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THE SCRAOTON TRIBUNE-WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 4, 1901.
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PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT'S FIRST ANNUAL MESSAGE TO CONGRESS, continued.
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PhOlltlt bt lldjll (19 IllUOll UH possible Mil hlltO Wlltc'l-, flit'
It 1st thotu only tlioy can lcntti their ilullc'i ns tiny
should be 'learned. The bit; Vessels should bo man
oeuvred In nqtiudrons ronttilulng not tncroly bnltls
chips, tint tlio necessary proportion of crulBcw nml
scatili. The. torpedo boats should be handled by ttm
younger oflioers In such nninnor ns will host, tit tin
kilter to lako tpsponslblllly amt meet llm emergencies
of nctuul wtirfure.
13vcry tic-tall tuMion Which can bo tiutrnimr.il by u
civilian should bo no puri'orim'il, lha oillcor bulttc If'pt
for Ills t'liccliil duty In the moh fi'i'VIos. Abovn till,
Kinntci'y pructleo slionlil bo unccitsliiK. It Ift linpottitiit
to littvo otir navy of udciiuiti' nl::, but It Is4 oven nioto
Iniportunt tlmt sblp ttw chip It should oqttnl In otli
clunry tin iiuvy In tbo wntld, Tlilsf 1(4 posslbto only
with lilulily drilled ortiWH mid nttlKriM, nml thW In tuin
Itnporritlvfly itomnnilM rniitlnilrna nnd piosvocfclvn In
sttiictliin In Inrgot pmotloc, stlilp bandlhiK'. gquatlpin
tiiotlrs, mid Kunot'itl dhclpllnc. ur nlilps nui.it Ins ns
sotnblpil In siimdri)iiK artlvoly riniidiiH- uwny iroin
liiii'buiH nnd tiovof lout; :il iiiiohor. Tin loKliltlnn; wiitr
iipnn fiiKlnps and InitlH nilint bo endured; n btttlostitip
worn nut In lout," tnilnlnjr of ollirorw nml men W well
pnlfl fur by Hip rpsnlts. whlln, on tlm nllior liMid, no
mutter In bow e.rellunt oondltloil, It In tibtilccs IT tile
crew In- not oxpetl.
Wo now luivo yovptiteon biittliHlilpH apiirnpi'Iati'd
for, of wliieb nine lire completed nnd have boon ooni
tnlsHloned for notimt woivleo, 'I'lia rvinulnlut; '.IkIiI will
bo ready In irom lso to four .eurs, lint, ll will tnUo nl
tonsl tluil limp to n-crull .mil train tbo men to IIkIiI
them, It ta of viihl concern mat wo .Iiuvp tralt.od
crown ready for the verfsols liy the time tlioy aio cjtii-mli-flonod.
fiood ships and (?oml nuns are simply sond
woniionr, and the bout weapons nro iifiole.s'.5! inve in
the hands of nun who know how to lls?ht with lhani.
Tins men must bn trained and drilled under a thor
ough and well-planned system of proKrosflve Instruc
tion, while the rccrultlriK must bo carried on with
sllll fjreater vigor. Kvory ell'ort iiins-t bo mndn to gn
:.lt Urn main lunotion of tli- otllcer tho command of
ri ten. Tho leadhiK Kratluutes of tho naval academy
should bo aslKiied to tho oonibalnnt hranclie", tbo
lino and marines.
Many of tho essentials of siicoeHs arc already r.-i -iiRiiliior
liy tho Kcneral board, which, as tho central of
fice of n KrowliiK staff. Is moving1 steadily toward a
ptopu- war eftlcieuey and ti proper otllclency of the
whole navy, under tho secretary. This Bcnunil board,
by fostering the creation of a yneral staff. Is provid
ing for the otliclal and then tho sener.il locoKtiltlou
of our altered conditions as n nation and of the true
meaning of a preat war licet, which ineatiin? K llrsl,
t.ho best men. and, s-eeond, the best ships.
Tho naval militia forces arc state oristilils'.aUiiaP,
and aro trained for coast service, and in event, of war
they will constitute the inner lino of defense. Tlioy
should receive In-arty enoonrayeniont Irom the tscnoral
Kovcrnment.
