nl searching reforrtir has litited out Ua
iinpcrfoi-'lidnu, and corrected Us abuses- ll
is fortunate for ihc public that the banks
have eilhur voluntarily, or in the natural
course oT their own defective organization,
placed themselves in a condition, where
they not only cannot dispute the policy and
justice of reform, but must in self defence,
allege die truth of tuo very doctrines, on
this su'ojuct, for which the friends of reform
have lung fruitlessly contended. Timo
nnd necessity aro powerful reasoncrs. In
this instance, they havo convinced even
those who wero interested to resist their
convictions, and I accordingly trust, the
legislature will proceed at once, and cour
nirtouslv. to tho accomplishment of this
great salutary and long expected work.
Tho nublic" improvements of this com
monwealth, constituting one of its principal
resources, as well as objects ol expenditure
must he resided aa a subtect hardly sec
oiul in imnortahco to tho finances. This
system has gradually grown up to its pre
sent masrniludo within tho last fifteen yeats
The internal improvements of Pennsylvania
now consist oflhofollowini number of miles
in actual operation, to wit; 608 miles of
canal and slack water navigation, and 118
miles of rail road, making together 726.
miles completed, and now in urc 2073
miles of canal and slack water navigation
have been commenced, and are m a state
of considerable procrcss.'
The following number of miles have been
suspended, after expenditures to some a
mount had been made upon them, to wit :
forty seven mile3 of canal and slack water
naviflrationjaml twenty two miles of railroad
I beg leave to refer you to the message
which 1 had the honor to transmit to the
last legislature, on the 20th January, 1830,
as containing a full and explicit exposition
of m views on the central subject ol our
iliternal improvements, and to the report of
. i c -
t ie canal commissioners lur a uuiuuuu
statement of the operations upon them du
ring the past voar, together with their con
dition at the present tune. It is due to
those officers to slate, that their duty has
been performed with much ability and effi
ciency, and that their opinions and recom
mendations are entitled to respectfull con
sideration. On this occasion I will merely refer to
such facts and considerations, connected
with this subject, as appear to me to be
os3entialto the proper understanding of its
nature and bearing.
The internal improvements of this com
monwealth have been constructed at an ag
gregate cost of twenty si;: and a half mil
lions of dollars: and when wo consider
that the surface of our territory is dtvcrsifi
ed and broken by numerous chains, of
mountains and by rivers, to a greater de
gree than that of almost any state in the
Union, wo must regard our system of inter
nal communication, undertaken by a com
munity distinguished for its prc.do.ice econ
omy and simplicity of character, as stan
dins: without a parallel in modern times.
The enlerprize and perservanco of the peo
ple in Pennsylvania have enabled them to
achieve these astonishing triumphs over the
barriers of nature, and the obstacle incident
to their condition, more formidable still.
The great system originally projected, is
almost completed. In its progress, it has
bsen subjected to few other fluctuations,
and drawbacks, thanurisa from pecuuiaty
cmnarajsmenti, and from those errors of
judgment, and accidents of legislation, lliat
are to be naturally expceieu, irom me warn
of experience on the part ot those wno ui
reeled its operations,-and from the numcr
ous conflicting local interests that prevailed
in the legislature On the whole though
some works havo been undertaken of
doubtful policy at the time; though large
sums of money havo been expended on
some which ought never to havo been com
minced: and thouah tho co3t of those of
unquestioned utility, has been far
r rrrcater
than it would be, ll the samo wor!
It was to
be done under the advantages of our pre.
Ecnt experience, wo havo yet perhaps as
much cause to be surprised at our good, as
at oui ill fortune.
