p
-Mr-
the Alter of t."l. eternal hostility t every farm of Tyrauuy over the Mind of Man." Thomas Jetfuraon
it Imvft wirniipo'l
Volume A.
g.'-tt'' i1 T.T - ' ri't- "'- - ;- '-'"
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COLUMBIA DEMOCRAT.
NOVEMBER 28, '.810.
IIIQ11LY INTERESTING FROM
THE PACIFIC.
Operations of Col. Fremont in typcr
California.
The Washington Union contains a
lengthy and very interesting letter (torn
Col. Thomas II, Benton, tchiinglo ihc op
erations of Col. Fremont, during the last
winter and spring, in Upper California, to
gether with otheis from Col Fremont, givs
ing a graphic and interesting account of his
movements. 15. 'a letter is accon panietl by
Beveul columns of official correspondence
belween the authorities of Upper Califoi
ilia, and Thomas 0. Larkin Esq. our Con
sul at Monlerej, lelaiing to Col. Fremont
and the utiempl to drivo him from thai de
pirtment, in the early pail of the year, by
force of arms. Our limits foice brevity up
on us, so that we are compelled to omit
even the substance of these letters, but it is
not ur.krtown lo our readers that the ap
pearance of Col. Fremont and his party, in
that department of California, early in the
year, gave anything but satisfaction to the
authoriles, and this correspondence be
tween our Consul and Governor Castro, re
suited from a proclamation issued by the
lailer peremptorily commanding Col. F. to
withdraw with his men from the country,
From the letter of Col Benton, we learn
that after Col. F. had crossed the .Vky
Mountains and the Sierra Nevada of the
Alia California, he Iti his men upon the
frontier, an hundred miles from Monterey
and went alone to that cily to explain his
ol-ject and wishes in person lo Gov, Cas
tro. The interview was entirely satisfac
tory, and resulted in permission being
granted him by the Governor to winter in
the valley ol San Joaquin, where there was
plenty of jamo for his men and f rass for
his horses. Scarcely had he arrived in
this valley with his men when reports be
nan lo reach him from all quarters that the
Coventor was raising the province agamsi
him he was warned uf hi danger by our
Consul the settlers proposed to join him
I, ui ho refused their assistance and taking
position on the suuimii of the Sierra, thiriy
miles from and overlooking Monterey, he
awaited the assailants. From this position
he could clearly discern the movements ol
the foice under Gov. Castro, but after all
(heir threats they only approached the
camp nd Col. Fremont, not finding him
self attacked, and determined to avoiu coi
lision. then determined lo retire, and ti
rmrrnl in Orcnon. on his intended route
ol the valley of the Sacramento, ihe 'i'al
math lak 3, and the valley of Ihe Wahla
muli rivrr. Accordingly, about the Oil
of March, he lefl his position on the Sierra
descended into the valley of the San Joa.
ijuin, and commencjd his march by slow
nd easv stages of four and six nn.es a Hay
la Orpofin. "I'lii Governor after Iti?
return from the evacuated camp on Sierra
issued a proclamation denouncing Col
and his men as a band of robbers and high
wayiuro, and it appears they were not cvrn
permitted lo retire without lunher molcsla
lion.
We copy from Col. Benton's lelicr:
The first letter that we received from
Capt. Fremont, after his withdiiwul from
IJ. WEBB, EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR
IIl.OOMSII.VKU, COI.K.nitIA (,T .TV, l'A. SATI KD VV. XOVKJ1IJKK SS, IS Hi.
Sierra .nil from ihe vallev nf ilir San Juan
' 1 3 .
is lined the firm day of April, in latiu.de 40
on the Sacramento river; and though writ
ten merely to inform Mrs, Fiemont of his
personal concerns become important in
public point of view, on sccoi.nl of suhse-
mem rvenU in June. Bud Julv. bV SNOW
in?, that on Ihe first of Apiil he was on .iif
way lo Oregon that ho had abandoned all
intention of leturning through any pait of
California would cross the Rocky nioun
lains through the iVorlhern Pass on the line
between ihe Upper, or Kettle l abs of the
Columbia, and the Great Falls of ihe Mis
souri and he in the United Sutes in Sep
tember. This shows thai he had at tin
time, no idea of ihe events in which he wae
Hubseqneutly involved, and that he had a
bandoned the cherished fHd ol his intended
scientific researches for ihe express purpose
f avoiding all offence lo ihe Mexican au
thorities. Of the events in the valley ol the
San Joaquin and the camp cn tho Sicrra.he
speaks a few woids, without detail, bnt de
scriptive of his condition, characteristic of.
