the ecbacton TEiBinrts satuedat uoumsa. November -le. i89.
Facte of Interest
To Women4. Readers.
" Symposium of Informatir Partly Qrave,
Partly Gossipy and Partuay,
tONO OF THE CRADLE!
JVlth his right hand he hates to rock
The pretty wicker cradle;
and with hit left hand la a sock
' He stands beside a pot of mush,
Ot seething mush, of redhot mush.
And tries to wield the ladle,
and as be works in fain would staff
The restless twins to quiet.
But, ah! his rhymes get sadly nixed
In with the corn meal diet.
"Hush! hush! hushl
Mush! mush! mush!
Lie still and slumber;
Mammy's got wheels In her head
She's gone to the polls.
Your poor little souls,
lad I wish that your daddy was dead!
dead!
How I wish that your daddy was dead."
this lullaby the twins 'both shock.
They shriek; he rocks the taster;
and from his left hand slips -the sock
into that Iron pot of mush,
Of seething mush, of redhot mush,
To heighten the disaster.
IB vain he tries to claw it out
And cooks his brawnv feelers:
Hush up!" he roars unto the twins,
'Vou everlasting squealers!
Hush! hush! hush!
Hush! mush! musht
Lie still and slumber;
Mammy's got wheels in her head;
. She won't care a snip
If you die of the pip
dor If daddy Is burned till he's dead!
dead! dead!
In a pot ot hot mush till he's dead."
fust then his voting wife walks In,
Alas! 'tis she, none other,
and asks, with elovated chin,
'Bay do you boll your socks In mushT
to this your way of mnklng mush?
Is this the way of your mother? '
No-o,' stammered he, "the sock leu In,
This sock that I was darning;
It scorched th-e twin-Ins and screamed
th-e mush
(Without a moment's warning;.
Hush! hush! hush!
Mush! mush! mush!
Lie still ami slumber;
Mammy's got wheels In her head?
Hhe's gone to the polls,
Your poor little souls,
Ind I wish that your daddy was dead!
dead! , .
How 1 wish that your daddy was dead."
New York Sun.
The New Tork World prints a list of
American heiresses who have married
foreigners with titles during: the last
twenty-five years. It is a Ions; one.
The richest of all was Anna Gould with
If teen millions. She married Count
Boniface de Castellane. Mrs. Frederick
Stevens with seven millions, married
the Duke of Dlno. Mrs. Hamersley was
worth seven millions also. She mar
ried the Duke of Marlborough; after
sis death she took Lord William Beres
ford for her third husband. There are
ten girls on the list with Ave millions
sach. Eva Julia Byrant Mackay, who
11 arrled Prince Colon n a dt Galatro; Miss
Ehrot, who married Baron von Harden
Hlckey; Miss Glllender, who married
Marquis di San Marzano; Clara Hunt
URton, who married Prince Hartzfeldt;
Mrs. J. P. Ives, who married Sir Wil
Jam Vernon -Harcourt; Mary Letter,
aho married the Hon. O. N. Curson, M.
P.; Mrs. Isaac Singer, who married the
Duke of Campossllco; Sarah Phelps
itokes, who married Baron HalkPtt,
ind Belle Wilson, who became the wife
f the Hon. Michael Henry Herbert.
The money taken to Europe by the peo
ple on the World's list exceeds $101,000,
WO. I DEVOURING LOVE;
ralr Charlotte It Is she I lovel
Ihe has such charming grace;
o angel from the skies above
Could ever take her place!
Twould be unfair to tell you why;
I often with her sup.
Hi. my! She Is so sweet that I
Could almost eat her upl
tlthough she's dull as she ran be,
And soft (the little sinner),
Ihe often gets the best of me
Kspecially at dinner.
Though cold, I like her just es woll
I like her like tho deuce!
Ind now her other nnine I'll tell;
Her name Is Charlotte Russe.
J. C. Challlss, In Albany Journal.
-::-'
We doff our hat to the new science of
rekology. ' It Is possible that you don't
tnow- what that science is. In which
ivent the best plan is to reproduce the
lubstance of a recent lecture at the
Srexel Institute, Philadelphia, In which
Miss Katharine Bement Davis ex
plained that it is simply a new name
lor the domestic science, or science of
lousckeeping as the laywoman would
lay: "A century ago," said Miss Davis,
'it was the fashion to be a good house
wife. Then tho mothers transmited
their knnowledge of household affairs
lo their daughters. At that time girls
received but little education outside of
iousehold acquirements. Then semi
larles and private schools for girts wero
. Ipened and the result was that they
irrlved at the age of 16 without any
practical knowledge of the manage
ment of a home, and after a year or
two spent in society they married. They
ad no training such as their mothers
tad, and I think some of us in this gen
tratlon are suffering from the evils
which followed this Ignorance of house
told affairs, especially cookings. After
I while, cooking schools were entab
Ished to teach women how to prepare
!ood properly. For most of our success
lepends upon our good health, and our
health depends upon the kind of
food we have and tho kind of a house
we live In. No more good can come
from any other science than from tho
icience of oekology, and soon there will
te no science which it will be so neces
lary to study as that. No housewife
ihould atempt to bring up a family
without knowing something of the
Itructure of the body and of the laws
if health. A thorough knowledge of
hygiene Is necessary for the person
sho Is going to take up the question of
household economics. The knowledge
Df bacteriology is also very essential.
