p -Mr- the Alter of t."l. eternal hostility t every farm of Tyrauuy over the Mind of Man." Thomas Jetfuraon it Imvft wirniipo'l Volume A. g.'-tt'' i1 T.T - ' ri't- "'- - ;- '-'" OFFICE OF T11K DEMOCRAT. Suuru siok of Main, a few duck n LOW MaUKKT8TKKT. The COf. UMliM DEMOCIMTwillbt published even Saturday morning, at TtVO DOLLARS per annum payabh hal 'f u carl ti in advance, or Two Dollar Fi'ftii Ccnls.ifnotvuid within theyeat Yn subscription trill be taken for a shorter period than six months; nor any discon tinuance per mil ted, until all arrearages are discharged. A D VER TI SEMENS not exceeding a square will be conspicuously inserted at One, Dollar jor ine jirsi iin iHmwn n,l Twp.ntu.Ave cents for every subse quent nser'tion. pA liberal discomt male to those who advertise, by the year LETTERS addressed on businesi,musl be post paid. COLUMBIA DEMOCRAT. NOVEMBER 28, '.810. IIIQ11LY INTERESTING FROM THE PACIFIC. Operations of Col. Fremont in typcr California. The Washington Union contains a lengthy and very interesting letter (torn Col. Thomas II, Benton, tchiinglo ihc op erations of Col. Fremont, during the last winter and spring, in Upper California, to gether with otheis from Col Fremont, givs ing a graphic and interesting account of his movements. 15. 'a letter is accon panietl by Beveul columns of official correspondence belween the authorities of Upper Califoi ilia, and Thomas 0. Larkin Esq. our Con sul at Monlerej, lelaiing to Col. Fremont and the utiempl to drivo him from thai de pirtment, in the early pail of the year, by force of arms. Our limits foice brevity up on us, so that we are compelled to omit even the substance of these letters, but it is not ur.krtown lo our readers that the ap pearance of Col. Fremont and his party, in that department of California, early in the year, gave anything but satisfaction to the authoriles, and this correspondence be tween our Consul and Governor Castro, re suited from a proclamation issued by the lailer peremptorily commanding Col. F. to withdraw with his men from the country, From the letter of Col Benton, we learn that after Col. F. had crossed the .Vky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada of the Alia California, he Iti his men upon the frontier, an hundred miles from Monterey and went alone to that cily to explain his ol-ject and wishes in person lo Gov, Cas tro. The interview was entirely satisfac tory, and resulted in permission being granted him by the Governor to winter in the valley ol San Joaquin, where there was plenty of jamo for his men and f rass for his horses. Scarcely had he arrived in this valley with his men when reports be nan lo reach him from all quarters that the Coventor was raising the province agamsi him he was warned uf hi danger by our Consul the settlers proposed to join him I, ui ho refused their assistance and taking position on the suuimii of the Sierra, thiriy miles from and overlooking Monterey, he awaited the assailants. From this position he could clearly discern the movements ol the foice under Gov. Castro, but after all (heir threats they only approached the camp nd Col. Fremont, not finding him self attacked, and determined to avoiu coi lision. then determined lo retire, and ti rmrrnl in Orcnon. on his intended route ol the valley of the Sacramento, ihe 'i'al math lak 3, and the valley of Ihe Wahla muli rivrr. Accordingly, about the Oil of March, he lefl his position on the Sierra descended into the valley of the San Joa. ijuin, and commencjd his march by slow nd easv stages of four and six nn.es a Hay la Orpofin. "I'lii Governor after Iti? return from the evacuated camp on Sierra issued a proclamation denouncing Col and his men as a band of robbers and high wayiuro, and it appears they were not cvrn permitted lo retire without lunher molcsla lion. We copy from Col. Benton's lelicr: The first letter that we received from Capt. Fremont, after