V
" :""-v-'' ;
8
THE SCT? ANTON TRIJIUNE-SATURDAY MORNINO, MAT 4, 1895.
Which Kind of Coin
flakes Hoeest Momiey?
The Eloquent Speech of Hon. Charles Emory
Smith at Harrisburg April 10.
Intercut In the currency question
rapidly Increases, ns wan snowu uy 1110
In ixo demand for last Suturday's Trib
une containing the speech of Chnrlcs
llebcr Chirk, favorable to bimetallism.
HeloW appear the salient featues of
Hon. Chnrlcs Kniory Smith's reply to
Mr. Clark. Next Saturday we Khali
print a most Instructive address deliv
ered last October before the Farmer'
National coni.-r.'ss by Judo William
Lawrence, of Ohio, In which he under-talu-n
to outline a plan whereby the
I tilted Stales can fore? an Interna
tional bimetallic agreement.
l-.ditor Smith's AJdrcss.
After renin Introductory remarks set
tl'im forth tlie liiipurlniiro or a noiiiid and
at able euriviicy Mr. Smith "aid; Let mo
in the ln-icliiiitii clear uwny any pussliile
mlsiindcrsl.imlliiK mid denne the bounds
of Hi ills. iis.-loii. 'I'hls is not an Issue
between sold and silver. I am not here
ns n sold inouometiilllst. On the contrary,
1 n in lu re to advocate with earnest convic
tion mid by the only practical means the
restoration of silver to lis full function
In the monetary system of the world.
Those who assume to be the special cham
pion of silver have a measure of liitht on
ttielr slu which eutlil to lie freely and
fairlv rc-oimlccd. They me rlKht in dc
j'lor:'mr the events w hich dispossessed sil
ver ef Its position as the partner of noid
and in seekiu; to rehabilitate U "d ivin
vest 11 with Us e.nialuy. They are wroim
In assuming that this misfortune came
through any unfriendly leittslailon of our
Kovernment or that It can be remedied by
any Independent action of our country.
Tliev Hre rlisht in deprecatlnit a consirlc
t ten of values and in uriifK a broadenitiK
of the monetary basis. They are wron..;.
woefullv and unutterably wrons. In pro
jiositiK a practical me! hod. which, Instead
cf broadenuis, would inevitably narrow
ttl .l.-sr.id it and destroy all stability.
The 4ssue Is betw een lndcicn lent. Iso
lated free coinage wlihln our own limits,
on the one haul, mi l International bi
metallism, on the ether. The fair de
mand Is for bimetallism. Who then are
the bimetallism? Not the advocates of
free coinage, for their policy would expel
KC.U and pat the country on a silver
basis, an t thus they ere in reality silver
liiono:netallists. The real bimetalllst are
we who would restore silver and link it
with col 1. as it used to be. through the con
current action of the commercial nations.
Who are- the true friends of silver." Not
the advocates of free eoltiase. for their
Vroposition would restrict Its enlarged use
tj this count rv which alone could never
accomplish Its rehabilitation. Its true
friends are we who aim at its full rein
r'atement bv the side of sold in the mone
tary use of the world from which It has
b-en dethroned. They may be the friends
of the fw thousand silver miners who
are easier for quick returns, though even
their seltifh Interests would be better
served in the lov. run by a broailer and
more eniitrme r-oli'-y. We. on the other
h m 1. are the friends of the seventy mll
I on stlv-'r-u.-crs. w hose interests lies not
In d. irra Iin oar country to the single and
.'.-.-based stan lard of M-x-co. but in ele
vates silver to le?-.il equality with Kali in
the wor! i's commercial arena, and so re
establishing th- hroid bimetallic basts
whieh would assure stability, quicken con
f ien.-e. :imuU4 enterprise and promote
prosperity.
Arncricnn Treatment of Silver.
First of all. is It true that we hive suf
fered such in-al-.ul.ible woes since 1T3?
1 leave out of this discussion the past two
jirj. o far as our own country is con
cmed these two years, with a new ad
ministration and a channel economic
j-oitcy. involve different conditions and
jiit lor.s. Hut Is It true that prior to that
chanee we were in su.h an unhappy state?
How ws it for twenty years before 173
and tw-enry year3 af'er? Krom IS.V) to hfl
we advan.ed in national wealth from
J7.iii.i.o..co to J::0."e.oi-'.,"O. an increase
of sii.'e.fflo.i.o. From ISO) to l we a I-vaa.-ei
from j::o. ..'.". i."1 to JHi.M.w.'M.
on in-.-rea.se of "...';").'.". Was that
prowth of more than double so creat a
hardship? Proteet.or.'.st? have constantly
sertr. 1 that the twenty y-am precedlni
I-:-". const'.tute-l the most prosperous pe
T;1 in the hisMry of our country. Are
rm of tham prepared to recant and deny
that truth for the sake of bolstering up
&. misdirected argument for free and un
limited silver?
It is not to be Olsnuted that there has
tea a decline of prir-a sin'-9 1,73. Nor
can we resist the conclusion that the
world's restricted use of silver has oper
ated to reduce the world's tfeneral ranife
of price. The Ju3t and rational view Is
that the fall Is due In part to the Inter
narionaj limitation of the monetary basis
er.i in part to cheapened cost of produc
tion and cheapened Interchange. It has
T-n partly beneficent and partly baneful.
The producer has een failinir values; the
lborr has seen rising waxes. The pur
chasing power of was," Is fifty per cent,
rreater than It w in 1.173. If the produc
tive foree of the country has suffered
fiiM a.itrinsrency or failed of its full de
velopment, the rewards of labor meas
nred In the cost of llvlnf have never been
o hitch. The farmer has seen the prices
ef his wheat dropping and dropping. ISut
fn Pennsylvania It Is the competlton of
Iakota, and In Dakota It Is the competi
tion of India and Arifen'lna. Twenty years
It cost 23 cents a bushel to transport
wheat from Chicago to New York. To
;Hay it eoets 10 cents to carry it from f'hl
to Liverpool. Twenty years ago the
whWH crop of Minnesota, Kansas and the
Tkotat wrs only lh.Wi.tfin bushels, and
India an rgtmflna were not factors In
the world's toa'-kets. To-'day the average
crop of these four western mates, to say
nothing of othsnt, has Increased eight
toA, am) India ano Argentina are supidy
Ing from half to two-W" as much wheat
1o the market of the w'rhl as we are. It
in cheap land, cheap transportation and
chap labor in oompefltio. which have
brought down the farmer's pr'0"'' ft"d he
would find no remedy in the fret' coinage
of silver which would enhance the ,'"o"t of
everything he buys and leave him "
posed to the same deadly competition
the markets of the world. His interest
lies not tn going down to the silver level,
tmt tn lifting silver up to the normal level.