In a former part of this message, I have
fully explained our present financial em
barassmenta. I havo stated tho amount of
money that must be provided to meet the
unavoidable demands on the treasury of
the ensuing year. Our condition forbids
the undertaking of all new works, nnd em
phatically inculcates the most careful hus
bandry of our resources. In addition to
tho payment of tho interest ontho publibc
debt and providing for the payment of a
loan falling due, a million of dollars, at
least, will be needed fur repairo, during tho
present voir ; for a satisfactory explanation
of which, I refer you to the report of tho
canal commissioners, In view of this
state of things, the question ia distinctly
presented to the leirislature, whether the
works now in progress of completion shall
or shall not bo finished at the present
time t
On these several lines of improvements,
tho following sums of money have been ap
propnated and nearly expended, viz :
Erie extension, Ql,0Q0,fiuG
North Branch extension, 1,310,0(50
Viconisco feeder. 210,000
Jload to avoid inclined pland at
Colombia. 199,000
00
08
00
00
By tho most careful cMimato of tho cost
of completing these several lines, the fol
lowini? sums will Le required, in addition
to the appropriations already made viz:
Fur the Hiiu exUaunimi, $2,1 14,537 85
For tho North Branch exten
oq 2,181,035 54
for (ho "Wlcocisco feeder 100,195 43
Ane for road to avoid inclined
plane at Columbia, 01,144 07
From this statement it is evident that
should tho legislature determine to suspend
tho completion of these voiks, the sum of
03,322,333, 32 expended on them, will be
lost; or should it bo determined to pro
ceed forthwith to tho completion of them
iho sum ol 81,503,503 79 will be required
for that purpose. Upon a full considera
tion ot all these circumstances, together witn
the additional fact, that these respective
works will be worthless, till iho wholu of
each is finished, it is for the legislature to
decide what course sound policy and offi
cial duty call on them to adopt. Tho
whole of those lines might bo completed, it
suliicienl money be appropriaieu ai mis
session, within two year ; anu a ponton
of them, during the approaching summer
In addition to tho lorcfiomtr works in
stale of nrouress. tho following havo been
suspended by the legislature, after expen
ding on each, the sums respectiuny set
down, viz :
Gettysburg ra road. SG50.0G0 07
Sinnemahoning extension of
tho West iJranch canal, iu4,uuu uu
Allegheny feeder. 30,000 00
It will not. 1 presume, bo thought advisa
hie bv anv one. to re-commence any of
theso" works under existing circumstances
Tho first has, most probably, been suspen
ded forever.
I look occasion in both my inaugural ad
dress, and in tho message of tho 20th Janu
arv last, bcloro relerred to, to announce it
clearly us my deliberate opinion, that after
the completion of the works then in a stato
of progress, and so far advanced as to ren
der it less wiso to suspend than to prose
cute thrm wilh vigor, it would bo time to
pause in our career and wait the further ex
tension of our improvement system, till we
eould judge of it by its fruits. Tho expo
rience of the past year, has greatly strength
ened this opinion,' and satisfied my mind
beyond all doubt, of the manifest policy of
undertaking any new. wonts, wnaiever ai
the nifsni:t coninncttirc. I deem it an act
of siuiDle iusiice to tho legislature to, ap
nrise them that this i3 my thorough con-
1 . . . tit t 1 .
viction ot duty. Dlioutu the legiaiurc
think nroncr. to prosecute the works now"
in progress lo immediate completion, I re
spectfully suggest the piopriety, of provi
ding, nt once for the whole amount required
so as lo enable the canal commissioners to
execute them in the speediest and cheapest
manner ; and also l would itirtuer suggest
die mistaken policy of postponing the pas
sage of so important a bill, as that for pros
ecuting and repairing the public improve
ments, until the close of the session. Much
is lost by the delay, and nothing gained.
By this procrastination, not only is invalu
able time lost, but bills are sometimes ne
cessarily permitted to become laws that do
not meet the entire approbation of all de
partments of the government, whoso duty
it is to sanction them. Such was the case
with the act of 19th July, 1839. entitled,
An act to provide for the repairs of tho
sovcral lines of canal and rail road, and to
continue tho improvements of the mate.'
That very important bill did not pass, until
tho last day of the session of the legislature
and it was not presented to me foi my sig
nature, until tho legislature had actually
adjourned sine die. -Had it been present
ed to me during the sitting of the legisla
ture, I frankly say to you, it would not
havo received the executive approbation.
