1
•5k-
VHB- toticy OF FOHBEA.BAJJCE.
- The SiavehojiJeri’ JEUbelfioo it to be suocees
fally jneiin btj>>)one of these three ways; •.
J# prompt, | resolute, unflinching resist-
the pgp of force to repel force, when
ever Ijb'e kwg Mtfexisted and the authority of
th* ; or -j
3,' Bv com pipes jacquiesoehee in the Secession
pwdiumod inßprgohts, and the recogni
tion of the revolted States as absolutely' inde
pemfanr ofthef Federal Union; or I
• 8.;By a Faban [policy, whichf coneedet noth
inif. yet effiplojrg |io force insupport of resisted
Federal anthosly|hoping to wear out the in
•ergent spirit « q<f in due time
•atbofityof thjit&tion throughout thelrevoTfwL
of seceded States/by virtue of the Returning
sanity nnd of their own people.
We do not assume thatJhia last is the wisest
pelicy.noryctthht it has been resolved on by
the new Administration ; we propose pimply to
set forth the grounds' on|Which it is commended
and justified, .j; ; ;
This Goveris£shit, it is said, is basac not on
force but on rfhstin ; not on bayonets and bat
talions, but oiigoS'd will and general consent.
[We wish thej wgold; preach this to the Nulli-
Xires, who do ( dtpeem to have yet caught the
idea.] Td wa'*ion the Seceders is-tie give to
their yet vipoiy institutions the strong 'content
of blood—is td baptize their nationality in the
mingled life b!,)bd of friends and foes.. But let
them severelyllonc—allow them to, wear out
the military ardor' of their adherents in fruitless
drillings and marches, and to exhaust the pa
tience, of their fellow-citizens by the amount and
freqdenoey of their pecuniary exactions—and
the fabric of-thtir power will melt away like fog
in tbs beams of a morning siin. Only give them
Tope, and they-pill speedily fulfill their destiny
—the Peopli, &!en of South Carolina, rejecting
their sway ai intolerable, and returning to the
mild and paternal guardianship of jthe .Union.
' In behalf ofib'is policy, it is urged that the
' Secessionist* ij&i a minority even in the seceded
' Bates ; that tiny have grasped power by usur
pation and re 1 tin it by terrorism ; that they
never dare sut nit the question o( Onion or Dis
union fairly at dsquarely to the people, nnd nl
'wayi alittn-i p, t ipiflar vote when they lean. In
1 view of these ipcts,ithe|Unioniats of the South
*rge that the Jfovprnment shall carry forbear
. axes to the ut'^ast, 1 in the hope that the Nuiii
'flers will soonftfe; overwhelmed by the public
sentiment,of their own section, and driven with
ignominy from power.
; And here Igj: ps say that, if the Southern
- Unionists wonfjlbht themselves evince that cour
* age amtoatspSkep decision which they desire
theFcdoral Government to suppress or conceal,
■' they would have a far stronger claim to ■he
heeded. J{ they , would but fight the battle of
-the Union unflinchingly, there would be ho need
extraordinary exertion of authority on
the.'part of the Federal power. Had the Union
* Isis of Lniisia|i» saved the Mint, the Sub-Trcas
■ nty, and theiArsenai, from spoliation, they
might havej reasonably counseled forbearance
pn the pari oj-r.the Federal authorities. But
will it do to tijooede to the Nulliflers, a mono
poly of the iis|i'o{ fores and the manifestation
•fenergy t i r_, "
-i-“;Ood U'.patitent, because eternal,” raid
Augustine, law of. gravitation can afford
to boar and fojJboarwUh nil seeming counterac
, tiers t it is vety apt tohave its way in the end.
