THE STAR OF THE NORTH.
B. W. Wearer, Proprietor.]
-VOLUME 8.
THE STAR OF THE NORTH
| PUBLISHED EVERT WEDNESDAY MORNING BY
R. W. WEAVER,
OFFICE—Up sinirt. in the new brick build
ing, MS the south tide of Main Street,
third square below Market.
TERMS j —Two Dollar* per annum, if
paid w:thin-iix month* from the time of sub
scribing ; two dollar* and fifty cent* if not
paid within tbe year. No subscription re
oeived for a le*a period than six month* ; no
■discontinuance permitted untii all arrearages
are paid, unless at the option of the editor.
ADVERTISEMENTS not exceeding one square
Will be inserted three times for One Dollar
and twenty-five cents for eacb additional in
sertion. A liberal discount will be made to
those who advertise by the year.
rhK MISNOMEIIB OF THE DAY.
Miss Fortune's no fortune at all,
Mits Rich cannot master a guinea,
Mias Little's a little too tall,
Miss Wise is completely a ninny.
Miss Black ia as white as the snow,
Miss Green is as red as a cherry,
Miss Brown's rather greenish or so,
Whilst Miss While is ss brown as a berry.
MM Ichbald'a fine head of hair,
Hare baa got none on her noddle;
Miss Yonng ia old, wrinkled and spare.
Miss Lightbody scarcely can waddle.
Mies Heavyaide bounds like a roe,
Mis* Wild i* grave, dull and uncheery;
Mia* Still ia accounted the go,
Miss Grave is excessively merry .
Miss Sharp haa got blunt as they say,
Miss Dark ia prodigiously bright ;
Miss Night has been turned into day,
And Miss Day is to marry a knight.
Then here ia a health to them all,
Good luck to them sleeping or waking;
If 'tis wrong a fair maid to Miss-call,
Yet there's surely no sin in Miss taking.
AW ALPHABET OF SELF-MADE MLR.
The following from Hoosehold Words give
in * briet apace the names and characteris
tic* of eminent living characters who have
raited themselves to distinction by their own
exertions.
To begin with the letter A, and dash has
tily and skippingly on through the alphabet—
we fiod that Anderson, the popular Danish
novelist, was the son of a robler, and educa
ted at a charity school; and that he tried for
yeara to gain a living by - various handicraft
trades, being frequently on the very brink of
starvation. Berangnr, the celebrated French
lyric poet, neglected by his vagabond father,
a poor tailor, and was a gamin on the streets
of Paris till promoted lor a lime to the digni
ty of a pot boy. Elihu Burrilt, as all know,
waa a blacksmith's apprentice. Carlelon,
the Irish novelist, who now enjoy m pension
of £2OO a year, is the eon of a peasant and
begged bis way to knowledge. Rafael Car
rara, President ol the Republic of Guatamala
began life aa a drummer-boy aDd a cattle
driver. Mr. Cobden ia the son of a small
farmer, and entering a warehouse in London
when a boy, rose through its various grades
of service. Sir William Cubitt was a work
ing miller, then a joiner and then a mill-,
wright. Dumas, the French novelist and
dramatist, is tbe illegitimate son of a planter
and a negress, and was in all but starvation in
Paris, till he hit upou the way to distinction.
Farada, tbe eminent chemist is the son of a
poor blacksmith, and began his career as the
apprentice ot a bookbinder. Millard Fill
more, late President of the United States, was
first a ploughboy, then tried the trade of a
clothier, and was then apprenticed to a wood
carder. The present Emperor of Hayti was
born a slave. Herring, the animal painter,
began the profession of art with sign-boards
and coach panels. Jasmin, the Burns of the
south of France, is the son of a tailor, arid
the grandson of a common beggar. Mr.
Lindsay, M. P., the great shipowner, left his
borne in Ayr with 3s. 6d. in bis pocket, (o
push hi* fortune, aa a ship boy ; he worked
his passage to Liverpool by assisting in the
coal-bole of a steamer; and for a part of the
time after he arrived, begged during the day,
and slept in tbe sheds and street at night.—
Lough, the distinguished sculptor, began the
world in the capacity aa a ploughboy. Mill
ie, the inventor of the wel! known rifle, was
a private soldier. Robert Owen was a ehop
bov to a grocer, and then a draper. Johan
nes Ronge, the leader of the German Cctho
lie movement, sheep when a boy.—
Stanfield, the distinguished landscape paint
er, was • cabin boy, and tbe ship-master was
his first patron. Their*, tha well known hia
torian, and ex-minister ol France, is the son
of a poor blacksmith, and was aducaled gra
tuitously at the public school of Marseilles.
