of May,
1847.
14 this spirit of liberality and concilia
tion, and with a view to prevent the body
of the Mexican population from taking Up
arms against us, - was the war conducted on
our part. Provisions and other supplies
furnished to our army by Mexican citizens
were paid for at fair and liberal prices a
greed upon by the parties. After the lapse
of a few months, it became apparent that
these aoisurances, and this mild treatment,
had failed to produce the desired effect up
on the Mexican population. While the
war had been conducted on our part ac
cording to the most humane alid liberal •
principles observed by civilized nations, it
was %caged in a far different spirit on the
part of Mexico. Not appreciating our Mr
bearance, the Mexican people generally be
came hostile to the United States, and a
vailed themselves of every opportunity to
commit the most savage excesses upon our
troops. Large numbers of the population
took up arms, and, engaging in guerilla
warfare, robbed and murdered in the most
cruel manner individual soldiers, or small . ,
parties, whom accident or other causes
separated from the main body of our army;
bands of guerilleros and robbers infested
the roads, harassed our trains, and, when.
ever it was in their power, cut off our sup
plies.
The Mexicans having thus shown them
selves to be wholly incapable of apprecia
ting our forbearance and liberality, it was
deemed proper to change the manner of
conducting the war, by making them feel
its pressure according to the usages observ
ed under similar circumstances by all other
civilized nations.
Accordingly, as early as the 22d of Sep
tember, 1848, instructions were given by
the Secretary of,War to Maj. Gen. Taylor
to "draw supplies" for our army "from the
enemy, without paying for them,• and ie
require contributions for its support," if in
that way he was satisfied he could "get a.
bundant supplies fur his forces." In di
recting the execution of these instructions,
much was necessarily left to the discretion
of the commanding officer.' who was best
acquainted with the circumstances by
which he was surrounded," the wants of
the army, and the practicability of enforc
ing the measure.
Gen. Taylor, on the 26th of October, re
plied, that "it would hare been impossible
hitherto, and is so now,, to sustain the
army to any extent by forced contributions
of money or suppliai. ' FOr 'die reasons
assigned by him, be did not adopt the pol
icy of his instructions, but declared his
readiness totlo' so, "should the army, in its
future operations, reach a portion of the
country which may be made to supply the
troops with advantage." He Continued to
pay for the articles of supply_ Whidriieri
- dritien-from-thareitenry'etoun
Sithilar instructions were issued to Maj.
Gen. Scott on the 8d of April, 1847. who
replied, from Jalapa, on the 20th of May,
1847, that, if it be expected "that the army
is to support itself by forced contributions
levied upon the country, we may ruin and
exasperate the inhabitants, and starve our
selves." The same diecretion was given
to him that had Veen to . Gen. Taylor in
this respect. •.,01,en..,Scott, for the reasons
assigned by him, also continued to pay for
the articles orsdpkly fur the army which
were drawn from the enemy.
After the army had reached the heart of
the most wealthy portion or. Mexico, it
was supposed that the obstacles which had.
.before. thattinte-pre_vetited-itwould:not tw
such as to render impracticable the levy
of contrib rot- •
the Ist of September, and again on the 6th
of Ofttober,lB4-7; the order was repeated
in despatches addressed by the Secretary
of War to Gen. Scott, and his attention
was again called to the importance of ma
king the enemy bear the burdens of the
war by requiring them to furnish _the
means of supporting our army; and he
was directed to adopt this policy, unless,
by doing so, there was danger of depriving
the army of the necessary supplies. Cop
ies of these despatches were sent to Gen.
Taylor for his government.
On the 31st of March lust, I caused an
order to be issued to our military and naval
commanders to levy and collect a military _
contrihottenpcm . a ft - ressetramlinerc hertz
disc which might enter any of the ports of
Mexico in our military, occupation, and to
apply such contributions towards defray
ing the expenses of the war. By virtue
of the right of conquest and the laws of
war,. the Conqueror, consulting his own
safety or convenience; may either. exclude
foreign commerce altogether from all such
ports, or,,perniit it upon such terms and
conditions as he
,may prescribe. Before
the principal ports of Mexico were block
aded by_ our navy,
_the reverme_derived
from. impost- duties, under the laws of
Mexico, was paid into the Mexican treas
ury. After these ports had fallen into our
military possession, the blockade was
raised, and commerce with them perrnited
upon prescribed terms and conditions.—
They were opened to the trade of all na
tions "upon the payment of duties more
moderate in their amount than those which
had been previously levied by Mexico;
and the revenrie, - which was formerly paid
into the Mexican treasury, was directed to
be collected by our military and naval offi
cers, and applied to the use of our army and
navy. Care was taken that that the offi
cers, soldiers, and sailors of our army and
navy should be exempted from the opera
tions of the order; and as the merchandise
imported upon which the order operated
must be consumed by Mexican citizens,
the contributions exacted were, in effect,
the seizures of the public revenues of
Mexico, and the application of them to our..
own use.. In directing this- Measure, the
object was compel the enemy to contribute,
as far as practicable, towards the expen
ses of the war.
For the amount of contributions which have
been levied in this form, 1 refer you to the ac
companying reports of the Secretary of War
and the Secretary of the Navy, by which it ap
pears that a sum exceeding halt a million of
dollars has been collected.
This amount would undoubtedly have been
much larger, but for the difficulty of keeping
open communication between the coast and the
Interior, so as to enable the owners of the mer
chandise imported, to transport and vend it to
the inhabitants of the country. It is confident
ly expected that this difficulty will, to a great
extent, be soon removed by our increased forces
which have been sent to the field.
Measures have recently been adopted by
which the internal as well as external revenues
of Mexico, in all places in our military occupa
tion, will be seized and appropriated to the use
of our army and navy.
The policy of levying upon the enemy con
tributions in every form, consistently with the
laws of nations, which it may be practicable
for our military commanders to adopt, should,
in my judgment, be rigidly enforced, and orders
to this effect have accordingly been given. By
such a policy, at the same time that our own
treasury will be relieved from a heavy drain,
the Mexican people will be made to feel the
burdens of the war, and, consulting their own
interests, may be induced the more readily to
require their rulers to accede to a just peace.
After the adjournment of the last session of
Congress; events transpired in the prosecution
of the war, which, in my judgment, required a
greater number of troops in the field than had
been anticipated. The strength of the army
was accordingly increased by "accepting" the
services of all the volunteer forces authorized
by the act of the 13th of May, 1847, without
putting a construction Upon that act, the correct
ness of which was seriously questioned. The
volunteer forces now in tho field, with those
which had been "omitted" to“seree for twelve
months," and were discharged at the end of
their term of service, elhaust the fifty thousand
men authorized b . ) the act. lkml it been clear
th4t n proper construction of the, sc.t warranted
It, the services of an additional number would
have been (-ailed for tel accepted; hut doubts
existing open this point, the power was not
exercised.
It is deemed important that Congress should,
nt ian early period of this session, confer time
authority to ruse an additional regular force to
serve during the war with s exico, and to be
discharged upon the conclusion and ratification
of peace. I invite the attention of Congress
to the views presented by the Secretary of War
in his report upon this subject.
I recommend, also, that authority be given
by law to call for and accept the servises of
an additional number of volunteers, to be exer
cised at such time and to such extent as the
emergencies of the service may require.
In prosecuting the year with Mexico, while,
the utmost care has been taken to avoid every
just cause of complaja on the part of neutral,.
l t e ta g te e i s es h , a a v i e ld
b i e w e i t i l e I z ll3 ra i nt i e .) d ee to n given, liberal r i cirnore pri e
the ports of the enemy in our military occuine
-
The difficulty with the Brazilian government
which at one time threatened to interrupt the
friendly relations between the two countries,
will, I Ltrust, be speedily adjusted. I haie re
ceirod information that an envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary to the United
States will shortly be appointed by his Imperial
Majesty; and it is hoped that he will come•in
structed and prepared to adjust all remaining
differences between the two governments in it
Inanity acceptable and honorable to broth. In
the meantime, I have every reason is believe
that nothing will occur to interrupt our amica
ble relations with Brazil.