Ititt in addition wo should a I om-o provides for ,t
national naval reserve, organized and trained nndoi
the direction of tho navy department, and subject to
tlio call of the chief executive whenever war becomes
Imminent. It should lie a real auxiliary to tho naval
sea-solns peace establishment, and off or material to
be drawn on at one- for numnlntf our ships In time
of war. It. should be oonipoM d of graduates of the
naVal academy, Kradualt-s of the naval militia, oftiecis
and crons of coast-line steamers, longshore seho-in-i
is, iishliur vcssi-ls, and steam yachts. tOHOtbor with
i lie coast population about such cc-iiters as tltc-savuifT
stations and liKht houses.
The American people must eitlur build and main
tain an adequate navy or else make up their minds
definitely to ucc pi a secondary position in Interna
tional affairs, not nieiely in political, lint in oommei
cial, matters. H has lu-en well said that llieic is un
surer way of oui-tinx nalional dlsaxu-r th n to lip
"opulent. .iKSrosMo, ,inl imainK-d.''
K r.
To Improve U Is not in-cc-.-aiy to Inci-.-ns,- our
Ottr Army, army beyond its present size nl Ibis
time. JJut it. is necohsaiy lo keep il ;U
the hlKhest point of ofllciencv. The individual units
who as officers and enlisted men oompnso tills army,
arc, wo have Rood teason to believe, nl least as etll
cient as tliose of any oilier aimy in tlio entile world.
It Is our duly to sen that their- training is of n. kind
lo Insure tho highest possible expression of power to
these units when netinsr in combination.
Tho conditions of modem war are snr-li as to make
an infinitely heavier demand than over before upon
the Individual character ami capacity of the ofllcor
and the enlisted man, and to make il far more dllh
eult for men to act toftother with effort. At prc-onl
the tlKhtlni; must bo done in extended older, which
tnians thai each man must act for himself and at
tlio same time act In combination with others with
whom he is no lunger in tlio old-fashioned elbow-lo-elbow
touch, t'ndcv such conditions a few men of tlm
highest excellence are wortli 111010 than many men
without the special skill which is only found as thu
result of special training applied to men of excep
tional physique and morale. UiU nowadays the most
valuable lighting man and ilio most dlfllctilt lo peifect
Is the rifleman who Is also a skillful and during rider.
Tho proportion of our cavalry rcslnients has wise
ly been Increased, The American cavalryman, on foot
and on horseback, Is tlio best typo of soldier for gen
eral purposes now to bo found in tlio world. The Ideal
cavalryman of tho present day Is a. man who can finlit
on font as effectively as tlio best Infantryman, and
who is In addition unsurpassed In tho can- and man
agement of his horse and in his ability to fl(;lit on
horseback.
A general staff should be created. As for the pies
out staff and supply departments, they sliould bo tlllid
by details from tho line, the men so detailed returniiiK
nfler ii while to their line duties. It Is very undesli
able lo have the senior grades of the army composed
of men who have como to llll tho positions by ti
mere fact of seniority. A system sliould be adopted
by which theio shall bo an elimination snide by wriul"
of tliose who soem until to render the best servioe in
tho next nraile. Just loo to tho veterans of tho civil
war who aro still In tlio army would scorn to require
tlmt in the matter of retirements tlioy be slven by
law the same privileges accorded to their comrades
In the navy,
Tim process of elimination of the least ill should
bo conducted In u manner that would render It prac
tically Impossible (o apply political or social pressure
mi behalf of any candidal"-, so that each man may be
.ludKed purely on ids own mollis. 1'resauro for tin
promotion of civil otliclals for political reasons Is bad
cnoiiRli, but it Is ten-fold worse where applied on be
half ol ollicers of the army or navy. Kvcry promotion
and every detail under the war department must be
iniido solely with icsnrd to tho koui! of tho scrvuo
and to tlio capacity nnd met It of the man himself,
Ni pressure, political, social, or pcminul, of any
Kind, will bo permitted to exercise tho least effect In
any question of promotion or detail; and If thcio Is
reason to bellevo Unit such pressure Is exereisrd m
Die Instigation of tho olllci-r concerned, It will be held
lo militate mriiinst him. In our at my we cannot nf.
lord to have rewinds or duties distributed save on tho
simple Kiound that those who by their own merits aio
ntllltled lo the rewards aot theiili ninl (lull those who
nro peculiarly lit to do the duties nro chosen lu per
fmni them.
13 Very effort should be made In brlim the tinny to
n constantly Incrcuidtur Hlntc of efficiency. When on
neiiuil service no work snvo thnl dlrrotty lu tlm lino
of such service should hit required. The paper work
lu the nrrny, nst lu the navy, should bo urcnlly to
ditced, What Is needed Is proved power of command
nnd eupnolly to Work well in tho Held. Constant cni-u
In necessary to prevent dry rot In the transportation
and commissary departments.