Thomas Wright, the Manchester prison phil
anlhropist, waa a weakly worker in an iron
foundry for forty-seven yeera, till a large sum
of rpooey wae raised by a subscription to
cqgtite h ' m 10 fy on hi* philanthropies!
labors.
There i( enoouragamant here, we faney,
for the poor, the down-hearted; and likewise
rebuke for those who are continually harping
on lbs wrong* of tbe indigent end impassa
ble barrier* between high and low.
VoLTAiac.—One evening Voltaire and Pi
ton, who were mortal enemies, met at the
house of a mutual friend, and early the next
morning Pi ton got up and wrote the word
'villain' upon Voltaira's door. The latter no*
tioed it, when be eame from bit room, and
gueeaiog who inscribed it, be eoogbt pi ran,
and shaking bim oordially by the hand,
thanked bim for showing him ap much cour
tesy, as to leave his (Piron's) name a: his
door so early in the morning I
OT Intelligent conversation ia the great
charm of man, tba finest tolao* oi intellectu
al labors, and the simplest yet most effect
ual and deljghtfol mode of at once resting
nod invigorating the mind, whether wearied
by etndy or depressed by struggles with for
tone.
BLOOMSBURG, COLUMBIA COUNTY. PA., WEDNESDAY. JULY 23, 1856.
LETTER FROM WM. B. REED, ESQ.
ARGUMENTS FOR OLD LIME WLIKM.
Below is tbe lettei (read at tha recent
Democratic meeting at Wilkinaburg) from
that distinguished and able leader of the Old
Whig party, Wnt. B. Reed, Esq., of Phila
delphia, in which he gives his reason* for
supporting Buohanan end Breckinridge in
preference to tbe illiheral and aectional can
didates of the opposition :
PHILADELPHIA, June 80, 1866.
GENTLEMEN I have had the honor to re
ceive your letter of the 90lh inat. It would,
I assure you, give me great pleasure to have
the opportunity of saying to my fnllow-citi
zens of Allegheny county why 1 support the
nomination of Buchanan, earnestly and ac
tively. But engagements here entirely pre
clude it. I should have peculiar satisfaction
in being among you now because my laat
visit to Pittsburg wea on a very different er
rand. 1 was there, two years ago, as a
member of what waa fupposed to be the
Whig State Committee, with an earnest anx
iety on my pari to save from insult and de
feat your fellow citizen, George Darsie, a
man of high character and unquestioned in
tegrity, and who I thought, (and the event
showed how truly,) waa about to be sacri
ficed because his birth place and very early
childhood happened to be abroad.
With what follows, I need not trouble you;
but within ike next year I found myeell
obliged by mere 'self-respect publicly to re
nounce all active connection with this Com
mittee. My reasons ate before my fellow
oittzens—and I leel no little pride in the rec
olleclioti that I did not wait for its moment
of decay and discomfiture to express my an
tsgouism. to that unconstitutional and anti-
Republican party known as the Know-
Nothing organization. When I said what I
thought about it, it was in its full power of
mischief. It is not necessary to speak of it
now. Its honest adherents, (and there were
not a few,) are leaving it. Its managers and
designers and contrivers ought never to be
forgiven for having disfigured the political
history of the country by the tradition, as it
has- now become, ol a party which proscri
bed a man's religion and drew distinctions
between those whom the Constitution apd
laws make equal.
It destroyed the old Whig rarly utterly and
completely; and when I am now asked to
vote for Mr. Fillmore, as still a Whig, or for
Mr. Douelson as a Democrat, I have a plain
answer, that, as I understand it, each ol
these gentlemen became an adhering Krow-
Nothing or a technical "American," passed
the several degrees of the order, and took its
foolish and wicked oaths. If this be so—
and it has been openly asserted and never
denied—if Mr. Fillmore, an ex President of
the United Stales, ever took an oath or obli
gation to exclude or aid in excluding a man
from public trust, simply on account of his
religion or hi* birth—it in taking that obli
gation be had to purge himself from all sym
pathy or connection with catholics or for
eigners, however innocent and respectable,
then I cannot as a gentleman or an Ameri
can citizen vote for Mr. Fillmore. There
haa died in this city within the last two
months, one of our most venerable
a resident here for more than half a century,
though born abroad and a Roman Catholic.
I followed him to his grave. Hia whole
heart waa loyal to hia adopted country, and
true to tbe faith of his ancestors. Two of
his sons, my personal and political friends,
professing the same religious opinions with
their father, for years represented this oily in
the Legislature of the Slate with honor
to themselves and their constituency, and
yet if they and he were alive now. they
would find' themselves by (hia new ritual
proscribed and disqualified. I refer to this
as a most striking, and to my immediate
fellow-citizens tamiliar illustration of the
practical and inevitable fruits of this organi
zation. Well may we be grateful that a
party professing such principles has passed
away I 1 beg your pardon for troubling you
with this reference to it.