his withdiiwul from IJ. WEBB, EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR IIl.OOMSII.VKU, COI.K.nitIA (,T .TV, l'A. SATI KD VV. XOVKJ1IJKK SS, IS Hi. Sierra .nil from ihe vallev nf ilir San Juan ' 1 3 . is lined the firm day of April, in latiu.de 40 on the Sacramento river; and though writ ten merely to inform Mrs, Fiemont of his personal concerns become important in public point of view, on sccoi.nl of suhse- mem rvenU in June. Bud Julv. bV SNOW in?, that on Ihe first of Apiil he was on .iif way lo Oregon that ho had abandoned all intention of leturning through any pait of California would cross the Rocky nioun lains through the iVorlhern Pass on the line between ihe Upper, or Kettle l abs of the Columbia, and the Great Falls of ihe Mis souri and he in the United Sutes in Sep tember. This shows thai he had at tin time, no idea of ihe events in which he wae Hubseqneutly involved, and that he had a bandoned the cherished fHd ol his intended scientific researches for ihe express purpose f avoiding all offence lo ihe Mexican au thorities. Of the events in the valley ol the San Joaquin and the camp cn tho Sicrra.he speaks a few woids, without detail, bnt de scriptive of his condition, characteristic of. his prudence in not compromising his coun iry Jit worthy lo be repeattd in lii ow a lan guage, lie siye: I no opaniarus were somewhat rude and inhospitable below, and ordered me out of ihe country, after having given mo permission to winter there. My sense of duly did nol pormil me id fight them, but we retired slowly and growling!)1 before a force of 3 or 4 hundred nan, and iwo pieces of artillery, iihoui llie sha dow of a cause, the governor suddenly rais ed ihe whole country against n.c, issuing a false and trcanduloua proclamation. 01 course, I did not dare to compromise the United State, against which appearances would have been strong; but though it was in my power to increase my party by Amer icans, I refrained from committing a solita ry act of hostility or impiopriety.' His next letter is dated the I I of May, ami in forms m thet, in his progress to Oregon, tie found himself and p.iriy unexpectedly ittacked by the Talinalh Indian the most warlike of that quarter had lost five men killed and wounded and dill expected to be in the United States in the month oi Senlember.' This wis the last letter received from Col. Frkmoxt until the following, of Job 25th, from Aonlerey .and which was brrtugh' by Commodore Sloth. It is a plain state ment of his movements, and will bo read with deep interest. The letter of Col. Bun ion goes into a lengthy and ablo review of ihe operations of Col. I'., and fully jisiilt' his conduct against the falsehoods gaicon. ade of Gen. Castro. Tiie Union tiuly ays: 'Nothing could be more moderate a' lirsl nothing more decided, when he was assailed by tho Mexicans more manly, more heroic than his conduct.' Private letter from Colonvl Fremont to Senator lirnlon, dated Monterey of the Ma California July 25, 1 S 10 Musmn or C.m:mki July 2ii. 1810. Mq Dear Mr When Mr. Gillespie overtook me in the middle of May, we wcrr encamped on the northern shore of the Gieatcr Talmath Lake. Snow was falling teadilyand heavily in the mountains whuli entirely surround and dominate Ihe elevat ed valley region into which we had pene trated: in the earn and north and west barn i-rs absolutely impa3ablo barred our road; we had no provisions, our animals were al ready foeblo, and while any other way wac pen, I could not bring myself lo attempt uch a doubtful enterprise as a parage ol these unknown mouulains in tho ile.id ot winter. F.verv day the enow was Wing; ind in the face of ihe depressing infici u.'i exercised on the people by the Iosh i! out nen, and the unpromising appearance ol I ;...l,r.il it inexnedieiil lo piirflK tiling-, J"'n I inr journey farther in tins Uirieii..n, nn leierminrd lo retrace my steps sud cart. ml the views of the government by re ah i .1 r ilm (!. ilar. nil iiib Itie ironuur on w river. 