I hold In my hand a table showing the
d'-eltne of prices upon farm product since
1X73. This table shows the prices paid for
farm products from 1X73 to 1891, and also
presents the price of article whleh farm
ers buy, such sugar, cotton, nails. Iron,
coffee, tea, sheeting, shirting, standard
prints, cloth, glass, ginghams, carpets and
everything that is needed In the use of
life, and the summary of this official table
Is that the average reduction In the farm
products taking them altogether, wheat,
corn, lard, butter and everything else, is
21 1-10 per cent, nnd that the reduction
on tho article which the farmer buy In
all that enter Into hi household exist
ence and life I XS, 4-10 Jier rent. Ho that
while the farmer suffer this decline of 'Ji
per cent. In what he soils he ha an ad
vantage of It'i per cent. In what he buys.
Granting for the wike of the argument
that we have suffered all the 111 so darkly
pictured by tho free coinage advocate, I
It true that they are duo to our proscrip
tion of silver? Is It true that since IK73
wo have outlawed nnd rejected sliver, as
T.-o did not do before? What are the facts?
The whole number of silver dollars coined
In the United Btiites from the organisation
of the mint In 171)2 down to 173 was only
g.Olfi.iCW, and for more than twenty-live
years pre-edlng 1K73 they had not been In
circulation nt all. I do not stop to give
the explanation, which Is well understood
Try all student of the subject. Hut be
tween 1KIH and IKKi, under the Illand-AIII-on
act, wo coined 421,770.40(1 silver dollars,
and under the Hhermnn act of 1WK) wa
purchased l(!N,fi74,(WS! ounces of silver bul
lion represented by 1W,II.H,002 In silver cer
tificates, making altogether ri77,707,4IO of
silver coinage or purchase In fifteen years.
In othor words. In a single year slnco
1R73 the government of tho United States
hnn done six times as much for the sliver
dollar os In all the eighty odd years boforo
that dividing lino, nnd -altogether within
this period during which silver Is repre
lented n proscribed the government has
coined or provided for 72 times as many
liver dollars as In Its entire previous his
tory!' And yet thn free coinage advocntes
first draw on thoir imagination for evils
. which are largely spectral and then draw
on their misinformation for an explana
tion by charging them to the ullcged de
monetization of sliver under which silver
has been nursed and coddled so Immeas
urably beyond what It experienced when
they themselves declare the law treated It
f full legal tender monoy.
Their urttiiment breaks down right hero
at llm foundation. They ascribe ihe
ehiinurd cundlt:uiia to I lie net of 1H73 which
Is said lo have deinoiu lined sliver, tlrunt
that there were rising prices before wild
railing prlce.i after: the change clearly
cannot be attributed lo our ulleged out
lawry of sliver, when lor u quaiicr 01 a
century before the change we had no sil
ver dollars In circulation mid w hen short
ly uftcrwiirds we entered upon Hie coIiiiiko
o'f over 4im.iKNi.litl. The silver dollar exist
ed in law before 1S73, but II did not exist
in fact, mid a law whleh was not opera
tive had no liitluciiee whatever upon
prices. Never has any IntoroBl I n so
well treated as the silver Intcreiil litis been
by our Koveiiiiui nl during the past twen
ty years. No measure of protection or
fostering care extended lo any oilier In
terest has begun to approach the extra
ordinary degree of fuor vouchsafed Ui
silver or Ihu tremendous effort to support
and uphold It. Mlncu PWS the price of sil
ver has lull, 11 from tl.a to 1111 cents an
ounce. The bullion value of n silver dol
lar has iiillni from 1'3 lo b-s Hum Ml
cents. Vet during that time we have pur
chased ami coined nearly Jiioo.iUHi.nki. Wo
have given II a nuirkel lii Ihe treasury
when every door of l-lurope was closed
acaliist It. We have none on buying II.
though the bullion value of the sliver we
hold Is worth at least f ir.o.tnii.o.M less tb iii
we paid for It. We have not only bought
tills ctioriuoi's uiianlily of depreciated
silver, but have riven II lo the people In
ciivulat oil nnd for circulation purposes
have held it at ar with gold, notwith
standing Its coinmeri-lid decline. We have
pledged th" public credit: we have nialn
la'ned redemption and exchangeability;
we have risked Ihe erave-M danger.! to
maintain its parity so that eery dollar
of the people should be as good as eveiy
other dollar. And et we are told that we
have done nothing fur silver!
II.
l-'rco "oinn!e .Menus a Silver Standard.
What Is five coinage? The standard sli
ver dollar is now worth about ii cents.
Free coinage means tint the government
shall receive all the siler which may be
presented, and upon every i'i cents' worth
put the stamp of one dollar. As nobody,
however, expects It to be coined, it really
means that the ;,'ov eminent shall Issue lis
note for otic dollar in exchange for iVi
cents' worth of bullion, and that tills note
which (he favored bullion owner gets for
fifty cents' worth of his commodity shall
he 111a ie a legal tender for one dollar in
current circulation. Now, whut would be
the result? It would be the forced circu
lation of u dollar worth one half Its face.
It would be the debasement of the unit of
value, and so the violent disturbance of
all values. It would be the destruction of
stability, and so the overthrow of con
fidence, security and prosperity.