Those who were once Whigs, ere, on Ihe
on Ihe other hand, asaed to vote for Fremont
and Dayton, not as Whigs, bat as what are
called "Republicans ;" for it seems to be
assumed, (and perhaps history justifies it,J
that nothing is easier for a Whig than to
change his name. If be does it in a certain
direction, and calls himself a Know Nothinir,
or a "Republican," it is all very well; but if
he choses, in the exercise of a manly discre
tion, stimulated by local pride, to act with
the Democratic party, as I certainly mean
to do, there is no end to the denunciation he
receives. Mr. Fremont I do not know per
sonally, and what I have read of him in
duces me to think he is a gentleman of en
lire personal respectability, of rambling, ad
venturous habits of ITfe, and large specula
tive wealth. My gallant townsman, Dr.
Kane, has done quite as much in the way of
adventure, endured as mnoh hardship, gained
as large a scientific fame in the cause of hu
man charity, and yet I am not aware that he
has any immediate aspirations for the Presi
dency. He is not a rich man, and lives in
Philadelphia. Mr. Dayton Ido know, and
have known him long and well, and among
all the asperities of politics, it is very pleas
ant to have tho ohanoe of bearing testimony,
(valueless though it may he,) to his high so
cial and intellectual position. He is worthy
of any honor the nation can bestow on him,
although thla time hia fair ambition cannot
be gratified. Mr. Dayton stands on the Re
publican platform; having within teu years,
as a Senator, voted against eatonding the
Missouri Compromise Ihre to the Pacific
ocean, aod in favor of the Wilmot Proviso,
on the lest question, if I mistake not, record
ing his vote ngsinsl those of Daniel Webster
and Henry Clay. Under these circumstan
ces, I tee no especial claim this ticket has
on Whig fidelity.
But let me in candor ask, how can any
conservative or National man, especially any
Pennsylvanian, vole for the Republican nom
inees. This is a question I should be glad
to put and have answered in your hearing.
The nomination was made in Philadelphia,
and I had some opportunity of observing the
influence under which it was made, and the
manner in whioh it has been received. Had
the Convention been left to merely disinter- !
ested impulses, it would have nominated
John McLean, of Ohio, of whom it may at |
least be said, he ia a tried public man. Still, i
though supported earnestly and heartily bv
Pennsylvania, and perhaps for that very rea- j
•on, he had no chance, was first withdrawn, j
and then defeated. The managers and fa
natics had determined on another nomina
tion, and of course Pennsylvania was thrust
aside, Iter delegates sullenly firing guns of
dismal acquiescence over their burled candi
date. Mr. Fremont was nominated, and will
be sustained, I fear, by the fiercest and most
sectional fanaticism. I do not care to reler
to individuals, but no one will question that
the leading and most active men in that
Convention were gentlemen who are proud '
to call themselves ''Abolitionists." You
know the opinion of the representatives from
Western Pennsylvania. I can answer for j
those from the East. Tltey are generally
avowed and extreme, and in my opinion un- 1
constitutional nnli-slavery agitators. But the
spirit that actuated the Convention Was nut
disguised. It waa very boldly avowed.— i
There now lies before me a copy of a Phi la
delphia newspaper, published at the time,
and friendly to lite Republican c\use; which
records that at the time of the nomination, a
delegate, (Mr. Lovejoy, of Illinois) said "he
proclaimed himself an Abolitionist —he
thought that the party had tha disease, nnd,
before itfe campaign waa through, it would
break out all over;" and then, at this cuta
neous prophecy, there was "tremendous
cheering" in the Convention! Now, gentle
men, it ia useless to disguise what sentiment
predominated in this body, which now
claim* my allegiance and that of other con
servative men. I must resolutely decline
ell such companionship! lam bound by no
euch duly*. I never will vote for any man
who is put forward as a mere sectional can
didate.