1 had scarcely reached Ihc low. Saciamrntn, when Gcner.il Castie, then in the north (A Sunoma, in the dep-runem Sonoma, north c the bay of Sa l I rane-ro -juomandeil by Gen. Vallrj ..j iN.-UrnI his den rmination immediately lo rooted a- , snrl ufn-r defeating me to proceed :gaiiisi ihe lyteigi.cis settled in the couniry ; jiiioi wi-i o for whose expulsion on order had just been . .... .l i v .t lucu ny no governor ... .no ...,...,.- For theso purposes Castro immediately ns- scmbled a force at the Mission of Santa Clar, a strong place on the northern shore of the Francisco hay. You will remeinbei how grossly outraged and insulted we hat! already been by this officer; many in mj own camp, and throughout the counln thought that I should not have retreated in March last, 1 felt humiliated and humbled one of the main objects proposed by ihi expedition had been entirely deleated and ii was the opinion cf the officers nf thi squtdmn (J0 I was infotmed by Mr. Gilles pie) that I could nol again retreat consis .enily with any military imputation. Una hie to procure supplies elsewhere I had sent by Mr. Gillespie, to Capt. ilontgoni cry, commanding llie United Sutes ahip of war I'orismouih, ihen lying at Montorey, s unall requisition for mch supplies as wure ndispensibly necessary lo leave ihe valley; and my animals were now in such a slate thai I could nol got oul of the valley, with. out reaching the country which lies on the west side of them in an entirely destiluti condition. Having c ircfully examined my posiiion, snd foreseeing, I ihiult, clearly, ALL the consequences which may eventuate to me from such a step, I determined to take such active & anlicipsloiy messuret us should seem lo ine most expedient lo protect my paily anil justify my own character. I was well jwxre of lb (;rsve lespoiitibility which I resumed. boll also di lermiied lint having one concluded lo do so, I would asrunm it a.id its roiiMquences fully and entirely huI go thinugh with the business com pleieiy lo the mil. I tejjrel lUl, ly ; s iddeii emeigency, 1 have only an liotii fur wiiiiig to all fiitnds, and that tlu-ic fore I ro in ihe ab-cence of detail, wlial 1 aj lo you will not be cleaily under ood. Cas'ro's fust nicasuro w.s a i al- lenipt to incite ihe Indian ovulation i he Sonqtiin andS.icmmei.IO valleys, am lit i e uhboi inn m unlains, to bui n ihe rops of the A r ijti?rs end otherwihe proceed immediately against ihem.Tlicte ndians are extremely numerous,.'"! 1,1 ucccss of this measure would have bee. very dtstruclive, but hi failed cniiieh On ihe tith of Juno I decided on tin course which I would pursue, and :m- nediatdy concerted my opeialiuns will he loitigncrs inhabiting Ihe S.icraineii- o valley. A few days of'ei wards t n of Cas'ro's officers, wiih a party of 11 ai empted lo passadrove of200 hoi scs,fi on. Sonoma lo SjiUa Clara, via Mew Mel velia, with the avowed puwe of bring mg (roops into the country: On the 1 lib, they were surprised at ilaylight in ihe Consumne liver, bv a naitv ol 12 from my camp. Ihe hoi.-ts were taken, but they ('he men) were dicmis- ed without injury. At daybreak tn the 15th, the military fori ol Sonoma was taken by surprise, with D brass pie aes of aililleiy, 2.jO stand of muskets, h mie other aims, and a quantity of am- nunilion. Gen. Valh jo, his brother, (Cant. Vallejo) Colonel GrtuxJon, and loni! oiheis, were lkcn prisoners, and placed al New Helvetia, a foriifnd poM inder my comn.and. In llie nieaniime launch had reached AVwIIt Ivelia with ,torf.s fiom the ship Pori.-niouih, now lying at Ye rba-ll')cna,on Francisco bay, News of Gfn. Ca.siro'H proceedings a 4'iinsl me in .Match, had reached Com nodore Sloat at Ma.atlan at I Vih end o hai month, and he had i n m.