The Scranton tribune. (Scranton, Pa.) 1891-1910, July 15, 1896, Page 11, Image 11

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    It
QUEEN REGENT AND UNCROWNED KING OF SPAIN.
IIEL
130 Wyoming Are.
OIllOnDSMD DlsMONO JEWELIT,
CLOCKS IND BRONZES, RICH CUT GLASS
STERLING IND SILVER WTED WIRE.
LEATHER BELTS, SILVER NOVELTIES,
FIRE GOLO IRO SILVER WITCHES.
THE SCBANTON TBIBUNE-WEDNESDAY HORNING, JULY 15, 1896.
mmmm
KIERGEREAU 5 GONNELL
ELECTRICITY FOR
RAILWAY TRAVEL
Further Triumphs Believed by Engineers
to Be Immiueut,
GREAT INCREASE OF SPEED POSSIBLE
Last Tl car's Experiment iCt'vieued.
What Ktenni Koud Mn mi kith Are
ThinLing suit Dointt-'Train In
lead of Mingle Car I'or I.oiifDis
lance Kuburbun Travel. "
From the New York Tribune.
"In a few years electric road.1- will
have absorbed practically all the local
(pnssenfjer) trafllc, an J will begin to
cut Into through transportation. The
steam reads cannot afford thl.-i. Their
only safety Is to make electricity an
ally Instead of an enemy, and before it
Is too late." These words were uttered
last summer by Dr. Louis Duncan, then
newly elected president of the Ameri
can Institute of Electrical Engineers,
The most casual observer knows how
abundant and strong were the reasons
for such n prophecy then. And yet they
are still more numerous and convincing
now.
Take, for Instance, the Immediate
outskirts of the metropolis. Above the
Hnrlem river, over in New Jersey, and
in the region lying south of older
Brooklyn there has been a marvelous
extension of troljey lines within the
last two or three years. All of these
ronds have been taken from steam
mads with which they compete a large
proportion of their classes of patrons:
First, Typical suburban residents, who
come into the business part of town
regularly or Irregularly; second, essen
tally rural passengers, who only ride
from one station to the next, or possib
ly to the second or third beyond their
homes; third, pleasure-seeking excur
sionists. The reduction in fare and
frcater frequency or trips are advan
ages which appeal to the purses and
ronvenience of every one. It is not to
e wondered at that the steam lines
lave suffered heavily In conse
pience. Near Boston, Philadel
phia, Chicago, St. Louis and other cen
:rcg of population In the t'nited States
lubstantially the same revolution has
seen effected. Then out through New
England and the middle states, In re
gions thnt are so well built up that
mall but thriving towns and villages
tro strung along the railway like beads
in a cord, there is a great deal of social
lid business trafllc between -neighboring
places. Heretofore the steam roads
pave had almost a monopoly of that
business, liut now the "Inter-urban"
trolley, running over the parallel route,
providing more frequent service and
Hopping anywhere between the regular
nations of the old lins, has captured
n enormous percentage of It.
TROLLEY TRAIN.
Then again ther are more pretentious
tiectrls roads which run trains, instead
9f single cars. The Cleveland, Plalns
rllle and Eastern, for instanee, running
through thirty mllesoftheLake Shore's
territory, has regular coaches, hauled
by o. motor car something like those
fvhlch are being built for hauling trains
across Brooklyn Bridge. The Cleveland
and Akron line, of about the some
length, has similar cars and motors. The
electric road from Buffalo to Niagara
Falls, fourteen and a half miles long,
Jld an enormous business last year with
light cars, but Is now being freshly
equipped with heavier rolling stock. All
three of these, like the road still under
construction from Washington to Haiti
more, compete with old established
team lines. The Niagara Falls road in
particular has greatly damaged the in
terests of its.venerable competitor. Per
haps half a dozen other surface roads
and two or three elevated roads in Chi
cago could be enumerated which are
already running regular trains, made
up of a motor car and trailers.. And it
la needless to say that there are hund
reds of schemes on foot, only a part of
which will ever bear sulAitantlal fruit,
which contemplate paralleling ether
team lines for distances varying from
ten to one hundred miles, or else reach
ing out Into territory nc-t now provided
With better transportation facilities
than a horse and carriage or a bicycle;
fcnd many of these programmes include
Brat -class roadbeds, heavy rails and
teals Instead of Individual car.