Our ttrmy Is so smalt nnd so much spnttnrr-d that
Ii I very dlillciili to glvo tlie lilshor officers (na well
ns llm lower olllcers nnd Hid enlisted men) n chance
to pinctlce manoeuvres lu muss mid on u compaiu
tlvely lurse scale. In time of need no amount of Indi
vidual excellence would tivnll upuliist tho paraly.dH
which would follow inability lo work ns a coherent
whole, under skillful nnd daring leadership. The con
nioss sliould provldo moans whereby It will bo possible
to have field exorcises by tit least a division of regu
lars, and If possible nlso it division of national ijuurdK
men, mire u year. These exercises might ln!e the
form of Hold manoeuvres! or, If mi tho Oulf Coast
or the I'aclilt! or Atlutitlu seaboard, or In l ho region
of tl0 tlreat Lukes, the ntmy cor pi when assembled
could be marched from some, luluud point to some
point on thu water, there embarked, disembarked after
cotiplo of days' Journey at some other point, -ind
again nmiched inland. Only by actual bundling and
providing for men In masses while they nro mnrch
Inu, camping, embarking, nnd disembarking, will II
In) possible to train tho higher ofllccr:! to perform their
duties well and smoutbly.
A groat debt Is owing from the public to the men
of the army and navy. They should he so treated as
to enable them to reach the highest point of efficiency,
so that they may bo able lo respond Instantly to any
demand niudo upon them to sustuin the Interests of
tho nation and the honor of the flag. The individual
American enlisted man Is probably on the whole a
inmo formidable fighting man than tho regular of any
"thor army. Kveiy consideration should bo shown
him, and in return the highest standard of usefulness
should bo exacted from him. It Is well worth while
for tho congress lo consider whether the pay of eti
llsled men upon second and subsequent enlistments
should not bo increased to correspond with the In
oi cased value of tho veteran soldier.
Much giiod 1ms already come from tho not i-ui-RanksIng
the army, passed early In the present year.
Tho thrco prime rclorms, nil of tlimri of literally in
estimable value, arc, llrst, the substitution of four
year details from the lino for permanent appointments
in tho so-called staff divisions: second, the establish
ment of a corps of artillery with a. chief at Ilio hcjd;
third, tho establishment of a maximum and minimum
limit for the army. II would lie dllllcult to ovci
estlruate tho improvement in tin- eltlelency of our
army which those three rclorms aro making, and have
in part already effected.
Tlio reorganization providi d for by Ihc acl has
been substantially accomplished. The Improved con
ditions in the Philippines have enabled tho war de
partment materially to lediice tin- military charge
upon our revenue and lo urrnuge tbo number of "ol-
liers so as to bring this number much neater to the
minimum than to the maximum limit established by
law. There I, however, need of supplementary leai.v
lalinn. Thorough military education must be provid
ed, and In addition to the reguluis the advantages
of this education should bo given to the nflioors of (lit
National Ounnl and others In civil life who desire In
telligently In (it themselves for possible military duty.
The olllcers should be sivon tho chance to perfect
themselves by sludy In tho higher branches of tiiift
nit. At West Point tlio education sliould lie of Un
kind most apt lo turn out men who are good In actual
Held service; too much stress should not bn laid on
mathematics, nor should prnliciency therein be held In
establish the riKhl of entry tft a. corps d'ollte. The
typical American nlllccr of the best Ulnd need nol be
a sood mathematician; but lie must be able lo master
himself, lo control others, and lo show boldness and
ieitllit. of losourco in every einetgenoy.
Action should lie taken in tefeience to the mlliiin
and to tho raising of volunteer forces. Our militia
law is obsolete and worthless. The organization suit
muniment of tho National tiuard of the several states,
which are lioutod as militia in the appropriations by
i he congress, should be made ii' iitleal with those pro
vided for tho regular forces. The obligation!) and du
ties of the Ouard In time of war should bo carefully
delined, and n syslom established by law under which
the method of procedure of raising volunteer- forces
should bo prescribed in advance. 11 Is utterly impos
sible in ilio oxdtoiiKiU and haste of impending war
to do this sruisf.ictoiily if the arrangements have not
b.-en made long beforehand. Provision should be made
for utilizing in the llrst volunteer organizations called
out tho tinlnlng of those citizens who have already
hud experience under arms, and especially for the se
lection In advance of the. olllcers of any force which
may bo raised; for careful selection of the kind neecs
i.iry is impossible after the outbreak of war.
