la
THE PORTER.
E.S. GOODRICH, 4 z ii tzTo " Rt.
GEO. SANDERSON,S
WeduesilaY, February 21, 1844.
For President in 1844,
MARTIN VAN . BUREN,
'OF NEW YORK. '
For Tice Preddent,
COLE - RICHARD 34, JOHNSON,
OF KENTUCKY. •
Pableit, t 6 dew' ion of a National Convention.]
ca• Ai the Senior Editor must necessarily
be absent for several weeks, the entire charge
and control of the &Sae-will devolve upon his
son, E:b.YGoonnica, who is equally interested
in the publicatiom - and to whom all payments,
communications, &c., can Tl 3 made.
Beauties of ther-Tarifg
The York Manufacturing company
at-Saco, owned chiefly by-Boston
hai declared an xxina dividend
of TEN per cent. Their 'regular semi
annual present to- the stockholders was
seven per cent. made a few; days since,
and now they have ten more, making
17 per cent. in six months. This com
pany have been engaged in the nanu
facture of fancy stuffs, and, as it nppears
by their diiision of profits, 'to extrava
gant account. •
The foundation of our opposition to
the present tariff, is, that it taxes, (as
indeed, all protection must,) ohe class
of comminity to fill the coffers of an
_ Otter portion. 'What justice is therein
a law w hich compels the farmer of
Bradford io, purchase the manufactures
of the York manufacturing company
at Sacn,",at -2'greatly enhanced price,
- so that the rich capitalist can realize 17
per cent. on his money in six months ?
What benefit has it created to the far
mer or mechanic? Are the necessa
ries of life * cheapened'? Are the pro
.ducis of industry increased in value,
_and their daily toil made to realize them
=fro for the support of their 'families ?
Most assuredly not. Yet they are told
that.they must submit to'be robbed of
the fruit's of their labor, in order -that
domestic Manufactures may be pro
tected; or in plain EngliSh, that the
York manufacturing company at Sa
co," may-declare - a
divi
dend- of 17 per cent ! •
One of the fundamental articles in
the creed of the democratic party, is, a
revenue sufficient to meet the wants of
the gevernment,'collected from duties
laid upon impbrtations; so directed as
to afford, incidentally, protection to
eome•branches of domestic industry.—
This, we believe, could be done so as
not to be an onerous burden upon any
portion of community. Big When it is
done to allow. the monopoly,- called to
the !!-York manufacturing Company at
Sa/O," to declare dividends at thd rate
of - 31 per cent. per annum, we serious.,
ly protest against it, as invading the
rights of one portion of, community to
benefit another, and much smaller part.
DANIEL WansEß'SPosmox.—Daniel
Webster- - the faneuil Hall Whig"---
has at length de#ned his position. Now
that the storm hit; ceased, he has' begun
to Clear the side-walks from snow, to ap
ply his own classical illustration. He
has written a letter to the whigs in New
Hampshire, who requested the use of his
name as a candidate for the, Presidency,
and refers the selectiotrof a candidate to
the National Convention, declaring that
Henry Clay-will probably be, nominated,
and intimn'teit..his hearty concurrence in
the choice, and' his intention to support
him. .
NEW COUNTERFEITEL---A new Cairn
telfeit has appeared on.the Monongehala
Bank at Brownsville, of 2's relief issue.
The engraving of the title of the bank is
very heavy and blurred, aqd the counter
feit may be detected by tne motto at the
bottom of the coat of arms; the word
" Virtue" being imperrtit. Color of pi-
tter,•iose white. ",..
.Ooy/estnuia.Bank, Paiiiestown, Pa.
15's spurious. feniale with :a
eliild;•respers „ ,_ & e. On the right ends
kai ak with book ; and "on die left, Wash-:
ington is a sitting posture.
FIVE NEGROES DROWNED.- -Ai Fay
etteville, N; C., OR the night of the 6th
inst., seven negroes erowdeti.thens selves
into a canoe to i erose tticape tears few
miles beimw that town, but before Ahoy:
theiteach'ed the opposite shore, the
men sunk, and five - out ofthe seven
Co .Johnson skthe V. Presidency.
. Below we publish aletter freak Cid.