his prudence in not compromising his coun
iry Jit worthy lo be repeattd in lii ow a lan
guage, lie siye: I no opaniarus were
somewhat rude and inhospitable below, and
ordered me out of ihe country, after having
given mo permission to winter there. My
sense of duly did nol pormil me id fight
them, but we retired slowly and growling!)1
before a force of 3 or 4 hundred nan, and
iwo pieces of artillery, iihoui llie sha
dow of a cause, the governor suddenly rais
ed ihe whole country against n.c, issuing a
false and trcanduloua proclamation. 01
course, I did not dare to compromise the
United State, against which appearances
would have been strong; but though it was
in my power to increase my party by Amer
icans, I refrained from committing a solita
ry act of hostility or impiopriety.' His
next letter is dated the I I of May, ami in
forms m thet, in his progress to Oregon,
tie found himself and p.iriy unexpectedly
ittacked by the Talinalh Indian the most
warlike of that quarter had lost five men
killed and wounded and dill expected
to be in the United States in the month oi
Senlember.'
This wis the last letter received from
Col. Frkmoxt until the following, of Job
25th, from Aonlerey .and which was brrtugh'
by Commodore Sloth. It is a plain state
ment of his movements, and will bo read
with deep interest. The letter of Col. Bun
ion goes into a lengthy and ablo review of
ihe operations of Col. I'., and fully jisiilt'
his conduct against the falsehoods gaicon.
ade of Gen. Castro. Tiie Union tiuly
ays: 'Nothing could be more moderate a'
lirsl nothing more decided, when he was
assailed by tho Mexicans more manly,
more heroic than his conduct.'
Private letter from Colonvl Fremont to
Senator lirnlon, dated Monterey of the
Ma California July 25, 1 S 10
Musmn or C.m:mki July 2ii. 1810.
Mq Dear Mr When Mr. Gillespie
overtook me in the middle of May, we wcrr
encamped on the northern shore of the
Gieatcr Talmath Lake. Snow was falling
teadilyand heavily in the mountains whuli
entirely surround and dominate Ihe elevat
ed valley region into which we had pene
trated: in the earn and north and west barn
i-rs absolutely impa3ablo barred our road;
we had no provisions, our animals were al
ready foeblo, and while any other way wac
pen, I could not bring myself lo attempt
uch a doubtful enterprise as a parage ol
these unknown mouulains in tho ile.id ot
winter. F.verv day the enow was Wing;
ind in the face of ihe depressing infici u.'i
exercised on the people by the Iosh i! out
nen, and the unpromising appearance ol
I ;...l,r.il it inexnedieiil lo piirflK
tiling-, J"'n I
inr journey farther in tins Uirieii..n, nn
leierminrd lo retrace my steps sud cart.
ml the views of the government by re ah
i .1 r ilm (!. ilar. nil
iiib Itie ironuur on w
river. 1 had scarcely reached Ihc low.
Saciamrntn, when Gcner.il Castie, then in
the north (A Sunoma, in the dep-runem
Sonoma, north c the bay of Sa l I rane-ro
-juomandeil by Gen. Vallrj ..j iN.-UrnI his
den rmination immediately lo rooted a-
, snrl ufn-r defeating me to proceed
:gaiiisi ihe lyteigi.cis settled in the couniry
; jiiioi wi-i o
for whose expulsion on order had just been
. .... .l i v .t
lucu ny no governor ... .no ...,...,.-
For theso purposes Castro immediately ns-
scmbled a force at the Mission of Santa
Clar, a strong place on the northern shore
of the Francisco hay.