That tho army is not at all a. mero instrument of
destruction has been shown during tho last three
years. In the Philippines, Cuba., and Porto Hico it
has proved Itself a uveal constructive force, a most
potent Implement tor the upbuilding of a peaceful
civilisation.
,
Tribute to the No other citizens desei ve so well of
Veterans, the Uepubllc as the veterans, the
survivors of those who saved the
Talon. They did the. ono ib-ed which It" left undone
would have meant, that all else in our history went, lor
nolhliiR. Hut for their steadfast prowess In tho great
est crisis of our hlstoiy, nil our annals would bo mean
ingless, and our great experiment In popular freedom
and self-government a gloomy failure. Moreover, they
not only left us a united nation, but they left us also
as a heritage tlm memory of tho mighty deeds by
which tlio nation was kept united. Wo nro now In
deed one nation, one in fact as well ns lu name; wo
tiro united in our devotion lo thu ling wlileli Is the
symbol of national greatness nnd unity; and tho very
completeness of our union enables us till, in every
part of tho country, to glory In tbo valor shown alike
by the sons of tho North and the sons of the South
in tho times that tried men's souls,
Tho men who In the last three yoais have done so
well in tho ll.ist and ilio West Indies and on the
mainland of Asia have shown that this remembrance
Is not lost. In any fcorlous cilslr. Iho l.'nlted States
must rely for the great mass of Its lighting men upon
the volunie.r soldiery who do nol rnako a permanent
profession of tho military career; and whenever such
n crisis mines! Iho deathless memories of tho civil war
will glvo to Americans tho lift of lolly purpose which
conies to those whoso fathers have rloed valiantly
in Ilio fnrefrnnt of tho battle.
Civil Sot vice The met It system of making appoint-
Reform. incuts is In lis essence as demoeratlo
and American as tho common school
sysleni Itself, It simply means that In clerical and
other positions where tho duties uiu unllicly r.on
potlticnl, nil nppllcuntH should have a. fnir Held untl
no favor, onoh standing on bin merits as ho Is nblo
to show litem by prnctleul test. Written competitive
examinations offer the only nvnllnbte means lu many
cases for applying this system. In other cases, ns
whore laborers nro employed, it system nf registration
undoubtedly can bn widely extended. There are, nf
course, places whom tlio written competitive oxiitnltui
llou cannot bo applied, nnd others where It offers by
no means nn Ideal solution, but whore under existing
political conditions It Is. though nn Imperfect menus,
yet thn bcsl present means of getting satisfactory
suit.-.
Wherever the conditions have permitted Iho np
pllcutlon u r the nielli system In Us fullest nnd widest
f.enso, tho aaln to the government has been Immense.
The navy yards nnd postal service Illustrate, probably
better tiinli uny other branches of tins government,
the great gain In economy, efllelency, and honesty due
to the enforcement of this principle.
I recommend the passage of a law whlrli will t.
leml tho classified service to the District of Columbia,
or will nl least enable tho president thus to oxlcnd 11.
In my judgment all laws providing for tho temporary
employment of clrrkn should hereafter contain a pro
vision that they be selected under llm civil set vice
la w.
It Is Important lo have this system obtain nt homo,
but It is even more, Important to havn II applied rigid
ly In our Insular possessions, Not an ofilcc should be
llllcd In the Philippines or Porto ltleo with nny re
gard to the man's pnrllsnn ufllllatlons or services,
with any regard to tho political, social, or personal
Influence which he may have nt Ills command: in
short, heed should be paid to absolutely nothing save,
the man's own diameter nnd capacity and the needs
of the service.
The administration of those Islands should bo as
wholly free from the suspicion of partisan polities as
tho administration of tho nrrny and navy. All thai
we ask frotii the public servant In the Philippines or
I'orlo Rico Is that ho rolled honor on his country by
the way lu which lie makes thai country's rule a
benefit to the people who have como under it. This
Is all that wo should ask, and we cannot afford to h
eonleut Willi loss.
The merit system Is simply one method of seem lug
honest and eltlelenl administration of the government ;
and in the long tun I he sole Justification of nny type
of government lie in lis proving Itself both honest
and oflli-loni.