It has been my constant effort to maintain
and cultivate intimate relations of friendship
.with alt the independent powers of South, A
merica; and this policy has been attended with
the happiest results. It is true, that the settle
ment and payment of many just claims of Ame'r
icon citizens against these have been long de
layed. The peculiar position in which they
have been placed, and the desire on the pin or
my predecessors, as well as myself. to grant
them the utmost indulgence, have hitherto pre
vented these claims fruni being urged Montan
ner demanded by strict justice. The_li ths has
arrived when they ought to be finally adjusted
and liquidated, and efforts are now making• for
that purpose.
It is proper to inform you that the, govern-.
meat of Petu has in good faith paid the first
two instalments of the indemnity of thirty thou.
sand dollars each, and the greater portion dike
interest due thereon, in execution of the con
vention between that government and the Uni-
Xe 4 States; theietificattourotwhinh 'ivern - er;
changed at lA= on the 31st of October,
11346.
The Attorney General-of the United States,
early in August last, completed the adjudication
of the claims under the convention, and made
his report thereon, in pursuance of the act or
the Bth of August, 1816, The sums to which
the claimants are respectively entitled will be
paid on demand at the treasury.
I invite the early attention of Congresstuthe
present condition of our citizens in Chine.,_ Un
der out treaty with that
_poWer, American citi
zens-ate withdietWitTrent thifjurisdiceon, who.;
titer civil and criminal, of the Chinese event- .
ment, and placed under that of our public func
tionaries in that country. I3v these alone can
our citizens be tried anti punished for the com
mission of any crime; by these alone can ques
tions bo decided bettlreen titettollvalvirl the
rights of person and progeny; and by these
alone can contracts be enforced, into which they
may have entered with thecitizena or .z ii tbjects
United States lying in the waters of five
porch of China Open to foreign Contenerce tier
under the exclusive jurisdiction of officers of
their own government. Until Congress shall
establish competent tribunals to try . and punish
orioles, and to exercise jurisdictionatteixgraases
in China, American citizens there are subject
to no law whatever.-Crimes may be 04)Ubillitred
with impunity, and.. debts may be ceutraeted
without any means to enforce their payment.
Inconveniences have already resulted from the
omission of Congress to legislate on the subject,
and still greater are apprehended. The British '
authorities in China have already complained
that this government has not prolided for the
punishment of crimes, or the- enfertnunent pf
contracts against American citizens iu that
country, whilst their government has establish
_
-tributede-by-whicicear Anierieetreitizetreatr
recover debts due from British subjects.
Accustomed as the. Chinese are to summary
justice, they could not be made tecoinprehend
why criminals who are citizens of the United
States should escape with itnpunity, in viola
lion of treaty obligations, whilst the punish
ment of a Chinese, who had committed any
crime against an American citizen, would bo
rigorously exacted. Indeed, the consequences
might be fatal to American citizens in China,
should a flagrant crime be committed by any -
one of them upon a Chinese, and should trial
andpunishment not follow according to the re-
Anisttitimi-of the treaty, This might disturb,
if not destroy, our friendly relations with that
empire, and cause an interruption of our valua
ble commerce.
Our treaties with the Sublime Porte, Tripoli,
Tunis, Morocco, and Muscat, also require the
legislation of Congress to carry them into exe
cution, though the necessity fur immediate ac
tion may not be so urgent as in regard to China.
The Secretary of State has submitted an es
timate to defray' the expenses of opening diplo
matic relations with the Pupal States. The
interesting political events now in progress in
these States, as 'well as a just regard to our
commercial interests, have, in my opinion, ren
dered such a measure highly expedient.
Estimates have also been submitted for the
outfits and salaries of charges d'affaires to the
republics of Bolivia, Guatemala, and Ncuadur.
The manifest importance of cal dealing the most
friendly relations with all the independent
States upon the continent; has induct 4 me in
recommend appropriations necessity for the
maintenance or these missions.
I recommend to Congress that an appropria
tion be made, to ho paid to the Spanish govern
ment far the purpose of distribution aiming the
claimants in the " Amisind case." I entertain
the conviction that this is due to Spain under
the treaty of the !Nth of October, 1795; and,
moreover, that, from the earnest manner in
which the claim continues to be urged, solong
as it shall remain unsettled, it will be a source
of irritation and discord between the two court-
tries, which may prove highly prejudicial tothe
interests of the United States. Good policy,
no less than a faithful complicance with our
treaty obligations, requires that the inconsider
able appropriation demanded should be made.
A detailed statement of the condition of the
finances will be presented in the annual report
of the Secretary of the Treasury. The imports
for the last fiscal year, coiling on the 30th of
June, 1847, were of the value of one hundred
and forty six millions five hundred and forty
five thousand six hundred and thirty eight dol
lars; of which amount exported was eight mil
million eleven thousand one hundred and fifty
eight dollars; leaving nne, hundred and thirty
eight million five hundred anti thirty four thou
sand four hundred and eighty dollars in tho
country for domestic use. The value of tho
experts for the same period was 'one hundred
and fifty eight million six kindred and forty
eight thousand six hundred and twenty two
dollars; of which the one hundred and fifty mil
six hundred and thirty seven thousand four
hundred and,sixty four dollars consisted of do,
mestic productions, and eight million eleven
thousand one hundred and fifty eight dollars of
foreign articles.
Tho receipts into the treasury for the same
period amounted to twenty six million three
hundred and ninety donuts and' thirty seven
cents, of which there was derived from customs
twenty three million Seven hundred and 'forty.
seven thousand eight hundred and sixty four
dollars and sixty six cents; from sales of publio
lands, two million four hundred and ninety
eight thousand three hundred and thirty five
dollars and twenty cents; and from incidental;
and miscellaneous sources, one hundred thou-.
sand five hundred and seventy dollars and fifty
cents. The last fiscal year, during which the
amount was received, embraced live months
under the tariff of RN, and deven months dur
ing which the tuff of IS 11l was in force,
During five months under the act of 181:1, the
amount . xpeci veil from eustellls WES Mil
, lion eight hundred and forty two thousand throe.
hundred and cix define men ;;Mety ecrit.3,
during the pante months under the art of l/q IG
the amount received was fifteen million nine
hundred and five thousand five hundred atid
filly seven dollars and seventy six centq.
It estimated that the receipts into the treas
ury for the fiscal year ending on the 30th of
June, 1848, including the balance in the tress
uty on the Ist ofiuly last, will amount to fOrty
wo million eight hundred, eighty six thousand
five hundred and forty live dollars and eighty
cents, of which thirty one million, it is esti
' mated, will be derived from customs; three mil
lion five hundred thousand from the sale of the
public lands; four hundred thousand front burl
dental sources, including sales made by the So
licitor of Treasury; and six: millions two
hundred and eighty five thousand two hundred
and ninety four dollars and fifty five rents from
louts already authorized by law, which, toge
ther with the balance in the treasury on the first
of July last, make the sum estimated.
The expenditurbs for the same period, if peace
with Mexico shall not bffi•concluded, and the
.
atruy shall be increased, as is proposed, will
amount, including the
s pecessiwy payments on
account of principal and interest of the public
debt and treasury notes, to fifty eight million
six hundred and fifteen thousand stx hundred
and sixty dollars and seven cents.
