8 P E 13 0 11 0 F
VV W "WT V P
A IN VV X U J)
MB.
Mr. VAN WYOK (N. Y.) after a gen
oral allusion to tho frauds which had been
perpetrated on tho Treasury, spoke as fol
lows: About the timo tho New York Seventh,
the prido of tho Empiro state, composed of
tho best of her citizens soldiery ; of men
of wealth, high family position, education, '
enjoying tho confidence of the community j
iu all tho relations of life with tho Mas-
saohusctts Sixth a regiment representing '
tho intelligence and business occupations i
r !.. ...1 c.j .i.i. ..m. i. .m.
w tiiat, wviiuuiiiu rutin iue uv wc i
YIKtU 1UIUIUJJ UUUUlUg UllUto,
laying railroad tracks, sleeping on thcun
tented field, and, when hunger was press
ing upon thorn, tho Seventh dividing their
last store of baoon and hard buiscuit with
the gillant men of tho Sixth, a contract
was inado in this city by tho department
I . ........ I. . . : i .1 : i. . .1 .
with Dwyer, iiaughman, biulcy cc lylcr,
for cattle, from two to ten thousand, at
ci
ght dollars per huudrod. live weight,de-
livcrcd horo, and five and thrce-riuartcrs
in Pennsylvania. What facilities had 'that very day ,whcn sympathy for a bleed
Dwyor & Uo. for transportation which tho ing country and tho obligations of duty to
government did not poss.css I Government . his employers should havo received from
could lap its strong arms upon railroads j Capt. Comstock all his -drill and energy,
and use tuern : coulu plant its gathering i
armies to guard the bridge and track.
At that very time an agent was sent by
the department into Maryland,who, with
out difficulty, purchased cattle to bo deliv
ered iu Washington at six and a half per
hundred, live weight. Besides, direct
navigation with New lork was not ob
structed by the Potomac. Still more, if
tho danger of transportation through Maryland-
was an excuse tor this contract big
with profits, why a provision that a por
tion should be delivered iu Pennsylvania
if tho Department desired, and why were
nearly 1,500 received in Harrisburg,whilc
ecarcely 800 were delivorod in Washing
ton 7 Notwithstanding tho lious in tho way
Dwycr & Co. immediately sub-let the con
tract to New York men, so that without
any hazard or perils they realized over
532,000 on about 2,000 head. They had
no difficulty during the panic of these times
In making this contract. Why should the
government have found any? There is
no pretenso that either of these men had
any special courage in overcoming danger
or remarkable skill in purchasing cattle..
Two were railroad contractors, one par
ticularly near to the Secretary, ono a law
yer, and one the winter beforo had been
in consultation and negotiation with rebels
for the sale of arms. Thus treason nnd
corruption were continued at the capitol.
AGENCY OF ALEXANDER CUMMINCIS, ESQ,
rUKCUASE OF ARMY SUPPLIES.
Nearly simultaneous with this occurred
another transaction. On the 21st day of
April, the- Secretary of War, although he
well knew the great ability and experience
of Colonel Tompkins, quartermaster, and
Major Eaton, commissary iu New York
city, wroto two letters to Alexander Cuni
snings, Esq. In one he "wants him to aid
the .commissary in pushing them forward."
Tho other letter states that:
"The department needs at this moment
an intelligent, experienced and energetic
man, in whom it can rely, to assist in
pushing forward troops, munitions and
supplies."
No man knew better than the secretary
ihat these qualifications wcro already poss
essed by the army officers in Nsw York, on
whom it was safe to rely. The secretary
then gracefully compliments Mr. Oum
mings: ''You are acquainted w;th tho internal
arrangements and connections of the rail
roads in Pennsylvania, over which for the
presont, they will havo to pass.''
Can there be so much intricacy about
tho railroad connections in Ponnsylvania
that the United States Quartermaster iu
New York or Philadelphia was not con
versant with them ? The secretary then
adds the touching appeal to his patriot
ism :
"1 am aware that your private affairs
may demaud your time. I am sure your
patriotism will induce you to aid me, even
at some loss to yourself "
On the 23d of April the secretary again
wrote-;
"In consideration of the extraordinary
emergencies which demaud immediate and
decisive Measures, I hereby authortzo YA
win D. Morgan and Alexander Cummings
to inako.all necessary arrangements for the
transportation of troops, iu aid and assist
ance of tho officers of tho army of the
United States."
Either was authorized to act in the ab
sence of tho other. On the fourth day of
May Governor Morgan delegated his por
t'ion of the power to George D. Morgan.
On tho 24th tho secretary wroto :
"I sent you yesterday an official paper
to act m connection with .Governor Mor
gan by land, through Maryland and Pcnn
sylvauia ; it is important you should act
promptly in sending supplies.
S. CAMERON.
"Mr. Cummixos."
Mr. Cummings thus armod, seemed su
jiremo in his orbit ; instead of rendering
aid and assistauco, ho effectually super
seded tho army officers. Major Eaton
distinctly informed him that his services
wcro not needed in the purchao of sup
plies. Still, Mr. 0. oommenccd buying
tin . iiiii .1. -f .1 1. ... 11-
over o.,.JU nuts arm i.i -
-on pantaloons, wu.eu er0 wo.ui.cis to
tlio I....... tw? Tint rnnmrnH hv thn mmln.
" "v " , " . ,"' , "t"-
tinna. tin niiinloved a olcrk nt wlinm lin
... --' - wool upon ner. ncr voyago was an un
knew nothing-had never seen before.-, fortui)atl0 flft tJnf01ltlls. MrJico
In his evidence , .t first he did not know , ,,, wah (1egtro' d b fl Th .
who recommended him j then, ho thought who ' th f rf d f , '
ho was recommended by Mr. Thurlow Sr- ,i. c .1' "
Weed anally said : "i rememuor now
Ihat Mr. Weed told mt ho incw all about
him, and upon his recommendation I took
him." This clork Mr. 0. suffered to do
all the business and. rnako all the purchases
excopt what woro made by Gcorgo D.
Morgan. It it but justico to an influen
tial and widely circulated paper in the ci
ty of .Now York to Bay that since tho
World was united with tho Courier unci
Enquirer Jtlr. Cummings has had no con
nection with it as editor or publisher.