But when itcamo into my hands, there was
no remedy : I wa3 compelled to make a
choice between what I regarded as evils,
either to refuso my assent to it and suspend
the prosecution of tho public improve
ments, not only thoso in course of con
struction, but to arrest those in a state of
use or to approvo ol it, thoug'i conlcr-
rin" certain highly objectionable powers
and privileges on tho banks taking the U
I nritntnerns nil tllC 1)311 KS taklllf til G 10311
authorized. I had it under consideration
for nearly a month, anu was jinauy induc
ed lo sign it, in order to prevent the serious
evi s that would have resulted to tne busi
ness of the country, and tho character of
our public improvements, had there been
no provision mauo to repair anu continue
operations on them at all. The same par
amount consideration also induced me to
take tho Ioai anthorized from tho Bank of
the United States of Pennsylvania, which
institution, as was to be supposed, would
seel: to avail itself of any advantage tho leg
islature had bestowed on those who tur-
nished the loan. Every other expedient lo
procuro the money was first tried. The
usual advertisements of tho loans produced
no bidders, letters addressed to all the
banl.s in tho city of Philadelphia, had no
boiler success. In tins emergency, tne on
ly alternal'iTes presented, were either to
suspend operations on all our improve
ments, stop tho locomotives anu uraw uio
water off the canals, or to obtain tho loan
authorized bv the bill, from the bank of
tho United States, I reluctantly adopted
tho latter, believing it to be, as a question
rather of expediency than of constitutional
principle, moro conformable to ray duty,
than tho former.
To afford hereafter a reasonablo opportu
nitv lo tho Executive, as well as to tho two
houses of tho legislature, to consider and
to decide upon whatever bills retativo to tno
public improvements and to loans may pass
thoso bodios, I hopn they will be presented
to mo in lime to act in concert wilh them, or
to enable thorn to judge for themselves in
their constitutional capacity, whenever the
provisions of such laws do not happen to
meet my entire approbation, Thus only can
tho Intlopondehce of each ucpnrlniehl bo pre
served, viiuou-aoing so ai uio cxpenso oi
the public interests, and thus alone can the
responsibility ol each to tho people, bo rig
idly enforced, without casting a portion of
it on tho other. 1 shall novor shun any re
sponsibility, whatever, that justly devolves
upon mo, but I do-hot desire to bo placed
in a situation, as a public officer, where 1
must npprovq or disapprove of particular
measures, not on the ground of their intrin
sic merits or demerits but because, by the
action of n co-ordinato branch of tho gov
ernment, I have been precluded from a frac
and unfettered courso of conduct. This
certainly docs not accord with the true spir
it of our government.
Keeping in view theso various citcum
stances and interests, the question is presen
ted to tho consideration of tho legislature,
how i3, tho money to bo procured, .to pay
tho interest on the state debt; to meet tho
several loans falling due; and to defray tho
necessary expenditures of the common
wealth ? However formidable the difficul
ties wo must encounter, there is no avenue
of escape from theso responsibilities left
open to U3. We must meet them without
shrinking or postponement. Tho sum of
82,000,000, must be obtained for tho ensu
ing year, and perhaps an equal amount for
the year following. By the sale of tho stock
held by the commonwealth, to tho Bank of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Bank, and Far
m;r'3 and Mechanic's Bank, tho sum of two
millions, ono hundred and cignty thousand
seven hundred dollars may bo realized, but
it will require timo to carry this operation
into effect. Tho sum of 3000,000 must be
had or. orbeforo the first day of next month,
and tho balance during the remainder of tho
year. Nothing can be expected from other
sources even now loans would, perhaps,
fail to answer tho purpose in the present
exigency. What thou remains to be done ?
My own deliberate opinion is, that icsort
to taxation, provided that it shall be so regtt,
latcd a3 to bear, with as liltlo hardship a3
possible on the people, is the only possible
remedy to extricate the commonwealth from
the embarrassment?, by which we find her
surrounded. ,
In elating to. the legislature the general
resources of the commonwealth, I feel it to
be my duty to lefer lo you, without recom
mending it, to another remedy, which may
put the evil uay oti tor a time, siinuiu tne
legislature think proper to adopt it. Uy
the act incorporating iho Bank of tho Uni
ted Slates, that institution is bound to loan
to tho commonwealth, al lour per cent, in
terest, six millions of dollar whenever re
quired by law. It will be lor the legisla
ture, after examining inio 113 conuuci anu
condition, if taxation be deemed impolitic,
to determine whether this sum shall be cal
led for from that bank and if so, to appro
priate tho same specifically, to tho payment
of tho interest on the state debt, and to the
completion of tho main lines of canal un
der contract, and in a state of forwardness
and to other purposes whatever. In ex
pressing my own opinion in favor of a re
sort to taxation, I do it with no inconsuma
ble degree of reluctance; but it must be ob
vious to every citizen of the commonwealth,
that his house, his farm, and his property
aro all pledged, beyond posibilily of release
to the ultimate payment of tho state debt,
and tho interest thereon accruing, agreeably
to the stipulation with the loan holders
Nor is this the worst view of our situation.