You will remeinbei
how grossly outraged and insulted we hat!
already been by this officer; many in mj
own camp, and throughout the counln
thought that I should not have retreated in
March last, 1 felt humiliated and humbled
one of the main objects proposed by ihi
expedition had been entirely deleated and
ii was the opinion cf the officers nf thi
squtdmn (J0 I was infotmed by Mr. Gilles
pie) that I could nol again retreat consis
.enily with any military imputation. Una
hie to procure supplies elsewhere I had
sent by Mr. Gillespie, to Capt. ilontgoni
cry, commanding llie United Sutes ahip of
war I'orismouih, ihen lying at Montorey, s
unall requisition for mch supplies as wure
ndispensibly necessary lo leave ihe valley;
and my animals were now in such a slate
thai I could nol got oul of the valley, with.
out reaching the country which lies on the
west side of them in an entirely destiluti
condition.
Having c ircfully examined my posiiion,
snd foreseeing, I ihiult, clearly, ALL the
consequences which may eventuate to
me from such a step, I determined to
take such active & anlicipsloiy messuret
us should seem lo ine most expedient lo
protect my paily anil justify my own
character. I was well jwxre of lb
(;rsve lespoiitibility which I resumed.
boll also di lermiied lint having one
concluded lo do so, I would asrunm it
a.id its roiiMquences fully and entirely
huI go thinugh with the business com
pleieiy lo the mil. I tejjrel lUl, ly ;
s iddeii emeigency, 1 have only an liotii
fur wiiiiig to all fiitnds, and that tlu-ic
fore I ro in ihe ab-cence of detail, wlial 1
aj lo you will not be cleaily under
ood. Cas'ro's fust nicasuro w.s a i al-
lenipt to incite ihe Indian ovulation i
he Sonqtiin andS.icmmei.IO valleys, am
lit i e uhboi inn m unlains, to bui n ihe
rops of the A r ijti?rs end otherwihe
proceed immediately against ihem.Tlicte
ndians are extremely numerous,.'"! 1,1
ucccss of this measure would have bee.
very dtstruclive, but hi failed cniiieh
On ihe tith of Juno I decided on tin
course which I would pursue, and :m-
nediatdy concerted my opeialiuns will
he loitigncrs inhabiting Ihe S.icraineii-
o valley. A few days of'ei wards t n
of Cas'ro's officers, wiih a party of 11 ai
empted lo passadrove of200 hoi scs,fi on.
Sonoma lo SjiUa Clara, via Mew Mel
velia, with the avowed puwe of bring
mg (roops into the country: On the
1 lib, they were surprised at ilaylight
in ihe Consumne liver, bv a naitv ol
12 from my camp. Ihe hoi.-ts were
taken, but they ('he men) were dicmis-
ed without injury. At daybreak tn
the 15th, the military fori ol Sonoma
was taken by surprise, with D brass pie
aes of aililleiy, 2.jO stand of muskets,
h mie other aims, and a quantity of am-
nunilion. Gen. Valh jo, his brother,
(Cant. Vallejo) Colonel GrtuxJon, and
loni! oiheis, were lkcn prisoners, and
placed al New Helvetia, a foriifnd poM
inder my comn.and. In llie nieaniime
launch had reached AVwIIt Ivelia with
,torf.s fiom the ship Pori.-niouih, now
lying at Ye rba-ll')cna,on Francisco bay,
News of Gfn. Ca.siro'H proceedings a
4'iinsl me in .Match, had reached Com
nodore Sloat at Ma.atlan at I Vih end o
hai month, and he had i n m.-tt i h 1 3
h-spatched the ship 1 jilsmouth to.M 11
t,ny, with geneial instructions 10 i
loci Ameiican inleiesis in C.iiifornid.
These enurpi ii s ccoinplisheit, 1
pioceeded to ihe American Mrilcnien:s:
iiflo.i the Sari anicn'o, and ihelv o ile ! s
Amciiranos to oht.iin uii.fjlteineuls ol
men and 1 lies.