-tt i h 1 3 h-spatched the ship 1 jilsmouth to.M 11 t,ny, with geneial instructions 10 i loci Ameiican inleiesis in C.iiifornid. These enurpi ii s ccoinplisheit, 1 pioceeded to ihe American Mrilcnien:s: iiflo.i the Sari anicn'o, and ihelv o ile ! s Amciiranos to oht.iin uii.fjlteineuls ol men and 1 lies. 'Ihe inloi inalinn brought by Mr. Gil lespie to Captain MoiugoiiH ry , in if- atioii lo my pu.'il ion, induced that ufii cr immediately lo proceed lo Yerbaj Iii ...i. ....... i, i,., i ,i..,.,ini,,,,i m- Huena, whence he had despatched his 'aunch lo me. I immediately wro e to lim, by the return vS the hoal, desc.ib ng (0 him fully my position and int-n-ions, in order ihat he might nol, by iuppoing rue to be arling under older-1 horn our government, unwillingly com mil himself in sflordinn me other than ouch assistance as Ins instructions would aulhoi ize him naturally tjeffer in officer charged wiih an important public duty: 01; ;n line, to any citizens of Ihe U. S Information having reached mo from ;he commanding officer al Sonono, thai lit post was threatened with an at atk hy a force under Gen. Casiro, I raised amp on ihe Ameiican fork on the af 'emoon uf the 22di and, accompanied by Mr. Gillespie, al 9 in the morning ol he 25th. reached Sonoma, with 90 mounted riflemen, having matched 80 miles. Our people atill lulu the place. inly one division cf Castio's foice, a quadron of cavalry, number 70 men. ind cosimandcd by Joaquin do la T01- re one of his host oflkeis, having suc ceeded in Housing the straits, Fiaucis- co bay. Tina force had attack d an advance party of twenty Americans, uid wms defeated with the los lto killed ind two or thiea wtinnded. Tin A- mericans losit none. This was an unv xpecled check to the Califijrniaus; who had announced their intentions to defea' jur people wi'hout firing a gun; lo beat out iheir brains with their 'upedros,' md destroy them 'con cucrj Ls puroi.' riict- were ied lo uso this expression 10111 the circumstance that a few day ii'tviuus they had captured two ol oui sien (an express,) and aftat wuunding. ud bound thftin to tr-.-es, mid cut ihen 0 pieces while alive, with an exngera- lion of cruelly, which uo In dim wouli! le capable ol. In a few days de la 'lot ie was driven fiom ihe couniry, having hsrely succeeded in rfjecting his escajn jcioss the snail.", the guns ix larg. md handsome piece spiked at tin t'ort on the south side of entrance ti Francisco bay, and communication with ho opposite side enliiely hn ken i ll,lhi )0al3 and launches being oiihor i!eiroy. 1 01 iii our posses.iion. Thiee of Cas o's parly having landed on the S.ino- na side in advance, weie killed near lln beach; snd beyond this there was no loss either side. In all iheso prtceed ngi; Mr. Gillespie acled wi'h me. Ye reached Sniioma r.in on the e- vening of July 4, and in Ihe morning I called Ihe people together, and spoke to hem in lel.lion to ihe position of the country, advising a course of operation which was unanimously adopted- Cali fornia was declared independent, the ouutry put under martial law; the fore irgamzed, and t flici is elected. A ph d;r bind iii" themselves to mpporl Ihc c measuies, and obey iheif .Iluns, w..f igned by those pit sent. The whoh was placed under my diiionon. Set- ural oflicers, from tho lVrlmiiii h wen present at thi metiing. Lmvi.'h Cap lain Gii'-by, wiih filly iu mi in cyiii.inii' of Sonoma, I left il al place on the (it". md reached my e.ic impmnit on H Amerscan Folk in ihiee days. 15 Ion we anivtd at that place. Gtiioial ('a.t ( had evacuated Sanla Clara, which I" had been tng.ged in f. r ifying, ail' with a force of about 400 men, and L pieces of arlillny, ci.ii.incnced his ie treat upon Si. John's, a fortified p s' having S pieces of aililleiy, pi in. 'ip ill. Ira-. On the evening of ihe 10 h w 1 1 . 1. . . : .. I . 1' were eti ci ui " "y mi'j i ruv.uui in r j ' 1 e s fiom Capt. M on' gom i y , with thi infill illation iImI coiuuio.Ioio ou'al had hoi.