The slate has been actually compounding
for years past, from a million to a million
and'a half of interest annually; and tho ques
tion is nov submitted whether we are ihus
to continue adding half yearly, thi3 enor
mous amount of interest to the principal of
our state debf, and continue in tho pusillani
mous course of policy, from year to year,
of shuttling off the cil day, and entailing
th'i3 rightful legacy to posterity. It is a re
pioach on tho peoplo of Pennsylvania lo
snppose they can longer bo kept in the dark,
in regard to tho situation in which wo find
them.
All they want to know, to ensure n ready
compliance with the indispensable call up
on their patriotism, is to know the nceessi-
of the measure, l ho experience ot more
than half a century, fortifies mo in the be
lief, that tho good sense of tho peoplo of
shis great commonwealth, is rarely appcaicu
to in vain. In assuming tho responsibility
of recommending this measure, I am fully
sensible of what is to bo encountered, and
aware of tho consequences that aro to fol
low; and it in this expression oi tho hon
est convictions of my own mind, and the
fcarles3 discharge of the duties incumbent
on mo, I shall not bo boumo out my fellow.
citizens I shall) at least havo tho consolation
to know, that I havo done that which 1 con
ficicntiously believe to be right, and which
1 think will bear tho rcllectton ot alter
vcais. The timo for evasion is cone; the
public mind has been too long led with mis
crablc expedients. The timo for action is
at hand. Our country expects every man
to do his duty, and he that has not nerve c
nnugh for tho crisis, should give placo to
those better fitted for the emergency. Neith
er the present Legislature, nor myself, had
anv thing to do with contracting this debt
-it is fixed on us by those who havo gone
beforo us;' and the samo rule of prudence
and sound poltcyHhat would govern tho con
duct of privato individuals, holds equally
good in the case of the commonwealth, un
der tills statu of things. Tho privato indi
vidual would tax his industry and his prop
crty, to tho utmost, to pay off a debt, and
the interest upon it, that was consuming
the avails of his industry and his substance
so, also, It eeeius to me, should tho re
prescntatives of rt wise" and judicious peo
ple. Taxation would pay the Interest it
would eventually constitute a sinking fund
to pay oft the principal ot tho state 'lout,
mid should bo continued till ihc inromo of
the public improvements would render lon
ger taxation unnecessary. 1 ho crisis de
mands tho exercise nt the moat tarrcachiug
sagacity tho calmest judgement, and the
most tearless patriotism. 1 am siuo the
Legislature will meet in the right spirit, to
disarm it of its perils. Coming, as you do,
from all quarters of the Slate, and possess
ing a moro tniimate Knowledge ol tho cir
cumstances and wants of the people, than
I can, I most cheerfully surrendei this im
portant subject to you, satisfied that pru
dence and justice will dirccl your action up
on it.
Among other subjects of much impor
tance to tho peoplo that will claim your at
tention, tho creating, renewing and super
vising of corporations. These institutions
in a great measure the contrivance of mod
ern tunes, havo become within the last half
century, multiplied to an extent never dream
ed of beforo. There is scarcely any branch
of business, or pursuit of life, into which
they have not, directly or indirectly entered.
Corporations may bo divided into iwo gen
eral classes;thoso established for public pur
poses and tho3c lor purposes ol a privato
nature. There is another species ofcorpor
ations, including banks, &c that partake of
the nature of boli these classes, but being
mainly established to promote individual in
terest, they belong essentially to tho sec
ond. The first class, consisting of those
for religious purposes, as churches, for the
promotion of the arts and sciences, as col
leges, academics, medical universities, &e.
Si. 5ic, (or purposes of internal communi
cation, as turnpikes, bridges, railroads, ca
nals &c. &c, and in short, forr.ll great pur
poses of public utility, to the attainment of
which, individual mean - and exertions arc
wholly inadequate, doubtless under proper
and judicious regulations, subjecting them
to the control of the legislature, arc to be
encouraged and sustained. The otherclass,
embracing those principally established for
purposes of a private nature, 'ought cither
not to be increased in numbers at all, or on
ly when imperative necessity demands it
and then, under the most inflexible guards
and restrictions.