The • m at revenue front customs daring the
year ending on the first of December, 1846, be
ing the last yam' under the operation of the tariff
of 184% was twenty two million nine hundred
and seventy one thousand four hundred - and three
dollarstind ten cents; and the nett revenue from
customs during•the year ending on the first of
Deitember, 1847, being the first year under the
operation Of the MAT set,of 1846, was about
thirty brie Million five hundred thousand del"
Isis; being an'increase of revenue for the first'
year under the tariff actOf 1846, Of more than
eight Million five_ hundred thotiend,delbulaev.ol.
thatOf Ilia hit 'elle under the tariff of 1849. •
Cho teatimeliture during the fiscal yella ending
on the thirtieth of Juno last, were fifty-nine
million, four hundred and forty-one thousand
one hundred and seventy.seven debars and
seventy-five cents of which three millions five
hundred and twenty-two thousand and eighty.
time dollarstuad ilurtyseven cents was oa ac
count of payment of the principal sad-interest
of the public debt, includirig treasury notes
redeemed and not lunded.—The expenditures ! ,
exidesive of payment of public debt, were fifty
five million nine houndred and twenty-nine
thousand and ninety-five dollars and twenty.
eight cents.
On the first of. the present mounth, the
amount of the public debt actually incurred,
laded' ng frodittry — Tli - Wes toffy - hie milGuu
six hundred and fifty-nine thousand six hun
dred and fifty-nine dollars and forty cents.
The public debt due on the Condit
.ot March;
11:145, including treasury notes, was seventeen
million seven hundred and eighty-eight thous
and seven hundred and ninety-nine dollars and
sixty-two cents, and consequently the addition
made to the public debt since that time, is
twenty-seven million eight hundred and . seven
ty
thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine dol
lars and seventy eight cents.
Of the loan of twenty-three millions author- 1
ized by the act Mahe twenty-eighth of /enemy,
1847, the sum of five millions was paid out to
the public creditors, or exchanged at par for',
specie, the remaining eighteen millions was
• offered for specie to the highest bidder not be
low par, by an advertisement issued by the
secretary of the Treasury, and published from
the nindi of February until the tenth of April,
1847, when it wits awarded to the several high
est bidders, at, pretniepis varying front one•
-
cloth of one per cent. to two per cent. above
- 1 4 ." - The premium has been paid into the
treasury, and sums awarded deposited in spe
cie in the treasury as fast as it was required by
the wants of the government.
To meet the expenditures for the remaiuddi
•of the present and for the next fiscal year,
ending on the thirtieth of June, 1849, a fur-
ther loan, in aid of the ordinary revenues of
the government, will be necessary. -Retain-!
i ng a sufficient topples in the treasury, the
loan required fur the remainder of the present
fiscal year will be about eighteen million five
hundred thousand dollars. If the duty on o
tea and coffee be imposer:, and the graduation
of the price of the public lands shah be made
at an early period of your session, as recom
mended, the loan for the present fiscal ear
may lialiaauTerrii - iiiitenteenlailliOlieriirToT:
tare. The Joan may be further reduced by ;
whatever amount of expenditures can be saved
by military eentsibutions collected in Mexico.
'I lie most vigorous measures for the auguiete
tation of these contributions have been directed,
and it very considerable sum is expected from
that source. Its amount cannot, however, be
calculated with any certainty. it is recom-
Attended that the loan to be made be authorized
upon the same terms, and for the same time, as!
that which wasenthorized under the provisions ;
of the of the twenty-eighth of January, 1847.
Should the war with Mexico be continued
until the thirtieth of June, 1819, it la estimated j
that a further loan of twenty million five bun-
dred thousand dollars will be required for the
fiscal year ending on that day, in case no duty
be imposed upon tea and coffee, and the public
lands be not reduced and graduated in price, and 1
nu military contributions shall bo collected in
Mexico. If the duty on tea and coffee be bn
posed, and the lands be reduced and graduated
in price, as proposed, the loan may he reduced ;
to seventeen millions of dollars, and will be
subject to be still further reduced by the amount
of the military contributions which may be
collected in alexico.--It is not proposed, how
ever, at present, to ask Congress for authority
to negotiate this loan for the next fiscal year, as
it is hoped that the loan asked for the remainder
of the present fiscal year, aided by military
contributions which may be eolleoimi -in MOtter
co, may be sufficient. If, contrary to my ek
pectation, there should be a necessity for it, the
fact will be communicated to Congress in time
for: their action during the present session.—ln
no event will a sum exceeding Ail millions of
•dollars of this amount be needed before the
meeting of the session of Congress in Decem
ber, 1848. • • • -
The act of the thirtieth Of July, 1846, " re
dueing the duties on qinportii," has been in
force eine* the first December last; and I am
gratified to state, that all the beneficial effects
which were italeipated froth its operation have
been fully realised. The public revenue de
rived from customs during the year ending on
the first of December, 1847, exceeds by more
than eight millions of dollars the .amount re
ceived in the preceding year under the operation
of the act of 1842, which was superseded and
repealed by it. Its effects are visible in the
greet And almost unexampled prosperity which
prevails in every branch of business.
While the repeal of the prohibitory and re
strictive duties of the act of 1892, and the sub
stitution in their place of reasonable revenue
rates. levied on articles imported according . to
their actual value, has increased the revenue
and augmented our foreigh trade, all the groat
.interests of the country have been advanced and
prottioted.
The great and important interests of agricul
ture, which had been not only too much 111-
,lected, but actually taxed under the protective
policy for the benefit of other interests, lellp'e
been relieved of the burdens which that policy '
imptiffid on them; and our farmers and planters,
under a more just and liberal commercial poll
cy, are finding now and profitable markets
abroad for their augmented products.
Our commerce is rapidly increasing, and is
' exten di ng more widely the circle of interna
tional exchanges. Great as has b cen the in
crease of our imports during the, past year, our
exports of domestic products sold in foreign
markets have bemoan greater.
Our navigation interest is eminently pros
perous. The number of vessels built in the
United States hue been greater than during any
preceding period of equal lestgth. Large pro
fits have been derived by those who have C.)11,
streeted as well au by those who have navigat
ed them. Should the ratio of increase in the
number of tar Merchant vessels be progressive,
mid bens great for the fete re us during the past
year, the time is not distant when our tonnage
commercial marine will be larger than that
of any other :eaten in the world.
Whilst the intetests of agriculture, of corn
coerce, end of navigation have been enlarged
and invigorated, it, us highly gratifying to oh-
avt ve that our inane raceme are also inn pros
rerem. ewe:Litton, lum of the ruinous atrettis
upon this interest, which were apprehended by
some, as the result of the operation of the re \ -
em) 00510111 established by the act of IN 16,
have been experienced. On the contrary, the
number of manufactories, and the amount of
capital invested in them, is steadily and rapidly
increasing, affording
,gratifying proofs that
American enterprise and skill employed in this
branch of domestic industry, With no other
advantage than those fairly and incidentally
accruing from a just system of revenue duties,
am abundantly able to meet successfully all
corn petition from abroad, and still derive fair
and remunerating profits.
While capital investedein manufactures is
yielding adequate and fair profits under the
now system, the wages of labor, whether em
ployed in manufactures, agriculture, com•
fierce, or navigation, have been augmented.
'rho toiling millions, whose daily labor fur
nishes the supply of food and raiment, and all
the necessaries and comforts of life, are receiv
ing higher wages, and more steady and perma
nent employment than in any other country, or
at any previous period of our own history.
Sp successful have been all branches of our
indistry, that a foreign war, which generally
diminishes the resources of a nation has in no
essential degreo retarded our onward progress,
or checked our general prosperity.
With such gratifying evidences of prosperi
ty, and of the successful operation of the rev
enue act of 1846; every consideration of public
polity recommends that it shall remain un
changed. It is hoped that the system of import
duties which it established may be regarded ss
the permanent polioyy of the country, and that
the great interests affected by it may, not id&
be subject to be injuriously disturbed; as they
hare 'heretofore been, by frequent and some
times sudden changes. .
For the , di increasing the revenue,
and without changing or modifying the rates
imposed by the act of 184.1Lokihe dutiable,
"moles embraced by its provisions, I again rec
ommend to your favorable consideration the
expediency of levying a revenue duty on tea and
coffee. The policy which exempted there ar
ticles from duty during peace, and when the
revenue to be derived from them was not need
ed,,ceased to -exist when the country is egaged
in war, and requires the use of all its avlable
resources. It is a tax which would be so gen
difflood among the people, that-it would
be felt oppressively by none. It is believed
that there are not, in the list of imported arti
cles' tiny which are more properly the subject of
war duties than tea and coffee.
