ta.M'a7-.. ;4;1-1-;414IA' .411slittiglintrit Gaiitte FROM 41318 AND*RAW TiiPAPEft. .4 Ramble. Through a Paper:Mill, and Description of the Rag and straw Converting Process. • Seventy-three years ago, on the south „ ern bank of the. Monongahela river at Rec:stone, now Brownsville, was estab- lisheii the first mill for the marinfactureof paper west of the Allegheny monntsirra. On that occasion Mr. Scull, then editor and proprietor of the GAZETTE, congrat , ulated the entire west on the great step of progression made, and himself on the fact that he would no longer have to depend for supplies on the tedious. and by no means reliable, "pack horse express" which wearily tugged over the mountains the paper on which was to be printed the only journal -west of Philadelphia . Twenty years thereafter steam was em ployed, for the first time, in milking paper in the United States, in a mill located in Pittsburgh, and with a success which warranted other mills throughout the country in following the example. Look . inz bask to that date, when each sheet - had to be:;- , manipulated -in every , branch of theprocess, and -when paper Was in itself an expensive luxury, and, is contrasting the art in. its infancy with that of to-day in its grand develop ment, we cannot help paying tribute to • the inve ntive genius.that has kept pace with the progress, of the enlightened world and furnished the brained machin . ery capable of more thin meeting the increased and increasing demands for the commodity without, which the art of printing would be useless. This genius, audit belongs in, common to nearly the whole world;•-for scarcely a nation but has advanced its-pregnant idea or sug gestion in the paper making process—has done more. reducing the cost of production so as to enable the masses to read the newspaper,- which, after' all, is the poor man's only library and the universal edu. eator. Na article is more -familiar to everybody than piper., In- fulfilling . its multitude of missions; all become thor oughly acquainted with it, - but few there are who ever stop to inquire -.how it is made. Even the most intelligent, those who become 'enthused with; a chemical problem or revel in the mysteries- of al most living machinery, have no certain , knowledge of the grand and beautiful process adopted in making the, white sheet of paper on which. ie. stamped the news of the day, or on which are printed • the pleasing contributions of the poet and author. Most recognize in the saucy sheet a rejuvenated-- - bag of rags, but in what manner - the tattered castaway frag meats of cotton and linen are treated to become resurrected so - spotlessly they have;no knowledge. If the reader will follow us in a ramble through a paper mill, we will endeavor to describe A pro cess most beautiful in all its details, and one which is necessarily 'attractive and charming to the visitor. In advance, however. we will state that there is.so much to be seen, so many pieces of souled machinery at work and such a number of minor details worthy of mention, that it is impossible-to stop and wonder at everythingwhich meets the. sight of the visitor. TiDrtinTOTt - TATEB SILL. This old and' Well conducted mill we have chosen' 'through which to Conduct our friends, beeause of its great extent, its clever appointments; novel machinery and of the perfection attained in its man ufactures: It",dates back its foundation many decades of years and through both prosperity ' and " adversity has, steadily grown till it now occupies a front place among the paper mills of the country. With itsexistence and management were • associated in days gone—by those well known paper makers, Hoicisliip. .Turn bull and. Hanna. and today it is operated by the Pittsburgh Paper Manufacturing Company which embraces a number of our most enterprisiug, responsible and wealthiest business men. The Company is presided over by Mr. Augustus Hartje, President, who is amply sustained by Messrs. S. H. Hartman, Charles G.,eh ring, and J. B. Livingston as a Board of Directors. The active business manage nient is in the hands of the Secretary, Mr..Samnel Riddle, a gentleman who de votes his exclusive attention to 'the affairs of his department, and to his care, energy, , enterprise and fair dealing is largely due the present popularity and prosperity of the Company. • waxen LOCATED. The buildings of the Company are lo cated at one of the most beautiful and picturesque points on the Ohio river, at iteubenville,And -inner-more- than five acres of ~city property, Including the straw storage yard,. rag depository, and the realderices of employes. ' , T-hey are all of a substantial character and present from the river view a very fine , appear ance.. The location is an admirable one for the business, being on the river bank, where "eheice; water Obteinable' - in vast quantities, both from the river itself and wells sunk in the vicinity. En