R. M. JonNsoN. It is of
,_the same
character and tohe'itt the letter recently
published in.ehe Glebe, and'is.a ninth.
phant vinTcation of all that his friends
have declared in relation .the
hero's"",acceptifirtite , Vice -Presiden-
WIIITE SULratrg. Ky. t
--4anuary-20,-1844:-
• I have just received your letter, en
closing your address to. the democrats
of Pensylvania. I had previously given
you my views in answer to yours'dated
at home. It was not jn my power cor
rectly to change my position before the
public, or a National Convention,. on
account of the action of my own state,
to say nothing of my friends in other
states. And here, without any With
drawal of my name for the Presidency,'
in mimes, to inquiries made, it was
proper to declare 'in advance, that I
would a4ept of the nomination of Vice
President, if my friendO.wished it, and
the National Convention iso decided it; ,
wishinglo . conceal a:ailing' from my
friends or the democratic party, that ail
mikki speak advisedly on the subject.
Any other course would have a tenden
cy to give dissatisfaction to many friends
entitled to my gratitude; and this course
I have adopted without any reference
to my prospects. I cannot interfere
between friends for an honest difference
of opinion as to the, time of presenting
melor Vice President; and although
I ask nothing as a favor, yet if I was
Certain that the ticket' would fail, I
would accept the Vice' PRESIDENT, if
offered to me by a majority of the de
mocratic party as cheerfully as" if .I
thought it' would be successful, and I
know what ,You have done has . arisen
from a full conviction of its policy, and
benefit to our great cause. Let union
of feeling, and harmony of action, per
vade the great democratic family,, and
our. -republican principles are sure to
triumph at the elections. In the mean
time I wish to submit the whole matter
to •my friends, and the Democratic
National ; Convention.
" Very truly and sincerely
"your friend,
" RH,. M. JOHNSON.
" COL. SALISBURY. "
The above is the the language of a
noble hearl and is creditable to the
" Hero of the Thames." What a re
buke to the false sympathy of a few,
who intended to use the great name of
Col. Johnson to defeat Martin Van Bu-.
ren, and give 'the electoral vote of Penn.
sylvania to, Henry Clay! -Under the
banner of VAN BUREN & JOHNSON, the
the democratic party in union and har
mony like one man are passing onward,
toqt glorious victory.
. APPOINTMENTS By THE , CANAL Con-
MISSIONERS.—The following list compri
ses the . mosk important appointments
made by the present board of Canal Corn
-
missioners :
COLLECTORS.
Thomas J. Haines, at Lancaster.
Robert Laverty, at Parkesbutg.
Ardemus Stewart, at Paoli.
Peter Orwan, at Newport..
John S. Patton; at 'Huntingdon.
James Gillespie, at Freeport.
Charles El. Williams, at Easton.
I4aao-Vanhorn, at Bristol. •
Joseph B. Shugert, at Lewistown.
Alexander Newell, at the Junction of
Beaver Division, and Pennsylvania and
Ohio:Cabal.
Henry Jack, at Blairsville. -
W. C. MCCormick, at Hollidaysburg.
A. W. Wasson, at Johnstown. '
Herman Beard, at Portsmouth.
James J. Given, at Columbia-.-
John at Harrisburg. .
John Fleming, atAlleghany city.
Johri B. Beck, at Williamsport.
• WEIGHMASTERS.
Eli Overdeer, at Lancaster.
P. M'Mahon, at Columbia.
Pen. Potts, at Hollidaysburg weigh4k.
J. O'Connor, at Hollidaysburg weigh
scales, Portige Railroad.
William Philson, at Johnstown weigh.
.scales, Portage Railroad. • ' • [lock.
. C. C. 11emphill, at Johnstown weigh.
C,harles H. Williams, at Easton.
'lsaac Angney, at Portsmouth.
L
John Urmstront l, and S. J. Smith,
to be State Agents on the Allegheny and
Portage Ra !road, to take effect from the
4th of March next.
'Phaon l Jarrett, to be Supervisor of the
Delaware Diiision.
LIBERTY CONVENTION.-A Liberty
Convention for Ohio, met on Wednes
-day, 7th inst., and nominated Jas. G.
Rirney for President, and 'Thonias
Morris for Vice President; Leicester,
King for Governor.