Ill_e_enttie WI clipsthMO.:milliobLig ilpjlay_s_
would be derived annually by moderate duty
imposed upon these urticles.
Should Congress avail itself of this addition
al source of revenue, not only would the amount
of the public loan rendered necessary by the
war with ritexico be diminished to that extent,
but the public credit, and the public confidence
in the ability and determination of the govern
ment to meet all its engagements promptly,
would be more firmly established, end the re
duced amount of the loan which it may be ne
cessary to negotiate could probably be obtained
at cheaper rotes.
Congress is, therefore, called upon to deter
mine whether it is wiser to impose the war du
ties recommended, or by omitting to do so,
increase the public debt annually three mila
lions of dollars so long as loans shall be re
quired to. prosecute the war, and afterwards
provide, in some other form, to pay the semi
annual interest upon it, and ultimately to extiu l ,
guish the principal. If, in addition to these
duties, Congress should graduate and reduce
the price of such of the public lands ae expe
rience has proved will not command the price
placed upon them by the government, au ad
ditional annual income to the treasury of bc-
twuen half a million and a million of dollars,
it Is estimated, would be derived front - this
source. .hotild both measures receive the
sanction or Congress, the annual amount of
public debt necessary to be contracted during
the continuance of the war would be reduced
near four millions of dollars. 'fhe duties
recotnniended to be levied on tea and coffee, it
is proposed shall be limited in their duration to
the end of the war, and until the public debt
rendered necessary to be contracted by it, shall
be discharged. Ihe amount of the public debt
o bo contracted should be limited to the lowest
nettles* sem,antWould he extinguished as
early after the conclusion - Wires war
weans of the treasury will permit.
With this view, it is recommended that, is
soon as the war shall be over, all the surplus
in the treasury, not needed for other indispen
sable objects, shall constitute a sinking fund,
and be applied to the purchase of the funded
debt, and that authority be conferred by law for
that purpose.
The act of the sixth of August, 1846, "to
establish a warehousing system, ' has been in
operation more than-a year, and has proved to
be an important auxiliary to the tariff of 1846,
in eugineuting the revenue, and extending the
coriunerce of the country. Whilst it has tended
to enlarge commerce, it has been beneficial to
our manufactures, by diminishing tamed sales
se auction of foreign goods at low prices, to
raise the duties to lie advanced on them, and
by checking fluctuations in the market. The
system, although sanctioned by the experience
of other countries, was entirely new in the U
nited States, end is susceptible of improvement
in some of its provisions. The Secretary of
the l'reasury, upon whom was devolved large
dipcnnienary powers carry tug this measure into
effect, has collected, and i s now collating, the
practical results of the system in other coun
tries, where it has long been established, and
will report at an early period 3f your session,
such further regulations suggested by the in
vestigationces utay render it still more effective
and beneficial.
By the act to "provide for the better organ
ization of the treasury, and for the collection,
safe keeping, and diabumement of the .public
revenue,' all banks were discontinued as fis
cal agents of the government, and the paper
currency issued by them was no longer permit
ted to be received in payment of public hinds,
The constitutional Trettstlrreteated by this
act went into operation on the first of January
last. Under the system established by it, the
public moneys have been collected, safely kept,
ana" disbursed.by the directagency,of officers
of the government in gold had silver; and trantr•
fern of large tunounts have been made from
points of collection to points of disbutsement,
without loss to the treasury, orinjury or bacon
venience to the trade of the country.
While the fiscal operations of the lovorn
ment have been conducted with regularity and
ease, under this system, it has had, a salutary
effect in checking and preventing an undue in
flation of the paper currency tesuCil by the
banks which exist under State charters: Re
quiring, as it does, all dues to the government
to be paid in gold and silver, its eflect is to re
strain excessive issues of bank paper by the
banks disproportioned to the specie in their
vaults, for the reason that they are at all times
liable to be called on by the holders of their
notes for their redemption, in order to obtain
specie for the payment of duties and other pub
lic dues. The banks, therefore, must keep their
business within prudent limits, and he always
in a condition to meet such calls, or run the
hazard of being compelled to suspend specie
payments, and bo thereby discredited. The
amount of specie imported into the the United
States during the last fiscal year was twenty
four millions one hundred and twenty-ono thou
sand two hundred and eighty-nine dollars ; of
which there was retained in the country twenty
two million two hundred and seventy-six thou
sand One hundred and seventy dollars. Had
the former financial system prevailed, and the
public moneys been placed on deposite in banks
nearly the whole of this amount would have
gone into their vaults,not to be thrown into circu
lation by them, but to be withheld from the
hands of the people an a currency, and made I
the basis of new and enormous issues of bask'
paper. A large proportion of the specie inn
ported /iris bven paid into the treasury for public
dues; and after having been, to u great extent,
rec.-Mired at the mint, has born paid out to the
public: creditors, and gone into circulation as a
currency among the people. The amount of !
Odd and ail ver coin now in circulation in the
(reentry is larger than at any former period.
The financial system established by the con
stitutional treasury has been, thus far, eminently 1
successful in its operations, and recommend un
adbcreecetuAll ltgessential jirovisions, especial- .
ly that provision which wholly peparatea the
, 4overninent 1(0111 all connexion with banks, and
exiduilei. bank paper from all revenue receipts,
In some ul it , ' details, not involving its gen-
ral principles, the system is defective, and will
require modification. These defects, and such
amendments as are deemed important, were set
forth in the last annual report of the Secretary
of the Treasury. These amendments are again
recommended to the early and favorable consid
eration of Congress.
During the past year. the coinage at the mint
and its branches has exceeded twenty millions
of dollars. This has consisted chiefly in con
verting the coins of foreign countries into A
merican coin.
The largest amount of forele-n coin import
' ed has been received at New Verb ; and if a
branch mint were established in that city, all
the foreign coin received at that port could at
once be converted into our own coin, without
the expense, risk, and delay of transporting it
to the raint for that purpose, and the amount re
coined would bemuch larger.
Experience has`proved that foreign coin, and
especially foreign gold coin, will not circulate
extensively as a currency among the people.
The important measure of extending our specie
circulation, both of gold and silver, and of dif
fusing itamong the people, can only be effect.
ed by converting such foreign coin into Amer
ken coin. I repeat the recommendation con
tained in my last annual message for the estab
lishment of a branch of the mint of the. United
States et the city of New York.
-All the public lands which had been survey
ed and were ready for market have been pro
claimed for sale during the past year. The
quantity offered and tO be offered for sale under
Proclamations issued since the first of January
ast, amounts to nine million one hundred and
thirty-eight. thousand five lundred . and thirty
one acres. The prosperity of the western States
and territories in which these lands lie will be
advanced hitheir sPeedy Sale. By withhold
ing them from market, their growth and in
crease of population would be retarded, while
thousands of our enterprising and meritorious
frontier population would be deprived of the
opportunity -of severing freeholds-ter-them
selves and their families. But in addition to
the general considerations which rendered the
early sale of these lands proper, it was a lead
leg object at this time to derive as large a sum
aspossible from this source, and thus diminish,
by that amount, the public loan rendered neces
eery by the existence of a foreign war.
- It is estimated that not less than ten millions
of. iltßi."...d_th.v.pkbli9.. l to44. licauney
and be in a condition to be proclaimed for sale
during the year 1848.
In my last annual message I presented the
reasons which in my judgment, rendered it pro--
pert° graduate and reduce the price of such of
the public lands ae have remained unsold for
long periods after they had beertoffored for sale
at public auction.iro
Many millions of acres of public lands lying
within the limits of several of the western
States have been offered in the market, and
been subject to ale at private entry for more
than twenty years, and large quantities for
more than thirty years, at the lowest price pre-
scribed by the existing laws, and it has been
found that they will not command that price.