UKE OF MEDINO-SIDOKIA, MASTER OF COURT.
THU INFANTA ISA11ELX.A.
Among the corporations whose pas
senger traffic has been thus Injured or
threatened the New York, New Haven
and Hartford and the Pennsylvania
companies have been the most active in
adopting Dr. Duncan's advice. Such
steps as have been taken thus far na
turally have been to a great extent ex
perimental. Last summer the New
Haven company substituted electricity
for steam on a branch road seven miles
long, Bturting from Old Colony House
station and reaching out to Nantasket
Bench. Current was taken from an
overhead wire by a trolley pole and
wheel; and trains of two, three or four
open trailers wore hauled by a motor
ear composed essentially of a baggage
or express car with one or more motors
on Its axle3. The Pennsylvania com
pany, at about the same time, placed
on Its Burlington and Mount Holly
branch closed coaches, one of which was
equipped with motors so that it could
haul the others. These cars were about
the size of an elevated railway car, and
somewhat lighter than the standard
day coach of the steam roads.
The New Haven people ran their road
all summeh without an accident, In
spite of a greatly Increased patronage.
The Immense success of that venture
has encouraged the company to go fur
ther. At the present time, It la said,
definite plans have been made for re
placing Ht-am with electricity on other
short sections of road, altogether
amounting to about one hundred miles.
Moreover, experiments are being made
on an extension of the Nantasket
branch (up toward Boston) with a third
railln iilaco of an overhead wire as an
electric conductor. A plan having some
novel features in being tried, and if It
yields, the hoped-for results the equip
ment of the other portions of the road
just referred to with facilities for elec
tric traction 'will doubtless be pushed
rapidly. The ' Pennsylvania company
seems no less pleiif ed with the outcome
of Its Investigations. Kufus Hill, ams
ter mechanic of this extensive system Is
quoted as predicting that within five
years nearly all of the feeders, or
branches, of his road will be operated
by electricity. Vv'hat more Impressive
signs of the times could r.;;e look for
than these?
ELECTRICITY FOR STEAM ROADS.
Meantime, by careful scrutiny of the
report.i of these ventures contained In
I he technical perlod'rals, ,y personal
visits and by correspondence, the man
agers of other steam roads have been in
forming themselves as to the possibili
ties of electricity for traction purpose".
Besides, there have been a sood many
anxious interviews with those electrical
engineers and manufacturers cf electri
cal apparatus who could be;t point out
the way of palvat'on. The bust year haj
been a period of attentive observation
and profound thought among progress
ive railroad people nil over the country.
A slfinifltnnt illustration of what is
coming In the near future Is afforded
at Louisville, Ky. Between thet city
nnd New Albany, Ind., there Is a bridge
2.4G5 feet long, over which railway
trains have run for years. Over about
four mlle3 of track, reaching from the
heart oC one city to that of the other,
electric train?, each composed of a motor-car
and one or two trailers, are
now running. The single track across
the bridge 13 now traversed dally by
1"9 steam trains (freight and through
passenger) and 141 electric trains. In
like manner the heavy coaches of the
Washington. Alexandria and Mount
Vernon Electric road come over the
same bridge and into the same station
with the steam trains of one of the
Southern lines.
Another fact, which has a closer re
lation to the subject than might be
perceived at Ilrst, deserves mention In
this connection. At several points, no
tably In New England, an electric en
gine Is used to haul freight cars to
and from factories situated on sidings.
At Whlttlnsvll'-e, Mass., It Is said, an
economy amounting to $18,000 has been
effected by this change. The same
scheme has been adopted In New Hav
en and Taftville, Conn., and negotia
tions are now pending for the construc
tion of several mere Independent mo
tors of this cluss for use In other places.
They are not so large and mighty as
the huge l.COO-horse-power electric en
gines now nt work in the Baltimore
tunnel, rhlftlng long freight and ex
press trains (with their steam locomo
tives attached, but dead); but these
noiseless, smokeless, money-saving
substitutes for the present style of
switching engine have a great future
before them.