Let me be entirely frank. 1 know the
advocate of free coinage claim thai their
measure would tulse silver to the standard
of gold, or perhaps they would prefer to
put It. reduce gold to the standard of sli
verthat, in u word. It would establish
parity. They point to the fact that the
silver or silver certificates already In cir
culation have been kept at par at the ratio
of Pi to 1. notwithstanding a far different
market ratio. This Is true because we
have limited the coinage or purchase, be
cause we have maintained the gold re
serve, because we have pledged the whole
credit and power of the government to
sustain parity. Hut when we enter upon
unlimited coinage under present condi
tions we embark upon a new and danger
ous sea. The free silver champions con
tend that our silver policy has failed tie
cause we haven't gone far enough, and
they insist that free coinage would bridge
the divergenee and remove the disparity
in a single instant. If it does not estab
lish the equivalence of gold and silver at
the determined ratio it Is rank repudiation
and dishonor. It is the wilful adoption of
a debased standard and the compulsory
circulation of a depreciated dollar, with
its robbery of labor. Its unseuli-ment of
all values. Its derangement of all finance
and trade, and Its incalculable wrong and
dangers in every direction.
Uut what possible hoie can there be. In
the light of the facts already before us,
th3t free coinage will re-establish parity?
It was claimed j u; t as confidently that
the purchase act of ISIS! would do It. What
was the fact? Its first temporary effect
was to raise silver so that the bullion
value of a dollar which was "4 cents In
1 advanced for a short time to M cents;
but it soon droptied back to 7'.' cents and
has been falling ever since. We were then
buying pretty nearly the entire silver pro
duet of the country. It must be remem
bered, too. that India, the great sink of
silver In the East, was still under free
coinage. While we were coining or pur
chasing nearly Vt Oejj.Hi) of silver India
was coining over $vj,OW). and during nil
this time and In spite of this great mar
ket (silver kept on falling. India has
since stopped her ffee coinage, and how,
then, can we hope to do alone what the
two together could not do?
Ijo you realize what free coinage by the
T'nlted States alone Involves? It Involves
one of two things, either the lifting up
of the entire volume of silver in the world
to the standard of gold, or else the drag
ging down of the frilled States to the sin
gle standard of silver. There Is no possi
ble escape from one horn or the other of
this dilemma. The visible stock of sliver
In the world Is about H'MI.IuKi.ikw. Kurope
has over tl.Ooa.OiiO.fK'i. The product of tho
t'nlted States In I!i3 was Oi.OO-i.ikiO ounces.
The annual product of the world has
grown from an average of 4o.';oii,ooi ounces
beiween lvi and 170 to an aggregate of
Vti.tftl.Ml ounces, for the fnited Htates
alone to enter upon free coinage means
that we must stand ready to buy all of
this vast stock that may be attracted by
our open hand and open mint, and that,
while It Is now at a ratio of 32 lo 1, we
must undertake the stupendous and Im
possible task of lifting It lo equivalence
with gold nt the ratio of W lo 1. It means
not only that we nhall Htlmulnte and In
flate our own ptoduct but that Kurope will
dump It surplus silver on 1111. 1 know
the sliver extremist deny this truth. I
known they allege that the silver of l-lurope
1 in use as coin and that It could
not bo sent here without a loss, lint Ibis
answer will not hear examination, a a
moment's consideration will show.
Ever since bimetallism wa abandoned
Kurope ha been ft! niggling for gold.
With the adopt Inn of Independent, free
,.0'unge In this country I bat struggle
woui. s,n n,'w f"r,:e because It would bo
noticed '01 re-establlshment of bi
metallism b Indefinitely postponed.
The Itank of "; has of sli
ver, not In clruuln Mt,.n' but locked up In
It vaults. The linns' ot.tinS"nn?
over $IVi, one, 01. The Man., ff bpn n has
about tM.uon.oiin. the Hunk nt xe Nether
land W,t,n and other Varying
amount. There are over W,im,W stlired
In nine banking house. This silver U
worth nothing to them beyond It bullion
value. It serve as a part of the metallic
resirrve for their pnper money; but they
could better sustain more paper on gold,
and If Ihey could tniik tho nubstllullon by
sending this silver to the I fnited Htnles
nnd exchanging II for gold, why wouldn't
thoy do It7 In ITO lien the bill for Ihe
free rolnngo of silver was pending In the
United Slate senate, I had the honor of
being Ihe American minister lit Ht. Peters
burg. The itiisiilan minister of finance
was Mr. Vlshnegrrolskl, n statesman of
extraordinary capacity and perhaps Ihe
uldtst finance minister In Kurope nt thn
time. I hnd oernnlon one day to call upon
him, and 1 found him with a copy of Ihe
American free coinage iillver bill, then
under delude In the scnnl", lying open on
the tnblo before him. Ills llrst expres
sions revealed pis profound Interest In thn
subject. He hnd studied the detail of
Ihe bill to tho minutest particular. He did
not hesitate lo pronounce It a most re
markable measure Involving a most dis
astrous policy which, as a friend of the
United Rlnte and of wife finance, he
hoped she would not undertake, lie In
quired carefully after lis prospects, and
then In earnest word came the pregnant
climax, which, a other were Involved, I
shall not In thl public declaration ven
ture to repent In ns iipeclfln a form as ho
gave It In that morn confidential talk.
Uut ho said In substance: "If this bill be.
comes a law tho United fllntcs will expose
herself to dangers of which she has per
haps little Idea: there Is a great deal of
silver In Kurope; wo have some In Ittissln;
already the proposition ha been made to
me to Join In a movement, In the event of
the American adoption of free coinage, to
unload a part of Kurope' silver on the
United State; but I believe thl measure
nnd this action would bring calamity and
I Tiope the .United Slates will make no
such mistake." It wn tho clear vision
and tho weighty remonstrance of a states
man looking on with the truer perspective
of dlstnnce and speaking with direct per
sonal knowledge of lansera which tb
silver extremist profes to icout and de
ride. With free rolnngo tho Hiirplim silver of
the world would How toward our shore
u Infallibly an the dropping applo Veuka
the ground, it would How hero because
this would be Its one gieu,t murket at a
price nut offered unywhoro else. Kenllzlng
tho dunger of this deluxe some of the sil
ver radicals have proposed to llm II fieo
rolliatie to tho American product. Hut
none of the fruo coinage blllH has ever
embraced that HmSlaUon, Ami If you
tried It how could you do It? With a
temporary lu llllelal anil exaggerated price
here how could you prevent foreign sil
ver fruin finding lis wny ucross our bor
ders, us It bus done In the past? Itinitdes,
suppose II were possible to succeed In such
a restriction, that would not be a free
coinage at nil. It would not lift silver In
the miirhets of the world; II would nut re.