This science treats of the microscopic
Brganisms in tho air we breathe, that
may enter our houses through Im
proper drainage. It is these bacteria
which are responsible for the souring
ttf milk, the decay of fruit and the
ipoiling of meat. Many diseases are
lue to bacteria, and as there are ways
it guarding against these organisms
tome knowledge of bacteriology Is very
essential for the housekeeper." Miss
Davis also stated that to properly heat
and ventilate a house a knowledge of
physics was necessary. The housewife
ihould be familiar with chemistry, also,
Ihe said, because it te.is.us about the
Composition of food,, and what effect
cooking has upon It Geology should
povern us in our choice of a building
Site, so that we may know iwhat lo
cality Is healthy, and where we will
have proper drainage. "
a HOUTHEItN GIRL;
Her eyes
Would match her Southern sklef
ffheTr light. th8,r beaUty Und hMJ
ZJke star's of Southern night,
Ia soft and clear and tender.
Her laugh,
As light as wine or chaff,
brooks Clear, Wltty ia,Ue"
BS5 b.Vb-bWn5 ,nroBh the nook
Ot all her Bout hern valleys. ,
ffer voice, ..
By nature and fey choice, ' '
nviu flSdth0?e wh0 know nt,t
Jin soft as Southern wind '"'
When Southern winds are lightest. '
-James E. Burnett
' Ml!
Writing to the Times-Herald on the
abject of marriage as called up by
the growing proneness of the opulent
American girl to sell herself and her
millions for. a foreign title, Mrs. Cath
svtae WaUkh McCulIourh. uva with
,JL1J Tfca ideal husband will J
have been previously Instructed by his
mother that women are as good as he.
and that if he succeeds In persuading
one to be his wife he must not treat
her as an inferior to be trodden upon
nor an idol to be worshiped, but as his
real friend and chosen comrade to be
treated as an equal. He will confide
In his wife his business successes and
reverses, so that she will know as well
as he when it is annroDriate to In
dulge In a sealskin cloak. The family
pocket-book will not be contmea to
the trousers' pocket, but the wife will
take freely from it for such purposes as
she deems desirable. The ideal hus
band will not deaden his energies by.
the use of narcotics nor stimulate them
to ruinous excitement by alcoholio bev
erages. He will not tell vulgar stories
even at a political meeting. He will
keep his thoughts and deeds as free
from Impurity as he expects his wife
to. He will make his sons respect wo
men by force of a father's example. He
will have some active business and
work hard at it. He will sometimes
play and work hard at that. He will
not hinder, but urge forward his wife
in all efforts which tend to bring great
er development to herself or greater
helpfulness to others. He will work
for equal suffrage and be his proudest
when escorting his wife to the polls,
for he will be patriotic enough to vote.
Although he will always appear to ad
vantage, ho will show his best, his
tendcrest, his most generous and affec
tionate side at home. He will be a
God-loving nnd a God-serving man, not
neglecting the spiritual side of his na
ture. But his religion will not be for
self alone, but he will carry its Joy to
others, never neglecting, however, tho
practical philanthropic side. Where
can such husbands be found? On this
side tho water, if anywhere, and In
our well-beloved country."
ABOUT DUE NOW;
Of all the jokes the denrest
That hang on memory's wall.
The old, old Joke of the Bummer girl
It seemeth best of all.
The ships have passed In the night time;
Big sleeves are getting passe;
Trilby has gone to the bow-wows,
And bloomers have had their day.
We look with longing fondness
At what we spurned last fall.
And the old, old Joke of the summer girl
Seemeth the best of all.
New York Press.