. J
The Consular The consular service is uuw orgun
Service. Issed under the provisions of a law
passed in l$3ii, which Is entirely in
adequate to existing conditions. The Interest shown
by so many commercial bodies throughout the coiin-trj-
in the reorganization of the service is heartily
commended to your attention. Several bills providing
fur a new consular servico have in recent years boon
submitted to tlm congress. They are based upon the
just piinoiplo that appointments In the service slicnilil
bo made only after a pun ileal test of the applicant's
fitness, thai promotions should he governed by ttusl
Worlhhiess, adaptability, and zeal in the perfnrmnure
of duty, and thai the tenure of ofllce should be un
iitfccted by partisan considerations.
The guardianship and fostering of nur rapidly ex
panding foreign commerce, tlio piotection of American
citizens resorting to foreign countries in lawful pur
suit of their iiffiiiis. and the maintenance of the dis
nlty of the nation abroad, combine to make it essen
tial that our consuls should be men of churaeloi.
knowledge, and enterpilse. it is true that the service
Is now. In the main, eflleient, but a standard of excel
lence cannot be peiinunenlly maintained until the
principles set forth in the bills heretofore submitted
lu 111-- eongiessnn this subject are enacted into law.
I
New Policy fov la my Judgment the lime has ,ir
the Indians. lived when we should detlnitely
make up our minds to recognize
tin- Indian as an individual and not as a member of
ii tribe. The Oencral Allotment Act Is a mighty pill
voilzing engine in break up the tribal mass. It acls
directly upon Hie family and the Individual. Under
Its provisions some sixty thousand Indians have nl
re.idy become citizens of the i.'nllod States. v
should now break up the ttibrtl funds, doing for th-.nn
what allotment does for the ttlbul lands; that is. tlioy
should bo divided into Individual holdings. There will
bo :i transition period during which the funds will
In many eases have to be held in trust. ThN Is the
case also with the lands. A slop sliould bo put upon
the indiscriminate permission lo Indians to lease their
allotments. Tho effort should bo steadily lo make the
Indian work like any other man on his own giound.
The marriage laws of the Jnrliuus should be intuit
tho same as those of the whites.
lu tlio schools the education should bo elementaiy
iind laigcly industrial. Tho need of higher education
among the Indians i very, very limited. On liio
reservations cure should be taken to try to suit the
teaching? to the needs of the particular Indian. Them
Is no use in attempting to Induce agriculture In a
country suited only for cattle raising, where thp In
dian should bo made a stock grower, Tho ration sys
tem, which is merely tho corral and the reservation
system, is highly detrimental to the Indians. It pro
incites beggary, perpetuates pauperism, and stifles in
dustry. It is an effectual barrier to progress. It must
continue to u greater or less degree us long as tribes
are herded on reservations and have everything in
common. The Indian sliould ho treated as an indi
vidual like the white man. During the change of
treatment Inevitable hardships will occur: every effort
should bo made to minimize these hardships ; but ,ve
should nol because of them hesitate to make the
change. Tlicro should be .a continuous reduction in
the number of agencies.
In dealing with the ttborlglna! races few things aro
moie Important than to preserve them from the (er
liblo physical and moral degradation resulting from
iho liquor tratllc, Wo are doing nil wo can to snvo our
own Indian tribes from this evil, Wherever by 111
leriiallmiul agreement this snmo end can be attnhied
as regal els races wliero wo do not possess exclusive
control, every effort should bo made lo bring it nbout.
, ,
Expositions and I bespeak the uio.-t cunil.il siqi.
Libraries. port from the congreus nnd the
people for the St. I.ouls exposi
tion to commemorate tho ono hundredth anniversary
of the Louisiana purchase. This purchase was thu
gieaicHt instunco of expansion in our history, It dell
nltely decided that wo were to become a great con
tinental republic, by far the foremost power In tlm
Western hemisphere. It Is one of thicc or four groat
landmarks in our history tho great turning points in
mtr development. It is eminently fitting tlmt nil our
people should Join with heartiest good will In com
memorating It, and tho citizens of St, lotils, of '.Mis
souri, of ul! the adjacent region, nro entitled to every
n id lu making tho celebration a noteworthy event lu
our annals. We earnestly hope that foieign nations
will appreciate tho deep Interest cut' country lakes In
this opposition, and our view of Ha Importance from
every standpoint, and that they will participate. In
scouring lt success. The notional government sliould
be represented by n full and complete set of exhibits.
