an oteAT.foar,
Y Doct. THOMAS W. MINER, ,
Delivered at a Dernocralic Celebration, at
tPHkcsbarrc, Luzerne Co. Julyi, 1838.
' Hail, auspicious day! consecrated to
National Independence and the Liberties of
the people!
Fellow Citizhns: ,
The annual celebration of this day, by
every demonstration of respect and joy, far
from being a mere pleasing and idle pastime,
I regard as a momentous duty which should
be cherished as a matter of sacred obliga
tion. It not only commemorates tho deeds
of our fathers in defence of frodom, but it
should also bo considered as an annual re
newal of the oatli on our part on tho part
of the whole people on the altar of liber
ty, before Heaven and earth, of our un
changeable hatred to tyranny our undy
ing respect for the worthies of tho Revolu
tion, who achieved for us the rich blessings
wo. enjoy and our firm resolve, live or die,
to defend the great catisc of popular rights,
assail them who dare, and come tho danger
from what quarter it may.
Freedom is to be preserved only at the
price of ever-waking vigilance. The fiee
liation that sleeps over its liberty, whether
from indolence, fatigue, or luxury, reposes
like tho strong man in the lay of a betray
ing harlot, and will assuredly awake shorn
of its strength, and be made to grind iiT the
prison house of tyrants. Arouse ye, then,
fellow citizens, now and every succeeding
Fourth of July. Meet together and renew
vour vow of fidelity to popular rights.
Teach your children tho glorious lesson.
Let the cannon thunder in the morning; bid
our bells at noon ring out a peal for liber
ty; let patriotism cheer the night; let hilarity
and joy prevail through the day; lot at every
meeting some one be delegated to speak in
the cause, .advert to its origin, and discuss
some topic that may advance the object to
which tho day is consecrated.
I stand here thi3 day .by your favor as tho
advocate of popular rights. Such was the
stand our fathers took at tho Revolution.
We were colonies of Great Britian; they
thought to make us slaves, they asserted
the right to tax us without our consent; they
jproclaimed the power to makelawo binding
,us in all cases whatsoever, 1 ncso estao
lished, what would there bo leftt These
points yielded, every thing would be held
in America, life, properly, , nnd reputation,
at tho will of a master. . War or slavery
was the alternative; and our fathers nobly
preferred war,(a's many their sons ever do,
rather than submit to be slaves. You all
know the story of the seven year's contest
Britain poured her thousands and her tens
of thousands unon our shores, armed, dis
ciplined, well fed aird well clothed. ' Thc'
denbiinced us as rebels, and let loose the fell
demon of war to devastate the land. The
fire was kindled at Lexington and Bunker's
Hill, and spread far and wide. We
suffered deeply, but the enemy found it no
holiday parade. Wherever tho tyrants
struck, the sons of liberty gave a blow in
return. Thus may it ever be. Deeply,
deeply, we suffered. Numbers, organiza
tions discipline seemed for a moriicnt lb givo
the ascendancy to, the enemy; and the mem
orable winter campaign of '70, in the Jer
seys, cannot be too often recalled; Literal
ly the soldiers of liberty marched their way
over the frozen earth with blood from their
naked feet. There was patriotism worthy
your emulation. The cry of victory rose
from all along the British Jines ; they said
we wore beaten ; it was all over. The
immortal Father of his Country, in that
hour of gloom, conceived and executed the
glorious enterprise against the enemy at
Trenton, and afterwards at Princeton. . He
re-kindled thd beacon fire of hope in every
bosom in the land. Six hundred Hcssian
mercenaries laid down their arms, and the
proud Lord Cornwallis, with his red coats,
was driven back to Now York. Tho
rising spirit of insolvent Toryism was re
buked, and confidence was restored through
out all the country. It is not my purposa
io go thro' the whole of the war (0 its glori
ous termination at Yorktown, though full
of interesting matters for reflection; but I
advert to this winter canpalgn of 1770, as it
teaches this instructive lesson that those
engaged in the best cause may bo sorely
pressed, but that fortitude and spirit will
eventually triumph and to draw the con
clusion, pertinent to tho topie selected for
this day's discussion, that the patriot, while
engaged in the just and" generous pause of
popular rights, should never despair.