-tul lh fl.g of ihc Foiled Stales ol Monlereyaiid uk-n posession of the cooi.liV Capt. Monlonieiy had hoist ed the flag at Y01 ba Jiuena, and sen one lo Sonomj, lo be busied al that ni.. n . place. One also was pnt to the officer commanding at New II I vrii 1, request- lions undertaken by the State of South Car ing Iha il nvght be hois d at this post. "'', to connect the Atlantic oeaan and the Independence and the flag ol the U. r'vtr' Bl l points of Charleston Slates are synonymous lei ids lo the ai" '"'i'1""1' 8I1I this gave him ccupalion foreigners here, the northern, which is'in e n'minlain"u' rt,gio of North Caro-iheatrontf-r nan. nariiriil.-..l 1 ..! -!,ina "d Teanessoe, and first inured him lo cording'y I directed the flig to be hoist ed with a salute next morning. Thee vent produced great rejuicinj among ur peopli. The next day 1 received m ex;.ies from Commodore Sloal, transmitting to me his proclamation, ind lireeiing me lo proceed with the force rider my orders lo Monterey. Th regi.-t-.rud force, actually in arms, ami inder my ordtrs, nuuibirdd two hun Ired and Iwenty nfl-men, with one piece of field artillery, and ten men, in uldition lo the artillery of ihe garrison We were on Ihe eve of marching i. pursuit of Custro when this inlelligenc triived: accordingly I directed my msrch upon Monterey, wheie 1 aniv in the evening of lDih, with a comuiaiiu jt 160 tillomenand one piece of artillery I found also there btockion in comand of the fiigste Congress, and Admira Seymour, in command of her Diilanic m ij'.-sij's ship Collinwojil, of eighty guns. 1 have .been badly iniunupttul, and shll scarcely be able lo put you ii. fu'd possession of cccuienes. To come briefly to conclusion. Com m jdore Sloat his transferred the squa Iron wiih California and lis sppuile ninces into Ihe hands of Commodoii Stockton, who has resolved lo make gaod the possession of California. Thi,- tflher approves entiiely of ihe coursr pursued by myself and .Mr. Gillespie, who, I rrpea', has been hand in ham villi me in this business. I receive ibis morning, fiom Commodore Stock ion, a comir.i.-sion of M -jor in the U S, at my, lelaining command of my bat allion, lo vvhiali a force of SO manor will bo attached. We are. under ordei to eirbatk lo morrow morning, o iiojid the Cyane stoop of war, and wil lisembark st Sip Diego, immediately n the ier of Catio. Me is now at thi Puebla de los Angeles, an interior city, wl'li b lorce ol about 500 men, soppos d lo be increasing, The design is It t'tack him with my force at thai place. Ila has there seven or eight pieces ol irtillery. Commodore Sloat who goes honn by way ol Panama, promises to h?nd m s-iul this to you immediately on his ar rival at Washington, lo which he goet .i iluect, It is my intention lo leave ini count r v, if it is within the bounds ol possibility, al the end of August. I couh1 then succeed in crossing the Kicky Mountain! later it would not he pus blc on account of the snow ; and by iha1 lime a t' niloriul goverr.mei.t will be ii op im'ioii here. Yours, very liu'y. J C FuKMUNT. Hon. Thorn is II. 15 ulon. U. S. Senate, Washie.g'i. n ri'y , D. C. coi.. F,a:MDN r. A correspondeiii id ihe New York Mir or li.u . i .-!- llie liillotting iiilhenlic ami aielnlly lepared aecnuul of Col. Fre iiiont, of die U. f Army the n lrbratcd ex dorer of Oregon mid California: Col. Fiernniil, a lion-relehraied rxplo. Miioiis in ine i.rineresi v csi aie nt.w nn l r : . . i 1 .. ... :.. if riuini; oi iniivi i.ii iip).i.iunt:, in n ii.iii.ii w .Smith Carolina, the son of a widow, anil ihe architect ol his nn lorlunes. L.-'i an irphan at four eai-ol llt!f with "'"' ,. nister Vi.ungi r ti. ,n h.mself. In- ...oil.- er. uiiil lie a seveiitem, pruii.li l I ir hi. .iipport iindrdiicaiion; at ib .lPe he bigan. ' it 1 A iNniie lo ihf rjctic, Ii oid i!ie liijll of io pniviile h.r himself, tod lor I1.. se eon- ..... 