move the I i t 1 111 1 1 1 y between the Iwo mot
tils: II would not, therefore, carry the
only condition upon which free culnauc
could posH'bly bo JiihIIHi d; It would simply
enable anybody who hit m fill cenm wort li of
silver bullion tu I 'i lie It to the mint mid
have It slumped li con Is, or tulio II in
the treasury which would Issue Its nolo
for 11 and foree you and 1110. to receive II
for a dollar. Aie the American people
ready for that iiinar.lng folly? .
l-'ree coinage, I repeal, mentis Hint
must be prepared to buy the silver of Dm
world. What would bo the efiei-l? Hold
coinage would litiint dluloly stop. W ho
would bring gold In be coined when II was
uiiden iiliied one hall ? We idiould pay for
Ihe great In tin x of dnmeto and roi-e-au
silver In notes redooiiuthk In coin. The
Holes would be pre willed nnd gold de
manded. If gold were paid by Ihe I ren
in y how long under th's gr.-at demand
would the reserve last? If gold were re.
fuied we should be Instantly 011 the nllv -r
basle, 1111. 1 the Ircnsiiiy miles ami the
whole circulation of I bo failed Males
would full lo the silver level. Under
such coudlllons gold 11111I silver would not
clrciilale side by side. Hold would go lo
11 pri inliini. livery dollar would be locked
up it exported. 'Clio government ,
Hlrlf d of lis gold, would be forced in
pay Its creditors in silver, mid that pay
ment Would reduce us I I olleo tn Hie cl
Ver Hland.iid. There Is thus undo:- Ire..
I'oltl'lee no caenpo from line of the two 11 1
ternallves, e'tlier Unit wo iiiiimI by our ac
tion iilcne rnNo the nllv r of tho'woi-ld lo
Ihe gold siandiird, which Is i.i'iii'fe'd ly
Impossible, or we must drop to the ullvcr
siandiird.
111.
Ilffeet of the Silver Simidard.
What does Ihe sliver siandiird nienn
and what would bo Its eiTeet? The sliver
dollar Is now intrinsically worth ell cents.
It passes for a dollar because, by limited
coinage and full cxchatiKouhqily, tho gov
eminent has kept It al par wit It gold, ru
der lice cotm-Me It would be worth what
ever the world should lute Ihe silver III It
us worth. It might be fsi cculs; It might
Ik' more; It might be less. It would fol
low all the tl u-t uit t iotts of a varying 00111
uiod'ty, going up with lite demand and go
ing down after the del inc. It would sllll
be called a dollar, bin only because tho
real dollar unit of vnpio had been ex
pelled; and It would bo a dollar In fact
Just ns much as If we were to lock up all
the present yard-sticks nnd were to make
a new unit of length consisting of a foot
and a half, ami w-ero to assume that call
ing It a yard would make it a yard. If It
takes ten yards of cloth now to make 11
robe, ten yards under the new unit would
leave the costume decidedly deeolette!
Wage earners might receive as ninny
nominal dollars ns before, but the pur
chnre power of the dollar would rocasure
ubly be cut In two. The Mexican dollar
contains more silver than the American
dollar. Yet the American silver dollar
will buy twice ns n, '1 In Mexico as the
Mexican silver dollar The American sil
ver dollar Is quoted la London at lull
cents nnd the Mexican silver dollar at
alKiut ."a cents. Why? Heoiiiiso Mexico
has free silver coinage nnd we have not;
lieeause Mexico Is on Ihe silver basis nnd
we are not. Uut the free coinage advo
cates would put us there, nnd no put our
dollar down to the level of the Mexlcun
dollar.
The serious menace of such a chance
would bring on n great financial convul
sion, and its accomplishment would In
volve a complete economic revolution. It
was the npprchena!on of going to the sil
ver standard that largely caused the mon
etary paelc of 1MI3, und nny real Impend
ing danger of such a catastrophe would
produce a financial cataclysm that Is ap
palling to contemplate. It would tumble
our American securities back upon us: It
would dry up the springs of credit, re
strict loans, paralyze enterprise, cripple
trade and Industry, halt Investments, and
repeat on a larger scale the bitter expe
rience of that disastrous crisis of two
summers ago. Fven If the silver standnrd
presented the advantage which some ex
tremists profess to think, the pathway to
It would be strewn with too many wrecks
nnd darkened with too much sorrow nnd
sadness to be prudently undertaken.
Uut suppose, running thepe risks nnd
making these sacrltlces, we hnd plunged
to the silver standard, what then? Prac
tical object lessons are more vivid nnd
convincing than theoretlonl discussions.
1-t us take a few object lessons. The
amount of deposits In the savings banks of
the United States Is $1. 717.1X11, 2V1 and the
number of depositors 4.777.(:h7. The. aver
age to each depositor Is fciKTi.toi, The silver
standard means that on an avernge every
one of these nearly five million people de
posited IKS, each dollar worth 100 cents In
gold, and would draw out $.1i:ii In silver,
each worth ;V) cents. The savings of the
woiklng people of Pennsylvania go large
ly Into building and loan associations.
Nevertheless, there are In this state 21.
211 savings bank depositors with nn nggrc
gato deposit of I'i.Oliri.HJl nnd an average
Individual deposit of 2Ci.!i7. The silver
standard means that every one of these
2I, 211 pennsylvanlans put In LVifi hard
en rued inn-cent dollars ami would draw out
2i;r. rat-cent dollars.
Pennsylvania has 1.23ti building associa
tions, with nssets amounting tn $IU3,filH,.'!iil,
and a tidal membership of 272, .'.so. All of
these members are In their nrcanl.od
capacity lenders, and each Is In turn a
borrower. Kach Is a capitalist and be
longs lo the much-denounced "creditor
class" to Ihe extent of lllsl. Theee asso
cleJIons received lust year $11. t.'l2,l)s(i and
divided $I2.0H:I,!'7H. The whole system de
pend on the value of Ihe assets In Ihe
shape of mortgage, and collapses unless
that Is sustained, i in the silver haul
these 272,rwi persotm. all wage earners,
would lind their tlii::.0i:i,:n;t rut In two, nnd
Ihe only persons who would get any com
pensation would be the fraction of bor
rower nt that particular time. Tulle an
other 'illimlrntion. The aggregate pen
sion disbursement Inst yenr were $11".