-CIIAHTEIt Of THEOATALINB,
The doctor next appoints Captain Com
stock to charier or purchao rosscla. Tho
captain, with a friend, goes fo Brooklyn,
inspects the Catalino, and loams that her
prico is from ?1 8, 000 to 820,000. In-
itead or purchasing or chartering, or rco-
otnaending the doctor to do so, from ttb
owner, his friend suggests to Mr. Dovolin
(that thoro "is a nico opportunity to make
i something by good managemont." This
was the 23d day of April, tho very day
the propeller Daylight left New York with
supplies for tho Seventh llegimcnt and
two hutifircd recruits of tho bravo and
generous joung men ot that city. iue
Daylight left without convoy, passed up
tho Potomac- without convoy, and reached
Washington safely. I never can forgot
that 23d day of April and the trip of the
Daylight, or of that gallant baud who
woro leaving all tho endearments of homes
and associations of friends to encounter
the perils of diseaso and battle. I never
can forget tho universal dhquictudo in the
. .n.. -rii.- .....! . t. !i. ..
nrcai CUV oi tuu CUllllllUUl. 11 u uinua, uu
tclaerapu, a dreadlnl, solemn suspense
brave men good men, fearing, doubting,
yet hoping actuated by one impulse, rea
dy to give all, to oven life, for the defense
of tho capital Washington founded, and
tho flog the patriots of tho revolution bap
tized iu blood, (No one could havo be
lieved that at such a moment men could
find leisure or inclination to ascertain how
something could bo mado out of the eriefs
,ot tin people by cond mauaKcmnt Yet
ins mission was used to liencnt mends.
IIo knew Dr. Cutiiini'igs was agent for tho
War Department ; still he counsels freely
with Mr. Develin about tho value of tho
Catalino, and gives an opinion what will
bo paid for her charter. Had tho been
cheap at 818,000 his government was en
titled to tho purchase. After yielding to
Mr. Develin all the timo ho required for
the negotiation, on tho 125th tho boat was
chartered by Col. Tompkins, he relying
upon Capt. Comstock.tho authorized agent
of Mr. Cummings, tho agent of tho War
Department, paying for hor use S10.0U0
per month for three months, and if lost by
war risks the government to pay $50,000
Uol. Tompkins would not sign until
Capt. Comstock assured him that she was
worth 50,000, and that it was all right
The captain knew tho value of tho boat i
and what she cost. Mr. Frccmandiaving
an interest in hor profits, swoare they did
not nrotend sha was worth SfiO.OOO. Can.
tain Comstock, however, d-.uies that he al
leged she was worth that amount. Tho
testimony of Captain Comstock shows the
vast number and almost unlimited power
of persons at that time assuming to act a3
agents for tho government, lie says :
"1 was sent lor by Mr. Weed to como
to the Astor House about the time of the
commencement of these troubles. Ho sta
ted that lin w.i .111 airpnr nf tlm rmm
ICU mat UO was an agent Or tllCgOVCm-
mcnt. and had troops and munitions of
war to send to Washington by way of the
Lihcsapeato, and that he wished to char-
tor vessels for that purpose. 4
Afterwards Ounitntng called on mo and
showed me the same authority that Weed
had shown. It hail been transferred to
him to perform tho same service.
I should think that Weed chartered from
six to ten vessels."
The testimony was given on tho 28th
day of December, and up to that time the
conimittco had no evidenco or intimation
that Mr. Weed had been an agent for tho
government or acting as such. The de
partment was liberal in bestowing confi
dence and grants of power; but that con
fidence scorns to have been abused by the
transfer of authority one to the other.
Mr. Weed's absence from home prevents
an examination at preseut into the nature
and extent of his agency. Tho conimittco
have not been able to show for whom the
steamer was loaded. It has been intima
ted she was loaded bv private narties. la
be run, however, at tho risk and expense ! ir , NNSYtVANiA houses.
of the government. And when she could ! , Kcntuccy 13 prowrbial for her splendid
not obtain a clearance her cargo was inl)I0"c Hor loyal citizens would havo
whole or part sold to tho government. If j h benefited by sales to the government,
this be so, it will account for Mr. Cum " ho W1,11 P!'etcml t ,at lhc PVbllc e'Scncy
wings purchase of straw hats, linen pan- rcflulrcd, th!,t when cavalry regiments
taloons. London porter, Scotch ale, Dutch wer,c to.bo t0iU-tl1cd f,ro tu, stateof Pen
hcrriug, "butter chceso aud all." Col- "fylvama to the land of tho "dark and
lector Uarnev swears that ou tho 27th of: bloody grJ) necessary to trans-
iVpnl Mr. Stetson, iu whose name the title
had been takeu, called on him, deman -ing
a clcaranca to Annapolis. When
asked how she was loaded, and to whom
tho cargo belonged, he replied she was
loaded with flour and provisions, and be
longed to several of his fvienda. Mr. Bar
ney refused jto clear her. Stetson then
said the provisions wcro for the army.
liarnoy replied that as tho property was
not government properly, but property of
individuals, ho could not dear her except
by a request from some government officer
It is but just to say here that Mr. Develin
was evidently induced to purchase the ves
sels at tho suggestion ot thoso who were
acting for government, and that Mr. Stct
son in everything ho did, was frank, can
did, and mado no concoalment. When.
Mr. Stetson again called ou tho Collector
"ho brought a note from Mr. Weed, sta
liug that tho cargo consisted of supplies
for troops, and requesting a clearance."
Mr. Damoy declined, but saw Mr. Wcod
and explained why a clearance could uot
bo granted. Mr. Weed said ''it was all
right, and would bo arr nged in soma oth
er way." Ho concluded not to givo a
clearance unless requested to do so by
General Wool. lie saw .the genoral and
requested him to ho .careful beforo hocavo
orders lor a clearance. A pas, however,
was Obtained trotn tue general, which he
regretted ; for on Monday moritiug he
,S()St an ordor t0 tho coloctor rcvokin" u.
b t t, f a h d j . u fc -
. .. r i ,MW v '
1 domnation ot tho col cctor and General
... . .
carco
It .is necessary to go back and see who had
any.interost or connection with tho trans
action Mr. Freeman, who had a
ono-tenth intorest in tho profits, swears af
ter first declining to do so, that ho receiv
ed, as part security for tho purchase mon
ey of the Catalino, four notes, of S 1,000
each as follows : Ono note by Johu 13.
Develin, endorsed G 0. Davidson; ouo
note by Thurlow Weed, endowed John F.