peasant we may note the latter, which are not the least noticeable . objects of curios ity about the works. Tuere are two of them; one tapping the river and drawing` vast quantities, el water which is forced with steam into elevated tanks 'for use In the - pre - ceases to be afterwards described. Close :by the . stinks well forty feet deep, thirty feet in circumference, - Walled with neatly laid brick and siipplied with - a newly invented pump, '.which Works like actuu•nt.' The pump is an ex perimental one, the inventor, Air. MC- Pheely, pettstig it in to test the merit of , his invention. It has no valves, but is operated by steam introduced at its.base by apipeding - frons`-tinslioiler, which forces thiewater up a lift twenty-five feet :above the, oround surfaces:of the well,, throrigh =8 Itz ;inch . 1API; • diectrarging with much Ores a heavy, steady re - pild , tittem d erate4.whlett Le tanked and. Jed by conduits through the mill for its par. pos,s4. .This water i s clear as crystal and as pure as B . :child'sconscience, Nearly "a full million Pilo= of the acluions ariedelly , used 'the Mill:. Just think of it, ye temperance Men, so m e ga water, the only beverage fit for manva _stomach used up. In makiog PaPer each day ! HAM', AIM WHAT OF Tintid. In the manufacture of paper, nisa'ari an Important element. Just rage, and mottling more. These the • Clinton mill gather/Mtn sl se.ctiona of the country, buying them. up — everywhere, making - no distinction between those which_ in the order of thingshave : ln their time covered the Croesus rolling in wealth, or the pauper whose nakedneasi was:illy con cealed with the rags with which he could not Afford to part company till they had outworked , their time. Tnese rags, of which eighty-five tens are monthly tied, come in.bales, are of all colors and vari ous fragmentary sizes, and when received are packed away for use in the rag depos itory or warehouse. The bales are sub sequently carried intothe assorting room, where they are ripped open and the rags deposited in open crates, and the work of assorting is commenced. At each crate sits a girl or woman, whose duty It is to Sort out the woolen from the linen or cot ton fabrics, the white from the colored and the clean from the filthy, Ripping and cutting is performed by a huge sta tionary blade in the center of the crate, with the reverse side • towards the picker, and against which, drawing towards her, the rags are cut. Buttons, hooks and eyes, and bits of hard substances, silk or woolen fragments adhering. to the linen or cotton, are separated and_laid aside. Hese, we may remark, that woolen and silk raga are shipped off to other dealers from the paper mill and are conver ted into that Material known as 'shoddy, 'which principally used in making clothing for who fight for their country, thirteen dollars per month and the - enriehment - pr army con tOtetors. After the raga are carefully 'as sorted by, a; score or more of thin and delicate female), wbo make fair wages at the by no means pleasant work, therare hauled off into another apartment where stands a large cutting machine, into which they are passed. Rapidly rotating knives, impelled by steam ;power, cut them into pieces about an inch square, and likewise thoroughly extracts the loose dirt and dust adhering to them. From this department the cut rags are then hauled to an open ing in the floor, immediately over a man head in an immense revolving boiler twenty-two feet long and eighteen feet in circumference, beneath which a slow fire is kept burning. Into the boiler. hori zontally set, the rags are forced, about three:tons being one charge. Taen from pipes highly caustic liquid 1 ime is injected, and the washing and boiling process com mences. The interior of the huge s re volver is supplied with sharp iron spikes, which catch and toss about and tear the rags,- acting as agitators. Atigh pressure of steam is carried, and in about six hours the boiler:s cooled and the rags discharg ed, now being all blended together in ,a fibrous (mass of a dark brown color, and ready for reduction.; to what-:.is technically termed "half stuff." The fibrous mass then conveyed in box cars to another department and is _ready for being converted into pulp. '; In this large .room we find eight large "engines" for the washing - and beating processes and a large quantity of faithfully working machinery of an ingenious and somewhat delicate character. The engines are ciaterns, oval in shape and provided with 'longitudinal vertical partitions, reaching'close to each end, thus dividing them into two chambers which connect at the ends. A shaft in the middle of the cisterns carries with its'rotations a wood en cylinder, made adjustable higher or lower by a screw at one side to regulate the pressure brought to bear on the rags. The cylinder has a number of longitudi nal steel ribs in a washer, and the same