The war over, divisions arose among
ourselves. It was natural. It was inevita
ble. Many thought tho form of the British
government, with its king, and hereditary
peers, and its church establishment, were
well enough, only that in tho case of Amcri
ra it had been badly administered, Wealth
nrlicd to perpetuate itself in family establish
wents. With tho very considerable degree
of liberty enjoyed in America, thero woio
still many vestages of Aristocracy which
had not yet been stricken off. In Home of
(lie stales the law of primogenituro still
pravailed, which gave the father's property
not to all tho children alike, but to tho old
est sou a chief part or a double share, so as
to keep up a family namo and establish
liicnt. The friends of popular rights justly
rcgardod this as hostile to liberty, and
H'lenously contended for its abolition. In
this cause tho great leader of the Democrat
ic party in the United States led the way.
The repeal of tfieee odious relics of aristoc
racy in the Assembly of Virginia w .s mov
eM'by Thomas Jofferfeon, aiid adopt' J uner
the auspices or his genius. In establishing
tho .Federal constitution, the high-toned par
ty the Aristocracy, honest and stnecro 110
doubt, though mistaken sought to infuse.
unduo energy into the new government.
They .wanted a strong government; they
wanted a constitution of great power and
energy. Un the other haiui, the trienus 01
popular rich Is contended that tho truo
strength of every just government was the
confidence and good will of llio people.
There lay the sustaining power, tho potent
energy which, would preserve it. forms
might he established, and every thing else
left free to tho people that then the Govern
ment must and would ho administered with
reference lo the Interests of tho great body
of tho people; whereas, if rules wcro en
trenched behind constitutional bulwarks,
beyond the reach of o popular will, it
would be as the history of human nature
has shewn it ever has been aristocratic
feelings would grow up, and tho govern
ment bo administered for their own benefit;
to the sacrifice of the great causo of popu
lar rights. The struggle was severe; and
if all was not obtained thai tho Democracy
desired, yet in . the main the cause of the
people gained Ynuch, and our federal consti
tution, the wotk of compromise, should be
cherished by every patriot as our bond of
union our safeguard against foreign en
croachment, and our sure defenco against
domestic violence- Beautiful edifice ! thou
splendid tower of National Union and Inde
pendence ! Withered be tho hand that
would break down one pillar that sustains
thy splendid and protecting dome !
I come now to my native slate bclpvcd
Pennsylvania the itey-stonc of the Fcj'er
alarch. Here for half a century tho con
test has been going on between tho aristoc
ratic, or as it has sometimes been termed,
the conservative principle & the principle of
more extended liberty and popular rights.
I mean to speak plainly and freely for
before Ileav.en and on my conscience, I be
lieve I an') defending the best interests of
my country; but I do not wish to speak of
fensively to any. By the aristocratic party,
I do not mean to say that its members are
(jnemios to liberty, and wish tp see tho peo
ple reduced to a state of slat Ci'y; but that
their general course is and has been hostile
to the extension of popular rights. In the
convention that formed the constitution of
Pennsylvania, the ground was inch by inch
sharply contested between the aristocracy
on one side and tho Democracy on the other';
the latter seeking to infuse a much larger
portion of liberal and republican principles
into that iiistrumcnt. But tho conservatives,
though they were compelled to yield some
thing lo thespirit of freedom, retained far
too much.. A Senate for Tour years life
tenures in tho Judiciary a Government
for three year's, re-cligiblo for nine, with an
almost boundless patronage no restrictions
on corporations: theso were the triumphs
of the aristocracy over the popular party,
which tho recent Convention many thanks
to ihetalcnts and perseverance of our own
distinguished representation have propos
ed to be modified and brought nearer the
standard of tho cause I this day advocate;
the sacred cause of popular rights, and tho
happiness of the people. ' .