Legislation has, wilhin the last few ycar3,
departed widely from that republican sim
plicity that ought to characterize a free gov
ernment. Privileges belonging to nil the
citizens alike have been specially delegated
to small associations; a few persons collec
tively have been invested by acts of assem
bly with powers and immunities denied to
the rest of the community, and thus have
numerous monopolies been created not only
to rival, but to trample down all individual
effort3 and enterprise. The creaiion of ono
orporation, has been the signal tor creating
others as competitors, until the system has
reached a point that calls on the legislature
to pauso. It may bo improper lo interefcrc
with those already in cxisience, unless tneir
own misconduct requires it, or experience
shows that the security of the public good
calls for such interference.' It i3 high time,
lowever, that the system itself on which
they were created, should he brought wilh
in the wholesome influence of reform. Let
the increase of corporations hereafter bo
limited to cases of undoubted public utility,
where individual capital and enterprise aro
insufficient to accomplish the object intend
ed, and let thepowcrof the le gialaturo to con
trol or abolish them, bo at all times express
ly reserved. A system resting on opposite
piinciplca must eventually transfer nearly
all tho powers and authorities of tho legis
lature, as well as the bueincss of the peo
ple to corporate bodies, and thus silently
but effectually achieve a revolution in our
civil relations; for if the obligations of men,
may be converted into those of a limited
and artificial nature instead of a direct per
sonal responsibility, it is manifest that the
very elementary principles of society aro
changed. We shall be constrained under
such change, to reach the citizen, not by
tho immediate personal process of the law,
but by its clumsy indirect application lo him
in an ideal slate of existence, created by le
gislation and rendered independent of the
usual responsibility ol the members or so
ciety. This is Iho condition of things, com
plicated anu clogged by corporate excep
tions and privileges, towards which our re
cent system of legislation on this subject,,
has been hastening us, and at which we
shall aooccr or later arrive, unless it bo a
bandoned. Events that havo transpired a-
round us within tho last few years, have
justly awakened us to our Iruo situation.
The lessons ol experience will not surely
be lost.
Tho subject of education has necessarily
and properly occupied much of the time
and attention of our legishtures to enable
them to carry out the constitutional injunc
tions on that subject; and wo have in opera
lion a system, which, although by no means
pcrlect, is certainly equal to that in force in
most of our sister states. It still needs
those improvements which experienco tiro
nounces necessary to cure iis defects. The
principal inconovnienco now experienced
in tho system, is the want of compotcnt
teachers; who fahould bo rennsylvunians
in habits, education and principle. This
want will prolubly bo continually felt, un
til tho inducement of more adequate com
ponsation shall bo offered, and when the
higher qualifications required in teacher
blull elevate them to that proper rank and
estimation in society, which tho instructor
of youth, should always occupy.
V d aro also in need of a proper system
Of schbol Honks to be used in our schooU,
and which should Ve composed by comne-
tent persons for the instructidn of tho youths
of Pennsylvania. Such a course as would
tend propeily tw impress our youth with a
due regard for our commonwealth, and en
dear her to their heads. Her position,
wealth and intelligence) tho admirablo and
free sytcm nf her laws; her unwavering pa'
triotism and devotion to lcpublican princi
ples; her distinguished philanthropy and be
nevolence, entitle her in a pre-eminent de
gree to tho lovo and veneration of her chil
dren, who should bo early taught properly
to estimate her great characteristics.
Our colleges are in successful operation,
and by the aid afforded thern, from the'
treasury of iho commonwealth are accom
plishing much good Our country aca
demics are, from the samo source of aid
affording the advanlngcs of the higher bran
ches ,of elementary education, in almost
every county in the state, to stlchas seeft to"
fit themselves for entering our colleges;"'
and by no means the least important institu
tions, connected with the education of youth'
are the female seminaries which, of late'
years, have been springing up over tho'
commonwealth, and arc likewise the ob-'
jerts of legislative bounty, The import
tance of female education, will always bei
sensibly felt upon iho rising generation ;
and mothers' well instructed in the ordinary
branches of education, will seldom suffer
their children to grow up in ignorance.