IT MAY NOT BA UNINLARAATING IN YNN IN KNNW
how this sectional nomination has been re
ceived here in Philadelphia, the metropolis
of the Slate. Certainly not with enthusiasm,
for it seems to me that the men of business
here, let the severance of ancient party ties
be as painful as it may, will be slow to sus
tain sectional candidates, to endorse by their
votes extreme Abolition or anything which
looks like Abolition—to put in jeopardy the
great commercial interests they have been
so long striving to ceate, and to run the risk
of four yesra of turmoil and disturbances on
this hateful question of slavery with all its
adjuncts. Their sober second thought ia
teaming them that Mr. Buchanan uttered
safe and to them congenial doctrine when,
eo truly, and yet so simply, "Most
will it be for our country if thisagi
laitoWvere at an end. During its whole pro
gress, it hat produced no practical good to
any human being whilst it haa been the
source of great and dangerous evils." This
is exactly what I believe Jo be the prevalent
sentiment in Philadelphia at this moment,
and I shall be much disappointed if every
days reflection does not strengthen if. But
conservative men have seen other influences
at work which are no where so repugnant to
public feeling as here in Philadelphia. They
think they see in (he management nf tha Re
publican canvass already the ne ol means
that ate wholjy illegitimate. Ido not refer
to the innocent attempt to revive the rr.ueical
tactics of ancient day*, though I can hardly
rep-eas a smile at the idea of some of my
Republican friends hereabout* becoming
melodious. All this ia innocent enough.—
But worse agencies sre at work. There is
now before me a letter from Hon. Charles
Sumner, endorsing the Fiemont nomination,
in which 1 find the following remarkable
language:
"Our declaration (of principles) pays Mr.
Sumner, appeal* to the foreign born, who re
joicing in the principles of American citi
zens will not hesitate to join in this holy en
deavor to vindioate them against the aggres
sions of an oligarchy wore than any tyraiuM
from which they have fled. In this
there is evory motive to Union, and
ery motive to exertion. 'Now or never—
now and for ever.' Such was the ancient
war cry* which embroidered on the Irish
flag, streamed from the castle of Dublin,
and rosouiidad through the whole land,
arousing a generous people to a new strug*
gle for their ancient rights, and this war cry'
may be fitly inscribed upon our banner row.
Arise now, or our inexorable slave driving
tyranny, will be fastened upon you—arise
now, acd liberty will be secured lorever."
Now this may ba considered proper Sena
torial rhetoric, but I know no language strong
enough to eondemn such an' appeal to out
class of our population, or so disloyal a com
parison ef our Southern brethren with the
batchers and tyrants of Europe. To ap ap
peal it mutt be ineffectual, for the natural
ised citizens knows too well
such florid professions usually (Era. He
knOwe too that at the very moment tbeae
words of awkward flattery were written, Mr.
Sumner's candidate, Mr. Fremont, has been
pronounced to be in full eoramnnion with
Truth and Right God and our Country.
the American order, bat accepted an Ameri
can (the North American) semination, and
is on the ticket at this vary lime with your
townsman Governor Johnston aa Vice Presi
dent, whose fidelity to the strictest Ameri
canism oo one can question. But to sober
minded and conservative men, the sorrow
must be and ia moat sincere on teeing a
cause such a* that which Mr. Stunner and
hia parly espouse thus promoted. No where
will there be greater revolt than here In Phil
adelphia, where the olaas of citizens referred
to have been often pelted and persecuted to
(he top of.their bent.
I have thus, gentlemen, writtec to you very
much aa I should have talked to you—plain
ly ar.d unceremoniously—giving my resßona
for refusing my support, or rather my vote
to two of the candidates before the people.
My individual opinion*, are, I am quite
aware, of no value—ibey eat) only seem to
be entitled to lar aa Ibsy
represent others who have heretofore acted
with me. 1 believe there are thousands who
think aa I do.
Having thus defined my opinions, it is
hardly necessary for me to say why I vote
fit Mr. Buchanan, and why I am willing to
do anything in my power to promote his
election. 1 look to him and Mr. Breckin
ridge as the candidates who, if elected, will
give the country what it most needs, repose,
and repress tlioioughly and completely all
sectional agitation on this distressing topic
ol domestic slavery. I find in Mr. Buchan
an, and especially his recent public career,
of our teprvsentsiiie abroad, an assurance
that lie will secuie with foreign nations hon
ornble peace. I regard him as eminently
sale and conservative statesman. But lam
proud to say that his being a son of Pentt-
T>) }*NUIU—MIILO (CVIM OIHARTIFFFLIT!CIIOUT-W
would hare entitled him to my tote, for I
think this greut Commonwealth has waited
long enough, and been postponed olten
enough, and that now whdn the choice is
one of her most distinguished citi
zens for the Nation's honor, that I'ennsylva
nians at least should rally to his support. I
have no doubt they will, and if there be any
humble service that I can render to promote
this result, my fellow citizens have a right
to it. If the course ( now feel it my duly to
pursue be inconsistent with former political
conduct and opinions, it is an infttnsistency
lam rather proud of—but if it be consonant,
aa I think it is, with leelincs of State pride
and local loyal'y, which have been tho con
trolling influences of my public life, I see no
reason to moral that they coiuinna in operate
on me pow that for theMiret time for seventy
years we have a chance of doing something
for Pennsylvania.