They must remain unsold 'and uncultivated for
an indefinite period, unless the ',rice demaaded
for them by the government shall be redneed.
No satisfactory reason is perceived why they
should be longer hold at rates above their real
value. At the present period an additional rest
age ex bus fur adopting themeasutiCreCoiniherif
ed. When theeountry is !Rimed in a foreign
war, and we moat necessarily resort to loans,
it would seen, to be the dictate of wisdom - that
we shoultlAvail. ourselves of all our resources,
and thus limit the amount of the public indebt
edness to the loweet possible sum.
I recommend that the existing laws on the
subject of pre-emption rights be amended and
modified so as to operate prospective))', and to
embrace alt who may settle upon, the public
lands and make improvemeets upon them be
fore they are surveyed, as well as afterwards,
in all cases where such settlements may be
made after the Indian title shall have been ex
tinguished.
If the right of pre-emption be thus extended,
it will embrace a large and meritorious class of
our citixenel It will increase the number of
stnaTf'firiebeillifairbtrrtfordani;letitrwttl
be enabled thereby to educate their children and
otherwise improve their condition, While they
will be found at all times, as they have ever
proved themselves to be, in cite hour of danger
to their country, among our hardiest and heat
volunteer soldiers, ever-ready to tender their
services in cases of emergency, and among the
last to leave the field as long as an enemy re
mains to be encountered. Such a policy will
also impress these patriotic pioneer emigrants
with deeper feelings of gmthade tor the paren
tal care of their government, when they find
their dearest interests secured to them by the
permananentlaws of the land, and that they are
no longer in danger of losing their homes and
hard-earned improvements by being brought
into competition with a more wealthy class of
purchasers at tho land sales.
The attention of Congress was invited at
their last and the preceding session, to the im
portance of ostahl s ishing a Territorial govern.
merit over our possessions in OillgOn; and -it is
to ho regretted that there was ne legislation on
the sub;ect. Our citizens who inhabit that die.
taut region of country are still left without the
f rotec g tt ee o e n of
e o e u t i . lals e ,
e o n % any
the 9
f re gu larly uestno o fli a m n :
its and boundaries of the territory of Oregon
was definitely settled, from the necessity of
their condition, the inhabitants then established
a temporary government oftheir own:: Betides
the want of legal authority for continuing such
a government, it is wholly inadequate to pro
tect them in their rights of person and property
or to secure to them the enjoyment of the priv
ilege* of other citizens, to which they are enti
tled under the constitution of the United States.
They should have-the right of suffrage, be re
presented in a Territorial legislature, and by a
delegate in Congress; and possess all the rights
and privileges which citizens of other portions
of the Territories of the United States have
heretofore enjoyed or may now enjoy.
Oar judicial system, revenue laws, laws re
gulating trade and intercourse with the Indian
tribes, and the protection of our laws general.
ly, should be extended over them.
In addition to the inhabitants in that territory
who had previously emigrated to it, largo nun,
hers of our citizens have followed them during
the present year; and it is not doubted that dur
ing the next and subsequent 'ears their num
bers will be greatly increased.
Congress, at its last session. established
post-routes leading to Oregon, and between dif
ferent points within that territory, and authoriz
ed the establishment of post offices at "Astoria
and such other places on the coast of the Pacific
within the territory of the United States, as the
public interests may require." Post offices
have accordingly been established, deputy
postmasters appointed, and provision made fur
the transport ition of the mails.
The preservation of peace with the Indian
tribes residing west of tiro Rocky mountains
will render it proper that authority should be
given by law for the appointment aim adequate
number of Indian agents to reside among them.
1 recommend that a survoyor general's office
be established in that territory, and that the pub
s lie lands be surveyed and brought into market
at an early period.
I recommend, also, tint grants upon liberal
terms, of limited quantities of the public lands
be made to all citizens of the United States who
have emigrated, or nay hereafter within a pre
scribed period emigrate, to Oregon, and settle
upon them. These hardy and adventurous eit •
izens, wino have encountered the dangers and
privations of a long and toilsome journey, and
barn at length found an abiding-place for them
selves and their f unities upon the utmost verge
of our western limits, should be secu red in the
homes which they have improved bytheir labor.
I reh'r you to the aceoMirdilyillg report of
tire Secretary of War for a detailed account of
the operations of the various branched of the
public service connected with the department
under his charge. The duties devolved on this
department have been unusually onerous and re-
Tamable during the past year, and have been
discharged with ability and success.
rdejfie relatimis, continue to exist with the
various Indian tribes, and Illoet of them 111.11.1-
fest a strong friendship for the United States.
Some depredation* were committed during. the
past year upon our trains transporting supplies
for thourray, on the road between the Western
border of stissouri and Santa Fe. These
predations, which are supposed to have been I
committed by hands from the region of New
Mexico, have been arrested by the presence of
a military force, ordered out for that purpose.
Some outrages have boon perpetrated by a por
tion of the northwestern bands upon the weaker'
and comparatively defenceless neighboring
tribes. Prompt measures were taken to prevent
such occurrences in future.
Between one and two thousand Indians, be
longing to several tribes, have been removed
during the year from the east of the Missiisip
pi to the Country allotted to them vast of that
river, as their permanent home ; and arrange
ments have been made for o.lteN to MOW.
Sinco the treaty W . 1816 with the Cherokees,
the feuds among them appear to have subsided,
and they have become more contented and uni
ted than they have been for many years past.
The commissioners, appointnd in pursuance of
the act of J une J7th, 18113, to !settle claims aris
ing under the treaty of 18:15--'3ti, with that
tribe, have executed their ditties• ' and utter a
patient investigation, and a full and fiir exami
nation of all the cases brought before them,
closed their labors in the month of July last.
This is the futinh . board of commissioners
which has been organized under this treaty.
Ample opportunity has been afforded to all those
interested to bring forward their claims. No
doubt is entertained that impartial justice has
been done by the late board, and that all valid
claims embraced by the treaty have been con
sidered and allowed. The result, and the final
settlement to be made with this tribe, under the
treaty of 1846, which will be completed and
laid before you during your session, will ad
just all questions of controversy between them
and the United States, and produce a state of
relations with them simple, well-defined and
satisfactory.
Under the discretionary authority conferred
by the act of the third of March last, the annu
ities due to the various tribes have been paid
during the present year to the heads of families
instead of to their chiefs, or such persons as
they might designate, es required by the laws
previously existing. This mode of payment
has given general satisfaction to the great body
of the Indians. Justice has been done to them,
and they are grateful to the government for it.
A few chiefs and interested persons may object
to this mode of payment, but it is believed to be
thosnly_esotio_orpreyentinufratd and irepesi 7
lion fide being. practised upon the great body
of common Indians, constituting a majority of
all the tribes.
It is gratifying to perceive that a number of
the tribes have recently manifested an increas
ed interest in the establishment of schools a
mong them, and are making rapid advances in
agriculture,—ampe of them pzedueing a suflici.
ant quantity of food for their support, and in
some cases a limping to dispose of to their ,
neighbors. The comforts by which those who
have received even a very limited education,
and have engaged in agriculture, are surround
ed, tend gradually to draw albeit less civilized
brethren from the precarious means of subsist
ence by the chase, tabulate of labor and cavtli
zation.,
The Accompanyingreport of the Secretary of
the Navy preannta a satisfactory and gratifying
account of the condition and operations of the
naval service daring the past year. Our com
mence has been pursued with increased activi
ty, and with safety and success, in.orery quar
ter of the globe under the protection of ourtag,
vitihh our - nar'y bass canoed to be respected 'in
the most distant seas.
In the gulf of Mexico, and in the Pacific, the
•fficers and men of our squadrons hove dio
.layed distinguished gallantry, and performed
• luable services. In the early surges of the
• ar with Mexico, her ports onboth coasts were
.lockaded„And more recently 'many of them
ave-been captured and held by our navy.