• ESCAPED raomlArr..—Two prisoners
confined in the Sunbury jail, escaped on
Thursday evening. Sth inst., by means
of a fats'e wooden key. -Their names are
Epbriani-.Parent and Nad;anlVelbert,
•
SOMET4ING NOVEL.--TheiN. Y. Sun
says, four,Christian women lave been
baptized and entered the Jewish ChuMh,
and withioths last week have each been
=Sakti - to persona of that description.
Execution of James Dolan.
"Friday, the 1 6th betyean the,
hours ,of 10 and 2, %vas the time desig
nated by the Executive warrant ` -fur the
execution of lamei and 111.41gei Dolan
convicted last SeptembeiTerm,*r the
minder cif Rufus Gere, : in a 'shanty
near Athens, on the hit day of July
last* The execution of James Dolan
took -place 'at The time 'appointed;
Bridget Dolan:having been respited
the Executiv . e, for the term of six
montheC , Through the politeness of
SheritrlVeston" we are enabled to give
our readers an account of . the lexech
don. ,
Ever since his Sentence, he has mani
fested a hardened indifference to his
approaChing fate; and conversed freely
and unconcernedly about his execution,
and it'was only as his last moments
drew niih, that he has exhibited a sin
gle feeling' of contrition or repentance.
He hatbeen daily , visited by the. Catho
lic clergyman and other citizens, who
had in vaiii - endeavored to excite in his
breast one single emotion of contrition
or remorse, o,r, an acknowledgment -of
hisluilt of the awful clinic 'with which
he stood charged, and for which be was
soon to make an awful expiation by his
own life on the gallows. Too much
praiee cannot be awarded to those bene
volent citizens 'who have visited him
daily, and who have endeavored to di
rect his attention to Him Who taketh
away the sins of the world."
On the rnorningof the 16th, as the last
-ray of hope was extinguished in his
breast, and it became evident that his
hours were numbered, and the hand of
Executive clemency had not been ex
tended to him, he evidently became
concerned about the death he was soon
to die, and relaxed the haughtiness
with which he looked upon his impend
ing fate.
At 10 minutes to 12 o'clock, he was
arrayed in the habiliments of the grave.
The near approach of the hour of execu
tion, and the preparations,made, had a
sensible effect_ upon him ; but -he still
conducted himself with fortitude; smok
ing his pipe, and making a remark that,
his age was between 45 and 46 1 and
asking the Sheriff if this is his first exe
cution. The Catholic clergy were then
introduced into the room, and remained
for half an hour, and at 10 minutes to
1, the Sheriff told him the time had
come, tied his arms, and conducted him
to the scaffold. Dolan turned to his
wife, and while shaking hands, said to
her, Good-bye Bridget, don't get
drunk any more." He followed the
Sheriff with a firm step to the gallows.
which he ascended, accompanied by
the kSheriff and fathers O'Reilly and
Fitzsimmons. At 7 minutes to 1, the
rope was placed about his neck, when
on being asked y the Sheriff if he had
anything to say, he spoke to the by
standers in substance, as follows :
" My wife knetv nothing of the murder
of Gere until he was dead ; she had no
hand in it. I am guilty of the murder
of Gere, but not of any other. I did not
kill himfor his money ; as for his mo
ney I know nothing about it. Once I
attempted to shoot my wife, while un
der the influence _ of liquor, and in a fit
of jealousy. I 'Mapped a pistol at her;
but 'it missed fire. I have no unkind
feelings toward any , one ; the officers
have used me like a lirrither."
He was then told hti\had but five
minutes toile. v He offered up his
l .1
players, throup the priests xvho attend
ed him on the scaffold, and 'seemed
much affected. At 1 o'clock the cap
•
was drawn over; his eyes. Sheriff—
" One •roinuie more." The time es,,
pired ; Sheriff Weston cut thiii rope,
and the - wretched criminal dropped
about 3 feet. A few inVoluntary con
vulsions took place ; his chest heaved ;
his neck, and hands became livid; he '
struggled slightly at " 3
minutes past 1,
and remained quietly until 10 minutes
past, when the, last throb of his pulse
ceased, and , the soul of the unfortunate
murderer biller' its earthly tenement, to
try the realities of the rinknowb world.
He died apoplectic, his neck not hair=
ing beeri dislocated. His remains after
having been suspended for, 40 minutes,'
were cut down anti placed in the'coffin,
r.iind . 'were taken in charge by some of
friends and conveyed , the next day
in - Friendeville for sepulture.