Writing upon the same theme in the
same excellent journal, Mrs. Henry Sol
omon, another gifted resident of the
western metropolis, says: "We are told
that international marriages cement
the cordial relationship between na
tions. The fact Is that even cousins oc
cupying thrones lly at each other's
throats for a strip of land, and al
though innumerable ties exist in Eur
ope, the whole world will be convulsed
with war at any moment when one na
tion seizes the smallest Imaginable ad
vantage. The only benefit derived so
far Is the interesting reading matter
furnished us by the newspapers, and
we doubt that any as yet transmitted
will prevent the enforcing of the Mon
roe doctrine. The only result we can
positively predict is the purchase of
more foreign gowns or the possible re
naming of bonnets and hats. Tho Ideal
American gill should be filled with en
thusiasm for our American institutions,
for the democratic spirit pervading the
atmosphere of our beloved land, for the
flag that stands for the nobility which
honest labor confers. If she is not
then her education has either been neg
lected or has failed. She should have
learned that love depends not upon sta
tion, but upon character, and she would
pay her tribute to the man who by his
own efforts and god-given 'talents has
won for himself a place. She would
reverence the" individual whose own
power makes him the superior of any
man whose remote ancestors may have
bled on battlefields and gained honor
and lands, which their descendants
have squandered in licentiousness, and
in what among poorer and more ignor
ant classes would be called crime, men
whoso past history spells ruin and
degradation to posterity. She must
know that, while it may seem a
triumph to dazzle her companions, un
less marriage Is built upon strong love,
trust, admiration and respect, her hap
piness rests upon quicksand, and
though she may wear the coronet and
the family diamonds and be the mother
of the heir, she will some day envy
tho poorest tenant on her estate."
WHEN JACK PROPOSED!
I meant to keep calm and cool.
And not behave Just like a fool.
When Jack proposed.
Intended to be dignified,
And say, "Perhaps I'll be your bride
If I'm disposed,"
In spite of all I thought to do,
My plans so cherished ne'er came true,
When Jack proposed.
I laid my head against his breast,
And Jack can tell you all the rest.
If he's disposed. Life.
-::-
SELECTED RECIPES:
Chicken Salad. Measure the meat.
from which every last bone has been
picked. Add double the quantity of
cabbage, celery, lettuce, equal parts.
Mix thoroughly and over all turn the
liquor, or so much of It as Is needed, in
which the chicken was cooked. Chop
In coarse pieces two hard boiled eggs
for each quart of the mixture. Salt
to taste. Set away in a cool place (In
earthenware or glass) until 10 or IB
minutes before wanted. For each quart
of salad allow two eggs well beaten, a
tablespoonful of melted butter (salad
oil, if preferred), a teaspoonful of
mustard and a cup of vinegar. Stir the
mustard smooth with a little of the
vinegar, add the rest and the eggs with
a pinch of salt and the butter. Cook
slowly, so as not to curdle. Use It cold.
Banana Float. Take a small box of
gelatine and dissolve it In a teacuD of
cold water fof an hour. Boil three pints
of sweet milk and two and one-half
teacups of sugar together. Dip out a
little of the boiling milk and stir it into
the gelatine, then stir this into the rest
of the milk and boll ten minutes. When
cool, stir in six bananas that have been
broken Into pieces with a silver fork.
Mix thoroughly and set It on ice. The
next day, an hour before servlne-. take
a quart of rich cream, sweeten to taste,
iiavor wun vanina and whip It well.
Put the frozen bananas In a s-lnsa illah
or bowl, with the whtpped cream on
lop.
Chocolate Glace Cake. Beat to a
cream a generous half cupful of butter.
ana gradually Deat into this one cup
ful of sugar. Add one ounce of choco
late, melted; also two unbeaten eggs.
Beat vigorously for five minutes; then
stir In half a cupful of milk, and lastly
one cupful and a half of flour,
stir In half of flour, with which has
been mixed one generous teaannnnful
of baking powder. Flavor with one tea-
spoontui oi vanina. Pour into a but
tered, shallow cake pan and bake for
half an hour In moderate oven. When
cool spread with glace frosting.
vjuinces vannea. reel, core and
wash. Allow half a pound granu
lated sugar and a half pint of water
to one pound of quinces. Boll together
lowly until the quinces are tender.
Have the Jars thoroughly heated. All
nearly to the top with quinces and over
flow with Juice. Seal quickly.
ury Blew. mow iour pounds of lamb
In two quarts of water, salted:
when tender skim out -and keep hot.