quantity in a beater , pro jecting closely to the surface., A segment of Steel - bars is firmly secured to thehottom of the cistern humediately under the cylinder forming a plate, at 'an angle with the ribs of the roll, thus draw ing oat and reducing the length of the fibre of the rags treated. The rags are introduced first into the washing engine and flooded with a heavy stream of water ,Wliich constantly flows npon them, the steam power is introduced, the cylinder revolves, and a current is started moving the rags around with it, carrying them under the cylinder to be rubbed, pulled and crushed. every five seconds. The cylinder is lowered as the operation pro gresses, until the rags are reduced to the condition known as "half stuff," the plate and cylinder almost then touching each other. Daring this process the dirty - water is entirely drained' away by a re volving bucket-cylinder, covered with wire cloth, which intercepts the current and discharges the murky fluid from a chute into a sewer by which it is conveyed to the river. The washing tubs of the Clinton Mills take in about six hundred weight of rags at each cleansing. and the utmost care is observed that this process is properly conducted. After the rags have reached the pulpy state in which their identity is wholly lost, they are forced from the bottom of the engineslthrough large pipes to a sub terranean tank, which is supplied with a false bottom, made to let all 'the water drain out- 'Hare tons of half stuff, like. mountains of snow, are gathered and used when wanted. BEATEN AZD BLEACHED Half stuff islifted in crates moved by a crane to , the floor of the department and placed in the 'beating and bleaching en gine entirely similar to the washing en gine already described. ,Pure, clean and crystal water, with a slluht• admixture of caustic soda introduced, flows in, through and out of the cistern in which .are the rapidly revolving/cylinders. This finish. irig Process consumes several hours, after which chutes sre opened and the 'milky fluid flows into a deep subterannean tank, where it awaits introduction to the paper machine, and there we will •let it rest; while we briefly 'refer to the • STRAW PROCESS. ' It is not, perhaps, very generally known that straw enters in the ratio of half toltalf with ragi In' nearly all the paper for news . , purposes ' tutide, - and ma terially improves it, making it stiff and heavy and tough. AL - used at the Qlin ton Mill it forms no unimportant auxin -ary; and while it improves the character of the paper it' greatlylessons the cost of, production and of - course cost to con .surners. When the harvest closes agents are AisPatched in all directions to pun. Abase from all. their wheat and rye straw-•-oat straw -not -being accept -able—which is bought at icomparativoly dwarf:trios, and' Mapped --by river, rail and wagon to the 13teubenville yards, of the compsnyor,Mch are. capable of stor ing under cover,,aud in open air thou sa.nds eittons, or, near enough for a full . year's supply .,, The straw * , frons, - Its no tureedoes not admit. of much assorting or preparatory cleaning for :the prelim'. nary hoilingmcess. ' It is put through a ' cutter, -operated by stein* and chopped .into fragments.one or "two inches long. After this it is shoved through a manhole him. an immense rotating horizontally set boiler, similar to .rri Ts itz• 3 :Lizerjis AVEPNES.AY, s „rimy- 28 , reiB6o. . the fe k -7 - - wash nr one avn already ileserite. d.' Not!- more Omni a- ton is put in it a tinte4ll(l"witn it' is Inducted Into the .s3iler:a great , ' volume of the strongest j aline lye possible. The fires are set agoitlg nnder the boiler, it is started on its, revolutions, and after a somewhat tegie t o cooking it is ready for discharge into"the receiving tank _i where it is r ece i ve d as Oalf stuff. The lye mins off into the Tit 'er and Is lost. The inventor who will !tackle a plan for sav ing this refuse cheinici:i make his fortune. The straw pulp is treated after wards just as rag pull:, and when thoroughly washed, beaten cud bleached is fqrced in a liquid mass , into the tank where we left the 'finished rag pulp, and both are kept thoroughly mixed together by Means of an agitator, moving con shintly back 'and forward in the tank. NoW we are ready for MAKING • PAPE& We'propose describing the process of making ordinary news' and book pa per. The main room of the Clinton Mill suppliedwith two great and beautiful paper machines whose aggregate cost closely approximated fifty thousand dol lars.l Each Is about - eighty feet long, erected parallel with the other and leav ing between them and int either aide a broad aisleway. There are known as the .Fonrdritder tnaehines of whichwe partly borrow description. We have the rag andetraw ptup inihe vat ;mixed for the final process, of paper making. -- When Wanted for .use it is piunpe.dby steam into a box elevated