'Ihe inloi inalinn brought by Mr. Gil
lespie to Captain MoiugoiiH ry , in if-
atioii lo my pu.'il ion, induced that ufii
cr immediately lo proceed lo Yerbaj
Iii ...i. ....... i, i,., i ,i..,.,ini,,,,i m-
Huena, whence he had despatched his
'aunch lo me. I immediately wro e to
lim, by the return vS the hoal, desc.ib
ng (0 him fully my position and int-n-ions,
in order ihat he might nol, by
iuppoing rue to be arling under older-1
horn our government, unwillingly com
mil himself in sflordinn me other than
ouch assistance as Ins instructions
would aulhoi ize him naturally tjeffer
in officer charged wiih an important
public duty: 01; ;n line, to any citizens
of Ihe U. S
Information having reached mo from
;he commanding officer al Sonono, thai
lit post was threatened with an at atk
hy a force under Gen. Casiro, I raised
amp on ihe Ameiican fork on the af
'emoon uf the 22di and, accompanied
by Mr. Gillespie, al 9 in the morning ol
he 25th. reached Sonoma, with 90
mounted riflemen, having matched 80
miles. Our people atill lulu the place.
inly one division cf Castio's foice, a
quadron of cavalry, number 70 men.
ind cosimandcd by Joaquin do la T01-
re one of his host oflkeis, having suc
ceeded in Housing the straits, Fiaucis-
co bay. Tina force had attack d an
advance party of twenty Americans, uid
wms defeated with the los lto killed
ind two or thiea wtinnded. Tin A-
mericans losit none. This was an unv
xpecled check to the Califijrniaus; who
had announced their intentions to defea'
jur people wi'hout firing a gun; lo beat
out iheir brains with their 'upedros,'
md destroy them 'con cucrj Ls puroi.'
riict- were ied lo uso this expression
10111 the circumstance that a few day
ii'tviuus they had captured two ol oui
sien (an express,) and aftat wuunding.
ud bound thftin to tr-.-es, mid cut ihen
0 pieces while alive, with an exngera-
lion of cruelly, which uo In dim wouli!
le capable ol. In a few days de la 'lot
ie was driven fiom ihe couniry, having
hsrely succeeded in rfjecting his escajn
jcioss the snail.", the guns ix larg.
md handsome piece spiked at tin
t'ort on the south side of entrance ti
Francisco bay, and communication with
ho opposite side enliiely hn ken i ll,lhi
)0al3 and launches being oiihor i!eiroy.
1 01 iii our posses.iion. Thiee of Cas
o's parly having landed on the S.ino-
na side in advance, weie killed near lln
beach; snd beyond this there was no
loss either side. In all iheso prtceed
ngi; Mr. Gillespie acled wi'h me.
Ye reached Sniioma r.in on the e-
vening of July 4, and in Ihe morning I
called Ihe people together, and spoke to
hem in lel.lion to ihe position of the
country, advising a course of operation
which was unanimously adopted- Cali
fornia was declared independent, the
ouutry put under martial law; the fore
irgamzed, and t flici is elected. A ph d;r
bind iii" themselves to mpporl Ihc c
measuies, and obey iheif .Iluns, w..f
igned by those pit sent. The whoh
was placed under my diiionon. Set-
ural oflicers, from tho lVrlmiiii h wen
present at thi metiing. Lmvi.'h Cap
lain Gii'-by, wiih filly iu mi in cyiii.inii'
of Sonoma, I left il al place on the (it".
md reached my e.ic impmnit on H
Amerscan Folk in ihiee days. 15 Ion
we anivtd at that place. Gtiioial ('a.t (
had evacuated Sanla Clara, which I"
had been tng.ged in f. r ifying, ail'
with a force of about 400 men, and L
pieces of arlillny, ci.ii.incnced his ie
treat upon Si. John's, a fortified p s'
having S pieces of aililleiy, pi in. 'ip ill.
Ira-. On the evening of ihe 10 h w
1 1 . 1. . . : .. I . 1'
were eti ci ui " "y mi'j i ruv.uui in r
j ' 1 e s fiom Capt. M on' gom i y , with thi
infill illation iImI coiuuio.Ioio ou'al had
hoi.-tul lh fl.g of ihc Foiled Stales ol
Monlereyaiid uk-n posession of the
cooi.liV Capt. Monlonieiy had hoist
ed the flag at Y01 ba Jiuena, and sen
one lo Sonomj, lo be busied al that
ni.. n .