Into the liquor which is left In the
kettle put one onion and one large tur
nip sliced and halved. Pepper to taste
boil fifteen minutes, and add six or
tight pared potatoes out Into halves
lengthwise. Lay some dumpling on
top of these, taking care the liquor does
not boil over them. When the vege
tables are done remove to separate
dishes; thicken the liquor left, which
makes a delicious gravy. Beef can be
used if preferred. -
Ideal Tapioca Pudding. Soak half a
cup of granulated tapioca half an hour
In a pint of cold water. Then put it In
a saucepan and let It boil slowly for
twenty minutes, till transparent like
cooked starch. If it becomes too thick
add a little boiling water. In a double
boiler bring a quart of milk to boiling
point with the yellow rind ot half a
lemon and a pinch of salt. Beat the
yolks of six eggs with a cup of sugar
and add very slowly to the milk, stirr
ing till smooth and creamy, but not
allowing It to boll. When thick remove
from the Are and add the tapioca.blend
ing thoroughly. Pour all Into a pudding
dish; beat tho whites to a stiff froth
with three tablespoonfuls of powdered
sugar and a teaspoonful of vanilla.
Spread this over the pudding, brown
lightly In the oven, and serve very cold.
The pudding requires no baking and Is
delicious.
Fruit Charlotte. One cup of sugar,
two tablaBpoonfuls of cornstarch, Juice
of one lemon and grated rind, one and
one-halt pints of boiling water. Cook
until clear. Slice two oranges and three
bananas, and stir lightly Into the above
when cold. Serve In individual dessert
plates with the white of one egg beaten
light, made quite thick with sugar and
flavored with vanilla.
Pink and White Cake. One-half cup
of butter, one cup of sugar, one-half
cup of milk, one and one-half cups of
flour.the whites of four eggs well beaten
added last. Bake in three layers. Take
one-third of the batter, color pink with
preferred fruit coloring. Bake in a
steady oven. Whip one cup of cold,
thick sweet cream, sweeten and flavor
with fruit extract Put between layers
and on top.
Grandma's Light Cake. Two pounds
each of sugar and flour, one pound of
butter, eight eggs, two cupfuls of milk,
two teaspoonf uls of soda.
HER ARTLESS QUESTIONS:
The Rev. Dr. Thirdly, who Is somewhat
advanced In years, was making a pastoral
call and 7-year-old Frances was entertain
ing him until her parents should descend
to the parlor.
"You haven't much hair on your head.
Dr. Thirdly," remarked the little girl.
"Not much, Frances," replied the clergy
man genially.
"How do you like being bald?"
"I prefer it that way, Frances, All
smart men are bald-headed,"
"Are they?"
"Oh, yes, it is a great honor to be bald."
"Is It?"
"Certainly."
"Wouldn't you like to be a boy again.
Dr. Thirdly?"
"No, Frances; I don't think I should. I
am quite satislled with my age." .
"Well," added the little girl. ."I should
think you would like to begin again, ho
that you could lead a better life." Judge.
HEALTH HINTS: '
To prevent the nose becoming red when
exposed to the cold and wind rub It with
cold cream or camphor Ice before going
out.
To cure belching of gas and Indigestion
take the phosphate of sodium a teaspoon
ful In a teacupful of hot water two hours
after meals every day for four weeks.
A simple cough remedy is made of an
ounce of flaxseed boiled in a pint cf
water, a little honey added, an ounce
of rock candy, and the juice of three
lemons, the whole mixed and boiled well.
Tho very best disinfectant and deodor
izer known Is copperas. A double handful
dissolved In a bucket of water and used to
JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER.
The Croesus Who flas Given Over Seven Millions to the University ot Chicago.
By the Courtesy of H. H. Kohlsaat,
From the Chicago
The recnt gift by John. D. Rockefeller
of $3,000,000 additional to tho endow
ment fund of the University of Chicago
has renewed attention to the generosity
of the richest of all Americans. In all,
Mr. Rockefeller has given $7,426,000 to
the Chicago Institution, more than the
combined donations to education of any
other three men now alive. The follow
ing facts about him, taken from the
Chicago Times-Herald, wm be of In
terest: Mr. Rockefeller stands at tho head of
a list of six or seven men In the country
who are as celebrated for their char
ities as for the possession of great
riches. Aside from his reputation as a
charitable man, however, less Is known
by the public about him than any otheit
rich man in the United States. He shuns
rather than courts fame. His accumu
lation of one of the greatest fortunes'
possessed by a single individual in the
world was accomplished in much the
same unostentatious manner as that
Which has marked his charitable deeds.
It Is said Mr. Rockefeller spends fully
$250,000 annually In charities, of which
the world hears nothing.' His methoda
of giving are characterized by the same
care that attends his business opera
tions. He does not meet the needv at
his door and make personal matter of
It, but bestows his wealth through
chosen channels and then only when he
Is persuaded that the object is one of ft
deserving nature. He never carries ft
public charity alone, but proposes that
when a certain sum has been subscribad
toward an end, he will do the rest, and
he never places that sum beyond the
power of those who have the matter In
hand. . ' .
Loves Business, Horns and rhsrsh, .