jho union of|be North-West with the- South-
Wott is »o strongly grounded in physical neces
sities tbafit bi.rpry hard to persuade the for
mer that the Ifderal Union is-nr will be broken
np. Meant! o';a, the exactions of the Seceder*
are so prepot-ijrous, their project of a recon
struction on 'tre-basis of a concession of univer
sal and imprC joable property :in slaves-i-that
is, of »l»vehoj;Sibg protected by law in every
part of the —is so flagrantly at war with
the spirit of-abridge—that the! North bos not
realised that' f jey are in earnest;. Yet they are
in earnest; f\( d n majority of. tjbe loyal subjects
«f Jsff. Davis ?jelieva that the North is .ready to
-make its subhjssion.and the privilege of
adopting the Southern Constitution and suing
for admissibninto (lie Cotton (Republic 1 For
that enormous delusion the policy of forbear
ance seems toi .pfoffer ho immediate care. We
most .hesitatfclbefore giving our assent te it.—
K T. Tribuk,, J *
, The N. Y. [ fprld has the fo
the subject b, ‘(Jewelry:
Yotrx Caofijt roR O.ve DoLlar.—Thb New
Metallic AijipvL— Oriede” is a new metalic
alloy, used in tbip country as asub
stitutefor go|i, 11 Stores bare Sprung into exis
; tenceall oyer jibe country fo.r be sale of it,and
newspapers.cfyltain flaming advertisements of
a “fullset o&swelry for only one dollar, be
ing the stoCt jfof a large manufacturer,” (or
merchant,) “jjrho is obliged, to dispose of bis
sloek.on aoco’ nit of thb panicl” It is a French
discovery, stj;|is called by the French gold
oriede. . It lsj Manufactured large extent
Waterbary, ?ifemeotiout. It bears a very Jloao
resemblancefj in color, Jd£Bsity, and fine
ness of graiflf j so close that it deceives every
ene bat practical dealers or experts. | Its com
ponent parts ibnsist of pure copper, 100 parts;
line or {preferably) tin, 17 parts; magnesia, 6
parts ; sal aojtnonioc, 3.6 parts; quicklime, 1.8
. parts; tartar ft' commerce, 9 parts; which are
mixed as folh;*b: The .copper is.first melted,
when the magnesia, sal ammoniac, lime, and
tartar in powder, are added .little by little j'the
crucible is no t briskly stirred for half an hour
,so as to mis thoroughly j ane then the zinc is
added in small grains by throwing it on the
. surface and stirring it till, it is entirely fused;
. the crucible is then covered,' and the fusion
maintained fog about thirty-five minutes. The
surface is tbepbkimmed, and the alloy is ready
fur casting. ! ’Khe fineness of grain in this alloy
gives to those of art composed of it a
dtlieacy and iy'parity of detail, that cannot be
obtained fromgbronie. The alloy is es. entially
ductile and malleable, and can be.cast, rolled;
drawn, stamped, chased, beaten into a powder,
or leaves, or tteated in any other way the arti
■ san may desire. The discovery of this new al
loy is really wonderful, and its| use will have a
- tendency to place within the reach of all the
useful, .ornamental, and higher products of art.
An immense-number and amount ,of articles
are manufactured' out of this! alloy and sold
South and West, and none but excellent judges
can tell it from golcL -
From omt Sobthsen Geoobaphy.— South
Carolina,— Jt-Vast empire, bounded on the
Korthby thef arotip Ocean, Bast By Fort Sum
ter, South by Ithe Tortuga*, and West by the
pacific- 'TM population is illimitable/the pru
. duetiooß feca bolable, iu resource* ihexhauiti
, ble. Tb# pe( are happy because the better
M/ of are slates. It* chivalry
«««• the wor)ll by reliant dcpds; its nary de
,ga* the baulofhiidthe broese.— Vanity Fair.
* m * V‘ £.* . !> ‘
; The Jfuatt
it Harrisburg the otbef day pas*-
IStb «*»•
THE AGITATOR.
HUGH YOUNG, EDITOR i PBOPE
WEtLSBOEOUGH, FA., t
WEDNESDAY MORNING, APRIL fe
There are rumors in Wasbingtc n to the
effect that Fort Sumter it to.be reenfon ed, not*
withstanding the reports to the ~ contn ry, but
nothing decided or official is known. The re*
enforcement ofFort Pickens appears to be de
termined on, i
'''SSC'Tho appointments mode and confirmed on
Tuesday week were very numerous, njtd some
of them very-importanjt. Carl Schnrz, i
is to be Minister to Spain, instead of Cu
Clay, wbn consented to take instead I
sion to St, Petersburg. James S. 1
Maine, is to be Minister Resident at the
Robert ‘M. Palmer, of Pennsylvania Mi
the Argentine Confederating; James E.
of Pennsylvania, Minister to Portugn
F. Fogg, of New Hampshire, Minister
serland, and A. B. Dickinson, of Net
Minister to Nicaragua. The only Ni
City nomination made of Tboi
Elrath as Appraiser. Among the nom
for Post Master, is that of, William S
Binghamton, for tin Post Office at that
This ia an excellent appointment.
Hon. Geo. W. Scranton, met
Congress from the. 12tb district in th
died on Saturday, at his residence in Si
Luzerne county. He bad b&n ill for sot
with an affection of the and dur
latter part of the session of! Congress,
able to appear in the House. Mr. I
was a native of Conneticut. lie left thj
for Warren county, New Jersey, where]
gaged in the iron manufacturing business.—
Thence he went taLuzerne county, in th s State,
and commenced business at,a place In tee heart
of the coal and iron region, (where a lat';e town
has grown up, which will perpetuate hi. i honor
ed name. In 1848 Mr. Scranton consmted to
run as the People’s candidate for Congr;ss, and
in a district always heavily Democratic he was
elected by a large imijprity. He was a faithful
and useful member, and devoted fiiend of
Pennsylvania interests. In October last he
was re-eleeted, notwithstanding the mofctstren
ous efforts to defeat hfra. By. his deatl Penn
sylvania looses a most valuable citizen, one who
was respected and honored in every walk of
life. ; '
We learn that L. P. Willisfon, Esq. of this,
Borough, hasbeen appointed Associate Justice
of Dacotnh territory. A description of thti
and the otberinew territories Will hb iouhd in
another column, Its population in June hist
was 4,839. The salary of is S 2,000 n
year Hubert, Dale! Owen, of Indiana, has
published an elaborate review of Mr. Lincoln's
Inaugural, which be pronounces consrrvntive
and conciliatory, but says that if the Cotton
States porsistSin secession.we most nrknowl
edge their independence eventually end had
belter do it before than after a war...'. ..W. 11.