772.IH3.7H and the number of pensioners;
W;l',.'dl, or whom 7r.l,:H2 are Ihe gallant In
valid velernn defender of their country
and 215,1112 are the widows or orphans of
Union soldiers. The payment to each pen
sinner thus averaged SI4I. The number
of pensioner on (he roll of the pension
office at Philadelphia Is 57.71 and nt I'llls
burg 4r..77l, a total of Ki.'f.r.'j.'t. nenrly 11
ninth of tho whole number In the Union.
Under thn silver Hlnmlard the $114 going
on an average to enclt of these nillMon
pensioners would be M-cent dollars, worth
72 real dollars.
Take mill annlhr-r nnd Impressive lllit.
trillion, (in .Inn. I, IM'I. the life liisoinncn
policies In this country iiumls'tcd 7.1ii
HI7, representing liistirntiee of .ri,2!i.s:il.'im,
and unnchIs or $lili.;ilii.;il. ConHlderlng
Wealth nnd population togclhir, nt least
nn club lb of Ibis Insurance i held In
Pennsylvania, or nay l.non.mio policies
sometimes more than one for 4110 same
pi rson reprcichtlntt $i;r.u,iKKi,niKi or Insur
ance and $I2ii.iioo,immi of asset. The avr
nit amount of a policy I $7ii, nnd so Hie
grent mn of policyholders are person
ij4l moderate means. The security for lh
Irtiymcnt nf thl vnst Insurance I two
fold; Ulrst, exlntlng assets, either mort
gages, or share and brunt, nnd their value
or income would be cut In two by going
lo Ihe silver basis; second, llxed ntinnal
premium payment and their purchiiHlng
power In Investments would be halved,
since thn nmotint wa fixed on the gold
bnsl. of life Insurnnce assets 7fl per
cent, tiro mortgage or share nnd lionds,
and t ti In colosnal contract for Ihe future,
Involving In Pennsylvania . alone nearly
1,11011,0110 policies nnd pYMi.mm.m of Insur
ance, would by the silver standard be de
preciated one-hnlf In value.
There Is yet another and motnentoti
danger. The n mount nf American e
eurltle owned abroad In generally plnocd
at nlmiit 2,tKi0.0ii0,iHiil. Ilurdott'H Olllclal
Intelligencer for IS'.H places the nggrcgiile
of foreign securities hold by Hellish Invest
ors, bused on the Income tax return, at
$3,HI9,(Hir.,000. The Unllrd Hlirle has one.
hair Ihe railroad nnd telegraph of Ihe
world, and 4t hn a fifth of the Itrltlsh
foreign trade. It I therefore a reason,
nblo presumption Ihmt soino fraction be
tween a llfth and a half of tho Hellish
foreign holdings are American some 11 g.
tire between $$00,0110,000 and l .Issl.oiKi.u m,
Add other European holding and thesggrc.
gate will reach $2.00,0iin,000 or over, on
which from $00,000,OiKI tn $111,000.1100 lira
annually paid In dividends and Interest.
This amount I now paid In dollar worth
In Ixindon IK rents. On the silver busls
It would be paid In dollars worth In lxm
don 60 cent. Undur such clrciimslnnces
how long would It he before these securi
ties would be precipitated min our mar
ket with all tho conaeijuonoei of luch x
movement? ,
The stock of tho Pennsylvania railroad
aggregates $120,2811,0110. ( if till amount 411
per cent., or about $i;ii,000,(IOO,Ih held aOrond.
Imagine tho ellect of having even a half
or this vast proportion or a quarter of nil
tho aliure of the Pennsylvania thrown
on the market! This would be Inevitable
unless the dividends were paid In gold,
and to do that would require either doub
ling the unioinvt set apart or lialvl.ig the
dividends. Not u few bunds lire made
speclilcully payable In gold. In every
such case 11 would lake Just as much
money to pay the premium on gold as
would be available, for the dividend or In
terest. The ei'iect 011 nil railroads may be
shown by a single Illustration. The 1 1 1 1 -iioIh
I'eiilrnl pays fi per cent, dividends.
This takes $2,rsni.iHHI. Last year the loud
had $2.w:l,27ri available, leaving a surplus
of $li;il,27;'i. of tin- slock about 40 per cent.
Is held uheoad. To pay the foreign stock
holders requ're f 1, mm. mm. II' they are paid
III gold S'J.iml mm would be require. I, and so
Ihe whole dividend liiusl bo cut down.
If Ihey are paid In silver the value abroad
will be cul In Iwo and the foreign holder
will noli. How can such 11 Hllilatloli fail
lo bring a i-ranli ?
These are 11 few liiusl rations of what
IhoIiiIciI free coinage nnd the silver stand.
Mid Involve. Uut Is claimed that If we
were 011 the stiver basin we should enjoy
great iidvimliiKes In foreign commerce
and command Ihe I nidi- of the silver i-oiin-Ir'oii.
Wo should, indeed, put ourselves
llnaiichilly upon the level of Mexico and
China mid India, bill with what result?