Devolui j ono note by G. U. Davidson, on
! dorscd by 0. B. Matteson ; ono note by
0. B. Matteson, endorsed by Thurlow
Weed, These parties must havo all been
iu New Yorlt oily at this timo. Tho onlv
other person besides tho ouptain and crow
was James Larkin, who went on the boat,
ho says, as nursor although ho finally con
eluded his duty was to aot as check upon)
the captain, This man was appointed by
Mr. Dovcliu upon tho recommendation of
Mr. Davidson. No one seemed to tako any
interest in loading tho vossol except Mr.
Dcrclin. Col. Tompkins knew nothing of
her cargo. Tho Union Dofcnco Commit
tee know nothing of her cargo; and, when
Dr. Oummings was asked if ho knew any
thing of her cargo, ho said, "Not a parti
al, ii tr r. i i
cic. no reucu uuiirsiy upou nun trustcu
to tho clerk, Mr. Humphroys, appointed
upon the recommendation of Mr. Weed,
It must be left to surrounding facts to
show who woro referred to by Mr. StctBou
and whether tho boat was first loaded for
private speculation ; and when no clear
ance, could bo obtained, Mr. Oumiiiings,
tnroiigu ins cierK, purcuascti tno cargo
for government, so that a pass could bojstrango that tho Secretary should appoint
procured. General Wool's hesitanoy in
giving a pass to tuo uatalino probably in
duced a representation to General Soott
that tho condition of his (Wool's) health .
required repose from arduous duties. Mr.
Cummiugs was certainly a rcmarkablo
agent. Tho Secretary wants an energetio
intelligent, and experienced man,of course
ouo more so than the Uuion Defence
Committee, or tho army officars iu New
York ; ono on whom ho can rely ; yet tho
agent apparently takes no interest hut to
draw and pay the money. When ho was
called on especially to aid in purchases,
he trusts it all to Mr. Humphreys his clerk.
Whcu vessels aro to bo chartered, he
doesn't deem it worth while to examine
them. He good nnturcdly says he took it
tor granted that what tho owners said was
true. Ho was ce tainly a confidence man.
.me oecreiary says iioiwicuunuuing tuo
pressure on hU private busiucss ho is sure
he will aid him. Yet Mr. 0. repays this
generous and unbounded confidence by
knowing nothing, absolutely nothing of the
purchasing of artie'es or loading of ves
sels. Two million dollars, by tho Secre
tary of the Treasurj', were placed iu the
hands of a comm ttce of high toned, hon
orable men, to bo paid out on the order or
requisition of Mr Cummings, without his
producing to them any vouchois. Strange
as it may appear, whilo this money was
there to respond to his requisition, ho
rni c . . .i
draws SIGO.OOO, and deposits it in his
name, with his private account, in one of
the city banks. Stranger still, four
montlis aller his agency had censed, lie leaves no vouch
cr wiin tuo war Department. The war Department,
iu its gcrieruUHOunfidencc, neck no settlement with
Mr. thiminiiiffs, nor nn inspajion of his vouchor.
Pitch were the iromliicnt tr.'iiimictloin occurring at a
time when a man's ccucrous instincts should freely
haveotrered everything to his country. 'J'liis vac the
cloud, nn larger than a man's hand, which increased
and spread until the uholo sky has keep wrapped in
elooin, and men go nhimt Ilia streets wondering where
this thing will end, Tile mania lor stealing seems to I
have run through all relations nf government. Almost
from tile general to the drummer Jioy ; from those!
nearest the throne of power to the lucres! tide waiter,
srtoor "dc.r.V.'woiid XX:
rrid etch had a common riglitto plunder while it lived.
i;v(m in tho matter orihe purchase oftwo sailing vus-
eels, two men of New York to tho crime of arc.eny ad-
ucu ine sin ui perjury, mat tuey migui rco trnui the
Treasury SS.UUU In tho case of the; Stars and Stripes
the prcsiilent'iif the New Uarcn Propeller Company,
after taking from Uic government $111,000 more than
she cost, took uf that amount nearly $rt,l)00 to lino his
own pocKets, and in excuse to his company pretended
that he had to hribe an eX'mcmber of 1,'ongre.n to gain
an audience to the head of the Uurcauj mid Irom that
insinuation nn lionnrnhle, high toned ex-member of
("ongre.s in Connecticut, had been subjected to calum
ny. That I'rei-ident before the committee, testified that
alter taking 31!i,M() in prolits from his country he wus
so anxious to strvo her ill tliis.tha hour oflu r extrem
ity tlmthe appropriated nearly SS.OIHI of his colleagues'
money to his privvilo use, so he could devise some m.t
chjee to tako all the Southern cities, aud no one get
hurt Colonels (ntrutted with the power of raising
regiments colluding with contractors bartering away
aud dividing contracts for horses and other supplies,
to entkh ersonal favorites ; purchasing articles and
compelling false invoices to he given, While it is no
jiistillratinu, tho example has lief n set iu tho vary do
liartiueuts of government. As a general thing nono but
f-vorites gain access there, and none other con obtain
contracts which bear enormous profits. They x iolate
the plain provlioii8 of the law requiring bids and pro
posals ou tho false and shallow pretext that the public
exigencies reicire it. Should this Inn n long as the
I'clopuncssidii war, the haine excusu would bu used.
The Department, which has allowed cniit-piracics, after
the bidding had beeu closed, to defraud thuguernment
of the lowest bid, hy allowing tho guilty to reap the
fruits of their crime, has itself become particepj crimi
nii. Who pretends any public exigency for giving out
by private contract, without bids, over uuu million
inukets at fhulous prices f Who pretends a pubiic ex
igency to make a private conuractfor titling caunun to
the amount of 500,000 ?
port, at great expense, the romaiuing dis
abled, diseased horses loft in tho Iveystonc
state ? My colleague on tho committee
(Mr. Dawes) a few days since spoko of
tho peace offerings to Pennsylvania politi
cians, and referred to tho horses of Col
onel Williams's regimeat. Thero is yet
another case a contract not made upon
the responsibility of the bureau, as the
late Secretary said, but by its express or
der, and refused to be made until so ord
ered. I refer to the contract to purchase
one thousand horses, to he delivered at
Huntingdon, Pcnnsyluania. Sueh a horse
market the world never saw. Tho first
inspector an honest man of the first
hundred rejected three in fivo. The next
day owners refused to present themselves,
and by some legcreniain he was removed
and others sub.-tituted ; then horses of all
ages, from two to thirty, of all diseases and
and defects, secret and open, were from
day to day received. The whole neigh
borhood were in arms. Tho peoplo re
monstrated. Lawyer and clergymen were
p-cscnt at the inspection, aud sought to
deter tho buocanceriug crew by open con
demnation ; the inspectors heeded noc this
clamor, but ordered the horses to bo rid
den upon the crowd, to privo them away
if nnililn- TTnr.,!i!4 wit Ii rnnninff unvna
j -T- - ...... n , . . , , , uwiba.