During the discharge of hip melan
choly duty, Sheriff Weston manifested
a decision arid firinneis which did him
credit. . The exiriutiori was performed
in the presence of the Sheriff andsevre
ral deputies ; Rev. Muirs. ' Nash and
Nevins,' and the two Cat olie Cjel i ':ti
li
th r ee reporters ; a broths of the Sr
i
'tiered math residing in, Ho esdale;PA'..
physicians, and - some otheia, and the
jury consisting of the following geode
men :--:loCkwoOd Smith, Daniel c . 0017
bingh,Jimes D. Burbank, H. L. Blaeit- .
min, John'W. Payson, Ira H. Stephens,
Eli Baird; Urieh•Terry, John F.l.orig.
Frederick - ,Fisher, Nathan Coon, j
George' H.. Bull:
Althou,glrthe execution was perform
ed within the walls of the jail-yard,bnd
-'9F
,nci opportunities could be afforded for
‘vietVing the scene, yet at an early hOur
the inhatiitants of the surrounding coon
:try wi
began to ve . .. and .a living tide
, .t. , •
poured intol town from every : avenue.—
By noon the crowd-was swelled to the
number of irrobably bitween - yak) aed
three thousand persona. all ; Uniious`to
obtain somel position by which a glimpse
of the execution could be caught, and
the neighhortng buildingii,,from some of
which a partial view could be 'obtained
were' crowded by persons, anxious to
get a view. of the tragedy at the risk of
their oUrn persons; while without and
surrounding the wall was a dense mass
frf individuals, listening eagerly, for the
noise produced by the 'falling 'of the
platform upon; which `stood the crimi
nal. It was with the utmost difficulty
that they could be restrained from seal
int. the , walls, so eager were they to see
a fellow man offer up his life to the in
sulted laws ! Indeed, as soon as the
'guard which surrounded and protectsd
the jail-yard had been withdrawn,—
(whiCh was done a few minutes after
the rope was cut)—a rush was made for
the walls, and 'in an incredibly short
space of 'time, the top was thickly co- I
vered with individuals, who at the im
minent peril of their own necks, had
'thus purchased a view of the still sus
pended criminal. and who. gave.way te r
others, who in turn ascended, until a
large proportion of the assemblage had
succeeded in viewing the gallows, -and
the dead body of Dolan.. '
No scenes of violence were, however,
committed during the day, and we are
happy to fiate that it was' not attended
by the excesses which are usually dis
played at criminal executions.
Among those whom a morbid and
unhealthy sympathy had drawn togeth
er, we were surprised to see many fe
males, standing iii the snow, and gazing
at the walls, within - which the tragedy
was being enacted.
SUSPECTED MUnDER.—Mr. Robert
Atkinson of Washington, Wyoming co.
was suddenly killed on Tuestliy 7th
inst., by the falling of a tree, ,as was
supposed. Since his intermit suspi
cions arose that all was not right, and
his body was disinterred, and examin
ed by physitcians, and the aPpearance
of the wound, and other circumstances
appeared to indicate that he had been
murdered. He was engaged in . thop:
ping at the time ofhis death wiih a
neighbor by the, name of Baisley.
Mr. A. was - to have been married in,
•
a few days.
Cosnaszt.—The nomination of
Hon. HENRY A. Win, as Minister to
Brazil, has been confirmed by the U.
S. Senate.- The mission to Brazil has
cost the nation-, Oithin the last year,
$31,500, as follows :—First Mr. Hun
ter's recall cost 522,50; Mr. Prciffit's
outfit, $9OOO, one year's salary, $9000;
return allot Vance for Mr. P., he hiving
been, rejected by the Senate, $2250:
Mr. Wise's outfit, $9000—531,500.
ANOTHER TEA SCRAPE.-Our s Bos
ton friends are obliged occasionally to
`make au offering, in the shape of a car:
gef tea, to the presiding genius of
Boston harbor. Fifty-four chests and
\
boxes 01 tea, which had been damaged
by kalie \ acid,'were lately emptied
to the channel by the direction of, the
Atiyor, and. ttnt tc make " tea" for the
fishes, we' supppae. ' •
• ANOTHER. INBANMORDER.—Abeer
Rogers, jr ., has been tried a second'
time for the•martier orkhe 'Warden 'of,
the kasimehtieetis :Sisk Prison, and.