The linportH of Ihe gold sliiudard coun
tries it in 11 1 lo over JH.iNki.iKill.iHKI a year,
and (hose of tlx nllver standard countries
lo lens I Mil 11 SI.INNl.lHKI.IiiHl. The exports of
the gold standard countries reach 1111I11111I-
y $7,ll(KHI,IK'a I those of the silver
Kliindiud coiinli'U s only $l.iKm.uiiu.iiil. Why
should we iihniiilfin the advniilagcH of the
former In 11 struggle for the latter? Dur
ing the lust llscal year our exports lo
I'iiiropo iiinoiiiiteil lo $i;:m,iitni,'iiiiii) and our
Imports to $2rl,i;ua,iH!i!. Hero was a balance
In our favor of $lir.,lmieoo. which was paid
or credited to m( p gold Millie, liuring
tho t.aliie Hum 1,111 e'iports lo the Hilver
coiiiiI rbs amounted in iij.nm.iKio end our
Imports lo ilic n ii.iiiki. Here wan 11 balance
iimiiiisl us of $I2m.ii.("ii. We should con
tinue to pay HiIh sum In silver or Its eqitl.
viilenl mi we do now; bill why should we
be so hlloilc 111 to put ourselves oil the
idlcec lndH III order Ihul Kiu-opo m.iv pnv
lis slir..iKi.iini a year In silver values lii
Slelld of cold VlllllOil? Why should WO Up
set our moiietiiry medium with tho great
eonuiierelnl nations, nnd subject our com
nii ice lo Ihe Incalculable tax and burden
and depression of a constantly uncertain
and lluctieiiPig exchange?
We bear men I11IU loosely of th" debtor
class nnd Ihe credilor class, and lllnpii lit ly
reason that so-called "cheap money" would
help debtors al the expense of creditors.
Who are Hie ilchloi'H and who are thu
credllot-H? The creditors are every de
positor In a savings blink, every member
of a building iikhoi hit Inn, every pensioner,
every holder of an Insurance policy, every
win kinguiiin who lias saved anvthlng out
01 Ills carulnga and put it lulo Institutions
or investments ilepeiidcnt on public securi
ty and honesty. Harrowing (oqulrcs cred
it. It Is the well off, not the poor, who
borrow most. The borrowers will be
found more on the stin k market than on
Ihe farm or In the work shop. If n mun
seeks luaus for leglilmule enterprise or
needed development, he Is most Interest
ed In malm. lining the public credit unci
coniiilenco which makes easy term nnd
low rates. What he wants is not cheap
money, but cheap loans. Ili-piidiutloii Is
most cosily to Inn rowers. It multiplies
the risks and hardens the condition. De
preciate the unit of value ami vou cheat
every member nf tho Industrial classes.
The great body of worklmrmen would be
the worst sufferers. Prices on a sliver
basis would advance becaiiso they would
be 101 lil lii debased money, but the last
th'ng to rise would he the wages of labor,
and thu sons of toll to whom the false ap
peal Is most cunningly made nhould be
the moid determined to resist and reject it.
IV.
International lllmctalllsm.
What, then. Is the true remedy? To
find the remedy we must llnd the cause.
The free cnin.igo extremists mistake thu
one ami so misapply the id her. They be
l;ln wrong, urgiiu wrong and end wrong.
They charge tin, fall of silver to the net
of 1X73 which In said to have demonetized
it. and they suy It has not been restored to
Its posliion because we have not done
enough for It. Uut the net of 1S73 hud no
more to do with the fall of silver than
the last eclipse of the r-ioon. We hadn't
any silver to demonetize. We had coined
only x.KKi.fMiii olivet- dollars from the foun
dation of the Koiernment, and for a
quarter of a century before 1X73 there
hadn't been a dollar in clreiilutlun. As to
our subsequent treatment of nllver, 1
have shown that since 1S73 we havo done
72 times as much for the silver dollar as
wo did In ull our previous history, and, In
spite of Mils, nllver kept on falling.
What. then,. Hum caused the great mon
etary dislocation of the past twenty
years? It was not the demonetization o'f
silver In the United States, but the over
throw of bimetallism In Kurope. We hud
practically no silver coinage, and our Oct
hud 110 effect. Kurope had $1,0uu,0oiI,0im of
coinage nnd her proscription of silver
and the stoppage of her demand brought
the derangi nieiit. Kor nearly two hun
dred years gold and silver had maintained
a practically steady ratio. The produc
tion of the Iwo inetnls had lluctuatcd In
the most remarkable degree. During the
llrst forty-live years of this century tho
output of sliver enormously exceeded that
of gold. 1 Hiring the next Iwenty-tive
years the conditions were reversed, nnd
tho output of gold enormously exceeded
that of silver. Within the quarter of a
century following U-.VI the mines of the
world poured forth ns much gold ns during
the entire preceding three centuries and a
half from Iho discovery of America by
Columbus.
Yet through these cxtrnordlnnrv chnnges
In Ihe relative qunntlty of gold and silver
there was Kiibalnntiiillv no change In
their relative value. The steadying Influ
ence was Hie b'melnllic system. Not nil
of the nations, indeed, had bimetallism.
Kngland had tho gold standard; (lormanw
and Austria bud the silver standard;
Urnnic and her associates of the l.ntln
union hud the bimetallic standard; nnd
with tlermnn's silvee hnlanclnir Kngland's
gold. France ami the nations of the l.utln
union served ns what Walter llagelmt
called "equalizing machines," and upheld
Ihe monetary equilibrium. In 1X71, two
years before our mill h-nbused nnd unim
portant net of 1K7I1, (lernuiny 11 hand. mod
the silver and adopted Ihe gold standard,
and began to neciimupite gold and sell her
sliver coin. WMhln seven year she sold
$U,ii.iin(i.0ii0 worth which tlowed ncrors llm
borders of France and Itelgluiii. Franca
and, the l.iilln union been mo alarmed and
closed llielr mints to silver. Holland nnd
olhec mi-IInn followed. The Kuropean
outlet for sliver was cut off. At the same
time the Imports nf silver Into Indln fell
from 1ii.(Si.ii rupees a year to 30,0(10,000.
While Ihe deiunnil wns (litis largely re
duced the supply was largely Incrensed.
The nntiuiil production of silver wns moro
than doubled Jnpt is this restriction of Its
use began, and It kept, on until It W.1S
more I bun quadrupled.