wnieu wero seen oy tue mspuctors, woro
branded, aud if one outraged common de
cency ho would be rejected, and an oppor
tunity soucht tho same day to pass and
braud him. lnjjuediatly tho hores woro
at thirty nine cents per day, and thoy sub -
lt to farmers from twonty'-four to twenty -
six. Over four hundred of those harses
were sent with Colonel Wynkoop'ts regi
ment, and the papers ut Pittsburg report
some actually bo woithless thoy wero loft
outhedooks. The vemaining fivo hund
red woro left at Huntingdon for tho botiufit
of tho contractors. Iu that singlo traus-
action over uity tuousaim dollars were
stolen from the t-overnuicnt. Such fiends
uiiura wuru
in Immiui l,sn ssrs nnt fnr ,vnra
t,ini.,in i i. lip. ,i...iA
and the labors of your committee will be I bAcon ma1, io. lm 10 abo,ut hvf "tH
rii(,i,, ji..i'i. ..i n l A mun who is thus greedy of gain ovidon
.i.ii i. L. m. .m. ...?!.:'
- ,,u..w io rvuuvo
Rimh Hnnrmitips.
CONTltACT nr.OKKItAO.
At ono timo it would seem there was an
intention to establish a hti''0 coutract bro.
' kerago system. T
' John Smith, of Ki
1 manufacturer, rfiov
Tho testimony of Mr.
Kingston, N. Y powder,
tdiows that in tho mouth of
May he proposed to give Mr. Weed a por
contago lor a powder contract; that ho
went to tho Astor llouso, met Mr. David
son, whom ho had novftr seen before, and
inquired of him for Mr. Thurlow Weed.
During tho conversation ho asked what
Mr. Smith wanted of Mr. Weed 5 on be
ing told, ho inquirod of Mr. Smith what ho
could afford to pay 5 ho replied fivo por
cent, ; Mr. Smith also says that Mr. Weed
asked him whnt ho could afford to pay.
Tnat altcrwards, at Washington, lio hand
ed his propositions for powder to Mr.
Weed, who took them to Mr. Cumeron.
Tho result was that Mr. Weed was autho
ized to writo a letter to Uoncial llipley,
tho head of tho Ordnance Department, to
divido tho cout racts for powder between
tho states manufacturing. It is somewhat
Mr. Weed as his messenger to carry his
wishes to tho difforuntburcaus. Mr. Smith
understood that ho was to pay Mr. Weed
fivo percont. Mr. Lallin also testified that
his powder firm demurred to paying Mr.
Wood fivo per cent.; that Mr. Weed gave
them authority to mnko one thousand bar
rels of powder, but they pjufcrrod having
tho authority directly from tho government.
IIo also testifies that tho patriot Lwycr,
who figured in tho cttlo contract in May
or Juno, nt Washington, told him it he
would give five per cent, ho would sell all
the powder he could make; but Luflin de
clined. Favorites obtained contracts when
frequently they have not tho pecuniary re
sources to fulfill them, and aro not manu
facturers of the articles to bo dolivercd.
Tho professional politician or the retired
ex-member of Congress, who has a largo
contract which requires much machinery
and great mechanical ingenuity, evidently
takes it as a speculation ; takes it to enrich
himself, or to extort from the pockets of
honest industry ; takes it to sub-let to
skillful manufacturers at reduced prices.
Tho department which give contracts to
men, knowing that they havo not in and
of themselves the facilities for executing
them, aro reprehensible, and dessrvo se
vere censure. What excuse is thero for
an honest department to pension this gang
of middlemen ? All tho ill-gotten gain
found in their pocketi is so much stolen
from the treasury. Even iu the Treasury
Department pure and upright as I believe
tho secretary to be what busincsi mau
could justify, or who, iu his own transac
tions, would allow that a contract of over
half a million expenditure should be com
poted for by only two firms, who could
combino and unite ? It is no answer to say
that the work is dono as cheaply as beforo
The spirit of th law has been violated,
and the millionaire enriched. Besides, the
prouuetsoi an uepartments ot labor arc
cheapened by the stagnation
of business,
Iu this matter of the bank note contracts.
as in some others, underlings countrol tho
affairs of the department. They say who
shall approach withiu the charmed circle 1
They say whose papers shall be put on
file, aud whoso shall bo gladdened by the
eye of the secrcty 1 The soldier who,
borne down by disease and overo.Miie with
fatigue, is found sleeping at his post, you
punish with death, whilo tho miscreant
who holds hi festival at this carnival of
blood, rides in his carriage, drinks cham
pagne and dines with c.tbinet ministers,
you treat with deferential respect. Do
you say government cannot bauish treason
and punish crime ? On tho 4th day of
July, 18G0, atOceoquan, Va., Mr. Under
wood raised a pole, unfurled the American
flag and a banner with the names of Lin
coln and Hamlin, Jackson, the slayer cf
Ellsworth, with about forty men, cut it
down, tore up the Stars and Stripes, and
carried the banner as a trophy, One of
the ringleaders of that mob is this day in
tho employ of tho government in this city.
The laboring men who testify against of
ficials are removed, while the wretch win
has been robbing the governments worthy
a better place. Is it possible that this
monstrous system of wrong, extending from
the Atlautio to the Mississippi, from the
Potomac to tho lakes, cannot be stopped,
or oven chocked ? If that be so, better
disband our armies, and let the oligarchs
of tho South rule and reign over us.
Mil. MOUOAN'S AGENCY JN l'URCIIASINO
VESSELS.