After the Constitution weni into effect!
the conflict between the Aristocracy and the
though populav party was renewed on other
grounds. Our laws andlaw proceedings.,
much ameliorated and improved, were still
extremely burthcrnsomo and oppressive to
the common people. For every disputed
account over twenty dollars, a debtor might
be forced into court of course at tho county
town, and involved in costs and expenco
ruinous to a poor man, who might as well
submit to oppression and imposition at
homo as to go' abroad and bo ruined in
pursuit of justice, The arbitration princi
ple was extremely limited. Nothing' could
bo done .in entering up judgments in the
public offices, or in the transaction of legal
business of any sort however simple, with
out a lawyer and a fee. . To. correct these,
errors 0 amend these really opprcssivo
laws and rules of proceeding, was the next
great' object of the democracy of Pennsyl
vania. They brought forward their plan
they reasoned they wrote they spoke
thoy debated tho matter at homo and in
popular meetings. Tho Conservatives met
them lauco to lance, and defended the wrong
with all tho zeal of interest and all the elo
quence of long practie'd and .talented advo
cates. But tho cause of popular right gloj
riously succeeded, and I hero before you
all hazard tho, assertion that if a party were
to replace theso things as they wero thirty
years ago, so unendurably oppressive would
the galling chains bo felt, that the great
body of the people, lovers of peace as they
are, would rise in their might and at one
blow levol such party, and restora suits,
arbitrations, and legal proceedings to their
present just and salutary forms. With con
fidence may the assertion be made, that by
theso continued and persevering efforts of
the Democracy resulting in success, the ex
penses of tho administration of justice in
Pennsylvania were reduced more than one
half, and the system rendered in ovory res
pect more fair and efficient in settling con
troversies between individuals.
Though the friends of'popular rights
wero sometimes beat back, yet with a zeal
that was irrepressible and fortitude that
could never be subdued, they have rallied
again and again to tho conflict. Thoy have
done much. They have accomplished great
good, and have every incitement that can
operate on virtuous minds still strenously
to persfHfnv Our motto ihould bo.
WJare'f 1 f e amil, thf f mil wc ni't him,v
stage of
active life they
lall the ar-
dor of youth, adPpc
their fatb-
crs, imbibing the fetl
""opinions 01
those nearest tirouii!
Kellccling
minds, as thoy advanco and improve by ex
perienco, take a broader ken, cxaminaqucs-1
tions of policy and scr,utinizo principles for
themselves; and with conscientious sinceri
ty adopt tho course of policy their hearts
and judgments approve. Such was ics
course of Madison, who, when first in pub
lic life, co-incided with tho Conservatives;
but his pure heart and deep reflection soon
led him to unite v;fth tho Republican party
as the supporter of popular rights, of which
he was so long the 'safe guard and distin
guished, ornarncnt. Such, too, was the
course of the eminent statcsrrian, the honor
and pridnof Peiuisidiania, James Buchanan,
who is destined wo hope to promotion com
mensurate with his mind and ability. His
wisdom is looked.fcci as among tho safest
guides of our augus'ilSenate, where his elo
quence commandsAJklause and his courte
sy and virtues insrB" confidence and es
teem. Popular rfcrhts find in him One of
their most warm and able supporters. All
improvement implife change;,, and I would
earnestly invito all our young inen especial
ly, whatevqr may have been their way of
ininKiug iteieioioro, 10 join we pupuiur par
ty, combine with the sons of freedom, and
contend with us for the great and whole
somo principles of Democratic liberty. A
mong the qarliest battles in which Madison
took the Jead in behalf of popular rights,
was in 1791 and 2, when Hamilton intro
duced the fundingsystem. It will-bo wholo
some for our young men to understand this
matter, and I will briefly stato it. The
federal party proposed that, all debts duo
from the public growing out of the Revolu
tion, amounting to one hundred million of
dollars, should be funded at par, and for
which stock should be issued by tho gov
ernment chiefly bearing interest. Now it
so happened thaffr'orn the close of the .war
in 1783 to 1791, the government was total
ly destitute of money, and tho soldiers
holding certificates, of debt, the . price of
their services of their blood and their
3ulierings in the-army, were without bread
and in want of all the necessaries of life,
literally starving, andthcy were cpitipellcd by
dire necessity to sell their certificatesof debt
to speculatdrs at two and six pence on the
pound one-eighth of their value; thus
getting but .one year's pay for eight year's
service. Many millions had thus been
bought up by speculators, sharpers who
lived then as they livp now upon the mise
ries of the poor. Hamilton proposed to
pay the whole amount of these certificates,
jn whose hands soever they might be, at
their face., at,jj. jft full. ;"Np," said Mr.