I have the honor to be with great regard,
Respectfully and truly yours,
• WM. B. REED.
The River and Hnrbor Bills.
The passage through both bouses of Con
gress of the three river and harbor bills, by
majorities which overruled the objections of
the President, baa already been announced
in our columns. It waa not in the power of
President Pierce to find in the constitution the
authority for the appropriations made by
these bills, and in the contcienliouadischarge
ol bis official duties he returned them to Con
gress with hia objections. These bilia were
passed and sent to bim for Syirsanction at a
time and under circumstance* well calcula
ted to teat his firmness of purpose* The re
sult fully confirmed hi* claim to those high
moral attributes which distinguish the truly
great (talesman- He looked not to his per
sonal interests—he considered not his pros
pecla of political promotion—be followed the
convictions of his judgment, and lelt the con
sequences to the country. More than two
tbirda ol each House of Congress have arri
ved at different conclusions from him, and
the bills are now lews of the land.
Ii li noi to oar purpose 10 revive the dis
cussion as to the constitutional issue of in
volved in the disagreement between the
President end Cnngres*. No one has ever
investigated this question who did not feel
the embarrassments which lay in the way of
a sati-fiietniy conclusion. The ablest and
purest of our statesmen, have -arrived ai dit
ferent results, and the question is as far from
a satisfactory solution now as it was thirty
yesis ago. As the matter now stands, appro
priations for works of internal improvement
depend chiefly upon the discretion of mem
bers. In the midst of the difficulty of agree
ing upon any constitutional rule for the de
termination of such appropriations, we have
long thought that 100 little attention has been
directed to the expediency of opening the
federal" treasnry for objects of internal ira
provament.
We hope oar fears may be unfounded; but
we do not fear that the passage of the three
bills referred 10 will form precedents, the
force of which will involve the government
in en amount of expenditures that will prove
burdensome to the lax payers. When Gen.
Jackson interposed hie objections to the Ma
ysville road bill, and saved the country from
en additional debt of twe hundred millions
of dollars, the devottoeto duty which im
pelled him to this dead of moral heroism was
not until iba papular mind was
brought l "its "sober second thought." If
some future Democratic President shell be
oonetraiaad by a like aense of poblic doty to
interpose in like manner, be will refer with
sustaining force to the noble precedents found
in the acta of Jscksoa, Polk end Pierce.
Washington Union.
(V Salvador Itorbide, the son of the for
mer Emperor of Mexico, was recently drown
ed at Tepio, Mexico, while bathing.
Science, "Art nub JDiecowetn.
MANUFACTURE OF LETTER ENVELOPES—Jt
is estimated that the number ol envelorifc
made in the city of New York alone, ia
week, ia at least 4,000,000.
The process of manulacture may b* brief
ly described. A ream of paper, or -about
five hundred sheets, is placed under a knife
of a shape corresponding with an envelope
when entirely opened, which is forced down
by a powerful screw-press, worked by a
hand-lever. The pieces cut out, slightly
adhering at the edges, from the action of
the knife, resemble a solid block of wood
until broken tip. The flap ia afterwards
stamped by a similar process, a boy being
able to prepare 50,000 per day in ibis man
ner, taking one, two or three envelopes at
each movement of the hand. They are then
taken by one hundred girls, seated at long
tables, by whom they are folded and gum
med. A single girl will apply (he gum to
60,C00 or 70,000 in a day, from 6000 to 7000
may be folded in the same time. In these
processes, the girls acquire great celerity and
skill, being stimulated by tbe wages offered,
which vary from twelve to thirty cents for
each 1000. The envelopes are uext count
ed, banded and packed. Some varieties are
embossed, or otherwise decorated, requiring
additional labor. The establishment of which
we are now speaking consumes not far from
twelve tons of paper per mouth, in the sin
gle article of envelopes. This quantity of
paper, at ten cents per pound would cost
$2 500. The machines employed to make
envelopes are very curiously constructed.—
Edcli piece r.f paper,, upon being cut into
the proper shnpe, ia placed on a kind of ar
tificial hind, which conveys it overall aper
ture of the lis. of An orJiuary lal:or, whan
a plunger drives it through, gumming and
folding it in the process. It then falls into a
box, which Dy revolving at intervals, is grad
ually filled up with packages of twenty-five,
ready for u>e. These machines average 20,-
000 envelopes per day, and are capable of
turning out eighteen per minute. The busi
ness is in some danger of being overdone.—
For some time past it haa doubled almost
every twelve months, until a very large cap
j ital is embarked in it, and competition has
; reduced tbe profits to a very low figure.