Tho people, of Charleston, with grout cneigy nnd
civic spirit, nro carrying on an exposition which will
continue throughout most of the present nosBloli of the
eonnress, 1 heartily commend tills exposition in thn
good will of. tlio people. Jt desetves all the eneoutnfie
ment thai can bo given It. The niunuKcrn of the
Charleston exposition have requested the cabinet mil
tors lo pliico thereat the government exhibits which
have been nt ntiffalo, promising to pay the necessary
expenses. J have taken Ihe tcsponsllillity of dlroctlnt"
thut this bo done, for I feel thtit It Is duo to Chnrtos
ton to help her In hot- praiseworthy cffoit. In my
(minion tho management should not bo required to pay
nil theso expenses. I carncrtly recommend that the
1'iuigt ess npinoprlali- t once the small turn necessary
for this purpose.
Thu Pan-American exposition at Buffalo has Jiifl
closed, Both from the Industrial and the nrtistlc
stnndpohil this exposition linn been In n high degree
creditable untl useful, nol merely to lUtfr'nlo but lo
Ilio United States. Tho terrible tragedy of the prc.rl
dent's assassination Interfered materially with Its be
ing u financial success. The exposition wast pocttlhnly
In haimony with the. trend of our public policy, be
cause It repieseuled nn effort to bring lulu closer
touch ull tho peoples of tbo Western hemisphere, nnd
glvo them nn Increasing sense of unity. Such tin if
fori whs a genuine service to the entire American
public.
Tho advancement of the highest Interests of na
tional science and learning nnd the custody of objects
of nrt and of the valuable results of sclcntlllo expedi
tions conducted by the United States have been com
mitted to tlm Smithsonian Institution. In fintheiaiire
of its declared purpose for tho "Increase nnd diffu
sion of knowledge among tuen"-tho congress has
Horn time to time given It other Important functions.
Such trusts have been executed by the institution with
notable fidelity. There sliould bo no hall In the work
of the Institution, lu accordance with tho plans which
lis secretary lias presented, for tho preservation of tin;
vanishing races of groat Ninth Atueilcan animals in
tlio National Xoologlciil park. The urgent needs of the
National Museum are recommended to the favorable
consideration of the congress.
Perhaps the most characteristic educational move
ment of the past lifty years Is that which lias cieittcd
the modem public library and developed II Into brand
and active, service. There aro now over five thousand
public, libraries in (lie Putted Stales, the product of
tills period. In addition to accumulating material,
they me also sliivhis by organization, by improve
ment in method, and by co-nperjtiou. to glvo greah-r
efficiency to the. mateilal Iboy hold, to make II nunc
widely useful, and by avoidance of unnecessary dupli
cation in process lo reduce the cosl of Its .idmlulatiii
tion, lu these efforts they uattually look for assistance
to the Federal library, which, lliough still the library
nf congress, and so entitled, Is tlio one. national library
of the Pulled Stales. Already the largest, single col
lection of books on the Western hemisphere, nnd cer
tain to Increase moie rapidly than any other throucdi
purchase, exchange, and the operation of the cop.v -tight
law, I his llbuiiy bus a unique opportunity to
render to the libi.itles of this country to American
scholarship service of tho highest Importance. It is
housed in n building which Is the largest and uut
uiagniflccul yet erected for library uses. Itesninccs
me now being provided which will develop the cnlKc
t it'll properly, equip il with the apparatus and service
necessary to its effective use. render Its bibliographic
work widely available, tun I enable it In become, nut
merely a center of i-cm-ui-cIi, but the chief factor lu
ssrent co-operative efforts for the ilirfiiiou of kno'vl
edge mid the advancement of lenrnlns.
"
Permnnent Census J-'nr the sake of good adiulnlt
Bureau. trntion. sound economy, and
the advancement, of science,
tin. census ofllce ns now constituted sliould be made a
permnnent governmciil bureau. This would insuie
better, cheaper, and more satisfactory Wink, In the
interest not only of our business bill of statistic, econ
omic, and social science.
- K
Postal The- remniknble giowlti or the p-js-
Developments. tal service is shown In the f.u-t that
its revenues have doubled and Us
expenditures have nearly doubled within twelve years
Its progressive development compels constantly in
creasing outlay, but in this period of husluexu cneigy
and prosperity Irs receipts grow so much faster than
Its expenses thai the annual deficit has been sleadily
i educed from $U,tll,7i! hi !Si7 to ?:!,'.i,72T in IMI.