Mr. Rockefeller Is a modest million
aire In more ways than that of giving
to charity. He leads an unpretentious,
domestic life, rarely Indulging In the
pleasures that attract most rich men.
His New York residence is an unas
suming house, where he, his wife, two
daughters and son enjoy themselves In
a fashion rarely found In the homes ot
the very wealthy. He is devoted to his
business, his home life and the Baptist
church, of the last of which he la and
always has been a strong champion.
His home life reflects his tastes more
accurately than any other of us en
vironments. The appointments of his
home are useful rather than ornamen
tal, and there Is a marked absence ot
display even In the drawing rooms.
Some very valuable paintings selected
by Mr. Rockefeller ar the most strik
ing feature! In tht house. He and bis
wash drain pipes, and receptacles of waste
material will keep such places above sus
picion. For granulated eycslids, or sties, pencil
the edges of itbe eyelids with alum (whittle
a small piece of alum Into a pencil-like
point) every other day. Take a 1-4 of a
grain of the sulphide of calcium three
times daily after meals tor ten days.
An eminent authority on teeth says that
it tne mourn was inorougniy washed
out at night and the teeth rubbed with
very fine ureciultated chalk Just before re
tiring, there would not be one case of de
cayed teeth and receding gums where
now mere are iour. a preventive and
remedy as easily and cheaulv obtained
as this should be on the toilet table of ev
ery person In the land. There Is nothing
oeuer as an ordinary mourn wasn tnun
tincture of myrrh. A few drops of this
in a alass of water is a most excellent
dentrltlce, and Is also of great value in the
various maladies tnat tne moutn is heir to.
Bed sores are especially to be guarded
against. They come from the prolonged
pressure upon any surface, as the lower
part of the back, the shoulders, elbows or
heels. Frequent rubbing and bathing wlih
alcohol Is the best preventive. Whan tho
KllBhtept redness is observed the spot
should be gently rubbed until It has dis
appeared. In any case the lower pact of
the back where the weight rests should be
bathed In a little alcohol three or four
'times In the twenty-tour hours to toughen
the skin, and when dry rubbed with pow
dered French chalk. If the kin shows
symptoms of cracking oxide of zinc oint
ment mav be used Instead of the chalk
Tho position of the patient should be
changed. If possible, every few hours, to
relieve the parts from pressure, Some
times a rubber ring, or one made of oakum
covered with cotton, can be used to place
unuer tne tenuer spoi. - -HOUSEHOLD
SUGGESTIONS:
To remove stains ofblood, saturate the
spots in kerosense ana let stand a time,
afterward wash out in warm water.
Ease tired feet by bathing them In warm
water in which a few lumps ot saleratus
have been dissolved.
By rubbing with a flannel dipped In
whiting, the brown discoloration may be
taken oft cups which have been used for
baking.
In making steamed custards, constant
stirring Is necessary after putting in the
thickening ingredients to get a smootn,
creamy result.
In washing Woolen blankets, to avoid
shrinkage, do not nave tne ainerent wat
ers of widely different degrees of heat,
nnd do not annlv soan directly to them.
The best way is to dissolve two table-
BDOonfuls of borax In hot water, and add
the solution to a tub half-full of very hot
water; put In the blankets and let them
remain one hour, stirring often and rub
bing with tho hands, but never on a wash
board. Squeeze them out of this suds, pre
pare another water of the same tempera
ture, containing but one tablespoonful ot
borax, and enougn line wnite soap to
mske a nice suds: Immerse the blankets
and repeat the same process of cleaning
as at nrst. Aiterwaras rinse tnrougn two
clean waters, of the same temperature as
the others, and dry.
Some very careful and successful house
keepers insist that a frying pan should
never be washed. Their method Is to
scour It thoroughly with salt the moment
It has been used and set It away tor the
next service.
To remove iron rust from linens, satur
ate the spot with a strong solution of
lemon juice and sail, ana noia over tne
nose of a tea-kettle filled with boiling
water, when the spot will almost Instantly
disappear.
A housewife whose table linen always
does her good service, mends It with flax
embroidery cotton of a number to corre
spond with the quality of the cloth. Un
der the ragged edges of the tear she
bastes a piece of stiff paper, and makes
a net work of fine stitches back and forth
over Its edges, carrying the stitches about
an Inch beyond the edges of the rent. One
skillful In embroidery can even darn In
the pattern of the cloth. Thin places and
breaks in linen may bo run with the flax
or linen embroidery floss, and towels
should be mended In tho same way.
Timet Br . Id.
wife are lovers of music,' and both are
performers on the piano . and organ.
While the Rockefellers would be wel
comed with open arms into the exclu
sive circles of New York society, they
have never sought such a place. Their
entertainments are never very lavish,
and are intended more to bring together
friend. than social acquaintance.