MAKIA CHRISTINA,
Few persona who are closely watching
the progress of the great revolution In
traction methods which has just begun
can have failed to notice how cheap
water-power Is being utilized all over
the country, by conversion Into elec
tricity, which Is transmitted to a dis
tance for a variety of uses. For in
stance the Baltic dam, near Norwich,
Conn., is thus made to run a mill at
Taftvllle, four miles away, and to run
street cars from three to four miles
more. No doubt a dozen slmiliar In
stances can be found up In New Eng
land alone. Scores of them can be found
in Switzerland, Italy. France and Ger
many. Among the most striking devel
opments in this direction, though, are
the Pacific coast enterprises. From a
power plant at Folsom, Cal., capable of
developing several thousand horse
power when needed, electricity is sent
over the wires to Sacramento, twenty
four miles away, and there distributed
about the city for driving machinery,
propelling street cars and affording
light. Another such line starting from
San Antonio Valley, supplies Ponona,
fourteen miles away, and San Bernar
dino, twenty nine miles distant. The
construction of other works on the Col
umbia, to give Portland light, heat and
power, is well under way, while plans
are well advanced for the same pur
pose along the St. Lawrence at La
chine Rapids, and on the Potomac
above Washington. Then there is Nl
gara, with its practically Illimitable
possibilities, so far as the quantity of
available power Is concerned, and
which. If there was a sufficiently large
demand, could economically minister to
places as far away as the metropolis,
though of course Buffalo and Rochester
will be the first served. These prece
dents are sure to be followed by shrewd
business men all over the county dur
ing the next few years. Cheap water
power cannot fail to be an Important
factor in the development and operation
of electric railways.
STEAM- FOR LONG HACL9.
Several questions In regard to the
near future are now practically settled.
The hauling of freight trains for long
distances will be left for the present to
steam. So will the great through ex
presses, with their enormous dead
weight and Infrequent service. The in
dividual trolley-car will continue to
possess city streets and run out a little
way Into the suburbs. But the most
Immediate and radical change which
this p.gi is likely to see la the use of
electricity for running; frequent, light,
faat trains over the tracks of existing
steam roads, or entirely new roads,
which will compete with old lines. It
seems probable that service of this kind
for distances of ten. twenty, fifty or
perhaps a hundred miles, will be abun
dantly afforded within the next live
years. The type of coach to be used
will be very much like the best elevat
ed railway cars. The utmost effort will
be made to reduce the percentage of
dead weight to the live weight carried.
The trains will be composed of from two
to five cars, according; to circumstan
ces; but the tendency (except on ele
vated railways) will bo toward fewer
cars and greater frequency of service.
It seems unlikely that an Independent
electric entrlne will be used to haul
the trains. Instead, as on the Mount
Holly and Nantucket branch reads, the
leading car will be equipped with elec
tric machinery. The type already
adopted on some Chicago elevated roads
will perhaps be tried at first. This is a
regular parsemrer coach, with a steel
frame and electric motor on each of its
four axles, and controlling devices In
a cab at the end. Such cars would
really be double-tenders, just as our
trolley-cars are.
CONSIDERATIONS OF SPEED.
The speed to be developed would de
pend more largely on the track than
anything else. It would be practicable
to make 120 or 150 mites an hour. The
latter Is considered the maximum of
safety by some experts. But to attain
even 100 miles an hour It would be nec
essary to have no grade crossings, al
most no switches, and exceedingly gen
tie curves. Grades are of little conse
quence. Electricity Is more Indifferent
than steam to such difficulties, especial
ly as the electric motor of the future
will doubtless be momentarily changed
Into a dynamo when frolng down hill,
and transform the force of gravitation
into stored electrle energy that can be
Utilized for the next climb.
Another thing which Is pretty well
settled Is that while direct currents will
continue to be used on street railways
REGENT OF BP AIM.
and for short suburban lines, a road
runnlg through, fast trains for twenty,
fifty or a hundred miles will probably
employ the alternating current. This
Is the only one suited for economical
long distance transmission. All, or
nearly all. the great electrlo power
plants of the world employ it.
Another matter on which opinions
are not unanimous is the best way of
leading a current into a railway motor.
One serious drawback to the overhead
wire Is that it does not afford as broad
a surface for contact with the trolley
wheel as could be wished. When a
large volume of current Is to be trans
mitted from one electric conductor to
another It is essentiul that there be a
good contact. For single cars the pres
ent system Is well enough, although
none too good; but when It comes to
moving a train' of several cars, more
current Is required. The Intramural
railway at the World's Fair employed
a third rail for supply purposes; 10 does
the Metropolitan Elevated, of Chicago.