Among recent postal advances the success of rural
Ireo delivery wherever established has been so ininked
and actual experience! has made its bcnellts so pl.itu,
thai the demand for its extension is general and urg
ent. Il Is Just thai the gieal ugriculliu.il population
si.ould shaie in Hip improvement of the sei viceflu
number of rural routes now In operation Is uihj:i.
practically all established within three years, mid
I bore me C.Oiw applications awnltine action. Il is ex
pected that tlm number hi operation at tlio close of
the current llscal year will reach i.ijvo, The mull will
then be dally carried to the doors of .",70o,ivjO "f our
people who have beietofoie been dependent upon dis
tant oliices, and one-third of all tlmt portion of the
eountiy which Is adapted to It will be covered by this
kind of service.
Tho full measure of postal progress which might
be leallzed has long been hampered and obstructed by
tin: heavy burden Imposed on the government through
iho intrenched and well understood nbusos whkli
have grown up In connection with second-class mail
mutter. The extent of this burden appears when il is
stated tlmt while tho second-class matter makes near
ly thioc-flfths of tho weluhl of nil the mall, It paid
for the Inst fiscal year only SU-H.-lf.", of tho aggregate
postal revenue of $tll,(ill1fi'j. If the pound rale of
poetago, which produces the large loss rims enlnlUd,
and which was llxcd by tho congress with the pur
pose of encouraging tho dissemination of public' In
formation, were limited to the legitimate nowspapcis
and periodicals actually contemplated by the law, no
.Hist exception could ho taken, That expense would
bo lie recognized and accepted cost of a liberal public
policy deliberately adopted for u Justifiable nnd, liui
much of the matter which enjoys the privileged rain
Is wholly outside of the Intent of tho law, nnd has se
cured admission only through nn evasion of its re
quirements or through lux construction. Tho pro
portion of such wrongly included matter Is estimated
by postal exports to ho one. half of the whole volume
of second-claw mall. If It be only nuc-thlrd or one.
quarter, tho magnitude of tho burden Is apparent.
The postoilK-e department has now undnrtnkeu to re
move tho abuses so far as Is possible by a strlrier
application of the law: and II should be siislulncd in
lis elt'oit,
The Situation Onlng to the rapid mmvib of our
lit Clilnn, power and our Interests on thojfti-.
cllio, whatever happens In China
must be of the keenest national concern to us.
The general terms nf the settlement of. thu qiics
.tlons griming mil of the nntl-forelgn uprisings In
China or 15m, linvlng br-eii foi mutated lu n Joint nolo
ntldressed to Cliln.i by the representatives of tho In
jured powern In December lust, were promptly m
copied hy the Chinese government. After protracted
conferences tbo plenipotentiaries nf the several pow
ers were nblo In sign n Html protocol with tho Chi
nese plenipotentiaries on the Tth of lust September,
setting forth din measities taken by China In compli
ance with the dentnnds or the Joint nolo, ami express
ing their siHlPfuctlim therewith. It will be Intel bofote
Iho congres!-. with u. report of llm plenipotentiary on
boliuir of the Pulled Htntcs, William Woodvllle Jloek
1 lilt, to whom high prnbo l duo for the tnct, good
JudErtietit, nnd energy ho has displayed lu performing
nil exceptionally dllllcult mid delicate, task,
The agreement ranched disposes In a. milliner satis
factory to the powers of (ho vurlotis grounds of com
plaint, nnd will contribute materially to better future
relations between China and Iho powers. Itepuralion
linn been made by China for tlio murder of foreigners
during tbo uprising nnd punishment has been inflicted
on the officials-, however high In rank, recognized ns
roi'ponslble for or having participated In the out
break. Ofllelnl e'Xnrnlniitions have been forbidden for
n period of live years In all citle-s lu which foreigners
have been murdered or cruelly treated, and edicts
have been Issued making all ottlcluls directly respon
nlhlo for the future safety of foreigners and for the
suppression of violence against them.
Provisions have been mado for insuring Iho future
safety of tho foreign representatives In Poklu by set
ting aside for their exclusive use a quarter of the
city which thn powers e-iiu make defensible und In
which they can If necessary maintain permanent, mill
lary guards; by dismantling the milltaiy works be
tween the cupltal and the sea: and by allowing the
temporary maintenance of foreign mllltnry posts along
this line. An edict has been Issued by the Kmperor
of Chluu prohibiting for two yeain the importation
of arms and ammunition Into China, China has
agreed to pay adequate Indemnities to Ihe states, so-
li.tles, und Individual!! for the. losses sustained by
them and for the expenses of tho military expeditious
soul by the various powers to protect life and restora
older,
tinder the provisions of the Joint note, of Decom
b.'i', 1(W. t'hlna lias agreed to revise Ihc- treaties of
cornmeieo and navigation and to take such other
steps for the purpose of facilitating foreign trade as
the foreiiiii poweis may decide to bo needed.