Personally Mr. Rockefeller is a no
ticeable man. He measures five feet
ten' inches In height, weighs 170 pounds
or thereabouts, and. is past the half
century mark In age. He has a strong
ly marked face, high cheek bones, a
Roman nose, hair that has been sandy,
but is now touched with gray, a bald
spot on the crown of his head, a small
mustache and keen gray eyes. His
somber attire suggests the minister or
retired banker. , His Voice and manner
.are uniformly' quiet. There Is little
about him to Indicate his successful
career, and nothing whatever to sug
gest his vast wealth.
Wealthiest Man In America.
' Just how wealthy Mr. Rockefeller Is
has never been accurately stated. A
few years ago he confessed. In the
course of a law suit, that he was unable
to give a correct estimate of his wealth.
That he Is the richest man In America
admits of no question. About two
years ago his wealth iwas figured at
$160,000,000, productive of an Income of
$9,000,000 annually, of about $26,000
dally. This estimate was made by no
less authority than Henry M. Flagler, a
business associate. This Immense for
tune is the accumulation of compara
tively few years, and the accumulation,
too, of one man, who is by no means
an old man. Mr. Rockefeller was born
In 1$.19, and Is,- therefore, 66 years old.
Beginning his business career as a
bookkeeper In Cleveland, O., he became
ft member of the firm of Clark ft Rocke
feller In the produce business In a small
way. In 1861 the oil excitement of
western Pennsylvania drew the firm
Into the field of speculation, and the
two young men began to dabble In oil.
Out of this modest beginning, with a
capital of about $12,000, the Standard
Oil company gradually grew, until
now It has become the most powerful
commercial organization in the world,
with a capital of $90,000,000. It la the
creation of Mr. Rockefeller's genius,
and while much has been said denun
ciatory of the company's methods, not
ft word has been breathed In criticism
of Mr. Rockefeller as a private cititen,
a .typical American, ft broad-minded,
grenerous man, ' .
The Battle in' Wales
For Dises&blishinent.
Real Significance of the Contention for Equality
of Rights and for Divorcement of Church and State
Following is the text of an Instructive
address delivered by S. T. Rlsca Cocker,
of this city, before the Welsh Philo
sophical society, last Saturday, upon a
subject concerning which Americans as
a rule are ill-informed "Welsh Dises
tablishment:" It is my purpose In this paper to
bring before the society some reasons
why our fathers and brothers in Wales
are so earnestly striving to bring about
the disestablishment of the Protestant
Episcopal church in their land. Many
of the arguments that I shall advance
will speak just as forcibly for the dis
establishment ot the church In En
gland, but other reasons shall be pro
duced that apply specially to the Welsh
side of the question. It Seems to me
that It Is Impossible to look, from al
most any standpoint, at the union be
tween church and state without com
ing to the conclusion that a state regu
lated church as such has no good reason
for Its existence. But when we remem
ber that the Anglican church in Wales
is essentially an alien church, and in Its
episcopacy and general form ot church
government conflicts with the opinions
and sentiment of more than 85 per cent,
of the regular church goers in the whole
country, we are compelled to come to
tho conclusion that the forced main
tenance of the establishment of the
Anglican church in Wales is as truly a
piece of religious intolerance as was
tho action of the Russian government
when they forced the people of Siberia
into the rivers at the point of the bayo
net and thus made them baptized mem
bers of the Greek church. It is the
easiest possible matter to show that the
Episcopal church is not established in
Wales by the will of the Welsh people,
for did not all but three representatives
from the Principality In the last parlia
ment, and eight-tenths of the represen
tatives in the present House go to
Westminster pledged to fight for full
religious equality and the disestablish
ment ot the church in Wales?
Hut to consider the question of the
establishment of a state church. The
exceptional position of the church ot
England in Wales may be described in
two words privilege and pay. It is rec
ognized as the church of the state,
though nonconformists constitute the
overwhelming majority of the state,
and it is secured in the sole enjoyment
of vast revenues derived partly from
bequests made for religious purposes
by the common ancestors of all the
Welsh people, and more largely from a
tribute levied on the produce of the soil.
The conferring of such privileges on
tho members of one religious body Is a
wrong done to the members of all other
religious bodies, since it places the
latter under a disadvantage in the
propogation of their views and in the
extension of their churches. It is a
wrong done also to that portion of the
community which makes no religious
profession, though they are Just as much
a part of the nation and have the same
rights as those who do.