Russell the well known Crimean correspon--
dent of the London Times has come to this coun
try to report the incidents of the pro-slavery
rebellion to that paper. Ho made a milk-and
water speech in JJJew York-on St. Patric i's day.
Ho is now ini Charleston, S. C Tbs Margu
retto Journal; says t “ Gen, Scott is the largest
man in the Aincrican [service. He is lis feet
six inches tall, and weighs two hundred and
sixty t0n5.”...;... The Evening Post gives an ac
count of a slajve-tradirtg voyagp of a New York
vessel. She was fitted out by aN. Y. firm os
tensibly as a whaler, but went to the const of
Africa and shipped 15b0 negroes fur Cuba......
The President has bien so beset with office
seekers as to (bo able to ride out onl
since coming into office A bill has
the Virginia tLegislnthre, making it a
meaner to send a false statement by tel
The penalty inflicted for violation of th
a fine of not hiore than $5OO and not le
$5O, or imprisonment as the court may
If this law could be ejxtended to Was
what a world bf trouble would the cou
saved from, ahd what; perilous times i
be for the tcll-jlie-graphic reporters of t
York Herald i .Did;you ever drink i
nip juice, champagne?” No? Well, ]
you did, and {did not-know it. The I
that kind of intoxicating swill found it I
Wednesday at a trial i!n the Court of <
Sessions of New York, when u witne<
certain case testified that the wine whj
been sold by him while in the employ
defendant, wajs made of what was cnllet
nip juice.” ’jfhia was “ made to spa
gas made of vitriol and marble dust, a
labelled champagne.” | Ntr wonder tbal
perate persons so often die prematurely.
Democrats are in about tbo same cone
olil-Mandeville who resolved in bis ci
he would go home and whip the old
•».ril whip her,” said, he, “ if she hat
supper ready, and I’ll whip her if she h
whip, her any way.” The .Democrats
have resolved to find fault with Presid
coin if be did notaraouite Fort Sun
to find fault with him if Ire did—to fit
with him any way. When’ Sumter is
ted, we shall'expect them to go for re-occupy
ing it in order to bo consistent irt their opposi
tion to the administration.:....A number of tbe
citizens of Massachusetts have signed a peti
tion asking the Legislature; to pass a re lolution
in favor of allowing the, cotton States to leave
the Union, “(provided that they declare free*
: dom of navigation in the Mississippi ri rer, and
surrender allright to a district of territory, of
six miles square, bordering on; the Mil rissippi
and opposite to the city of; New Orlea as, as a
jmtLoLtntnrbf tbe United; Stater, and jobber,
blowing article on
DHOET EDITOHIALS.
THE TIOGA COUNTY AGITATOR.
.that they resign all right and claim to partici
pation in the territories now belonging to the
United States, and in consideration of which
all forts, custom houses and other property of
the United States, lying within the boundaries
of. the above named States shall be made ever
and surrendered to them."
ITOB.
I. 1861 i
FBOM HAEBISBTTEa.
Special Comapondence of The AgUat)r.
• ' -HATunsucno, March 28, 1861.
The revised penal code of thus State was
thought two years ago to be the very perfec
tion of judicial wisdom, and the gentlemen
having such revision in charge thought so 100,
if we may judge from their report furnished
the Legislature of that time. Yet notwith
standing this, wej have a wiser set,of men at
the wheel now who think that it is quite defec
tive and are continually trying to patch it op.
. A few weeks ago it was thought to be too strin
gent upon slave-drivers and man-stealers, pud
so a few benevolent men like Armstrong of
Lycoming thought it might be so fixed as to
suit “our Southern brethren.” It was not his
fault that these persons were not suited with
our code. Happily a majority,were in favor of
protecting the rights of our own citizens, more
than 'they cared to play toady to the rebels,
and so the 95th and 96th sections remain as
they were-. The penal code is perfect how
ever, and it having been foumj_that under it
jurisdiction was jtaken from. Justices of ths
Peace, where the offence charged related to the
disturbance of public meetings, &o„ an Act
has been introduejed in the'Legislature whitih
provides "that thte several Justices of the Peace
in the CommonWieahh shall have -concurrent
jurisdiction with the several Courts of Quarter
Sessions, for th* punishment of the crimeti of
blasphemy, and of disturbing or interrupting
any meeting, society, assembly or congregation,
convened for the purpose of religious worship,
or furl any moral, social, literary, scientific; ag
ricultural, horticultural, or floral,, object, cere
mony! examination, exhibition or lecture; end
all laws relating to said crimes or misdemean
ors, in force prevjously to the thirty-first day
of Mhrch, one thousand eight hundred and
sixty,|be and the same are hereby revived, and
declared to have the same force and . effect as
though they had not been repealed," j
t seems,
isibs M.
he mis
’ike, of
Hague,
Henry,
I; Geo.
to Swi|-
r York,
w-York
mas Mc-
nations
uart of
jlace.—
rtbor of
s State
iranton,
le’timer
ing the
was un-
.•rnnton
it State
be en-
THE STATE LIBRARY.