The Chinese government lias agreed to participate
ilunnelnlly In the work of bettering: the water ap
proaches lo Shanghai mid ie Tien Tsln. the centers of
foreign tiade In central and unrlheiii China, and nn
international conservancy boaid, lu which the Chi
nese government Is largely represented, bus been pro
vided for tlio improvement of the Shanghai river and
tin; control of its navigation, fn tho same line of
eiiinincrcial advantages u. lcvislon of iho present tar
iff on Importi has been assented to for the purpose of
substituting spcolllc for ml valorem duties, and an ox
pet I lias been sent abroad on the part of the United
States to asisl in this work. A list of articles to re
main free of duty, including Hour, cereals, and rice,
gold and silver coin and bullion, has also been agro-.d
upon In the settlement.
Dming these I roubles our government has un
swei vingly ndvoitort moderation, and has materially
nldid in bringing about an adjustment which tend.
lo enhance the welfnre of China and to lead 10 a moie
tiiiieilolal Intercourse between the empire nnd the
modern world: while in the critical period of re,-oit
and massacre we did our full share in safeguarding
life and property, restoring order, nnd vindicating tlio
national iutetesl and honor. U behooves us to continue-
in these paths, doing what ties in our power to
foster feelings of good will, nnd leaving no effort un-n-ied
to work ml tho great, policy of full and fair
Intercourse between China and the nations, on a foot
ing of equal rights and advantages to all. We advo
cate the "open door" with all thai it implies; not
inoiely Ihe procurement of enlarged commercial op
portunities on the coasts, but access to the Interior by
Iho waterways with which China has been so extra
ordinal Uy favored. Only by bringing tho people of
China Into peaceful nnd friendly community of trade
wltli all tho people of the earth can the wmk now aus
pkinusly begun be canled to fruition, lu the attain
ment of tills purpose we necessarily claim parity of
noiitmcnt. under thu conventions, throughout the em
pire for our trade and our elite, u with those of all
, unci- powers.
r.
The Pnn-American
Congress.
We view with lively interest
and keen hopes of benetlcfal
results the proceedings of tnc
I'.in-Aini-viciiii congiess, convoked al the invitation or
Mexleo. and now sitting at the Mexican capital. The
delegates of the Pnited States are under the most
liberal Inst! actions to co-operate with their colleagues
in all mutters promising advantage to the great fami
ly of American commonwealths, ns well in their rela
tions among themselves as in their domestic advance
ment and in their Intercourse with the world nt large.
My predecessor comnuinlcatf d to the congress the
fi.cl that the- Well and Ta Abia. awards agninsl
Alexiro have been adjudged by Ihe highest courts or
our country lo have been obtained through fraud and
petjury on the part of the- claimants, and that in ac-i-ordance
with the acts of the congress the money re
maining in tlio hands of tho secretary of state mi
these ii wards has been returned to Slexlco. A eousld
cinble portion of tin money received from Mexico on
theso awards had boon paid by this government to the
elalmanls before the decision of the courts was ten
dered. My Judgment is that the congress should re
turn lo Moxlco un amount equal to the sums thus al
ready paid to i lu claimants.
. r,
International Tin- death of Queen Vkloriu caused
Amenities, the people of tlio 'United States deep
and heartfelt soirow. lo which the
government gave full expression. When President
McKlnlc-y died, our nation In turn received Irom every
ipi.-iilcr of tho Hrltlsh empho expressions of grief mid
sympathy no less sincere, Tlio death of the Kmprcss
Dowager Frederick of (Jermany also aroused tint
genuine sympathy of tho American people; and thla
sympathy was cordially reciprocated by Germany
when tho president was assassinated, indeed, from
every quarter of tio civilized world wo received, nt
th" time of tbo president's death, assurances of such
jjricf and regard as to touch tho hearts of our people.
In tho midst of our utltletlon we reverently thu'nk tho
Almighty that wc mo at peace with tho nations of
mankind; and we lirmly Intend that our policy shall
be such ns to cniitlnuo unbroken those International
ulatlons of mutual reboot and good will,
THKODC'HK ItOOSI'VKl.T.
WI)Uu I louse, Dec .", in','i ' ' ' ' .
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