FRENCH PATENTS.—Among the French pa
tents recently granted, is one to Mr. M. Cas
tets, of Paris, for the extraction of a substance
lor sqpplying the place of quinine; the inven
tion consists in submitting the seeds of the
plants called canine to processes similar to
those employed to obtain quinine from chin
chona bark, by which means a substance is
obtained having properties similar to, and
which may be used as a substitute for, qui
nine. A patent lias also been granted to M.
Le Groa, cf Paris, for a mode of preserving
all kinds of limber. A compound for this
purpose is made by using a solution of hy
drochlorate of manganese, resulting from the
manufacture of chlorides of lime, and of the
bleaching liquid (failed ley. This salt is neu
tralized by an admixlureof a sufficient quan
tity of chalk, carbonate of chalk, or oxyde
of alumina; this solution is poured into a
suitable vessel, and the wood put into the
vessel, with its ends remaining out; a hori
zontal immersion does not produce the de
aired effect; it must remain forty-eight hours.
This composition is said to preserve tbe
wood well. Timber, and all kinds of wood,
may be thus treated.
A SCIENTIFIC TEST FOH COFFEE.—At a re
cent meeting of the British Association of
Science, Mr. Horsley called attention lothe use
of bichromate of potasb, in analyzing adul
terated samples ol coffee. With diluted so
lutions of pure coffee, this salt produces an
intense deep porter brown coloration, whilst
upon dec-ootions of chicory no effect is pro
duced. He advised the following procedure:
Take equal parts of chicory and coffee, and
decoct litem in difierem quantities of water.
Filter, bottle and label the liquids. Teke a
leesponnful ol the chicory, and dilute it till
it is brown cherry color; boil it in e porce
lain dish, with a fiagment of chtyslalized
bictirome. The color will be scarcely deep
ened. II a similarly diluted solution of cof
fee is thus treated, a deep brown tinge is
obtained. By operating with mixed liquids
a scale of colors may be obtained indicating
the properties of the two substances. If a
lew grains of the sulphate of copper be add
ed, both decoctions yield a precipitate; that
from chicory being a clay yellow, and that
from coffee a sepia brown. Mixed decoctions
yield intermediate tints.
HELIOPLASTIN ENGRAVING rhia new pro
ceaa of engraving photographa, invented by
M. Poitevin, reals upon the property which
i gelatine has, when dried, impregnated with
a ohromate, or bicrotnate, and subjected to
the action of light, by which it loses its
properly ol' swelling in water. A layer of
solution of gelatine, of more or less thick
ness, is laid on a plane surface, such aa glass,
ia allowed to dry, and then placed in a solu
tion of bioromate, whose base has no direct
aolion on the gelatine. It is again dried,and
then influenced through a photographic neg
ative or positive picture, in the focus of a
camera. After the iinpressiofh-'ia received,
and which will vary according to the inten
sity of the light, the layer ia put into water;
then all parts which have not received the
influence of the light, swell and form reliefs,
while those that were affected by the light
absorb no water and remain as depressions.
This surface is then transposed npon metal
plates, either by monlding in plates or by
eleotrotyping.
FACTS in SPAttTA. 111STOKY.
The education of the young ladies ot Sparta
waa totally different from that in every other'
state. They were exclusively trained to be
come wive* and mother* of warriors and he
roes, and not to ba mare housekeepers and
noreas. In other Greek cities the spinning
of wool, like the crochet in modern Britain,
was tbe serious and constant occupation of
the female mind. Lycurgus, however, justly
considered that spinning and weaving were
best left to the slave. "How is It possible,"
he thought, for mothers brought up in such
occupation* to rear a healthy and a hand
some progeny—the lofty mission and proud
duly of every free daughter of Sparta!'' He
therefore introduced bodily exercises for tbe
Spartan maider.s analogous to those of the
Spartan youths; and the beanty of the women
soon becaiye the general theme of praise
throughout Greece; and especially they were
famous for fine shapes and masculine vigor.
Thus were formed the heroines ot a Sparta;
they would sooner sea their son* dying a!
their fest than turning their backs on an en
emy or failing their duty to their country;
they who said to their sons, when marching
to battle, "Disgrace not yourselves by aban
doning your shields; either to return wlih
thenunr else upon them!" When a foreign
lady said, "the women of Sparta are the only
woman who rule the mer.;" the wife of Le
onidas justly replied, "yes, and the women
of Sparta are the only women who are moth
er* ol men."