Sorao of the Direct Consequences
Rut the evils of establishment will be
best understood when we look at some
of Its direct consequences. Within the
lifetime of the generation now passing
away noncomformlsts were incapaci
tated from being members of any mu
nicipal corporations. "No person," so
ran the statute, 'or persons shall be
placed, elected, or chosen in or to any
of the offices of mayor, alderman, re
corders, bailiffs, town clerks, common
councilmen, or other offices of magis
tracy, or place of trust, or other employ
ernment of any city, corporation, bor
ough, cinque port, or any of their mem
bers, or any other port town within
England, Wales, and Berwlck-upon-Twecd,
that shall not have, one year
before such election or choice, taken
the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper ac
cording to the rites of the Church ot
England." This was the "test" pre
scribed for separating the sheep from
the goats, and it closed every corporate
office against nonconformists, from the
office ot mayor to that of town crier,
scavenger, or beadle. By the same
test they were excluded from all offices
under the Crown, and from all public
employment whatsoever. It is sixty
years since these disabilities were abol
ished, but one restriction, useful only
as a badge of humiliation, was long al
lowed to remain. A solemn declaration
was required of persons about to be
admitted members of a corporation that
they would never use the powers of in
fluence of their office for the sub
version of the Established Church.
Down to the year 1836 no mar
riage could be celebrated ex
cept by a clergyman of the
Church of England, and ordinarily at
his parish church. A great hardship
existed with regard to baptisms. As
lay baptism is held valid by ecclesiasti
cal law, nonconformist baptisms passed
without dispute except among the less
Instructed of the clergy, but the only
registers recognized for civil purposes
were the church registers, which regis
tered only baptisms, and only such
baptisms as had taken place at church.
The registers ot baptisms usually
kept by Nonconformist pastors would
be admitted In-court for what they
might be held to be worth, Just like an
entry in the fly-leaf of a family Bible,
but much would depend upon the prej
udices of the Judge and jury. Where
rights of inheritance were concerned,
or a professional career was in view,
Nonconformist parents sometimes
thought It prudent to have their chil
dren baptized at church. Unbaptlzed
children were left unregistered and
were to a serious extent shut out from
the pale of the law. As with baptism
and marriage so with the burial of the
dead. Down to "recent times when
cemeteries became common, and as Is
still the case in many places in the
land, the only place of Interment was
the parish church yard. Noncom
formlst, to be sure, had the
common law right to be hurled
there, but this right extended to burial
only. The unbaptlzed could not claim
Christian burial. Tho incumbent of the
parish was bound by the law of the
church to refuse a service if he knew
that the person about to be buried had
not been baptized. A bigoted clergy
man might choose at the last moment
to have his scruples as to the validity
of Nonconformist baptisms, and there
would, perhaps, be an altercation in
the churchyard. In all cases, and
down to as recently as six years ago,
the Nonconformist pastor could ap
pear at the grave only as a silent
mourner. He was not permitted to per
form the last offices of devotion over
members of his own flock.
Vnjust Taxation.
It might have been supposed that
a wealthy church would scorn to tax
for the maintenance of its services
those who had been driven from its
pale, but this was by no means the
case. The cost of keening the parish
church in repair, of supplying It with
lire and light, of furnishing the sacra
mental wine, of washing the parsons'
surplice, and of paying the apparitor
and bell-ringers was thrown upon tho
parish, and Nonconformists were liable
to be taxed along with the rest . The
living might be worth ten thousand a
year, and the congregation be as rich
os their Nonconformist neighbors were
poor, but that made no dl Terence. Once
a year a vestry meeting was sum
moned, the accounts presented, and a
church-rate laid. The tax was recov
erable In the ecclesiastical courts, but
to render the process easier the civil
power had stepped in and made Impris
onment the penalty for non-payment
There was no lack of martyrs. Many
regarded It as matter of conscience,
and preferred going to gaol. The
amount of the rate was aot large, but
it Involved ft srlnclpl agauut waktA
Nonconformists as a matter of honor
and consistency were bound to protest.
The great preparatory business of life
is education: our Welsh ancestors rec
ognized this fact, and made munificent
provision, according to their lights, for
the instruction of the rising genera
tion. Endowed grammar schools are
scattered all over the land, and the
great and ancient seats of learning of
Oxford and Cambridge were open to all
who could afford the cost. For a couple
of centuries all Nonconformists were
debarred access to these ancient foun
dations. The endowed schools were
kept as a close preserve In the hands of
churchmen. It was a rare thing to find
a Noncomformlst on any governing
board. It was much the same with
admission to the school. If the chil
dren of Nonconformists were not ex
pressly excluded they were kept out
by a narrow and invidious principle ot
selection. It was almost an absolute
pre-requislto that they should attend
the services of the Anglican church,
and they had to play the part of docile
neophytes, etc., at school. For the higher
prizes It would be useless to contend.