In both these cases the rail was outside
the regular track. In the Nantasket
experiment nqw being: made, the third
rail is placed between the two on
which the cars run. But the third rail
plan has objections of Its own. It
works well on the elevated or entirely
Inclosed structures, but it presents dif
ficulties at crossings, where the con
ductor must be severed. Again on sur
face roads it would be possible to
"short circuit" current and paralyse
the road by laying an Iron bar across
from the third rail to another rail un
less some special precautions were
taken. And on the Nantasket branch
upright boards will be erected on either
side, reaching high enough to preclude
any such possibility as is here suggest
ed, and yet without interfering with
the Bhoe which will come down from
the car and take the current. But this,
again. Is largely a question of detail.
Human ingenuity will sooner or later
overcome the difficulties Involved.
A FORECAST.
It should surprise no one, therefore.
If some such state of things as this
should be seen in Greater New York
five yenrs hence. Substantially all of
the surface roads and elevated roads
operated by electricity; all of the su
burban passenger travel, within a ra
dius of forty or fifty miles of the city
hall, conducted In the same way; a
through line to Philadelphia over
which a trip could easily be made In
leu than an hour, and electric swlthch
Ing engines exclusively employed In
bringing the great expresses into the
Grand Central station. People would
no more be getting cinders In their eyes
nor be stifled by smoke when the heat
compelled them to open car windows.
Not even tunnels would restrain them
from the latter Indulgence. If not here,
nt least In other great ctles. it seems
creditable that local ordinances will re
quire the suppression of the steam
locomotive entirely for moving all
trains within municipal- boundaries.
Nor is It hard to conceive of another
possibllty. Instead of hundreds or
separate corporations each manufact
uring Its own electricity for light,
traction and other purposes, they may
unite In buying supplies from some
wholesale producer, just as Sacramen
to, Portland or other big cities will
soon be doing. Economy may dictate
this change, as ,-vell as many others in
the fight of electricity, before the
twentieth century Is five years old.
IT RAINED A TERRAPIN.
Fact Cited to Prove That Fish Drop
from the Skies.
A terrapin about as large around as
a silver dollar was the subject of a good
deal of talk In Valdosta the other day,
and the came terrapin has come near
settling I;- the minds of some people
the theory that fish, frogs and the like
are often rained down In severe storms.
During the heavy rain of last Friday,
according 'to the Macor Telegraph, the
terrapin fell in the tftrttt between
Mlddleton's shoe store and Davis' beef
market. It was seen to strike the
ground by two men In the shoe shop and
by Mr. Davis' little boy. There is no
explanation as tc where It came from
except on the theory that It rained
down, and the question now Is was
that really the case.
Irrecoverable.
Mrs. Casey (belligerently) Phere's yer
weeks wages, an' th' rint comln' due ter
morr&r? Mr. Casey Be aisy. thin, Bridget. U
losht It troo a hole so Ol did.
Mrs. Casey In yer pocket T
Mr. Casey Be ahry. thin, dartlht-lt
slipped troo a bole in in face.Wudga,
ALFONSO Xiil.. KINO OF SPAIN.
DUKE BOXC.ViAYOR. GRAND "WASTER OF TUB PALACE.
MEN WILL SOON
FLY LIKE BIRDS
Chicago Experts Make Novel Experi
ments on Indiana Soil.
TRIALS OP TWO QUEER DEVICES
What Octave Chanute lias Hopes of
AccompUhing"A Satisfactory l'e
Is Made of the Lilicnthal Aeroplane,
and the Natives of Hooslerdon
Look Oa and MarvelTho Expert
meaters lail Eighty Feet Against a
Strong Wind ia a Tweaty-Foot
Drop.
If a lake steamer had passed by the
beach the other day opposite Millers,
Ind., the other day, the passengers
would have had a good opportunity of
seeing a man flying through the air.
borne not exclusively on the wings of
the wind but apparently sustained by
twelve gigantic white swans. Octave
Chanute, No. 413 Huron street, ex
president of the American Society of
Civil Engineer, and three companions
were practising aerial navigation with
a Lllienthal aeroplane.