Hem then Is the cause of the monetary
distiirlinnee nnd hero lies the remedy,
The uniformity , In the relative value of
gold nnd sllvo prior lo 17.1 was maintained
by the blmelulllc system; It was broken
by Ihe general abandonment of that pul
ley: nnd II can only be lelmilaled by a
general return. The restoration of silver
must come Ihrniigh the concurrent action
of thn coiniuerclnl nations. The enlight
ened opinion of Ihe world recognizes these
truths. 'Hie entire twelve members of thn
Itrltlsh gold nnd silver coinmlHHlon
agreed that II was Ihe li'inrtnlllo system
which preserved Ihe stable ratio between
gold 11 lid silver down to 1H73. Tho six
gold monnmetalllst members agreed that
bimetallism Is practicable nnd desirable
for oilier nations tliduuh they hesitated
lo recommend It for Knirlnnd. The re
maining six nu mbers declined themselves
nneeservedly for hlinotnllliun by Interna
tional ngreemtqit. tlermnny perceiving
the grrit mini ri ko she nmde In 1X71, has de
clared for an Inlernntlomil conference,
llngland, Impelled by the dlstrens ninong
her producing classes, I advancing In
wards this policy. Franco hnn been for It
from Ihe beginning. The depression of
Kurope urges It,
Tho pnlpnble advantage nf bimetallism
are gaining ground for It every day. It
broaden the monetary basis of credit nnd
enlarge the slock of available sound
money. It estnldlHlie monetary milt v. It
make nn approximately fixed par of ex
change between (fold nnd silver countries.
It prnmolc stability of values, u mini
mize (he evil nf nn nfipreclntlng metal
on the one hand or of n depreciating melnl
on the other. The renloriillon of thl sys
tem I the restoration of sliver, and as It
collapse was International so It rehabili
tation must hn International.
And now whnt I our true American
policy? Wo do not want to rest upon gold
alone or upon silver alone. We want tho
Joint use nf thn two metal upon con
dition which will makn every dollar a
good a every other dollar In the pocket
of the people, and In the market of the
world. Wo want the re-eslublbdiment on
a broader scale of that bimetallic system
which fir seventy year, through the se
verest ttmlns, through periods when the
silver output was threo time a great In
value (is the gold and through Periods
when the gold output wn nearly five
time ns great ns tho silver, still kept
them lit a itable ratio ana maintained
tho monotnry equilibrium of tho nation.
To uccnmpllMh thl result it I our duty
to Met our faces like adamant against the
Independent free colnugu which would In
d( llnllely postpone; bimetallism und simply
plunge us upon the silver basis. We ought
to learn from our own experience. We
have done moro to promote the growth In
lCurope of a demand for International bi
metallism since we mopped thn purchnwe
of silver In lxiu than we did during ull the
years whun wo weeo buying I!(W,imj0,0OO of
silver. Bo long lis we iilono were curry
ing tho burden Kurope smiled nnd re
mained passive. When we had sense
enough to stop Kurope begun to bo aroused
to the necessity of action.
lt us emphasize that lesson, I,et us
say to Kurope by our acts as well as by
our words: "Wu desire International bi
metallism; wo believe the business of tho
world will ho better for the broadest use of
both mctulH, but the Initiative nuw testa
with you. Hud ns the present situation Is,
we can stand It as long an you can. We
Know the Herman ugrlcultiirnllslH lire cry
ing nut for relief. We know the lainc i
slnre cotton spinners are In distress and
all the Indian exchanges are III confusion.
Wo are ready to Join you In an Interna
tional agreement for the reslorntlon of Id
nii.liilllsm; but If you are not ready ami If
It Is to be a slrugglo for gold we ure going;
lo meet you on that ground. Vour Lon
don market was shaken when Mr. Vlsh
negrndskl boldly went In und bought 7U
ihhi.oiio of gold to build up Russian credit.
Vou were watchful and solicitous when
Austria began lo buy gold lo rehablllt.-ito
her finances. You replaced that fivasuro
by drawing on mi. We know that P'runcn
has wisely acquired $2int, miD.IKiU of Kob
while we have foolishly purled wllh (but
amount. Uut we tiro richer and stronger,
more seir-siistalnlng und more powerful
lu resources than Ihe greatest of your na
tions; mid If you ure not prepared for bi
metallism nnd If II Ih lo be a contest for
Iho iieeiimiilniinii of gold, then we give no
tice thai v.e aril going Into Ihe markets: of
Iho world lo buy f iihmhhi.oiiii or $.',00.0on,(io0
K tieeesaary, In order lo lake care of our
selves." Such a notice would settle thn
qui sllon Inside, of six months. Kurope
would Keek a conference and International
(urn eiuent would follow. That pi Ihe so
lution of Ihe question. Independent f !!
coliuigii Is Ihe pathway to I In- silicic c.ll-vi-r
basis nnd tn uiitidd enlnm'lv. The rc
Ktomlioii or blinelallsln thn, ugh Inlociia
t'onal agre, men) pi the pathway to hollo,-,
safely ami prosperity .
0XE (KAM, OLD MAX.
John Knskln Numbers More Admirers In
America Tlitm In Any other Country
Ills fircntcst Works.
From the Minneapolis Times.
It Is always pleasant to think (if .lolm
IttiMkln nt Itratitwriod, In the midnt of
Home of ihe most beautiful rural
scenery f d Km-inrid, white with
breadths of quiet water, rellectln"; till
tho pussliif? glorlcH of the sky, m-l
rocks am trees nnd ferns and wnsHi s
ho loves all around nla Iioiihc, nnd
within, nil the coll otnnoa of his taste,
lie is passing the rliisliiif years; of a
Ioiir find useriil life, In womlrnus
strength of mind nnd body, while the
pen Ht III gives his vast constituency (if
rviulcra on both sides of the sa fruit
age of past years of brain full In the
shiipe of lectures und letters before un
published. lVrhupa Ituskln is nowhere In the
world better appreciated than In this
country. From thu time "Modern
Painters" und "Seven Lamps" came to
us Knskln has hud a wonderfully faith
ful cotiHtltuency In the United .States.
Tor fifty years he has been a stimulus
to art reading clubs nnd a delight to
general readers, und this Is the only
country where an anthology has bw-n
constructed nnd published from his
works. Whoever read "Modern Paint
ers" when It first appeared felt that a
writer of great and original power was
addressing him. There was profuse
adulation. A new teacher had ap
peared, and It wns several years befor-?
the inevitable reaction took place and
the. people who were offended by his
criticisms, which were sharp and se
vere, began to talk b.fck In the Knglish
papers nnd reviews. As a matter of
fact John Huskin Is a merciless critic
of others and he used his tremendous
resources of lnnguage and expression
to blast those methods In art he did not
like. Had lluskln never written any
thing but "Modern Painters" his fame
would have been secure, for It rendily
secured him the credit of being; tho
greatest writer on art In the Ungllsli
language, and It Is doubtful If any
cither critic in liny other language ever
surpassed liltn for close touch with na
ture and power of thought nnd lan
guage to Interpret nature nnd to lay
down canons of taste. No art critic
since ha8 reached Huskin's level.