.Madison, "thaK would neither bo just to
tho public, to the speculator who has given
only 12 cents for a dollar, nor to the poor
soldier who is entitled to his pay at your
hand. Let us divide this thing pay tho
speculator ono half; he will then get two
or three hundred per cent for his money,
and we will allot the oilier half to tho poor
and meritorious soldier who so hardly earn
ed n." I3 it not obvious that this would
have been just? .Was not this a noble ef
fort in behalf of popular rights? .Though
it failed, yet the effort rendered the name of
Madison dear to ever true lover of justico
and freedom, and was one of the corner
stones of that beautiful edifice of character
and patriotism that raised him to the station
of President of this Republic.
The contest of the aristocracy, the spec
ulator, the money changers on one side,
and the advocates of popular rights is still
and ever going on, though Upon .new ground
and this hour demands all your zeal and
all your vigilance.
, The encroachments of avarice, ambition,
and power, like time never cease their on
ward course; and are often tho most dan
gerous whep noisless. Their commence
ment is often minute as tho filament of tho
silk worm grows to a thread increasing
from twine cord, until at length the commu
nity of themselves bound like the strong
mans bands that resist their power to sever.
Thus it has been wilhCorporations. In the
early part of tho Republic, askpd for evi
dently beneficial purposes for turnpike
roads, or tho carrying on some manifestly
useful work. Soon privato interest, and
grasping avarice, see tho advantage that may
be mado to result; and privato oharters
are solicited charters or Coal Com
panies chartersj for manufacturing
charters especialy for banking great
monied corporations; corporations that do
in effect coin money, build marble palaces,,
hold th.o destinies of half the business pop
ulatipn in their hands,, and therefore by the
unerring laws of nature holding in a meas
ure the contrpl over their independencp.
Hence around thesp monstrous monied cor
porations grows up an aristocracy of pride
and wealth; wealth obtained by speculation
not by labour. Distinctions grow ,up in
society. Tho ..mechanic's,' tho farmer's,
tho laborer's softs and daughters find no ac
cess to-the splendid sources of theso Bank
nolo nabobs. Theu you shall hear, whis
pers first, and then more audibly, this Ian
gunge in relation to tho common people;
"Theso fellows ! why that mechanic's
vote counts as much as mine. Thero is no
security where the rabble have equal rights
of suffrage with men of property." And
thus camo doubts, ominously hinted of the
utility, at least tho stability, of Republican
institutions. This is no fancy sketch. At
tho present session of Congress, a patriotic
and eloquent member from Massachusetts.
who kne w the evil, itr g a end dangers
When wen firsvl
extent,, its inrcasingj' ftfjidoncy ami 'how
widely this Anti-Republican spirit waa pib
vailing,. took upon himself, on. tho floor of
the House of. Reprcsoniatives, openly to
stale its alarming existence, mid eiTiphati
caly to rebufto it. Let 1110 tell you, Fellow'
Citizens, this would not have been done
unless these aristocratic cioaking against'
our Republican institutions had arrived at a
startling pitch, and needed bold and public
denunciation
I speak facts, I appeaMo your reason. 1
would arouse the democracy of the Stale to
take a broad view of the subject to re
member that every effort for popular rights,
and every meeting obtained in their favor,
lias been led on by tho democracy, and can
only be sustained by tho union, harmony
and encrgotio action of the party. But I
have not yet done with these corporations,
tho cryiing evil of tho time's. In thoir very
nature and constitution wholly antagonistic
to. Republican principles and .Democratic
institutions. 1 say with emphasis that they
.arcAlangcrously numerous, they are alarm-
intfly increasing, and;oqgh't with firiM&cls
to'be restrained and diminished. Tlicy are
vast machines, of immense power, with all
the most dangerous of passions, but without
principle to restraint or guide fpr they
have no souls, and the legal assovcration of
my lord Coko is justified by their conduct.