Vhen acting In co-operation with the land (or
es, the naval officers and men have performed
llaot anti distinguised services on land as well
on Water, and deserve the high commendation
. the country. • _
While other maritime powers are , adding to
heir navies large numbers of war steamers, it
as a wise pOlicy on our part to make similar
. . trrenrrtsvr --The-four • ,
uthorized by the act of the third of nurch,D347,
re in course of conetruction.
In addition to the four war steamers author
zed by this act, the Secretary of the Navy has,
pursuance of its provisions, er.tered into
ontracts for the construction of five steamers,
be employed in the transportation of the Uni.
'States mail "from New York to New Dr
eam', touching at Charleston, Savannah, and
*liana, and front 'Havana to Chagres;" for
hree steamers to be employed in like manner
row Panama to Oregon, "so as to connect with
e mail from Havana to Chaves scones the
ethnius;" and for five steamers-titbit employed
n like manner from New York to Liverpool.
'hese steamers will be the property of the con
tors, but are to be built "under the suporin
:ndence and direction of a naval •constructor it
e employ of the Navy Department, and to be
o constructed as to render them:convertible at
e least .ossible expense into war steamers of
A prescribed nWiebeiof naval officers, as well
Na 'post office agents, are to be on board of them;
and authority is reserved to the Navy Depart
ment at all times to "exercise control over said
steamships," and "to have the right" "to take
them for the exclusive use and service of the
United States" "upon making~ . proper compere.
Nation to the contractors therefor."
' . Whilat thear same ships will be employed
intranspotting the mails oftho ILL States coast
wise, and to foreign countries, upon an annual
compensation to be paid to' the owners, they
will be always ready, upon an erneagency re
quiring it, to be converted into war steamers;
end the right reserved to take them for public
use, will add greatly to the efficiency and
strength of this:description of our naval force.
To the steamers thus authorized under con
tracts made by the Secretary of the Navy,should
be added five other steamers under contracts
made in pursuance of law by the P. M. Gene
ral, an addition, in the whole, of eighteen war
steamers, subject to be taken for public use. As
further contracts for the trunsportion of the mails
to foreign countries lay be authorized by Con
gress,n\ this number ybe enlarged indefinitely.
The enlightened ielicy by which a rapid
communication with the various distant parts
of the globe is establ shed, by means of Amer
ican-built sea steamy s, would find ale ample
reward in the increase of our commerce, and in
making our country ;it d its resources more fa
vorably known abroad but the national advan
tage is still greater, of acing our national offi
cers made familiar with steam navigation ; and
of having tho privilege of taking tho ships al
ready equipped for immediate service at a mo
ment's notice; and will be cheaply purchased
by the compensation to be paid for the transpor
tation of the mail in them, ever and above the
postage received.
A just national pride no less than our com
mercial interests, would seem to favor the poli
cy of augmenting the number of this descrip
tion of vessels. They can be built in our
country cheaper and in greater numbers than in
any other in the world.
limier you to the accompanying report of the
Postmaster General for a detailed and satisfac
tory account of the condition and operations of
that department duriug the past year. It is grat
ifying, to find that, within so short a period after
the reduction in the rates of postage, and not
withstanding the great increase of mail service,
the revenue received for the year will be mufti-
Mont to defray all the expennes, and, that no
further aid will be required truth the treasury
fur that purpose.
The first of tha American mail steamers au
thorized by the act of the third of March, 1845,
was completed and entered upen the service on
the first of June last, and is now on her third
voyage to Bremen and other intermediate parts.
Tha other vessels authorized under the provis
ions of that act are in coureo of construction,
and will he put upon the line as soon as corn
plated, Cont.-acts have also been made for thu
transportation of the mail in 3 steamer from
Charleston to Havana.
A reciprocal and satisfactory postal arrange
ment has been made by the Postmaster General
NI ill' thy authorities ct Illenicn, and no dial-
cnity in apprehended in mai, similar arrange
inemn with all other Powers with which we
may have coin Ell unicatiimn by mail steamers
except Great Britain.
On the arrival of the first of the. American
steamers, bound to Bremen, at Southampton, in
tho month of Juno last, the „British post officer
directed the collection of discriminating, posea
vs on all letters and other mailable matter,
which she took out to Great Britain, or which
went into the British post office on their war to
Fiance and other parts of Europe. The effect
of the order of the British post office is to sub
ject all letters and other matter transported by
American steamers to double postage, 1.1111; post
age having been previously paid on them to the
United States, while letters transported in Brit
ish steamers arc subject to pay hut a single pos
tage. This measure was adopted with the
avowed object of protecting the British line of
mail steamers now rennin°. between Boston and
Liverpool, and, if permitted to• continuo, must
speedily put an end to the transportation of all
letters and other matter by American strainers,
and give to British steamers a monopoly of the
business. A just and thir reciprocity is all that
we desire, and on this we must insist. By our
laws, no such discrimination is made against
British steamers bringing letters into our port
hut all letters arriving iu the United States are
subject to the saute rate of postage, whether
brought in British or American vessels. 1 re
fer you to the report of the Postmaster General
for a full statement of the facts of the case, and
of the steps taken by him to correct this inequal
ity. lie has exerted all the power conferred
upon him by the existing laws.
I The minister of the United States at London
has brought the subject to the attention of the
British government, and is now engaged in ne
t gotiations for the purpose of adjusting recipro
cal postal arrangemeots, which shall be ()quai
l
ly just to both countries. Should ho fail in
concluding such arrangements, and should
Great Britain insist on enforcing the unequal
and unjust measures she has adopted, it will
Ibecome necessary to cunfis- additional poWers
on the Postmaster General, in order to enable
him to meet the emergency, and to put our own
1 steamers on an equal footing with the British
steamers engaged in transporting the mail be-
I tweet, the two countries; and I recommend that
such powers be conferred.
In view of the existing state ()four country, I
I trust it may not be inappropriate, in closing
this communication, to call to mind the words
of wisdom and admonition of the lirst and most
illustrious of my predecessors, in his farewell
address to his countrymen.
The greatest and best of men, who served his
country so long, and loved it so much, fore
saw, with "serious concern," the danger to
! our Union "of chanicterising parties by geo
graphical discriminations—northern and south
ern, Atlantic aced western—whence designing
men may endeavor to excite a belief that there
Is a difference of local interests and vie a," and
Warned his countrymen against it.
So deep and solemn was his conviction of
the importance of the Union and of preserving
harmony between its different parts, that he
declared to his countrymen in that address,
"it is of-Infinite moment that you should prop- ,
erly estimate the immense value of your na-
tiomil Union to your collective and individual ,
.liiippirtess ; that you should cherish a cordial,
habitual and immoveable attachment to it; lie
euetotning yourselves to think and speak of
it, as a ,peladiuta of your political safely and
prosperity; watching for its preservation with
jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever
may suggest even a suspicion that it can in any '
event be abandoned ; and indignantly frowning
ttpriatthe ffrat dawning of every attempt tottlic-
nate any portion of our country front the rest, ;
or Jo enfeeble the sacred tics which now link
us together."
- -After the lapse of-half a century, these ad-
monitions of Washington fall upon us with ell 1
the force of truth. It is difficult to estimate the '
"immense value " C.f our glorious 'Union of
confederated States, to which we ant so much
indebted for our growth in 'population and
wealth, anti for all 'that constitutes us a great
and' happy nation. . Mow. unimportant are all i
our differences of npinion . upon minor gees- !
dons of public p olicy, compared 'its pre-
servation; and . how scrupulotialy Should we ,
avoid all agitating teples which may tend to
distract and divideus Into contendinarties..
Oa . -'. i , ! - .1 . : •, . .;, niti,W g priTiebyii
may be weaken or endangered.
Invoking the bleasings of the Almighty I? n
ler of the Universe upon your deliberations, it
will be my high's; duty, no less than my bin
core pleasure, to eo-opentto with you in all
measures which may tend 1.0 promote the honor
- and enduring welfare of our common country.
JAMES K. POLK..
Wssuirrovori, December, 1847.