We al last romp to the moat interesting
topic of all, namely, the Spartan marriage*.
Mar.y of the laws ol Lycurgu* in connection
with this auhjeot would undoubtedly meet
with the apnrobalion of the fair aex ol moJ
em times, and would equally as undoubtedly
contribute to the happiness of all the presem
bachelorhood of Britain. The time for mar
riage was fixed by siatnte; thatol the men
at about thirty or thirty five years; that of the
ladies al about twenty or a little younger. All
men who contmne unmarried after the ap
pointed lime were liable to a prosecution;
and all old bachelors were prohibited from
being present at the public exercises of the
Spartan maidens, and horrors paid to aged.
"Why should 1 give you place," cried a
young man to an unmarried general, "when
you have no child to give place to me when
I am old 1" No marriage portions were
given with any of the maidens, so that neither
poverty should prevent a gallant, nor riches
tempt him to marry contrary to his inclina
tions. The parents of three children enjoy
considerable immunities, and (hose with four
paid no taxes whatever—s regulation which
all married men with large families will
readily admit to be wise and equitable.—
Every marriage was preceded by a betrothal,
as in Greek cities, but the marriage itself
was performed by 'he young Spartan carry
ing off his bride by a pretended education
and for some time afterward the wife contin
ued to reside with her own family, and only
mat the husband on atolen occasions. This
extraordinary way of spending the honey
moon was first introduced by Lycurgus to
prevent the husband from wasting too mnch
of his time in his wife's society during the
first years of their marriage; and in order to
economise the bride's charms, it wss custom
ary for her bridesmsid to cut off all her liuir
on the wedding day, so that for some time
at least her peisonal attractiona should in
crease with her years.
Ml AIM" PRACTICE.
Some five years since, two well known Al
abamians left this city to seek their fortunes
at Washington. We will call them Mr. A.
and Mr. B. Mr. A. got a contract from the
government, and made a snug little pile—
some forty thousand dollars worth of real
estate. While acquiring (his properly, Mr.
A. contracted about &7000 worth of debts,
two thousand five hundred of which belong
ed to Mr. B. Mr. A. is not any more honest
than the la*' allows. So he thought he would
get rid of "those cussed bores," his creditors,
by makjng over his property to his niece, a
fino looking young lady, aged about eigh
teen. He accordingly went to a lawyer,
made out the papers, and assigned the whole
of his real estate to his niece, the inlefesting
young lady already spoken of. Having con
cluded his arrangements, he thought he
would go south and look at the country.—
This look place Isst summer. During hie
his absence in pursuit of quietness and cot-1
ton fields, Mr. B. ascertains all about the as
signment, and goes in for making things
square. He commenced operations by court
ing the niece aforesaid, and finished up by
marrying ber. When Mi. A. relurne from
Georgia, he finde that he has been done—
that B. has not only got thirty-seven thous
and, but five hundred dollars worth of real
estate in addition. Mr. A. is now swearing
in eight sj llables, and insists that is a con
spiracy. He talks of writs, Itw and red tape,
but ae the statutes will not allow a man to
take advantage of hie own wrong, we fear
he will have to "grin and bear it." It is not
neceesary for us to sty that Mr. B. feels first
rate over the achievment, while the niece
cannot understand why her uncle should give
her forty thousand dollars worth of real es
tate, and then fly iolo a passion just because
•he bestowed it on her husband. If we are
not mistaken, (hie is the best piece of sharp
practioe that has turned up this season.
City Offlcert Resigning. —The municipal of
ficers of Mobile, Ala., are all of the Ameri
can party, but as the course of the Presiden
tial canvsss has tendered tbem unwillingly
to support tbe party ticket for the Proeidenoy,
the Mayor and City Attorney have resigned.
The City Counoil accepted the resignation of
tbe latter, bat requested tbe withdrawal of
tha former.
[Two Dollars pr Annas.
NUMBER 27.
Mr. Clay spehk#—-Iteor Baa. • >
We find in Ihe Lexiagton Qbstnur and
Reporttr, a letter copied from the Kentucky
Statuman, which we publish with great sac
isfaction. It is from James B. Clay, a son
of Henry Clay, the great American States
man, whom all men delight to honor.
This letter is the best refutation that could
be made of the stale slanders now attempt
ed to be revived by a venal partisan press,
relative to the unfounded charges against
Mr. Buchanan—charges denied by Henry
Clay himself, by his biographer, and now
by the public generally. The high personal
regard which these distinguished statesmen
ever entertained for each other, also effectu
ally disproves these malicious fabrications.