.Self interest is their moving. principle, and
thoy roll on like the car of Juggernaut, their
destined round, careless aliko of who rides
or who is crushed, so they fulfil their des
tiny. . Have wp not lately seen ono of these
corporations in its. high blown pride, with
daring insolence, Set the whole constituted
authority of this nation at defiance? Have
wo not witnessed the degrading, the humil
iating spectacle, of one of these Behemoth
corporations purchasing a charter, of enor
mous amount from this Commonwealth, in
defianco of tho known and manifest will of
the people? Have we not jiecn the Presi
dent of that Institution subsidizing if not
corrupting the Press. You all leincmber
the case of Webb, at tho head of a leading
daily print in New York of extensive cir
culation and influence opposed to .tho bank,
but needy and unprincipled, ho approaches
the President of the Bank. The powerful
emotion of kindred symphathy drew them
to each others embrace. Webb wants the
trifling sum of 25,000 dollars, but with the
express reservation of his virtuous princi
ples. He is opposed to the Bank that
must be understood. President Biddle,
with tho most amiable respect for his inde
pendence asks no pledge, expects no favor;
but without consulting a single Director
just happening to have 25,000 dollars in his
breeches pocket, hands it over to tho true
and unsuspected and unsuspecting editor;
and then forgets, it was such a trifle, for
some weeks to .mention, the fact or put it in
tho loan books of the insQ Jtiou. Shanicful
prostitutions! Was there ever a sale in the
shambles or in market mbro open? And
Webb forthwith, as in duty bound, came
forth the advocate of the Bank. And for
allud;;ig to this poor Cillcy lies low in his
murdered grave, and any citizen who dare
re-expose it to public reprobation, does it
at the risque of assassination.
Follow this corporation on. Behold its
power. The Bank of England has not been
sufficiently accommodating to Mr. Jaudon,
agent of our Pennsylvania Mammoth in
London, and Mr. Jaudon in his quiet way
is able to make the Bank of England trem
ble and come humbly to his terms. The
whole Cotton crop of the South is bought
up with Res'Surreclion notes, tho defunct
and ought to bo cancelled bills of the old
bank of the United States, most improperly
pui in circulation.
1 hucydides loug ago remarked that the
plague chased all otherdiseases from Athens
or obliged them to assumosome of its symp
toms, do too, tins over-ruling and con
trolling corporation has furnished a livery
iur uu icsser iiisiiuiuons or me same
typo and character.and forced it upon them
Operating then in a.11 the South, in Penn
sylvania, and m Europe, with such im
mpnso resources, can a rcasonble man doubt
bitt that the derangement in tho exchanges
is entirely the work of this corporation?
Thus are the people oppressed. Thus is
the general government of our country bear-
ueu ami set at ueuance. hci 1110 say to
you m soberness, that such a cornoratinn
acting beyond all effective control on your
part, thus irresponsible and of such extensive
power, is a tremendous engine of aristocra
cy, and in tho hands of men, wcro thoy
puro as angels, dangerous to popular rights
and tho best interests of tho people. As
wealth and luxury thus acquired prevail, all
history and all experience show ilmt iL
moral sense of a community abates somc-
uiing 01 us tone anti the pure spirit of hide
penuence, partaking ol tho general lassti
tudc, loses its vigor and droops before this
ciiuivuung inuucnce.
Behold again tho president of this nistitu
Hon nominally subject to annual elcction.bu
111 iruin more permanently seated on his
golden throno than the Autocrat of Russia
wiui 1110 lormy ambition pi Woolsoy and
the fanatic inflexibility ofBeckett, he coun
teracts the government. While tho Pres
ident addresses the nation through Con-
gicss or uy proclamation, President Biddle
sends forth his messages to tho world in
letters to an Ex-President. Ho speaks not
"1U 01 mo associated oanKs of Phil
adelphia, not in the namo of the Directors
of his own Bank but in the imperial
style "It is I." I will rt -rulatfl il.n n .
(r , - CJ ...w v.mi. -
. py 1 "'Id resume eOOr.M n.nvmnnl fc,
4Volo ir j ,Uo," Thin tht do we heir'
Scaled like n Dchiigog on his eminence,
sycophants, flatcrers, and toad-caters sur
round his throne; and the universal cry i3
'Great is Diana of tho Ephosians." Wo
hoar of tho Biddle subscription, tho Diddlo
donation, the Biddlo ball, until oven tho
humble subserviency of Whig pride revolts
and speaks oponly as it daro, "too much of
a good thing, by Jupiter a little civet good
apothecary '
: I disavow all' personal enmity to IIr,
Biddle; tho privato virtues wo are told find
no where more respect; but as tho head of
thai mammoth State institution, he haS
sown a power and a will dangerous in ray
opinion to the liberty of my country, anil
hostile to popular right3 ami thereforo do I
warn yon of tho danger. And hero let me
again advert to the measures of the lato
Convention, to amend, tho Constitution.