With intelligent mothers, followed and
ser.ontlcd in their efforts, by competent and
well instructed teachers, we shall noon see
an intelligent and well informed population
filling our beloved commonwealth, and gi
viii r her, in an intellectual point of view,
that auk and station lo which she is justly
entitled. I shall be glad at all times to co
operate wilh the legislature, in any proper
measures calculated to improve the moral
ntirl ii I nllnnfnnl ftmwlittfttt nf (Hit ml170na na
IIIIU IllkbllbblllUI VUllMltO.ll 1 V u 1 H4
we, thereby, rear the most enduring pillars
for the support of our political cuihcc, in all
its strength, beauty, and grandeur.
The report of the superintendent of com
mon schools, will inform you of the opera
tion of our common school system in its
details, with his views in regard to the im
provement nf tho system and the best means
of accomplishing it.
Tho amended constitution was adopted
by the people upon the 9th day of October,
1833. It provides for a now mode of ap
pointing the judges of our courts, and chan
ges their tenure from that of good behavior
to a terms of years, if they shall holiarc
themselves well. There is a marked dif
ference in the language of the schedule to
that instrument, when fpcakingof the judg
es of tho supreme court, and tho other
judges of the commonwealth. The form
er were to he graded as to the expiration of4
their otlicc3, by the date of their commis
sions upon the 1st day of Januaiy, 183j).
Vacancies in other judicial stations, occur
ring after the adoption of tho amendments,
and beforo the 1st of January 1839, wero
not provided for by that instrument. as no
commissions wero provided for, or continu
ed in force by it excepting such as wero
in being at tho adoption of tho amendments
to the constitution" Consequently ell ap-
poinlments made of suchjudgc3, between
the 9th of October. 1838, and 1st of Janu
ary 1839, only endured until the latter day,
and vroro then annulled by the new consti
tution, goi?5 into effect, except where oth
erwise proviuce iur in mm iiisuui....
Ii is always a subject ot regret to see
mnnpgcmcni mauo u&u u. w -
. I- T (n ilnTonl thn fV.
pressed will of tho people, and it is sciitora
successful. Shortly boforo the istol Jan
uary 1039. two of the prcsidenl judges of
judicial districts resigned heir offices, and
were rc-commisGionett on mo cay untun
ing their resignations, to hold their unices
so long as they behave wemsciven
I deemed it my duty to direct proeecthnjt
to be instituted in tho supremo court rgainst
them. One of them died pending the pro
ceeding, and tho other wan ousted by tho
judgment of tno court, and his place lis?
been supplied by a new appointment.
in relation to tuo assucmia iuuwj,
wero nnmcrous instances oi icsikov.
between the adoption of tho amended con
stitution and tho 1st of January, 1839, and
others were commissioned m their piac-'
to hold during good behaviour. According
to the decision of tho supremo court in
nT,f r.nmmnntaenllh. vs. Collins." these
rnmniissioiis exriircd on the latter day,
Hfl tllfl.fl KIA.O tlVII tiiktnnrnq 1n which 3P'y
pointments were made on the Mth ot w
. i ... ..i.,;na n(l
ibaw, uy anu wiwi uio -
consent of the senalo to fill vacancies o
...inriiiil Utr rficiimntinns made On Or aftCf
the 1st of January, 1839- Tlio commis
sions for these two judges were isiueu w
hold their offices tor live year, n
long behaved themselves well. Tho who
proceeding I havo always treated as a dis
creditable attempt to tamper with, and gie
a political character to the judiciary, anJ
Ims no nninllcl in tho history of OUr CpU-
latatici in mo iiisvor jrT4,
in the memorable npP',
as tho "midnight judges," in? J3.
- . . MIL.. .,l.m"! Ll
trv, but in
known a3
Ihn 3rd n
ot ruarcn, ioui. uu
tho nroceedini'. u ndoublodly, was t.i pre
vent tho classification of the associate jn'
OS, which tho ' constitution contemplw
aud, if so, was a fraud upon the peon le
.i . i.i. I l lo..n In nail tl"
inn ('nmmnri wnriiiM. i uui; tua w . ,
attention of tho legislaturo to the farts, at
:r. !..:..! 1 1 1 ..!.,,;, In ll-llll
woll as sound morai'
itxt ann'tia tlmt n R II n P.ln infill t fl
IH I i-iun.u him v ...-. ------- . i
passed to tho art of 20th June, 1839, cl'
Mm? tho associate inrlaes, by which pro
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