place. One also was pnt to the officer
commanding at New II I vrii 1, request- lions undertaken by the State of South Car
ing Iha il nvght be hois d at this post. "'', to connect the Atlantic oeaan and the
Independence and the flag ol the U. r'vtr' Bl l points of Charleston
Slates are synonymous lei ids lo the ai" '"'i'1""1' 8I1I this gave him ccupalion
foreigners here, the northern, which is'in e n'minlain"u' rt,gio of North Caro-iheatrontf-r
nan. nariiriil.-..l 1 ..! -!,ina "d Teanessoe, and first inured him lo
cording'y I directed the flig to be hoist
ed with a salute next morning. Thee
vent produced great rejuicinj among
ur peopli. The next day 1 received
m ex;.ies from Commodore Sloal,
transmitting to me his proclamation, ind
lireeiing me lo proceed with the force
rider my orders lo Monterey. Th
regi.-t-.rud force, actually in arms, ami
inder my ordtrs, nuuibirdd two hun
Ired and Iwenty nfl-men, with one
piece of field artillery, and ten men, in
uldition lo the artillery of ihe garrison
We were on Ihe eve of marching i.
pursuit of Custro when this inlelligenc
triived: accordingly I directed my
msrch upon Monterey, wheie 1 aniv
in the evening of lDih, with a comuiaiiu
jt 160 tillomenand one piece of artillery
I found also there btockion in comand
of the fiigste Congress, and Admira
Seymour, in command of her Diilanic
m ij'.-sij's ship Collinwojil, of eighty
guns. 1 have .been badly iniunupttul,
and shll scarcely be able lo put you ii.
fu'd possession of cccuienes.
To come briefly to conclusion. Com
m jdore Sloat his transferred the squa
Iron wiih California and lis sppuile
ninces into Ihe hands of Commodoii
Stockton, who has resolved lo make
gaod the possession of California. Thi,-
tflher approves entiiely of ihe coursr
pursued by myself and .Mr. Gillespie,
who, I rrpea', has been hand in ham
villi me in this business. I receive
ibis morning, fiom Commodore Stock
ion, a comir.i.-sion of M -jor in the U
S, at my, lelaining command of my bat
allion, lo vvhiali a force of SO manor
will bo attached. We are. under ordei
to eirbatk lo morrow morning, o
iiojid the Cyane stoop of war, and wil
lisembark st Sip Diego, immediately
n the ier of Catio. Me is now at thi
Puebla de los Angeles, an interior city,
wl'li b lorce ol about 500 men, soppos
d lo be increasing, The design is It
t'tack him with my force at thai place.
Ila has there seven or eight pieces ol
irtillery.
Commodore Sloat who goes honn
by way ol Panama, promises to h?nd m
s-iul this to you immediately on his ar
rival at Washington, lo which he goet
.i
iluect, It is my intention lo leave ini
count r v, if it is within the bounds ol
possibility, al the end of August. I couh1
then succeed in crossing the Kicky
Mountain! later it would not he pus
blc on account of the snow ; and by iha1
lime a t' niloriul goverr.mei.t will be ii
op im'ioii here. Yours, very liu'y.
J C FuKMUNT.
Hon. Thorn is II. 15 ulon.
U. S. Senate, Washie.g'i. n ri'y , D. C.
coi.. F,a:MDN r.
A correspondeiii id ihe New York Mir
or li.u . i .-!- llie liillotting iiilhenlic ami
aielnlly lepared aecnuul of Col. Fre
iiiont, of die U. f Army the n lrbratcd ex
dorer of Oregon mid California:
Col. Fiernniil, a lion-relehraied rxplo.
Miioiis in ine i.rineresi v csi aie nt.w nn
l r : . . i 1 .. ... :.. if
riuini; oi iniivi i.ii iip).i.iunt:, in n ii.iii.ii w
.Smith Carolina, the son of a widow, anil
ihe architect ol his nn lorlunes. L.-'i an
irphan at four eai-ol llt!f with "'"'
,. nister Vi.ungi r ti. ,n h.mself. In- ...oil.-
er. uiiil lie a seveiitem, pruii.li l I ir hi.
.iipport iindrdiicaiion; at ib .lPe he bigan. '
it 1 A iNniie lo ihf rjctic, Ii oid i!ie liijll of
io pniviile h.r himself, tod lor I1.. se eon- .....