The Rev. Dr. De Witt, who holds and Ims
held for manj years the office of State Libra
rian mode his annual report to the Legislature
a few weeks ago.. Ho states that the library
contains 25,000 volumes—that there remained'
in the hands of the Stale Treasurer $4OO, re
served fer the payment of books ordered from
England, but ns yet not received, and for the
other purposes connected with the Library—
that, of that valuable work, Roger’s Geology of
Pennsylvania, he; had presented one copy, each,
to the Governments of France, Belgium, Ba
varia, Prussia and Russia, ns a present from
this C annmrwealth. From two of the Sover
eigns of the above named countries, the Li
brarian had received official receipts for that
Valuable work, but fhe report did not state
whether the clerks ;and aodr-keepers of the
present Legislature to whom copies wore voted
had given their official'receipts or not. Fur my
paH 1 cannot see why the State could not ap
propriate chough money to place a copy of this
work ih evef-y school: and Seminary library in
the State. If the work be valuable let it be
put where it can be appreciated, instead of giv
ing it to politicians who know little and care
less about geology or any of its lessons. Un
happily for the people the members of the leg
islature (with some few exceptions whose names
ought to be engraved on the doors of the ro
tunda as a mark of honorable distinction) when
they come'to Harrisburg learn, Ist, to bake
care of number ope; 2d, to do nothing which
will endanger their chances of a reflection for
a second term ; 2d, to get all the money they
can honorably (?) besides their pay from the
State; and lastly, to,Vote their friends all they
want, for they don’t know how soon they may
need friends themselves. From the action of
this session thus far, one would think that they
had been sent hereon purpose to see how quick
they could drain the Treasury; I tried to give
you a history of the big swindles. Here is tin" 5
other, but n smaller'one;
Some years ago, when the emha rassed con
dition of bar finances required the Common
wealth to call onfall corporations within her
limits to pay up, equity demanded that the
Delaware and Hudson- Canal Company should
contribute their share, but they avoided the
burden by pleading the fact that they were
chartered by Njewi-York, and were nut legally
bound to do an. This defrauded the Common
wealth out of the sung little sum of $84,148,11.
Again, when in 1842 the State relinquished
her right to resume the canal, at the instigation
of the company, which was really a donation to
that corporation of one million of dollars, equity
would have demanded that the State should re
ceive something ih return for this very liberal
act. The truth is the State legally does not
owe the Delaware nnjl Hudson Canal Company
one farthing, button the contrary, in equity she
has really coming :to her from this foreign cor
poration at least one hundred thousand dollars.
This Company claim that they have overpaid
taxes to the amount of $26,000, and ask, as a
matter of egutltf, that it be refunded. This cor
poration ia rich, pays dividends varying from
eight to eighteen per cent, per annum, and
therefore it is not required fur charity. There
is no law to compell the State to do this thing,
but it is asked as a matter of equity. It was in
vain that Mr. Clyster exposed this impudent
proposition and ventilated it thoroughly.—
Eqcitv (phew 1 let me breathe 1) carried the
day ns follows:
Ayes —Messrs. Bensnn, Blood, Connell. Craw
ford, Fuller, Hamilton, HiesUmd, Imhrie,
Ketcham, Meredith, Mott, Nichols, Parker,
Robinson'; Smith, Wharton, and Printer—l 7.
Nats—Messrs. Buughter, Bound, Clytner,
London, Penny, Schindel, Serrill, and Welsh
—8; ■ -
r twice
passed
misde
!graph.
ilaw is
ss than
direct.
ilngton
itry be
would
ib New
ny tur-.
lerbaps
ivers of
>utlast
luar.er
s in a
cli had
of the
1 “ tur
tle by
id then
1 intern-
....The
ition of
p» that
rpmnn.
n’t any
w—ITl
letfm to
The question now is, what kind of equity
bate they over iii the House ?■ We shall see.
Another way of depleting the treasury has
beondiscovered. A large number of bills have
been passed during the present session, ex
empting certain inetiutiont of a charitable or
public nature from taxation. Already sevens!
millions of dollars worth in Philadelphia alone
hod been so exempted, and while an effort was
making in the Senate to pnt two mure on the
exemption list, Mr. Finney made an attack up
on the system, which resulted in the introduc
tion «f a bill to repeal nll lawe exempting pro
perty from taxation. Most of the hills I hat e
reference to were reported from the Committee
with a negative recommendation)- still they
managed to slip through,
it»t I/in-
ter and
d fault
eracua-
SPPOIKTVXStS.