Tat & itAANIEo
GETTYSIIILIRG.
Friday Evening, Ike, 10, 1847.
FOR PREBIDENT,
GEN, WINFIELD SCOTT.
APPRENTICE TO THE PRINTING BUSINEL
11:1 - Wi11 be taken at this Office, if early applica
tion be mule. The applicant must ho possessed
of correct habits, and fmin 14 to 17 years of age.
Irp.The Meesage has crowded out sev
eral advertisements and articles intended
Tor to-tlafspaper--anumgthem.Vindex."
17".Vire aro requestial to state that the
Stores in Petersburg, (Y. S.) will be clo
sed on Christmas day.
llcrOur thanks arc due to Messrs.
Nes and SrcwauT fur early copies of the
Message.
110"TIIE MESSAGE will be found
in to-day's paper in fidl. The space occu
pied by it leaves no room for comment this
week. The reader will perceive that a
large portion of it is devoted to the War
question—the President re-affirming the
falsehood that hostilities origidated by the
act of Mexico, and asserting,. w ith unblush
ing effrontery, that the best efforts of the
Ad ministration have been directed to a pre•
servution of peaceful relations between the
two Republics. Ile is in favor of contin
uing the war—is opposed to the policy of
withdrawing our troops, or adopting a de
fensive line of operations—admits, what
was earnestly denied a year ago, that the
war is waged for the acquisition of terri
tory—says he will sanction no treaty which
does not secure territoriaa indemnity, and
intimates that unless Mexico yields us
what we want. it may become necessary
for us to take the whole'of her territory !
The Sub-treasury and Tariff of 18111 are
eulogized, and a Tax on Tea and Coffee
is again recommended.
piAAn immense meeting of the Whigs
of Philadelphia assembled on Monday eve
ning last, to respond to the Resolutions of
Mr. Ctnv on the war. Strong resolutions,
covering the entire ground assumed by Mr.
CLAY, were adopted, together with a reso
lution complimentary to Mr. CLAY, and
Geus. Sco•rr and TArLot.
tcpThe venerable ALBERT GALLATIN,
of N. York has published a parophloton the
Mexican War, in which he takus ground
almost identical with that of Mr. CLAt in
his Lexington Resolutions.
7The Iluntingdon Journal and the
Hollidaysburg Register announce their de
cided preference (or WINFIELD SCOTT for
PreLident.
0:!7 - Maj. Jack DowNwaisout in another
Inti.rcsting twin : it IV ill uppearnext week.
NGR 3ongrefts assetfibled at
12 o'clock on Monday last-11 Senators,
and 221 of the 228 Representatives, being
in their seats. Nothing was done in the
Senate except receiving the credentials of
the new Senators.
In the !louse, after the calling of the
roll by the old Clerk, on motion of Mr.
Adams, the members proceeded to ballot
for a Sfpeaker. On the Ist ballot, Robert
C. Winthrop. (Whig,) of Massachusetts,
received 108 votes ; Linn Boyd, (Loco,)
of Kentucky, GI ; and scattering, 51.
Neither valid idate having received a ma
jority of all the votes polled. a second bal
lot was ordered and stood—Winthrop 109,
I .Boyd 82, scalwring 28.
lln the :id ballot Mr. Winthrop was de
! dared elected, the unit being, Winthrop
110 ; Boyd 01, and 44 scattering.
Thr,Sughont the ballotingq al! the Whig
members present voted for Mr. Winthrop,
except :Messrs. Giddings of Ohio, Jonesof
' Georgia. and Palfrey of Massachusetts.—
Mr. Giddings voted for Gen. Wilson, Mr.
Jones for Maj. Gaines, and Mr. Palfrey
for Mr. Hudson. Levin (Native) voted
I for J. R. Ingersoll on the Ist and 2d bal
lot ; but on the 3d ballot, he and Mr. dimes
voted for Winthrop, thus securing his
itetion. Mr. Winthrop did no: vote. The
Locofoco members had no settled midi
! date.
I The oath of office was administered to
the Speaker by Mr. Adanis, after which
Mr. Winthrop returned his acknowledge
! meats to Ow House Man eloquent address.
Committees having been appointed to
prepare Roles for the government of thu
!louse, and to notify the President of the
organization, Mr, Levin offered a Itesolu
i non re-appointing Mr. FRENCH Clerk—
' pending the consideration of which the
House adjourned.
TUESDAY.—The Ilouse proceeded to
the election of a clerk, and on the Ist bal
lot Tnom.ts J. UANtettEm.,(Whig,) of Ten
nessee, received 113 voted: DENJAMIN B.
I.';u:scil (Loco) IOU; and 3 scattering.•—
dlr. Campbell having received a majority
of the whole vote, was decluzed elected.
The annual Me,:s;ige wls received and
read by the Clerk. The House ordered
the printing of 15,000 eopiei of the Nies.
sage and acompanying documents and
the Senate 23,00 copies.
WEDN ESDAY.—Nothing of import;
ance dime in either branch. The Muse
nom pleted its organization by electing Na
than Sargent, seargeant-at-arms ; Robert
E. Horner, door-keeper; and J. M. John
son, puetulaster.
MEXICO.—There have been
several arrivals from Mexico, bringing,
however, bet little intelligence of impor
mar% Rumors of anticipated pears pre
vailed, as usual, at the Capital. General
Quitman, and a number of other officers,
arrived at New Orleans last week—the
former being on his way to Waali ington,
with instructions from Gen. Scott to report
personally to the War Department.. We
notice the tunic of Col. RAmsex among
the arrivals.
We understand that several letters have
been received, within a few days, by the
friends of the young men connected with
Capt. Barnard's company of Voligeurs.—
We are pleased to learn that, although en
gagbd in the thickest of the fight at Contre
ras, Churtibuseo and Chupultepec. they all
escaped unharmed, and are now in the city of
Mexico, in good health—except Serjeant
Wm. J. Mit.natt, who had been left at the
hospital at Perom on account or sickness.
0: 4 -7. 'The 11. S. Government is fitting out
an expedition to survey and examine the
Dead Sea, in Palestine. Mr. Polk, with
marvellous etniSistemey, deems it all right
and proper to expend the national funds in
explorations thousands of miles from home,
but holds it unconstitutional to appropriate
a few thousand dollars to the survey and
improvement of our Lakes and Rivers.
"We always'nialie it a point to support
those who support the country, when posts
of reaposibility and honor arc at stalic,"---
Compiler.
(iCTSound doctrine thatt and fully ad
vised of our neighbor's consistent devotion
to principle, no wonder we were surprised
when he announced his preference for a
leading champion of anti-war Federalism
of 1812, who denounced President MADI
SON as "the degenerate Successor of IVatilt.
ington," and declared that if he thought he
had "a drop of Democratic blood in his
veins, " he would •let it out."
1111 - T Mr. CLAY is expected ro be in
'Washington in a few day*, to argue nevi.-
ral important eases before the :humane
Court of the U. States.
K Great preparations nre being moth
at New Orleans to receive Oen. 'l'et•r,ntt,
on his return to the U. States. The wel
come will be a cordial one.
OrGen.' 'raylor arrived at Orleans
on the list inns.
Mr'rlie steadier Britania arrived at Tlos
ion on IVeditesday. No intelligence of
interest except the loss or the packet-ship.
AVliitney off the coast or Ireland with 02
of her crew and passengers.
A4IARuIEI),
On the 3d inst. by the lieu. B. Keller, Me. Chi,.
C. KKI OLR, Hergeunt C. H. A., and Man Cam
MN IS £5 I. CIES, Or this place.
On the titith ult. by F. G. Hoffman, Esq., Mr.
Parra STOMBAVOII. and Mit'N BAH EAR k
111.1'011—both of Franklin township.
On Tnesday, the 7th inst. at the Caledonia
Iron works, by the Rcv. Mr. Green, Mr. Jou:.