- thiS.time a ,verdict renderi. of
.Guilty, by reason . of Insanity 7 ',The'
Jay were out hours. Rog e 7 is to
be confined in' the Lunatic Asylum at.'
Worcester,. ..,1
Finnan Mnz.rixa.—;•On our other page
will be found the.oroceedingapf the 'Van
Buren iand' Johnson' meeting, held on
ThUrsday. evening ; and the DeMocratie
R e f orm meeting held on Friday evening.
Nears from all Nation&
Oaf .that some of our subserihars.
who `Me waiting an opportunity to for. ;
ward, us the amount of their , subserip:
lion are ignorant of the folloWing-decis
isitin of, the P. M., General, we insert'
it for our mutual benefit.
.4*A. rost Master may enclose ,
monOY in a letter to the publisher of a
neWs paper, to pay
,the subscription of a
third- person, and frank the letter if
written by himself."
Diet Webster will commence the
practieeof the law in New 'lock, in
March next.
The Texan Legislature has passed a
resolution providing for the annexation
on condition that the United States
assumes, the,debt of Texas.
Fanny Ellsler, states that she uses up
three pairs of satin shoes every night
that she dances on the stage. ,
• There are 260 lawyers, 180 physi
cians and 72 clergymen in the city of
Boston.
The 4.Girard case," is now being
argued before the U. 8. 'Supreme
Court.
An Eagle, measuring eight feet from
the tips of its wings, was lately shot. in
York county.
Senator Porter, of Lonisania. recent
ly- deceased, has left a legacy of Coneid
erable value to Henry Clay.
Mr. William Dyer, of Cape Eliza::
beth, Me..aged 4 74,,died very suddenly
alew days since. /While he was trav
elling in a sleigh with a friend, the
reins dropped from his hands, and he
fell back dead.
Six deaths: recently occurred in Sax
onville, Mass., from a disease caught
from picking over wool which came
from Smyrna, some months ago. _
Governer Porter has appointed Fri-
day, the 22d of March next,between the
hours of 10 and 2, for the execution of
Samuel Mohawk, the Indian who mur
dered the Wigdon
Mr. Packenliam, the newly appoint- .
ed Envoy to the United States froin
England, arrived at New York, on the
12th inst.
An anti-punishment-by-death society
has been forded in New York, of which
Wm. Cullen Bryant is President: •
Governor Fenner of Rhode Island is
dangerously ill of erysipelas.
The annual eleetiiin in Maisachu-
setts takes place on the 12th of March.
John H. Steele is the; democratic can
didate for Governor
An En g lis h man, a; Saco Me.:attCmpt
-0
ed to chop off 'his iknivn head widi an
axe. - When s he hicame sebenunabed
that he.could use itno longer he agent
to the ostler and as k ed him''
to help
him finish.the work?'
The. friends of Lewis Cass for next
President, held a meeting in Faneuil
Hall, Boston, on Tuesday evening,
30th ult.
The post office at Springhill in this
county, has been discontinued. The
post office at Owego, N. V. is again a
distributing office.
Three couple were recently married
at - Marblehead, after a respective,court
ships of fourteen, twelveind nine years!
Father Miller is pleading at the
present time at Boston to pritty good
congregations.
Mr. James Boughton, an apostate
Wishinatonian was burned to death at
Watertown Conn:, a few nights since,
having laid dawn whilst drunken the
the top of a coal pit. -
The'bill to repeal imprisonment for
debt, in the Tennessee Legislature, was
rejected by a majority of five.
An English woman was sent to the
Tombs in New York, for • beating her
husband; :who was :sick in bed, and:
biting his nose nearly off. - •
The late King -of Holland left a for
tune of sixty-five millions of dollars:
, Some of our brethren of the press
have 'been getting themselves into
scrapes by Publishing . marriages from
rumor. If they would adopt our plan,
never to insert a marriage . notice unless
handed into the office, and accompan
ied by the fixing," they would •isave
,
themselves much trouble.