The resignationjof Senator WilmotasJadge
of the 12th Pistrict, made the appointment of
TQI PENAL CODE.
Ulysses Mercur, Esq., a foregone conclusion,
judge Jessup had a, candidate in Montrose—a
Mr. Bentley, said to be an excellent lawyer,—
but the sentiment of a majority of the Repub
lican lawyers of the District pointed to Mercur
and the Governor named him as the man. He
' will undoubtedly be elected in October, so that
his appointment now is altogether appropriate.
He is a sound lawyer, an amiable and excellent
citizen, and is every way worthy of the high
trust reposed in him. ' Mr, Painter* formerly
Editorof the Muncy Luminary, was named Su
perintendent of Printing, and waa unanimously
confirmed by the Senate. Wo congratulate our
friend, as he gets $BOO, a big,pile for a printer
to get ,all in one year, no matter how hard he
has to work for it; at least it is so considered.
Ono 'Gi ven, of West Chester, is to be Adjutant
General, instead of Maj. Cox of Tioga, who
ought to have hod it.' So much for the State
appointments. I have no desire to tell you
and no space perhaps, if I had—how many of
the tine' hundred and thirty-three legislators
now here are unhappy with their present posi
tion and desire to exhibit their talents in a na
tional capacity. Davis, the Speaker of the
House, who (physically speaking) fills the Chair
very well, wants to fill the Gubernatorial Chair
of ope of the pew territories. Speaker Palmer
of the Senate—a very clever man—will be
Minister. Resident at the Argentine Confedera
tion; and has been confirmed. I bear that your
Senator, Mr. Benson, has been offered a “big
thing" somewhere—probably a consulship.—
Neither of your membeVs are asking for any
thing, being contented, probably, with their
present position. McClure would like to be
Minister to England, but unfortunately for
Pennsylvania, Mr. Adams has been confirmed.
1 halve a great many other little matters to
writfei about, but my letter is already ton long.
Snodgrass.
PROM TUB PEOPLE.
For the Agitator.
COTTON AND COTTONDOM.--NO. 4,
COTTON MANUFACTURES IN THE UNITED STATES,
It might seem more in order, to pursue the
subject of Cotton culture in other countries in
the present number, but for various reasons
this week will be devoted to the manufacture
of cotton goods in the United States.
In a report made by a committee of Congress
Feb’y. 13, 1816, It is stated that the amount of
fixed capital employed in the manufacture was
forty millions of dollars and in raw material
io., twenty-two millions—that there were one
hundred thousand hands employed, including
all engaged in the actual manufacture and in
making mills and machinery.
i Prof. Hodges states that the first machinery
for carding, roving and spinning cotton in the
United States was made by two mechanics
from Scotland, Alexander and Robert Barr, at
East Bridgewater, Mass., and that in 1786 the
State made a grant ot one thousand dollars to
aid the enterprise. A company jwas also formed
at Beverly, in the same State in 1787 for the
manufacture of cotton goods, and after expend
ing $20,000 and getting an additional grant of
$5OOO from the State their, machinery went into
operation with but popr success in 1790 or 1791.
Secretary Woodbury states that the first cotton
factory of the United States was built by Slater
and Brown at Providence, R. 1., in 1790. In
1798 one was built near Philadelphia. In 1803
one was built at Ipswich, N. H.. and one in
Connecticut in 1808. In 1805 there were only
two or thrvu cotton mills in Massachusetts.
All these early tiills or machines were of
very imperfect construction and all the carding
and spinning were done by hand power—though
the machinery put up at Providence, R. 1., was
worked by water power.dt is said. In Eng
| land, however, they had’earried the manufac
ture of cotton to considerable perfectness, and
they endeavor to keep all their machines from
the public eye, for fear that models or designs
might ho taken to be used in other countries.
The first cotton yarn spun by machinery was
by Wyatt in 1730. The fly shuttle was invent
ed by John Kay in 1738. Stock cards were
first used in 1760, and Cylinder cards in 1762.
The first mil) for spinning was built at Bir
mingham in 1750 and was moved by mules or
horses. Arkwright obtained hia first patent
for the spinning frame in 1761, and hia second
ten years after. In 1763 Thomas Highs in
vented a spinning jenny. In 1785 Cartwright
invented a power loom; that year also Ark
wright’s patent expired and a great impulse
was given to the manufacture of cotton.
In 1800 there wore about 150,000 pounds of
cotton used in the various manufactories in the
United States—in- 1810 about 3,000,000,—in
1815 a little rising 27,000,000, in which year
there were manufactured some eighty-one mil
lions of yards of cotton cloth valued _at §24,-
000,000- In this year also, or rather in the
year ending Sept. 30,1816, there were imported
into the United States cotton goods to the value
of about $180,000,000.