1 . , i Mexico to l ie head ui Ihe X isi tH'u neeted wiih hun. For ibne years lie, .... . i.;. .. n r.A 1 have been his home. II is inililaiy re miinhl mathematics, prrlo-ling his on eil-, J .Ts.. o-i.l .mnrr Ml '.is i-an.li:. ,evond,'"i'''""ff w,,,ch 'e ,V98 "Bgei m.n'.'i. n his necessary suppoii, lo his ini.iher ami he Uo younger thildicn. At Ihe no ot Number 33 li.T L"xrrinr--ii.jiga Ueniy. his skill in mathematics procured . . .... him employment on ihe rail-road exploia mountain life, ami led him lo cominouce the scientific observations of ihe heavens and ei lb, lira he has since extended over so vast a field. While engaged in this busi ness, an increase was made by Congress in some branehes of the regular army. Gen eral Jackson was the 'rasident of llie Uni ted Slates, aid directed one half nf the new appoiutmeuts lo bo taken from tlu class of idttzens; and out of this class the young lemout obtained a place among the junior ilficers of iho Topographieal Engineers,' rbe wise aud patriotic decision of General Jackson opened 1'ie door for Ibis appoint neni, but il required ihe merit of the appli cant to obtain it. The Topographical corps is eminently scicntifii ; and Ihe youi.g Fre notil, never luring been at the national Vldiiary Academy had lo stand an rxaiuia ilion hefoie he could be appointed. A board of eminent officers examined him. lid stood the lest of this severe ordeal. Uo .riumphed in his examination; and thus won his way to a piace which ihe enlightened patriotism of Jackson had laid open to tha ao-npeiilion of friendless merit. This was i first fruit a rich one of having been a eachcr of niathcmaties. What an encour ignmrnt to youug men who have lo a'l vance themselves by their own ex-nions No sooner was he appointed, than he went into active service in the field, and 'pent the first j ear in the Cherokee couniry .ii iho topographical surveys, (under Cap ain Williams,) w hich the spprehcnded bos ilitics of the southern ndians rendered tie cssary lo the expected military operations. The next year he was seal as an assistant i) iho o:lcbrated astronomer Mr. Nicoilct i) the valley of ihc upper Mississippi and vas engaged two years in that remote re ion in aiding that eminent savan in collect ng the materials verify ing llie facts and in ililiiting the seventy imusand meinorotogi id olissrvations upon which the great hy Irographic and topographic map of Nicol el nd Fremont, was constructed and from hich so many publishers of maps hive etied 'contributions,' w iihnut acknoulcdg mil ihe amirr-p frnm wltlpli ihoy In 1S J3, Lieu'. Fremont fiisi bernm? "omm.inder of a separate expedition, snd ixplaied tho country between Ihe Mis sissippi river and ihe K cky n.ounlaiiis, o the Soinh Fass and Fremoni's Peak nd the brief, mo lrsl, military and sci Mitifis irpor! which ho madu of ihis i x aloralion, immediately made his nama known in Europe and America as ona of the distinguishrd explorers of Inn pc In 1SIJ'41, he went upon his gieat ex ,)cdi:ioii lo Oiegon and Morth Clifor iii; he ofiepnrl w huh .published by or ler of co igress, is now nitmciiiig uni eeial aid Minn, In 1815, he hati gono ipun hn third XpC'ditioil, deli mi i n( d Upon a complete: mililaiy and scientilic explei :lio.) vf all the vast and alinos. uiliiiuwu tedious be'VM'enilo Kocky i o loiaim end iho Far. lie ocean, nd hel tVi m t' c Oregon nvcr ami tho ilulfif c liffrnia. Tnis exprdilion is HjniHil to eu.itieue iK-ar uvo t t ar.'.and ' Micc-sful lesuli is looked lo wi.li ihe 'igtel drgiec of ir.WresI by all i!ia rit i.iis nf fCitntr in A ui 1 1 ica and inKn r. pe. liilnps no ni;n Ol his agf, in any i . . . i . . l . rouiHiV, "as pone t n i oil i i Mirn an a- ..,,. i f j,i(,r mid ex-l lion of bmii nnd mj((1 .)( J,'ftnie,. p1(ln ..Hw.-i.iy the canopy t.f HiMveu l.;.s , rov.pi , Jlin,i)illH , . . . , became aNo scientific explanations; and geography, botany, g?oloy,airouomy,
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