Mr. Chanute, who is regarded as an
authority In aerodynamics, has closely
followed the experiments of Otto Llllen
thal of Berlin, Germany, and he re
cently retermlned to duplicate them and
go ahead on the same lines in the hope
of evolving a machine which would be
able to sustain a man safely in the air
and which would be under perfect con
trol. Temporarily the question of the
motive power Is left out of considera
tion. The other morning Mr. Chanute. A. M.
Herlrng, William Paul and William
Avery, all of Chicago, took an early
Lake train for Millers, thirty miles
south of the city. The natives had their
curiosity highly excited by the enor
mous and queer shape of the luggage
of the party. Mr Chanute and his
friends went to a little hotel and left
their personal belongings, but had the
other things conveyed over to the beach
about a mile east of the station.
ODD SIGHTS.
Some of the natives could not resist
the temptation to follow and saw a tent
erected under the protection of the
highest of the hills near the lake shore.
Son the other bundles were unwrapped,
and what looked for the world like a
three-mast schooner's rigging was
erected, with sails set o he sand. The
natives waited patiently for the boat
to be brought out. thinking a sail on the
lake wns in prospect. A psnlc struck
them when they saw Mr. Herring
mount the cdd-ihsped affair and sail
through the nlr.
"Jess watch," tittered one of the nu
tlves; "I'll he Pound It won't be long
afoie he'll come down from that 'ar
high hoss."
Mr. Herring disappointed this pro
phet, and fulfilled every expectation of
himself and Mr. Chanute. He suc
ceeded In floating quitw a distance In
the air. The wind was not favorable,
and the experiment"' were resumed yes
terday. This time a number of com
paratively long rides were made by all
the younger members of the'party. Mr.
Herrings sailed ever SO feet, measured
horizontally, while falling only 20 feet.
This was in the face of the wind, and
none of the experimenters are yet will
ing to turn themselves loose before
a breeze as stiff as that blowing yester
day In the neighborhood of the lake.
Mr. Chanute has two machines, one
very nearly like the Lllienthal machine
and another designed on different lines
by himself. The Lllienthal machine Is in
apeparance like nix pairs of birds super
posed. It consists of twelve wings of
oiled nainsook silk stretched tightly
over a spruce and willow frame. Each
upper pair of wings is connected with
a lower pair by a (In of the same ma
terial about three feet long and a foot
wide. The wings are a little less than
seven feet long and are In a measure
diamond-shaped. The machine is about
fifteen feet long and fourteen feet wide,
and weighs thirty-two pounds and has
spread of 180 square feet. It Is curved
about as much as a birch canoe.
Mr. Chanute's own machine, which
has not yet been fully tested, is formed
of two large wings stretched on curved
spruce sticks eight feet each way. with
a fin nine feet long and four feet high
to the rear, and a kite-shaped tail
hinged on. Its weight la also thirty-two
pounds. It has a spread of 167 square
feet, and Is spoon-shaped, being nine
teen feet from tip to tip. It will be tried
today if the wind Is not too unfavor
able. EASY TO OPERATE.
The Lllienthal machine ia apparently
easy to operate. It was carried yester
day to the brow of the smooth, sandy
urn, unu air. nerring, wno had the most
experience of any of Mr. Chanute's as.
slstants In work of this kind, placed his
arms over the two parallel bars made
for the purpose, and while the others
oaiancca it in the air started on a run
down the steep slope. Within ten yards
Mr. Herring's feet were lifted off the
ground and he went sailing over the
vaney.
With every gust of the wind he would
have to shift his weight to keen th
machine going straight. The greatest
aimcuity is right there. The wind shifts
so suddenly at times that no one can
move fast enough to keep up with it.
On this account both Mr. Herrlna- and
the others who essayed the wings of
regaaus came to grief. However, they
met with no harm, as the machine al
ways falls right side up and descends
quite gradually.
A small model with a spread of 7.2
square feet was also operated. It was
sailed as a kite without a tall. There
Isn't a small boy In the country that
would not be proud to own a kite like
this, for It can be made to rise from a
valley while the operator stands on
a hill.
Mr. Chanute was desirous of making
the experiments without the knowledge
or the press and sought Miller's on that
account.
"The trouble with most men that
have experimented on this subject Is
that they have bitten off too much at
once," he said. "This Is only one phase
of the subject. After a man Is able to
guide and control a machine In the air.