above the - machine from whence It flows down into ,a trough on hut edge, or more properly speaking, at its beginning. This: trough is sup plied with a strainer, -a box made of plates of brass, those forming the bottom being perforated by fine slits, and by otheranungements for permitting the water to escape and to detect and hold foreign substances- Front this strainer the pulp flows into a vat as lorig as the width of the aheet to be prodaced—and we may here say the Clinton machines are capable of producing as wide• if not wider paper than any others in the coun try,--and upon the whole length of one side of this vat it passes out over an apron upon the wire, an endless belt of wire cloth having about four thousand holes to the square inch. It jis 'supported by a series Of rollers un' which it Is carried uniformly and steadily around. The upper surfhce on which the pulp is deliv ered, after being registered in supply to exactly suit the thickness of the paper de sired, is perfectly level and some fifteen feet in length. A •lateral jarring motion is communicated to the web, shaking together the fibres' of the pulp. The sheet 'of pulp: as it becomes freed from water, attains 'a ccunditeney which is increased after paasing the first roll, • near which, beneath. are suction boxes which draw away nearly all the water left in it. The couch rolls covered with felt are next reached, the under one carrying the wire and the upper directly over it pressing down upon the paper and wire. The web here leaves the wire, be ing taken on an endless blanket and passed between a pair of iron rollers. Over a succession of rolls the paper is passed, leaving each one more consistent and firm, till it reaches the drying cylin ders. These are hollow cast iron and heated by steam, Introduced by pipes to' their interior. The heat increases with each one and at the end it, is as dry as a law abiding .toper would be at mid night on Sunday in the goodly city of Pittsburgh. After it leaves the last cylin der the sheet or web is passed through - a' series of small polished steel rolls and fin ished, andpassingto a reel is made ready for the`knives to which it next, passes and beet in the desired sizes. The "siz ing" of printing paper is done in the pulp. The - paper Is now trimmed in the edges and laid upon a board to be count ed into quires, a work rapidly and seen. rately performed by ladies. The quires are then bundled, tied, weighed, stamped 'and shipped to all points by 'river and rail. A web of paper seventy-two inches wide might be rolled out long enough in one continuous unbroken sheet to cover the. track of the Pacific Railway from Omaha to San Francisco'! The machinery, it may be observed, must be regulated with - extreme nicety, and the motive power must be communi cated with marvellous evenness and deli cacy, In order to' keep the paper as it is forming from being broken by starts and stretches. The Clinton Mill manufactures about two millions of pounds of superior and ordinary book and newspaper per year, in producing which it consumes one hun dred thousand tons of rags, one hundred thousand tons of straw, four hundred tons of chloride of lime, four hundred and fifty tons of soda ash, and one hun. dred and fifty, thousand bushels of coal for generating steam. Five engines of great power drive the machinery, two'betteries and sit large boilers are in constant use, independent of: the washing boilers des. cribed. The mill; in order to keep up with orders which pour in from ' all sec tions for its superior manufactures, is run on double turn, two full sets of hands being kept In employment for work by day and night, Messrs. D. W. Han ne, 11... T. Spence, and Thomas Henna are the active managers of the mill; the first named gentleman being Superintendent, while Mr. Dunbar presides over the ac counting department. Altogether paper-making is an , inter esting and beautiful process, and itwould repay a day's visit to Steubenville to wit ness the operation of the , Clinton Mill, which may rightly , be regarded, he the mods! one of the west, if not of the entire country. . A LOYAL English parish clerk, not yet disestablished, read the responses• in a psalter on the anniversary of Victoria's accession, from an old' prayer book . , and remembering that 'changes . had bein made in tbe sex of the . ' sovereign since it was printed, and: being thorough l TPePe' traced withthe spirit.. of the institution to Which be belonged, hi read the last verse but one as follows:. "And blessed be the name of Lier,Majesty forever, and Blithe earth shall .be fined • with Her Majesty. Amen and Amen."' = - ' • A. - ato has'appeared M a country die= Wet of Poland who` ietendi to be the Saviour; tome to save the :world agaln. He carries oat the imitation, even ;to the' twelve apostles.- He has gained consid erable popularity, and Lhas meddled with politics to such an extent as