Since this report has been submittod to
tho Hou-se, Mr. Gooivc D. Morgan has
prepared an elaborated paper showing the
benefits of his agency, and re.ies upou the
fact that in nearly every iustauce ho paid
a les-j price then the owners asked. We
cautcst tho strength of his position by the
Stars and Strips. To build her cost S3(i,
000 ; by her charter tho owners realized
S15.000 from government ; they then csk-
orl fillll (llln 1V lTn,-rrn,i ,n ni!,! Sr.T,
... www,--.-. . ... ..w.Q.... p v
000 fivo thousand less then thoy asked,
but $19,000 tuoro than sho cost. While
with tho Potomaka and Wamsutta the
owners realized 53,000, tho govcrment
paid 800,(100, although Mr. Morgan's
papers allege he was asked 80,000.
i his seems the reverse of tho proposition.
The Onward was offered to privato parties
for 540,000 ; Mr. Morgan was asked SUO,
000, and paid 5ti7.000. Thoso arc not
tho only instances, as tho committee will
show by a further examination, to which
they aro invited by the secretary, and
directed by a resolution of this House
Secretary Welles, a mau cstimablo in all
tho relations of private life, honest him
f-clf, and who would not tako a farthing
from the Treasury, scoks to justify Mr.
Morgan by showing that tho government
in times past were iniposeu upon in im
positions ou tho regular officers: and he
I ""P10
employs an agent with no salary, yet put-
tnm tho position ot antagonism to his
' govornnwn .making interest against it.for
1 ' ie-r.re,at"t n,.l,ubor. ?f f80.1? bU:?ht' and
tuo highest prico paid ncti him tho mot
money. For tho credit of the government
such practices should cease. Wo havo
not only a right to Mr. Morgan's skill.
loxpcrienco and shrewdness, but wo havo a
right, to the bouefit of that ruling feeling
1.1. ......... I ! ... - C i .
witu iiuiuj UU51HU63 iituti tuiii oi interest
', for his employers. It is no answer to sav
m Yr" .e
' "'" 'B" a or no
1 W0U"1 h "1 COUIU IlOt, COHSCnt tO taKO
I nearly 800,000 ot tho money which has
Hi' m "oro zealous ot Ins own then his
.fminrrVa intnrnst.. lionlil
Besides, if tho Secre
' .
tary needs tho natiyo iugeupity and busi
ness capaoity, which I adipit is of high or
dor. why not employ and givo him a fair
remunerative salary, as other men aro cm
ployed ? He Bays this 800,000 was takou
from tho pockets of tho sollors. Not so ;
Mr. Morgan always notified them thoy
must pay him two and a half per cent,
on the purobase ; that thoy uante
tho lowest cash prico, and add two and a
half por cont, tho'do. If Mr. Morgan
possesses tho business ability which the
Secretary claims, and which I do not doubt,
ho certainly could havo obtained all tho
vessels at the price he did, loss tho two and
a half percent. Who doubts it! Why
should not tho sollors aa roadily havo given
tuo two and halt per cent, to tho govern
mcnt as to Mr. Morgan ? No, sir ; that
fallaoy may suit the bcoctary, but it will
. it -r r-t i i
not ucciovo tuo poonio. in aoptoitiDor last
whon Mr. Morgan had mado over 550,000,
representation wsb mado to tho cabinet in
regard to this matter, and the attention of
the Sccctary directed to it. Had ho
changed tho policy, no consurc oould have
been charged upou him ; hut ho persistently
refused, aud in Deoomber Mr Morgan had
increased his fortune to the enormous sum
ofnbout 890,000 at tho fortune of a
quarer of a million per piinum, M Mor
gan's services could havr. boon secured a
85,000 annualy, and this enormous sum
saved to tho Treasury , bu' if Jhis bo noi so,
and men owning vessels have been ooui-
pellcd or Indureil to sell llieni lit small prices, whnt
right has the secretary tnnllow his brother-in-law to
put tis hands in ho pocket of uacli seller and realize
the immense sum of fg.iu.ono in n few months. That
money really belonged to tho government. As nil agent
he takes Itl mid if it be nn iiiironRrfnii.-il,h nmniini it
belongs to his employers Tim secretary should know
inai me ruti-s nt tno i;uiinnier ot uommercu in New
ork, as to commissions, do not apply wliero tho value
of the vessel exceeds 530,000; beyond that sum the per
centego is left to bargain between seller and broker,
(Jan the secretary find a so'itary case where tucrihaiits
have alluncd two ami a half per cent. ou a vessel worth
SlOJ.dOOt The rule in l!osoti s pne tier tout, where
the value Is over $i0,000.
DblTHNSE OP SECnr.TAllY WKLT.ES.
Tho secretary, in his last message, claims
that the vessels have hecu cheaply pur
chased. Assume it, if you please. Does
he notknow that our commerce is paralyzed
that sail and steam vessels havo been
crowded on the market, and must be sold
at any prico or rot at tho docks. As well
justify the purchase of tho Potomska and
Wamsutta, which wcro charged to the
government for $7,000 moiu than the
owners recicved on the grouud that thoy
woro cheap. Tho secretary must havo
known this transaction was liable to the
criticism it had received, or ho would uot,
as ho says did in advance, feel ho might
receive some censure because this great
bounty was bestowed ou a brother-in-law-
Iho secretary, in his labored defonco of
Mr. Morgan, has done great injustice to
Commodore lieese in the purchase of tho
Roman aud the Badger. Thero was an
early diposition on the part of tho Secretary
to take the purchase of vessels from the
navy officers ; for tho comniodoro swears
that ho "had direction from tho Navy
Department, by letter, April 21, 1801, to
consult with persons capable of giving
information and advice." A letter, written
April 23, by H Bridge, chief of the bureau
of clothing, says : ".Mr. William II Aspin
wall has offered his services to the Secre
tary tf the Navy, who wishes jott to cull
on him if you need assistance in tho matter
nf tho steamers, as well as to acknowledge
hU courtesy." On tho same day the
secretary also wrote, "advising him to
consult with Governor Mirgmi, Cr D.
Morgan, with Messrs William Evarts,
Watchlord, bnnnoll, also committee of
citizens, who arc empowered to act for this
department." In a letter of April 20, the
secretary says
il my letter of the 2:id Inst, I referred
to certain gentlemen as an advisiii" com -
inittco, with whom you might cousult.
One of the gentlemen alhded to, Gcomo
D. Morgan, Esq., has the special eofidenco
of the department, and jou will advise
with him, in behrlfof the department, and
as its fricud, in this emergency, in the
purchase you may make, ar,
nil tin-- I'vteini-.
dtnary measures you are compelled to take.
It has been gratifying to tho department
to witness tho j ro.np itudo ai.d alacrity that
have been exhibited, and lhc services ren
dered, not only by the gentlomou referred
to, but by Mr. Aspinwall and others."