Mr. Clay, in announcing his determina
tion to vote for Mr. Buchanan, assumes a
position which is alike honorable to himself
and the powerful party of which his honor
ed father was the acknowledged leader.
From the Kentucky Statuman.
MH. F.DITOS :—I desire, through your cour
tesy, to correct p statement made in the
Statesmen of the 4th inst,, which does great
injustice to two of my friends, and political
brothers, the Hon. Joshua F. Bell, of Boyle,
and the Hon. Wm. B. Kinkcad, of Kenton,
and which moreover is untrue. The article
to which I refer, states "that resolutions ox
pressing the confidence of the Whigs of
Kentucky in Mr. Fillmore, and saying he
waß worthy of their support as in 1848,"
were rejected by the votes of sixteen coun
[ ties to one, in the State Convention held at
Louisville, on the 3d inst.,and that Mr. Belt
and Kinkeud advocated them.
It is undeniably true that such resolution*
were offered in the Convention by Col. Hop
kins, of Henderson, and it is also true that
they were laid upon the table by a vote of
sixteen counties to one. But it it is not
true that either Mr. 801 l or Mr. Kinkead vo
ted lor them; on the contrary both gentle
men opposed them, as I have reason to be
leive they would have done resolutions to
endorse any one but a true old line Whig
for the office of President. It was, also, at
the express desire and reqnest of Mr. Kin
kead that Mr. Adams withdrew his motion,
to the effect "that the Whigs of Kentucky
have undiminished confidence in Millard
Fillmore." It is, however, but candid to
say, that every member of the Convention
understood that Mr. Bell and Judge Kinkead
preferred Mr. Fillmore to either Buchanaa
or Mr. Fremont; neither of them made any
attempt to do and unjust a thing,
as to commit an old line Whig Convention
to the endorsement of anybody but a Whig.
There is also a statement copied into the
Oburvtr and Reporter of the sth inst., "that
I had been heard to say, that I was for Bu
chanan," I may have said that Mr. Buchan
an was not my candidate, or was not my
choice for the Presidency; but I have not
said that I should not vote for him. I pre
fer Mr. Fillmore personally, and if he stood
on the same principles he did in 1850 I
would vote for him in preference to any
man I know. But I expect to cast my vote
for that candidate who in my opinion may
have the best chance to defeat the candidate
of the Black Republican party, and, at pres
ent advised, I think Mr. Buchonan has the
best chance to do so. I wish it, neverthe
less, to be distinctly understood, that if f
shall think it my duty to vote for Mr. Bu
chanan I shall vote as an old Line Whig,
making a ohoice of what he believes to be
evils, for the good of the country; and that
whenever the Whig standard shall again be
raised, adhering always to the principles
which I have been instrumental in asserting
at Lexington, and at Louisville, on the 3d
of July, I shall be ready, fairly, honestly
and fearlessly to battle against those princi
ples and practices of the Democratic party
which conflicts with our own views.
I feel sure, Mr. Editor, that your readers
will not do me the injustice to attribute to
me too great a desire to force myself before
the notice, in venturing to correct misrepre
sentations affecting my friends and myself,
however well I may know the little impor
tance that may be a'tached to any opinions
ol mine. I hope the Observer and Reporter
will also do me the favor, as well as justice,
to copy this letter.
I am sir, respectfully, &o ,
Your obedient servant,
JAMES B. CLAY.
ASHLAND, July 8, 1856.
ATMOSPHERIC AIR consists of about 78 per
oent. of nitrogen or azotic gas, 21 per cent,
of oxygen, and not quite 1 per cent, of car
bonic acid or fixed air; and such is the con
stitution when taken into the lungs in the
act of breathing. When it is expelled from
them, however, its composition is found to
be greatly altered. The quantity of nitro
gen remains nearly the same, but eight or
eight and a half per cent, of the oxygen or
vital air have disappeared, and been re
placed by an equal amount of oarbonic acid.
In addition to these changes, the expired
air ia loaded with moisture. Simultaneous
ly with these occurrences, the blood col
lected from the- veins, which enters the
lungs of a dark color and unfit for the sup
port of life, assumes a florid red hue, and
acquires the power of supporting life.
BT Thackeray, on his first visit to tbla
country, was introduced in Charleston, t*. C.,
to Mrs. C—, one of the leaders of society
there. Thinking to be witty, be said—"l am
happy to meet you, Mrs. C——; I've fteard
Madam, that you were a fast woman."
"Ob, Mr. Thackeray," she replied, with
one of her most fascinating sAifes, "lire
mast not believe all we hear. J heals heard,
sir, that you uerta gentleman."
The English wit admitted, afterwards, that
be bad tbe worst of it.