It may, perhaps, be found less difficult
than has been feared to secure a motor
that will not consume too much fuel for
Its lifting power."
Llllenthal's experiments began In
1888 and have been continued ever
since. Some of his machines have found
their way to almost every country in
Europe and to the United States, but
few except the inventor have been able
to master the problems of their manipu
lation. It ARBERM IN AISTRIA.
Tbcy Must Serve a Three Years' Ap
prcnticeship.
From the New York World.
The Austrian take no chances with
their barbers. Thsy must be good, and
the Barbers and Wigmakers' I'nlon of
Vienna sees to It that they are. Pro
vision Is also made In their code for
women barbers who desire to carry on
the business of their husbands In case
of the latter's death or Illness.
But In order to do this the wife must
have been enrolled in the union as an
apprentice for three years. Appren
tices, by the rules of the union, must
appear In Vienna In the presence of
judges of the union and show their skill
before they are allowed to open shops
of their own.
A properly certified barber must have
a knowledge of and pass an examina
tion In shaving, hair-cutting, hair-curling
and wig-making, and during the
period before the issuance of a certifi
cate the poor and others who are frugal
serve as subjects for experiment.
At the examination the young men
have their razors dulled by four strokes
In a pine plank, and they must then
sharpen them. A subject Is assigned to
each, who must be tonsorially perfect,
In the opinion of the judges, when the
apprentice has released him.
After this a certificate is Issued and
the apprentice serves two years as a
Journeyman before he may open a shop
as an employer. The average age of
apprentices when they begin to laarn
their trade is thirteen years.
From Bad to Worse.
Mrs. Newlywed (to hr bachelor brother)
Bob, Where's your diamond rlnz?
Brother Bub why er you see, flue
my hem
Mrs. Newlywed (scornfully) Same old
story, of course: your uncle's got It.
Brother Dot Why, no, confound it, It
my little nephew this time; I let him take
K to play wl.h yesterday, and he swal
lowed it. Judge. ,
ee8aw.
Tourist (up In the lumber region) There
doesn't seem to be muoh to see up here.
Practical Reetdent No; but here's lots
to a.w.-Judc.
Jewelers and Silversmiths,
130 WYOMINQ AVE.
6TEINWAY aON'g . .
Ackaowledged the Leading
PIANOS
Ot the Wwi4
DECKER BROS.,
MMNICHB BACHB sad other.
ORGANS
Musical Instruments,
Ilusical Merchandise,
Sheet Music and
Music Books.
arcaesei will alwsys Had a oa arete
stock asd at prices s lew as the aaab
jf el the hutrasMat wUl ptraut at
H. A.
n
flUSIC STORE,
117 Wyoming Art. - Scrantos
JAMES MOIR,
THE MERCHANT TAILOR
Has Moved te His New Quarters,
402 Lackawanna Avenue.
Eatraace on side n.xt to Firtt National
Bank. II. u now la a
Comprising (Torything reqnlatt for
Marehant Tailoring. And th. Mm. a
fla
bo shows to advantage in his apian
dial? fitted up rwn
A SPECIAL INVITATION
Is Bstned te All Rcsdtr of Th Trls
a to Call on "OLD RELIABLE" la His
New Ballots Homo
A Y LES WO RTIi'S
MEAT MARKET
The Finest In the city.
The latest laprovei fornlab' IE
lip aid aaparataa for toaflaf it
cat, ratter aid eggs.
t23 Wyoming Av.
.........1
;I$0)i$ivMail$you?
Have you a feel
Ing of weight in t
the Stomach i
Bloating after
li ill M Vii eating Belch-1
I ill JV K in of Wind I
t Heartburn Bad Taste In the Mouth ,
in the Morning Palpitatioa of the.
J Heart, due to Distension of Stomach (
Cankered Mouth Gas In the Bowels 1
Los of Flesh Fickle Appetite
I Depressed, Irritable Condition of the 1
I Blind Dizziness lli.id.iche Con-
' stlpation or Uiarrhcia? Then yon have '
DYSPEPSIA
k Id of Its many forma. The tie BMltlve i
' cart for this diatreMlnc complaint 1
K&tr'i Dyspepsia tablets
by nail, prepaid, on receipt of $ cents.
('Niit cs RkUtrr. Kntm Tmnrfnl Vmm i
York, uya: '1 miirirnnl horribly from dyt-I
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