On the 30th Anril. 1801. th sor.rf.tnrv
says :
in utuer lo roiievo yourseit ot incon
venience, and sundry gentlemen who wero
specified as advisers in the late emergency,
1 have proposed that Mr G. D. Morgan,
and Mr. W. II. Aspinwall bo substituted
in their place?. These two gentlemen have
been efficient in aiding and as-d'st'ng you,
and are vigilant for the .country and its
interests. Thoy will, it is believed, cheer
fully act for tho department when you
have not opportunity or time tn consalt
wi'ji it. hoth of the gentlemen havo been
written to by this mail on tho subject, and
you will consult with cither, or both, in ,
your future negotiations and purchases." I
In a letter of May 18th, t-pcaking ofj
purchasing several vessels, anioLg them
wlialinz-shiDS, he savs . i
I.T.. , , .
"Please advise with Mr. G. 1). Morgan t
in roi?ard to this tnatinr. .irl malm rmr.i
chases with his onnroval."
Thus it clearly appears that Commodore
Breoso was inducod to confidence in Mr.
Aspinwall ; and, when the wlialeihips were
ordered, in the absence of Mr Morgan, ho
called on Mr. Aspinwall, and was jjoverned
... . .
by Ins advice and action, aud, May 10,
wrote to tno secretary :
"I havo commissioned an aceut indica
ted by Mr Aspinwall, to proceed to New
Bedford to nogotiato for the purchase of
three whale hips, whi ch the department
directed mo to obtain for coaliu r uses '
none can be purchased in this place."
After tho secretary had frequently ad
vised him to consult a nutubor of per
sons, in ovory letter reducing the number,
l. .!....! - I . , , . .
mini uu iict-iiirca ins warm attachment to
Mr. Morgan and Aspinwall, although tho
lotter orderiiiL' tho whaleahtns rcnucstcd
him to purchaso them with tho approval of
.nr. Aiiorgiiu ; situ, iu 1113 auiiouce ilUU tho
pressing necessities of tho purchase, and
considering tho high eulogiums pro
nouncedly the secretary on Mr. Aspinwall,
tho following statement in tho letter of the
secrctayis remarkable, and unsustaiucd
by tho evidenco :
"Had tho naval pfficois followed tho
orders that were given him, thcbo frauds
would not havo been perpetratod. But
Commodore Brccso omployed Mr. Aapin
wall's broker, aud not Mr. Morgan, aud
tno result woro a gross faml and tho pur.
chase of inferior vessels, which could not
havo been tho cusc had the policy which
tho department was then instituting pre
vailed and its orders been obeyed ;
Still mora romarkablo is tho chargo of
tho Sccrotary whon it is romombcrod that
tho person roforrcd to apMr, Aspinwall's
Drpiter, was 5tarlnicis, tuo very man om
ployed hy Mr. Morgan, ovon subsermeut to
tho purchase oftho ftomun and liulger
as appears by the following letter :
"Dear Oommodoro ; I have not direc
ted the Mediator to go to the Navy Yard,
and until I hear from you shall do nothing
in tno matter, j. nait requested iui, atar
ouoic icno purcnasca ner, to can awl see
you.
" Very truly, your obedient servant,
('S. L. Brecse, Esq., Flag-oflioor.
"Washington, Jutio 1, 1861."
It is duo to Commodoro Breoso
that, when the ships were brought to tho buying arms which had b-en con
navy yard, l,o discovered the fraud, m- dccd, and sent from tho arsenals of
termed tho Htforotarv. nnil ilnirril tn linvn ' . ,..
... ... ...
-vu.-.uvi A-ii. "oiiiumiii o iiu-
rispinwall' 8 pur
chases, which ho understood was done, as
an ordor was issued for loading them. -Tho
Secretary also refers to tho Penguin
and Albatross, bought by Comniodoro
Breoso for 870,000 each, alleging that
thoy woro of no greater tonnago than tho
Mars and iatripcs. 'llio secretary, how
ever, omits to state that tho Penguin and
Albatross woro built for seagoing vessel,
with double engines, and cost, probably in
construction, ono-third more than tho Stars
and Stripes. The Secretary further says:
"In a singlo transaction origionally
mado with a largo shipowner by Commo
doro Brccco, for five valuablo stcaniors, I
felt that the government was unfortunately
involved, and Mr. Morgan was omployed
to relievo tho department. Under many
aud great difficulties ho succeeded in sa
ving the govcrnmont, by his action in that
tiaiisiiction, above 815,000."
Tho explanation, as I understand it, is
this: The commodoro, in chartering tho
fivo vo.'suls, required the owners to insert
a price at which they would soil to gov
ernment. It was a mero proposition on
their part. It was not accepted, neither
was tho government hound to pay it.
1 no becretary also adds :
"Yet I hear from the owners and sailers
no complaint that they, by tho oporation
of this system of purchase, havo boon op
pressed or aggrieved, ''
Lot us examine tho correctness of this
statement by ono transaction. Iu the
month of May last, J. Rudolph Bieg aud
James 0. Jewett k Co., of New-York city
were owners of tho steamer Merocditi.
During that month a man by the name of
Burrill, claiming to bo an agent and ad
viser of the Navy Department, proposed
a purchase. Jewott i!c Co. to prevent the
(Ixtortious of governmunt agents, on tht
10th day of June wroto a lotter to the Sec
retary of tho Navy, offering to charter
or sell that vessel at a valuation to bo fixed
by tho Department. A similar letter was
sent by them to tho Prcsidont of the Uni
ted Mates. Tho Secretary returned an
answer refttsiug to charter or purchase
as she was unsuited for an armed ship.
Burrill shortly after appoars, saying that
he can sell tho rejected sta amor; that he
hd roturncd frum Washington, and asked
authority from them to sell to government,
which given to him on tho J3d day of July.