Up to 1813 the mills put in' operation were
used only for spinning. All weaving was done
by hand. The first factory fori weaving was
built-at Waltham,’ Mass, in 1813, jn Whioh were
combined all the facilities for converting the
raw cotton into cloth, and is skid to be the first
in the world combining all these facilities. The
first cotton mill in Lowell, the eity of spindles,
was built in ,1822, and the site of the city of
Manchester, N. H., now manufacturing annu
ally towards a hundred millions of yards of
cotton cloth, the last time but one that I saw
it contained a blacksmith shop, a thatched
shed-roofed barn, and a poor dwelling bouse,
and that was all.
In 1830 there were in Maine 113,900 spindles
in operation, 3489 looms and 13 mills—in New
Hampshire 440,401 spindles, 12,462 looms and
40 mills—in Massachusetts 1,288,091 spindles,
32.655 looms and 165 mills—in Vermont 31,-
736 spindles, 345 looms and 12 mills—in Rhode
Island 624,138 spindles, 28,233 looms and 166
mills—in Connecticut 252,812 spindles, 6,506
looms and 109 mills. In that year there were
also 47,934 spindles in North Carolina, 16.355
in South Carolina, 42,589 in Georgia, 1,052 in
Alabama, and 32.121 in the States of Pennsyl
vania, Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky and
Illinois. I find also that in 1851 the number
of spindles in Alabama had increased to 12,580,
in South Carolina to 36,500, in Georgia to 51,-
400, and in Pennsylvania and the other States
grouped together about 100.000.
The census of 1850 shows also that there
were 12 establishments or factories for manu
facturing yarn and cloth in Alabama, 3 in Ar
kansas, 12 in Delaware, 35 in Georgia, 8 in
Kentucky, 24 Maryland, 2in Mississippi, 2
in Missouri, 28 in North Carolina. 18 in South
Carolina, 33 in Tennessee, 27 in Virginia; 2 in
Indiana, 21 in Now Jersey, 86 in New York, 8
in Ohio, and 208 in Pennsylvania.
The fixnd capital, employed in the United
State* in 1850 in the manufacture of cotton was
$74.500,931 —during the year there was used
282,145,600 pounds of cotton valued at $34,-
835,056, and the Value of theproduct-wa* 561,-
869,154, of which Massachusetts produced $19.-
712,461, and Ned' Hampshire 5g.830,619, these
being the two leading States in the manufac
ture of cotton. ’
I find by looking at the commerce of the
United States for the year ending. June 30th,
1859, that our exports rtf coltoh goods for that
year amounted to $8,316.222, while,the imports
amounted to $26,430,627.
I estimate the amount of cotton manufac
tures usedin the United States at ten pounds
at least for each individual. In this I include
the whole amount; used for any purpose what
ever. This would give for the year ending
June 1860, 314.298.891 pounds' The annual
estimate in this country and in England has
usually been about six pounds to each individ
ual. This is altogether too low an estimate at
least in the United States. Using Prof. Hodges
estimate'of the consumption of cotton in this
country in 1807—8, as the basis of calculation,
the amount would be about tdnand a half
pounds to each individual. The ratio has cer
tainly very much increased since then and is
apparently increasing every year. In British
India the annual amount used by each individ-,
ual has been estimated at twenty pounds. —
This certainly must be rather high.
Let us look back a little and compare the
past with the present.
In 1790 our cotton crop was 1,500,000 pounds.
In 1859 it was 1.700.767,513.
In 1790 our exports of option were 4'0,000
pounds. In 1859 it wis 1 386,468,622 pounds.
In 1790'our cotton manufactures were'noth
ing. In 1859 they amounted to at least $75,-
000,000.
In 1790 the value of onr cotton exports was.
$58,000 and the price of cotton about double
what it is now. In 1859 the value was $161,-
434,923.
A Suggestion to he considered without jumping
too hastily to a conclusion. ■
The value of all the exports from t’-e United
States for the year ending - June 30, 1859. was
$335, 894,385. Of oottotr alone it was sl6l r --
434.923. Cotton, therefore, fell short only $6,-
512,270 by being half of all our exports.
Does not this 1 seem to verify the claim of Al
abama', the greatest cotton growing State in the'
Union that
COTTON' IS KIXGc
If a farmer’s wealth is to be computed by the
quantity of produce he sells and by the greater
.distance of his market, without any regard to
what he is compelled to buy or to what may be
called a home marlcet. then Alabama’s claim
must be allowed ; but of that next week, and in
the mean time I would kindly advise my read
ers not to jump to conclusions too hastily.
Wellshoro, March 30, 1861. . , J. Emert.
For the Agitator.
! COMMON SCHOOLS.
XXAMIXATIOXS OF TEACHERS. -
Examinations will take place as follows: :
Tioga nnd|Lawrenceville, April 43.