The prizes would have taken them to
the universities, and the universities
were closed against them, except at a
sacrifice which conscience and honor
forbade. Nevertheless the sacrifice
was sometimes made. Parents weighed
the worldly welfare of their children
against their religious scruples and
prudential considerations carried the
day. The law put a premium upon
such sacrifices, which thus became a
subtle form of . persecution. Many of
these endowed schools dated their ori
gin from a time when Puritanism flour
ished within the Anglican church and
had Puritans for founders; but the Act
of Conformity swept them all into the
net ot the Establishment. The univer
sities did not both adopt the same rule.
Nonconformists were admitted at Cam
bridge to the usual course of stud
ies, and were only prevented from tak
ing a degree. Oxford was more con
sistently intolerant and refused to ad
mit them at all.
Some Fundamental Principles.
It Is true that this period of legal per
secution is in a great measure over,
but there have been born from it Influ
ences which still operate and the effects
of which will not be completely effaced
until long after the Anglican church
has been , disestablished. The state
cannot single out one class of Its sub
jects for offensive treatment and per
sist in It for a couple ot centuries, with
out producing bad social results. Such
action on Its part divides the commun
ity into a privileged minority and an
oppressed majority, and when an ex
ample like this is set by people in
power, it Is only too likely to be sanc
tioned by the habits and sentiment of
those whose sense of superiority it Hat
ters and confirms The action of the
state strikes the key-note to public
opinion. A law which meets with a
neutral reception at the outset and
which is even unpopular, may at last
bring the people round to it, and create
a temper in harmony with its own. It
has been so with the laws levelled two
centuries ago against the Noncon
formists In Wales. They gave the
sanction of the state to a social schism
which would else have soon closed and
disappeared. They encouraged one part
of the community and that the most
influential, to look down upon the other
part with aversion and contempt, and
to make those who belonged to it the
victims ot all sorts ot petty persecu
tions. Those iniquitous laws appealed
to all that was arrogant, domineering,
and base in human nature, enlisting it
on the side of the dominant church. It
was considered a condescension to have
anything to do with the dissenter.
"Throw the snails into his garden,
then, if you will," said Dr. Johnson;
and what the good doctor said In jest
it was a very general fashion to do in
earnest. The Nonconformist took his
cudgelling meekly. The law was
against him. When the persecuting
laws were first passed, the Noncon
formists could count among themselves
some families of aristocratic descent
and many more of old standing and
large estates. But with persecution
came a sifting time. The grain fell
through, but the burnished chaff flew
off plentifully, till Nonconformity be
came for the most part the profession
of a middle class and of the select poor.
The social schism extended to every
town and every village in the land. It
is not in human nature to suffer inju
ries without resentment. It may be
suppressed, but it will burn all the more
fiercely within, and It will be Imparted
In Its full Intensity to all who are bound
by tie of kindred with theflctlm. In
this way strife became hereditary,
handed down as a sacred heirloom from
father to son.
The present generation received the
fiery cross from the hands of their dis
couraged and sorely oppressed fathers,
and are ready to fight to the bitter end.
It Is not their fault that there Is a
struggle at all. They have but taken
up the challenge and are Insisting that
right shall be done at last. The victory
will yet be won. It Is true that the
last election resulted in the return to
power of a strong English church par
ty, but the year 1895 will ever be re
membered as the year wherein the bill
for the disestablishment of the Angli
can church in Wales was first brought
before the house of commons. There
Is now In Britain a strong party
pledged to support the Welsh members
In their struggle for religious equal
ity and It was my satisfaction to hear
the real leader of that party Sir WIU
Harcourt In July of this year, declare
emphatically to a crowd of several
thousand of Welshmen that he would
throw himself heartily Into their strug
gle and make their cause his own. It
Is a matter of ho small interest to know
that Sir William was afterward re
turned from a Monmouthshire We'.sh
constituency by a greater majority
than was secured by any other candi
date In the British Islands.
We have but to wait to see a new Lib
oral government in power with 8ir
William Harcourt as prime minister
and Lloyd George, Osborne Morgan and
John Ellis leading a united "Welsh
party, when a disestablishment bill
will be rassed with so great a majority
by the lower house that the upper house
w th Its lords spiritual and temporal
will be forced to bow to the inevita
ble nnd reeognlre the cause of dises
tablishment as the cause of truth. And
when once the Welshmen have gained
a victory for themselves, those who are
now feebly struggling for religious
equality In England will find their
hands wonderfully strengthened, and It
may be that the first decade of the
twentieth century will not have passed
before In the wholo of Great Britain
every religious body will have equal
rights and privileges and the abuse of
centuries will be swept away.
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