We are greatly indebted to tho Republican
party, and especially to our delegation, for
their efforts to infuse new and wholesome
popular principles into that instrument; and
if it were only for that provision which goes
to curtail the dangerous and growing influ
ence ofyhese institutions, the amendments
ought to be adopted. This fjt tho present
seems our chiefest hope; for tho rest wo
must look to the intelligence & spirit of tho
people.
Fellow Citizens I have endeavored to
show you that popular rights, the natural
prey of aristocracy, have ever walked their
wayv in danger and owe their healthful exis
tence and vigorous growth lo the steady
and well directed efforts of tho Democratic
patty. Men may err men do err men
will err. Principles arc eternal. Popular
rights, if they still flourish, must forever be
indebted to the vigilance, union and spirit
of democracy,, Let mo then adjure you,
by your love of liberty and your country,
never to bo weary in well doing. Let no
jealousies distract, let no sinister influences
divide you but be true to yourselves, your
cause, and your country. I wish I could
make my voice heard through every valley,
to cvety mountain lop; in Pennsylvania. I
would say Awake! Arise! Tho Phil
istines, Sampson, 'are upon you! Gird on
your armor to go forth to this new contest.
Our motto, from Lake Erio to the Dela
ware, . streaming forth like a meteor on tho
troubled winds, rousing to action let it be
union and harmony in the Dcmncralio par
ty tho strenuous defence of Mr. Van Du
re n and .his administration in their jtut
measures to throw off the chains of depend
ence which tho banks havobeon too success
fully weaving around ub. At homo the
cheerful and vigorous support of the Demo
cratic candidate for Govornor, David R.
Porter the republican amendments to the
Constitution, abolishing lifo tenures and
restricting corporations lhc3oare tho grand
objects of tie campaign, worthy the united
efforts of the friends of freedom and pop
ular rights throughout Pennsylvania.
Irish Lawyer. Although full and satis
factory evidence has been published that
Gen. David R. Porter, the Democratic can
didate, is the con of a Revolutionary sol
dier, a native of Montgomery county (Penn
sylvania, horn and raised on a farm, which
he assisted his father to cultivate until some
what advanced in life, and a lawyer by pro
fession, yet the Ritner office holdora sneer
ingly call him an "Irish Lawyer." This
ridicule of the Irish will bo treated by the
Geripan citizens, with the contempt such
baseness deserves, while it will induce the
Irish voters to dclare through the ballot box
es, that a set of desperate 'office holders
shall not abuse them with impunity.
llepublhun Compiler.
Wo have never witnessed, on any occa
sion, such a universal concentration of pub
lic opinion in favor of any candidate for of
fice, as that which has settled down on Da
vid R. Porter. The support which ho re
ceives in the ranks of democracy, borders
on enthusiasm. Tho abuse lavished upon
him by a few personal enemies and politi
cal opponents only elevates him higher in
tho estimation of his friends, and draw3
those ties which have long endeared him to
his numerous personal acquaintances, every
where throughout Pennsylvania, still closer,
around him; is there a man among us who
would not feel proud to sec this common
wealth honored by an executive possessing
preeminent abilities, combined'with unassu-.
ming manners correct mora! principles .
gentlemanly doportment, and unimpeacha
ble character? If there is let him oppose
David R. Porter, the candidate of the dem
ocratic parly. If on tho other hand, our.
farmers, mechanics, and labouring men, de-
siro to see the executive chair of. Pennsyl--vania,
filled by a chief magistrate, posses-i
sing the qualities just mentioned; let them,
support David R. Porter, the long tried,-,
faithful public officer, and tho poor man's!
friend. Go into Huntingdon comity, and
inquire of her industrious, honest labour
ing citizens, who. has been thoir most useful.
&entcrprising.citizen. Ask them to point out
their greatest benefactor the man among all,
parlies and (cjioHmiafions.most esteemed,
und a voiqo from every mountain glen
from every hill and valley of that extensive
-populous and intelligent county, would
ceuo 1110 name ot David I
may Huntingdon county
mid proudly may she say
Pennsylvania, wc Imow'h
echo tho name of David R. Porter. Well
call him her own; '
say to tho citizens ol
iw him. and therefore
u support him hero ho has lived in pros
perity and adversity, and who that regards
truth can say aught against him.
Democracy and the people on tho ono
' i ..c.asru towary j:k1 tije banks on the other.