1 . , i Mexico to l ie head ui Ihe X isi tH'u
neeted wiih hun. For ibne years lie,
.... . i.;. .. n r.A 1 have been his home. II is inililaiy re
miinhl mathematics, prrlo-ling his on eil-, J
.Ts.. o-i.l .mnrr Ml '.is i-an.li:. ,evond,'"i'''""ff w,,,ch 'e ,V98 "Bgei
m.n'.'i. n
his necessary suppoii, lo his ini.iher ami
he Uo younger thildicn. At Ihe no ot
Number 33
li.T L"xrrinr--ii.jiga
Ueniy. his skill in mathematics procured
. . ....
him employment on ihe rail-road exploia
mountain life, ami led him lo cominouce the
scientific observations of ihe heavens and
ei lb, lira he has since extended over so
vast a field. While engaged in this busi
ness, an increase was made by Congress in
some branehes of the regular army. Gen
eral Jackson was the 'rasident of llie Uni
ted Slates, aid directed one half nf the new
appoiutmeuts lo bo taken from tlu class of
idttzens; and out of this class the young
lemout obtained a place among the junior
ilficers of iho Topographieal Engineers,'
rbe wise aud patriotic decision of General
Jackson opened 1'ie door for Ibis appoint
neni, but il required ihe merit of the appli
cant to obtain it. The Topographical corps
is eminently scicntifii ; and Ihe youi.g Fre
notil, never luring been at the national
Vldiiary Academy had lo stand an rxaiuia
ilion hefoie he could be appointed. A
board of eminent officers examined him.
lid stood the lest of this severe ordeal. Uo
.riumphed in his examination; and thus won
his way to a piace which ihe enlightened
patriotism of Jackson had laid open to tha
ao-npeiilion of friendless merit. This was
i first fruit a rich one of having been a
eachcr of niathcmaties. What an encour
ignmrnt to youug men who have lo a'l
vance themselves by their own ex-nions
No sooner was he appointed, than he
went into active service in the field, and
'pent the first j ear in the Cherokee couniry
.ii iho topographical surveys, (under Cap
ain Williams,) w hich the spprehcnded bos
ilitics of the southern ndians rendered tie
cssary lo the expected military operations.
The next year he was seal as an assistant
i) iho o:lcbrated astronomer Mr. Nicoilct
i) the valley of ihc upper Mississippi and
vas engaged two years in that remote re
ion in aiding that eminent savan in collect
ng the materials verify ing llie facts and in
ililiiting the seventy imusand meinorotogi
id olissrvations upon which the great hy
Irographic and topographic map of Nicol
el nd Fremont, was constructed and from
hich so many publishers of maps hive
etied 'contributions,' w iihnut acknoulcdg
mil ihe amirr-p frnm wltlpli ihoy
In 1S J3, Lieu'. Fremont fiisi bernm?
"omm.inder of a separate expedition, snd
ixplaied tho country between Ihe Mis
sissippi river and ihe K cky n.ounlaiiis,
o the Soinh Fass and Fremoni's Peak
nd the brief, mo lrsl, military and sci
Mitifis irpor! which ho madu of ihis i x
aloralion, immediately made his nama
known in Europe and America as ona
of the distinguishrd explorers of Inn pc
In 1SIJ'41, he went upon his gieat ex
,)cdi:ioii lo Oiegon and Morth Clifor
iii; he ofiepnrl w huh .published by or
ler of co igress, is now nitmciiiig uni
eeial aid Minn, In 1815, he hati gono
ipun hn third XpC'ditioil, deli mi i n( d
Upon a complete: mililaiy and scientilic
explei :lio.) vf all the vast and alinos.
uiliiiuwu tedious be'VM'enilo Kocky
i o loiaim end iho Far. lie ocean,
nd hel tVi m t' c Oregon nvcr ami tho
ilulfif c liffrnia. Tnis exprdilion is
HjniHil to eu.itieue iK-ar uvo t t ar.'.and
' Micc-sful lesuli is looked lo wi.li ihe
'igtel drgiec of ir.WresI by all i!ia
rit i.iis nf fCitntr in A ui 1 1 ica and inKn
r. pe.
liilnps no ni;n Ol his agf, in any
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