Elkland and Osceola, (at Osceola) “ '~ls[
Middleburv. (Jlolliday’s) “ •£,
Deerfield, {(Union .Academy) < “ Ifib
Chatham, .(Cloos' School house) “ “
Brookfield', (lied School house) “ 17
Firmingtdn, (Gee School house) “ “ - “
“ 18
Nelson, “ “
Clymer, (Sabinsville) “ 10*
Jackson, (Jlillertown) “ V
Shippen, Gaines & Elk, (Vermilyea’s) “ 20
Rutland, (Roseville) ! _ “ “
Wellsbonv and Delmar, (Academy) “ 22
Charleston, (Dartt Settlement) “ 23
M.insficldJ: “ 24
‘ “ 25
Covington, “ 29
Blnss, |! “ 30
Ward. (Fall Brook) . May 1
Liberty (Blockhouse) i ' “ 2-
Union, (Swamp School house) : ‘ “ 3
Examinations will commence precisely at 9J
o’clock, a. m„ and no candidate for a certificate
will ha admitted to the class after 10 o’clock.
Teachers are requested to present themselves,
as far ns possible, for examination in thqdis
trict where they'intend to teach, with pen| ink
and paper, as heretofore.
Those Teachers who get *' No. 1” in nil the
branches, upon complying with the presorihed
conditions,announced last Fall, will bo entitled
to a County Certificate.
Teachers intending to teach in the Common
Schools of;this county the coming term, must
attend these public examinations—unless hold
ing a valid certificate granted last Fall—for the
labors of the Superintendent are so numerous
and arduous that he cannot stop to examine
teachers during school visitations. Those indi
viduals who are too timid to endure a public
examination; make signal failures,, in their at
tempt at, teaching a common school. Those
wfco intentionally and wilfully stay away from
tl e<e examinations, must not cxpoctrany lenity
though they may, through some derioe, work
their way into tho charge of, a school.
The Sehool Law is explicit and imperative
that T* a ‘hers shall ho examined before com
roepcing, school. The School Directors will re
quire a certificate to be produced before any
contract is consummated with applicants for
schools.
No certificate will he granted hereafter, as a
general rule, the aggregate of whose marking
exceeds twenty-four.
i The next session of the Tioga county Teach
ers’lnstitute, will be held in Tioga the Pth,
10th, 11th, and 12th, of April. Prof. Chaa. w!
Sanders, of New York, and Samnel P. Bates,
an experienced County Suprentendent, and now
Dep. Supt Com. Schools, will’ be present and
assist in conducting the Institute.
The State Surprentendent has expressed his
intention to oall Ja Convention of County Su
perintendents in May. In Order to attend this
Convention, I am obliged, to appoint a Deputy
to assist me in the examinations. J
School Directors and the public generally
are cordially invited to attend these exercises,
11. C. Jouxs, County Sap’t.
Ifainebury, March 28. 1861,
The Jackson Missiesippmn continues its re
monstrances against the arbitrary power as
sumed by Jeff. Davis and bis followers. We
quote:
It is the right of the people to decide whe
ther or not they will live under the Constitution
which is being nrovided for them by the body
in session at Montgomery. If it i 8 ni)t the i r
right to do so, then the theory that they are the
source of all power, and should govern them
selves, is a vague abstraction, incapable of ap
plication, and invented to delude them. It will
not do to say that ip voting for separation from
the Union they arranged the terms of confede
ration with other States, or prescribed the plan
of. future government. That would be a falsifi
cation of history which so sane man will, ven
ture to be guilty of.
“ tbdre is no way of evading the premises
we have assumed; hence the
which we have arrived is Dna '°'
That the Constitution for the perm ’
tneht, before Mississippi becomes q
compact, must be submitted divert!,,,
the people of the State. If ; t j,
question of the right of the people m
own Government may require P r “
before the new order is fully estahK.t
will not hold themselves bound bv n ,
which they ieill have had no hand a
the thhbb hew te;
The bill organizing the noWaerrit™
been signed by the Present, ij
number of the Territories of the fiv
to seveir, including the J
of Washington, Nebraska, Utah and
ico.- We subjoin a description of th.
ntones :
“Colorado include* part* 0 f j
braeka and Eastern Utah. J u boun ,
int>H°J (,W8: “? egiDn . inK9t a P«int ■
Io2d degree of west longitude f ron (
cruksee the 37th parallel of north
thence north along isaid 102 d parallel
it intersects the 41st degree of n J,
thence west along said line to the Io9i
of west longitude, thence south alone
to the 37th degree of north latitude L
along the 37th degree of norA 4’ itud
place of beginning. The Iv.-:, M
about 100,000 square miles, and aTfhi
population of some 25.000 persons T,
Mountains divide the Territory i nto
westward flowing from them a large*
rivers,-tributary to the Colorado „ ’
others; equally numerous and large
to the Arkansas ariiF-South Fork p! a »
It includes the faratSs mining region
Peak, rich in gold an other metals Cl .’