On the 31st of July Buirill came again and
made an offer from the Secretary of the
Navy fur the rejected steamer, on tho
condition that the owners should pay S-V
000 to him, besides a fair brokerage,
which 85,000 Burrill said vras to bo given
to government officials for their avsi&tance
iu nclliug (his vo.iacl. Juwi'tt V C . ra
i'nsed, proolmniii that they would first see
1 "10"' vc'10' vot llt t lc wharf, and thorn
Bolvcs wauling for broad, before one penny
sllu1(5 g t0 bvihc government oflieia'.s;;
' quliug Bnrill t, say to (hose who sent
I 11 tlju ''veiuim-at wanied 85,00'J,
tUui' wo-l'l g' 'hat sum towards raising
I tlJ10lliL'i" ruginiL-nt to fill tliu place of the
i6w i orK Mxtv-ninth. Jurnll It'll, and
alter the lapse of a few home returnvd,
saying that lie had heard from ashingtoii
and that he would wi'hdraw the condition,
and they need only pay what they saw fit
to allow him for h'n services. 'I hey ac
cepted, and on tho same day cave Bur-
nil a bill -of sale for the department : and
1 he presented a lii-t of alterations required
in the handwriting of S. M Pook, tho na
val constructor, and ono of tho boird, to
examine vessels. On the 27th of Septem
ber they delivered up tho vessel to gov
ernment through Burrill. Much to the
surprise of the owners the Secretary sent
a rcquisilion to pay Burrill the S100.000
for the Mercedita' although the names to
the bill of sale wero that of Slog, owner of
seven tenths, and Jewott & Uo three
tenths. Thoy succeeded in arranging so
that tho money ahould be drawn by a
third party. Some twenty days after the
date of tho requisition an order was had
on tho sub treasury for tho money. Mr.
Gcorgo D. Morgan did not appear in tho
negotiation until after the requisition for
the money. Ho then camo and demanded
- ."u r ) aamittiug
did not sell or purchase, yot tho
that he
owners
could nst get their money until ho was
' F-iJ anJ f tIi0y woulcl consent to pay, he
i would write to Washington and urge the
immediate remittance of the money,
! tlDOV0 fa(!t3 must u?v0 l)U011 known to
1 Secretary. They were written to (
ITT 1 y" 1 1 si J
Xho
the
Com.
Hudson, October 31, with a request that
they bo filled iu the Navy Department,
which doubtless was douo. Sinco the let
ter of tho Secretary tho conimittco have
not had timo to examine the owners of the
Morcedita 5 but the foregoing and subse
quent facts in connection with the purchaso
aro sustained by affidavits of J. Kudolph
Seig aud James 0. .Icwctt. TJiey .testify
ihat they did not seo or know anything of
George D. Morgan until after tho purchase
and delivery of the bill of sale, to the de
partment through Burrill j that on tho 19th
day of November thoy called on Mr. Mor
gan, demanding repayment of 82,500, and
ho said ho had oreditcd it to tho Navy
Department : that he had only taken this
sum so tho department might havo so muoh
back in case the department elected to
keen tho same, on the around that ho un
derstood the Mercedita coit only 804,000;
yet Mr, Morgan, whon ho took the g2,
500, gave a receipt for tho samo "for
commissions on .tho sale of tho Mercedita."
The owners douy that they ever asked
SI 30, 000 for tho steamer, although Mr.
.Morgan claims in his statement -that such
amount was demanded of him. TJ;o do
partmout fixed the valuo, ,nd negotiated
through tho medium above stated. On
tho 17th of January Jcwqtt & Co. wroto
another letter to tho Secretary, in which
thoy recito tho fact of their formor com
plaints, showing that thoy havo been op
prcsmd or aggrieved, in which they cayr
' Do you think it right to endeavor to
carry to tho public, after such an offer as
that ou our part, tho idea that wo sought
to obtain 830,000 moro than this vessel's
value, and to foitor this falsehood on tho
public lo gite an idea of your brother-im
vesiels for tho
coverumenti'
rtntOHASE or hall's cauiiInei!.
Auother rcmarkablo transaction was
tho salo by tho Ordnance Buicaa, to Mr.
.Estman, of fivo thousand Hall's carbines,
an arm which needed some alteration to be
Hi,C,I fn Q'l Ml onnl, 'I'lilo n.iv.ln ....I..
m-Q-Q, itcrnn expenditure oi irom m
... . (n s r. ,mu ,,-.. unl.l
to Siunii
Stevens for 812. CO; then to Gen. Fremont
for No wonder our expands aro
82,000,000 per day Government sells nt
81). 50, and it a short timo buys back at
822. Dr. Cummings bought seven hun
dred of tho Hatiic carbines for 815, Tho
evidence of Major Ilttgnor shows that Mr.
Stevens was on agent or aid of General
Froinont. This Mr. Stevens denies.
However, Iho relation was olio of a warm
personal character. Ho had probably
just left him with instructions to purchase
His dispatch to Freuinnt was just such as
an agent would send, or one who had tho
assurance of tho necessities of the West,
and that the arms would be taken. At
all events, the bargain was an unconsiju
i able one, whereby Stevens was to raaka
I about 850.000 iu ono day, without incur
ring any risk or investing any capital,.
DIUUIITMBNT or THE WEST..
There seemed to be no green spot in tho
republic The gross frauds upon tho sea
board, by tho Potomac, found u coun
terpart ou tho banks of tho Mississippi.
The contagion spread and fastened itself
upou tho Department of tho Wct-t. A
bevy of cormorants gathurod around Fre
mont, who were leasliiiir upon the tuoou
i tlioy were drawing from the nation more
impudent iu their claims, more unblushing
in their extortions, lucre, as hero, nn
sales could be made with the government
except through tho medium of heartiest
contractors. Tin re, as here, nono but
special favoriies could f-haru of public
bounty. Those willing to furtii-h cheaply
and well were ea-'t atitlu, while u hard-,
ware firm Child, Pratt, & Vox won: si
lowed to furnish neatly $1,0110,000 with
Qt't tho formality of fixing the price in ad
vance, they procuring from tho v'iy nun
who offered to supply tho government and
at the offered prices, whilo thuy
charged
an advance of twenty-live to titty per ccut
Men in league with Quartermaster Mc
Kinstry aud his inspectors would first ex
tort from the hoin-Kt' iiirmer and then un
blushingly rob from tho treasury. In
buildjng the forts at St, Louis moie than
8100,000 was squandered upon profligate,
unpiincipled favorites. These plunderers,
sonio imported from California, and some
for a long while iu the employ and receiv
ing food aud raiment from the govern
ment, gathered around thep"rson of Fre
mont, and cuSercd none to-approach him
too nearly. Quartermaster' McKinrtry
was the higlust prio-t at this festival of
robh-ry and crime; a ui-in who had for many years he-n
in the regular service of Ihe Tinted State-; a mini tup
nihhed hy tin, administration lotlia department of tlm
Vest. witlcb was supposed to hi a guaranty for hit
faithf ilness Mid Int.'itrlty. Triikting, routi lug '
niont w.itthed him not ,'Ioim Iv. I do ot-t pret-ud that
1 ,-riuont sh.ir-d tlx; spoils with I'M d I'rnlt .t t'vi. or
McKiustry. no more than I foi a um nent bell -vo that
Secretary Welles shared til.' enormous profits nf t.t
hrothi-i-in-lnw. It is no i icua- to sa) that tlm inatni
tudeol'jhiH rihellion. hueoiu proportion, lli-J iinptud
iu4 danecr iatimt dark -h ido s ovi r o-ir national path
way aiiclthreati-niiistlu u nion's life, nut alu tin-.ntion
for allow lug the eien i-e of ontiivim, d cupidity. Willi
nut iloutit Ki' ivral and rabiiiit m inml -re havo lioWud
down teueatli Iho weight"? inciea-ing repo,ifibi it)' i
hot this recll-ss horde wete undiiniinlnu the vr
urujud un whiih I hey 1,0,1.