11 lons tt and Miss AU EtIRE KFrr Lour
111 E D,
In Hanover. on Tuesday week, after a painful
ilinem, Mrs. ELIZADr.TU SKINNER, eon.,ort txf
Capt.. Luther IL Skinner, in her 70th year.
ht Mountjoy township. on the sth inst., .tons
MELLKII, son of Mr. John Muting, aged 3 years,
months and 26 days.
In Mountplcasant township, on the 6th inst Axm
C,tru►nma, Wire Of Mr. 111C01 , Howard, aged 65
years and 9 months.
13.11LTUIOtt E '►l:ltt K~;T.
rt(o4 TUIIiAtTInORE OF WEl , Ntst , a T
' BEEF CATTLE—There wrrr Ib2o head of.
fered at the Scales on Monday, ?SO of which hold
at $4 00 as 3 73 per 100 11m. net. Then prices
allow a decline,
1i OCa3.-4 des of Live lioge a4 :';'s 25 a .'irö 50
—a a alight advance.
FLOUR.—The flour market dull and few sales.
Hoidens of Howard atrcet branda generally asktis.-
26—some are asking 36 37. atecalpts arts %any
light. A hale of 600 tile. at Ciity Mills at 36 37
Corn meal sold at F„,i3 01} a .$3 50 ; Rya Flout at
$5 67.
G RAIN—The receirta of gnsin roritinue light .
good to prime red wheat told this inc.:Ting
a St 47; whits) is nominal at !I 37 a AI 4d;
white for family dour $1 Lb. White Corn :JR
a6O eta; yrilow 03 a 70. Oat. 36 it 4 n:
tiS a 03. C1utc 4 0,... , ,.: a l .
INSTRUMENTAL AND VOCAL
Vll}, E members of "Gnms Loupe
BANr" would respectfully infotni the
Citizens of Gettystung anti vicinity tha t,
in connection with the "IIAiDN - Associ -
TION " of this place, who limas kindly con
sen LA to assist, they purpase eying' a grand
Instrumental and Veen' t Mt.
Court (louse, on /iv/new/ay etteert;nr.
2thl inst., w hets a variety of favorite and poik-
Mar airs will lie performed. rc, Special Ar
rangements have been made for die :Accom
modation of Ladies.
AtimNstis.--4.4iiagle tickets /5 mite
tickets admitting a gentleman and two L.
dies 50 cis. Fur particulars ace tonall
Balls. [Dee, 10, J 847.
FOR THE HOLLMAYS.
A Large assortment
Anuuals & Gilt
.Books,
S k l n ,
itc. •
suitable for Presents at
the approaching Holidays. has just been
received at the j
ook and Stationery Storo
of S. 11, BCEIII.EII, in Cliainberstntrg street.
INCLUDISO
l'rientlehip's OffiTing, The C*ll., The
Hyacinth, 7'l,e Moss llose,Christion
Keepsake, Relizients Soitrenier,
Poems by .47nelia, Do. by
Mrs. Sigourney,
Chihte Harold, Hood's Poem*, 4-e., &T..
together with a 1:u-ge variety of G ivy
Bo U K S, &e., for ull uges—handsono—
ly bound and embellished—all of whivh
will be sold very low. uCall and t.‘:
them. S. 11. 'BUEHLER.
Gettyslinrg, Pre. 10, 1847.
. 1 1 drfirle!
ghnii.l.l3 . S. of WALNUT KEII-
‘"F. NELS, (in good order.)
wanted at tr:r C. it 'cucer'e Confectionary
in - Gettysburg,for which 121 - etd;
will be paid in Cash. immediate atten
tion is required. As the above *Ririe can
be prepared by those who have 'Walnut:
on hand, at leisure hours, attention will
well pay. [Dec. 10, 1847.
- 1 R
lEN 1.)8' AWIAN AC for 1849, h,, 1 1 Elijah Weaver,
Halo nt C. WENVER'S Confectionary in
Uuttydburg.
9L-I'ON"V forget the Christmas Present.;
at WEAV Elt'S COSIfUe tiunary---ei,ll
and see them.
11 OLD PENS AND SILVER PEN
CILS, (best finality) Card. Cases.
Visiting and Printing Cards, Fancy Note
Paper, Envelopes, Moan Wafers, Palley
Sealing Wax, Letter Stamps, Ate.. for sale
8. H. BUEHLER
December 10
CIIOOI, BOOKS AND IiTATION
-0 E RV, of k Ws, copotantly lonia
and fur side, at , 114 e /moth prices, at the
Bunk and Stationery Store of
Dee. 10. S. 11. IWEIILER.
ANC Y A RTIC LES, Cologne,Suain,
Bair .Tocuh Brushes, Tudet
Brushes, Tooth Puwders, &v., &e., fur
sale) by ti. 11. LIU EULER.
Dee. 10.
lILli P.: DICKS.
will.be
Company, at the house of A. IL
lit;a•ri. on Saturday, (to-morrote) the
111 h of December inst. at °o'clock, P. M.
At Ole last meeting of the Company, it
was moved and adopted, that all thosic,_Wilik
signed the original agreement to become
'numbers, be permitted to do so, by sign
ing the constitution at any time before or
at the next stated meeting, without the for
mality of an election. •
Doi. 10. C. HORNER, &ea.
T Z .
C. 13111.111.4 COUNTII P.l.
MONO the Records of the Orphans'
Court of Cambria county, of July
Term, 1.84 i, it is thus contained : the
of the Real Estate of Henry Musser,
late of Lancaster county, deceased, Notice
having been given of the Rule obtained at
the last Term of the Orphans' Court on
the Heirs and Representatives of said de
mined,. to appear MI the Monday of the
present Term to accept or refuse to take
the Real Estate of said deceased, at the vsl
nation, and none of the heirs or represco
tatives appearing it) pursuance ((suit rule,
and the miner having been continued by
the Court until this day—the Court, of
application of Ilfoses (:moan. Esq., in he.
half of Susanna 'Reigart. one of the heirs
of the deceased. granted a rule //11 the heirs
and representatives of said Henry Musser,
deceased, to appear on the first dav of nest
term of the Orphans Court of Cambria
county. being the first Monday in October
next, to allow cause why the Real Einater
of the said deceased, in said comity of
Cambria should not be sold—notice tiara'
of to be given in a newspaper published fir
this county of Cambria soil in cavil of me
counties in which the heirs reside.
And now, to wit, at Oetoher Term, 1107,,
the above ride enlarged moil the next firm
of said Court, to he held on the first Mon
day in January neat, with notice to
en ;is above ordered.
Ehent4burg, 3 illy i, 1817.
C.3.1/B/?/..1 COUNTY. SS.
s m t , 1, itishrtt Clerk
4 ( 0 '.;"„. 'of the Orphans' Court of snit),
, county, do certify the Meegoinit
- to he a true extract front 1111.
'445 proceedings of tthe Orphans'
Court of Cambria county, ar July u.nd
tober Terms, 1t447. testimmsy where
of I have. hereunto act my hand-atut
etl the seal of said Cotat r at Ebestsbutrg.
the 11111 October, 1 8 47 -
J. 1111./ONALI4 Clerk,
lice. 10, 11117-11, •
MO TICE
IS HEREBY GIVEN. 'flat apglflra•
firm will he made by the undersigned
and others, to the next Legislature of Oyu
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, for
incorporation of a (I°ll4llllly under tb
name and style, or intended name- anYt)•
style, of TUR BERLIN SAVING - INSTITro
'lioN, capital Fifty Thousand Dolla►r,ih.
signed as an office of discount and
II; and to be located in Last
Berlin, .IJ
ams counntv, Pu.
David Mellinger. John Deliulle.
William Wolf, GeluguSehlt oar.
J. J. Kuhn, .1. 11. Aulabriugh.
Charles Spangler, Sawa iliklobehml•
GuinnlS off.
King. .
.
George 14. Dialer , AbohoillFTviiniroorg
John Diehl, ()Jilt: ILlag/6'
J. 1.... 23, 18L;.—o.ii