deserts from the more-fertile Western
destinoi to Jbe IheJioma of advancing
tion, and to givo Tif its treasures to
mons of enlightenedj toiL
Nevada is taken jfrom Western Utih ;
ifornia. Its. bound iries arenas folk
ginning at the inter motion of the 42d ,
north latitude with I he 37th degree of |,
we3t from Washing! an; thence rnnnii
ion the lino of the. 11.6 th degree west Is
ontißt intersects tho-horthjern bounder
{Territory of Now M 3X,ico ; thence due
dividing waters of Carson Valley fe
that flow into the Pi cifio ; thenwron tl
■ing ridge northwardly to thesis*, dr
north latitude; thence due nort-h-de tl
ern boundary line of the State of or% on
duo east to the place of beginning," '
tion of the Territory within the preset
.of the State of California is not to be
"jvithin Nevada until the Stats of
Shall assent to the same by an act '
? without the consent lof the United Star
'territory includes thja lovely CarsonV
-memory of whoso.beanty lingers witi
veler in his joarnoy | through arrid pi
over ragged and whose
fertility," even, under the rudest a
shows what may be expected there whr
igent industry has free course. Great
especially of (silver, in which it
-than any other part of the world, and t
for the raisin g of agriculture j
Will combine at an er rly day to transit
region into a rich and populous State.
Dacotah lies between Ist. 42 deg.ode
49 deg. N„ and along 90 deg. 30 min.,
deg.- west. It is bounded north bj
America, east by the States of Minn®
lowa, south and west by Nebraska. I|
north and south is 450 miles, iu
breadth is about 200 niles, and it has i
of 70.000 square miles. It was former!
of the Territory of Mi anesnta. but was'
when: that became a State. The Indians
ing to the Yankton, and Sit
:\re numerous, nnd live chiefly by tht
The Territory includes open, gra
high-rolling prairies* i great number (
nnd-ponds, and very numerous valuabl
The climate of the south" is mild; thsl
north severe, though less so than migl
peeted from its high l itifude. The him
timbered and the vall'ys are highly pr.
Coal abounds In some parts and other
add wealth to the region. Game is
and of great value for) its furs.
| IST OF L|jTTEI!S remaining in tl
Office at Wellsburo,-Tar, March 3lst,li!
Adams James [Kelley Thus
A lams Miss M»r,r Kriozcr Adam 5
Burgess Mrs Frances Kelly C W
■ Beach Jcbial Keder Mr
Bartron Wm - . Kleitjhaus Min B
Buckley H-J ’ Lockwood R C
B '<rell JH Lyoo|Af W
E» ley T B ; . Miller N S -
Brown Miss P P, Millet Miss Maty I
Burnham J R 4 G W 2 Mannings CsirieE
Benedict EB Morgan MrzMztyJ
Babcock J B 2. Mitchell L D
ButlanlraF McLeod Geo
B icon 0 Jr. 2 Moore Sylvamu
" ll ?, r E r Miller Ignatius
Buckley WW. M yer« John L
n en B ’ M Coene I Lewis
S," . J i*.“ rjr Nobles II 4
Clark Thomas Paige John T
Campbell Mrs Hattie Potter Rofus II J
Campbell Richard Prestoa A T
Crandall P Phalifl Alrin E
Campbell Hiram Peter Angelins
Coughlin Michael Persons Henry
Cole Mr. Mary B . Prescott J W
Crossman Joseph Pai ktr Elsworth 5
Craus 0 V Randall Mr Eli
Campbell E R *Skclton Miss Fm
Baris Hiram Q Stipes Hcary 0
® ‘ uoe r Sh. rt L
Bouty Lewis Seeley W .
Bcwey Leri Stonebouse H
Bailey Mrs Fanny J Swain C B -
Edsnli J M Smith Alonio G t
Ellison Sami ■ Sayres Miss Carrie
Eot <in A Shcares Rob’t
Brans Jne Stool A B
Ellis Jefferson Stevens Alien
Floss L Sherman Brsdlsy
French Bighlon • Strong J B
French Chan Smith Harvey B
Frisby Guy 4 Sens Btanchfield J U<‘
Francis J ffopliff Miff S I
Francis Robert fropping Winfielc
Gdrott Q Williams Jamee
Grierson Mrs M G Wellman Hiram
Gilletcr Br R 0 wisner John X
Gralres Mrs C 0 W°»d J D
Horton Miss Jennie H Walker W
Hill Miss Louisa A Willard Robl J
Hudson KorTM Wilkcson Aseph
Hustings Mrs S B Whitmore tester
Hornbeck B Worth David
Ilostcring Hiram "Wilsin Miss Bhoo*
Hildreth H H Warol John
Jackson C Webster A t-
Kelly James 2 Varner H W
MuctUanecnu. —“Mr. J. Walton, lin(
and “ Mr, Bon ——
Persons calling for any if the above
please say they are advertised.
HUGH TOES'
Dissolution. —Tb® < copartnership
existing between T. JL. Baldwin* 0.
mot E Q. Scbeiffelin, an deft ha firm of
Co., Is this day dissolved by motn*
The Books, Notes, Ac., the h* n “ J
SchiiSelin for settlement * The business 1
riod on by T. L, BpMwiat
~ X. L.BAL?
0, B. LOff
E. R, SCHi
Mttcb f, ISSt-W SU*