AU.MV Til '..WI'OItrATtO.V.
Anuther item of recltlei-s expend Hiiro was the ord.-i
of the War Departiucntallon inc two centsa milt for
the trnmportalion. It is reu.ark.ible that the late si-c-rut'iry,
who was hiiuseif. hy loin; i xptri tiro and oh
bervution. so converi-unt w;th ,th, inaiuiye'iitnt of rsil
ro-i Is, win rjo.'Cd in the coundeiicu of u friend, h ho
was intimate with railroad connections, cspitiall) Iu
I'eunsylviiia, should havo allowed ruilroats roiupauuM
such lurita nuio'ints that tiny tnaldlnvish Ihnifsandi f r
the transportation of a -inizle reiineut Trains not
nimiiiii! as swiftly, r.iol louietiiucs with 110 h-tt-r -ari.
chari;"d nearly doublo uuifc tlte.li emu-'rant rates. 101
lj ij not know tlMt each piis-o-up'-r was emilh-d to eiirhty
pounds of luusaite ' 1 1 an tilra cliate was allowed
lor all transpniti-d with the troops. Thus thousands
h tve been taken from th- treasu-y, net only hy the at
sunt of fie depsrliucut, but by its express sanction aul
ojilei.
ir-- "-"ajuaufSixorr: rr n 1TM.-V exuaxsijuat
MARRIAGES.
At MillviUeT"n theCth inst.. hy James Wantin, Ks .
Kzn Kvks, jr., of .Midison twp , to .Miss l'lttKns SUtb
ih, of (irecuwood, all of this county.
Iu Center twp., Col, Co. Pa hy Kcv. J. It. Dltnm, on
the S.'ith nil. .Mr. Hlijaii Kisxhk to .Miss M iild. Itoer,
all of the above place.
Hv tLo same kt his riiidonce 111 nionnmhurg. on theOlh
inst., .Mr. Emamuei, I.. Km-uiner to .Miss Sakih U. Hau
isDutu, ull of Contcr twp., Col. Co. I'a.
On the t5th lust., by Hev. Franklin Gearhsrt. M I
W. t-coTT, tn Mi-s I.avina Slai K, hotli of Northumber
land Pa. Suubury flazctte will pleasJ copy 1
On the t'th lust., by the same, Mr. Caki IHrtos, to
Miss Uii.iLAii rm.vELU.111 billi of Illoonisbur;.
DEATHS.
In niooiuslut;,.Sib met , Francis Krarlmt,
of Solomon and Mary S. Bis utt, aged 1 year,
and ill days.
only child
1 month
ItEVIEW OF THE MARKET.
CORRECTED irEKKl.Y.
WHEAT
UYI5
CORN (old)
COHN(new)
OATri
UCKWIIKAT..
$1 12
ci,ovr.usr.i:i.
81 if
It
IS
u
. 10
. in
uurrai
50
1 rjfiB
50
30
t.m.i.ow
I.ARI)
l'01'ATOEa
50'
3
Teachers Association.
THE annual meeting of the Teachers association of
Columbia County will be held at the Academy h
Illoomcburj on Saturday the S2d Inst., at 10 o'clock A.
M. There-is some important business to be transacted
and measures are In proareis to secure a gaoi atten
dance and make an interesting meeting.
I'ruf. WfclKer .A'JP nllend and thcra will headdress
es, cs.ays ami disscussions, on several important top
ics
All teachers and -friends of educational diffusion an
lespectfully invited to attend,
U. J. CAMI'Iint.!,,
Ih. 15, ISM. Ittc. Stc'y
ADM NISTRATOIfS NOTICE.
E.tUi le of Peter Appleftate, deceased.
NO'J'ICi: is hereby given that inters of Administiatioi
ou the estate of I'eti r Applegate.late tf Jackson twp
Columbia rouuty, deceased, havo been granted by UicRoj
liter of said (jaunty to Ji.fhua Roubini, who rsitdei
in the tame township. Ail p rsoni having claims or d
inands against tha estate of the dei edenl are requeited
to present them for lettlouicnt, and those indebted tc
mske naempnt without ilclav.
' ' ' JpUllUA U011MNH.
I'cb. 15, 18C2 Ot. .fJsi'r,
or
VALUABLP HICAL ESTATE.
tn puriuanco of an order of tlm Coutt cf Common
I'Uai of Columbia county, on
iJuturdat, thn cig'tth day of March
neit, at 10 o'clock in tho forenoon, Henry Nelwir and
John Itarig couunitteeoftho person and e.lato of John
Graham a lunatio of lloariugctuek townihip In Ihu
county of Columbia, aforesaid i will ripoio to sale by
public vendue upon tho premises the undivided ou
fiit Ii patt and also the undivided one I'ouith part nfth'i
undivided one f.ftU'piit subject tn the llfu estate of M
ry Gra.aiuthe mother of the said John firaham.hf all that
certain tract of land situate in the township of Roaring
creek aforesaid, bounded by lands of .Michael t'edrrotf.
Klijah Horn, William Vncum and Klljali Vocum. con
talnlng about fight acrei mojo or leu on liicli am
reeled, a frame Home a new bain and outbuildlngi.
Tha cmte of Ihi mid John Orihsm in the slid prew
lies JACOUtYEyiA
Hoatinicttik, ret, , ISM -ti, Troth y
law's fitness to purohas