John,lllll, a' middle aged Man, of
Princeton, Peoria County, Illinois, svas
frozen in - his sleigh on the 12th — ult.—
ilithiskey Was the cause:
_Gen. Lewis Cass, awho is about 30
years of age, is said tol have stated itt'a
' Temperaice lecture recently delivered
ayDetreit, - that he had never tasted in
'te.sicMiug &MAG.*. .*
A Michigan 'piper estimates the emi
.gration into-that• State, the past reason,
at 20,000. P ' .`".•
•°off *lt
: ::40 4 1 P ell2l/11'
.O}IN 511e0
:,golosit for:"work:' and. loot by
rips''
the plaintiff in buddin g m
:op" auction of the North Bra ndt ?
Feb. l 4lh, the inr." find for the pl,
tile - twin of $ 79 ,16, .and on 0 t0 ,,,
Mr. Williston, the Court grant'
to shew cause why this jud g , oti
not be entered without cost,
February 1,111;i:
W. H. 9reaTottost o ar e , oaf
at Dec. Term last. of an -asu o i t
batteiy on Charles.. Jenkins nu
sentenced by the Cotirt to p ar
twenty-fig dollars' to the ti e
wealth, and the costs of iirout
CORICELL AND Miami vs. b
WALTMAN.—Trespass againstitt,
stable of Ulster township f or it
uptin and selling in 1 84 t, a s t y /
property of Avery and Dassa,,.
quantity of saw logs claimed b y
ryell Martin.
The defendant alleged that thi,
was fraudulent and void a ,
I,
creditors.—Verdict for the d e
FEartu rt
L. S. ELLSWORTH VS. THOII3
GETT. Jr. & GEOEGE F02.-4$
a foreign attachment brought
plaintiff to recover of the d e r
iestdents of the city of New Yid
alleged services rendered by
lecting certain claims in favor it:t t
felidants against Samuel P. mit
Mattocks. Feb. 15th, verdict 4'
defendants.
ISILEL SMITH VS. IRX 11. SIT,'
(late Sheriff.)—Trespass for lerfia
on and selling, as the Oapertycl
son. B. Smith, a large (*thy of
ber.—Verdict for the plaintiff 220
•
tars.
COMMON SCHOOL JOURNAL,
have received the first numbet
" Common- School Journal of th
of Penney Ivani," published Ito
atPhiladelphia, by Edward C. B
and by - Hickok (4.: Gamine; at
burg, at $1 per annum. ill is won 4
support of the friends ‘pf the Co
School system.
ANSLOAMATINO.-A New lilac
p i er tells of a marriage which took.
inAbat•city between a white girl
Colored man. The couple applit
vain to nearly every clergymaa
city, and- were finally obliged to
recourse to a justice of the peace;
legalized the union.
DaowN-En.—Mrs. Young. the
of J. Young, of Bridgewater, Sa
was drowned in the Susquehanna
near Vestal, N. Y., on Friday 9'h'
vOtile crossing on the ice. She
married but a few Months since,
was on on a visit to her friends.
AN HONEST STATE.—Alabazi
refused to accept her•share of the
ey distributed under the actor C
gress, (since repealed,) to dividt
proceeds of the sales of public
among the States.
HIGUWAY ROBBERY. -31 r.
B, Bodine, who lives near 211ountit
/ Y N. 1. was a. few nights sine: met
his way home by two robbemaria e'
pelled to give up all the money he".
with him.
AWFUL MISTAKE.-At New nat.
Mrs. J. K. Post, killed her little du.
ter, by administering laudanum ,
the impression that it was: prep
of , rhubarb, -
CHURCH ROBBiiD.—A Cabilk
in New *Orleans, was recently en 4
thieves, who after plundering the
boxes, tools several valuable artieoL
the altar,
•
CD
SENAToRIAL DELEGATE.--The
rees totnßradford.and Tio4►
delegate to the 4th of March cOnven
met at Troy, on the,l6th inst•, but
rated without making a selection•
P. M. AT WILLIAXspop.T.— •
ryelli.Esq., has been appoipted
Master at . Williamsport, in the P . 5
J. S. Titus.
A INJEL.-A duel was relights
dayb•emce, at Peoria.-111., betweeh
W. C. Torrey*RAert Thole'
whielt_the latAr was wounded'
LEoitosr.—An An for g
„
hers , ',. of Congress4ook place' is 3 11
land ..on the 14th inst.
STATE . ' TREASEE T,E.-,Tholll'o
rihgtba haibeen re.,eleeted.TPos4
,th.e.State vf•New Irtir
F:EllRtellt 1