An I nrcllnble llcouomist.
Outside of art Iluskln Is not at home
nnd they who Judge him by his ob
servations In literature, history, society,
etc., havo excellent foundations for hos
tile criticism. Knskln hns been a crank
In sociology, but he meant well. Let
tho reader of Huskln confine himself to
the critic's llrst work, "Modern
I'nlntcrs," and to "Seven Lamps of Ar
chitecture," and "Stones of Venice" ami
his other minor works of art criticism
ami ho will readily take Huskln for his
master. Only comtmre the lectures of
Sir Joshua Reynolds, held supreme pre
viously to Huskin's ndvent as nn au
thor, nnd the quality of art criticism
contained In them, with "Modern l'nliU
ers," and Huskin's primacy conspicu
ously appears. The beauty of Huskin's
style Is Its freedom from technicalities.
Its perfect linliienlness nnd absence of
obscurities and petulantly. Having:
seen every great picture and statue
and cathedral lu Kurope, Huskln can
write itbout them nil so that n reader
of ordinary education Is both charmed
and Instructed. Such a minute observer
of tiiitnre never liofore wrote a
book. Whether rock, tree, lichen,
mossi or storm cloud, Huskln
describes) them as never before
described, Who ever before or
since wrote of "Leaf Meanly" ns he has?
WliocAaT- before put the passage of nn
nlpJnu storm cloud In type lis he has?
Turner himself once sold that Huskln
sitw things In Ills pictures he never
Incunt to be there; but thill Is ft high
tribute to Huskin's power of Idealiza
tion. It Is to be regretted that Huskln ever
undertook tu write on social questions
ami lo dip Into general literature, meta
physics and politics. Hut he has done
so nnd Ills course lias been tnent tn Ills
enemies.. Huskln 11 nn art critic, It
must be confessed, Is terribly dogmatic;
but! he Is more dogmatic when lie comes
to write on other subjects. Ills Intol
erance therein Is excessive nnd It Is
unfortunate that lie did not rest upon
Ills laurels In the palm of art criticism J
Tho Idea of ft man gravely attempting
to write a treatise on political economy
who hud never rend nny work but Adam
Smith's "Wealth of Nations!" Hut
with all his faults, tho Ornnd Old Mnn
ot Hrantford Is one of the heat beloved
of Kngllshmeti. Thousands of Ameii
enns cull to sen him every year, nnd It
Is pretty certain Hint John Huskln hns
ns many admirers on this side the At
luntlo as In Knglniul, It not more.
A Mnn and Ills Shoes.
How much a mnn Is like his shoes:
For Inslunce, both a, soul may lose:
tloth hnva been tanned, both are made
tight
Hy cobbler; both get left and right;
lloth need a mate to be complete,
And both are made to go on feot.
They both need healing, oft are sold.
And both In time will turn to mould.
With shoes ,the last Is llrst; with men,
Tho llrst shall be last; and when
The- shoes wear out, they're mended new;
When men wear out, they're men dead
. too
Exchange. .
Congress of Nations
In Coestaotimiopleo
It Jleets Every Day on the Bridge That
Spans the Golden Horn.
Constantinople, Ma rt-h 20 The Brook
lyn bi lilgfe Is noted for Its beuuty, thu
London bridge for Us historical associa
tions, but the outer bridge, across the
tbilden Horn, called thciialuta bridge. Is
without doubt of greater Interest than
either of the above mentioned bridges
because of the wonderful conglomer
ation and amalgamation of races which
tramp over It by thousands duy after
day.
Thn bridge Itself Is of recent con
struction. It Is of Iron on the pontoon
plan and takes the place of a. brldgo of
boats 11 rut thrown ucross In 1S4a. The
bmglh Ih approximately of u mile nnd
on tho Bldu towards thu KoHphoruH Ih
lined with the flouting piers or sltaluH or
the HtoiimhoatH running to and from the
Islands of the Marmoru-I'l lnklisi,
llalkl, Antigone and I'rotl -and the su
burbs on each elui-e of tin; 1 ioKphoi us.
There Is an old fimlilon-d draw In the
middle, but nil except the largest bouts
can ptiHH by lowering their fiimiolH or
masts. These piers open on the bridge
and nro nlau used us shops, little booths
arc lilted up, and there you can buy
fruits, Mivei-tinenls, or sit In a coffee
house and drink the Turkish coffee,
und watch the passers on the bridge,
gaining. i( st and rcfivshment.
Types of All N'ntioniii Itics.
Hut tin- brldgo Is Intensely lnten rtlng.
It Is a Habi-I of languages, a never end
ing source of variety of face, form and
dress. I shall try to give sonic Idea, of
a few of the things which can be neon by
waltiriir two or three minute;; tiny time
of the day. On entering the bridge
from either the flabita or Starnboul Hide
toll to the ani'.'unt. of ten paras, eijivo.-h-nt
to one cent, It! taken from every pas
senger whether walking or riding. The
toll-gatherers arc dressed In ordln.iry
clothes, but have a white smock whl'-h
covei-s them from the i-hould -rs le-low
the knees. They hold out a ham on
cither tiile no rhu. ideally gathering the
dirty, battered, punched and broken ten
para pl-co which In any other country
would have ceased from circulation
long ago.
Here comes a Turkish woman com
pletely envelope In a long she-tlike
gair.ieiit of Mack, white r varicolored
silk. lilaek or purple with heavy Ir.ser
thins of gold embrodiery around the
edge tiro the predominating colon", al
though ori" sees constantly the bright
est of blues, the reddest of reds or ev.-n
livid green. This garment is In most
cases only an outside covering und
Is put over the he:ttf, fastened under
the chin, looped up under the arm:;
to make a kind of bse sleeve. cau;:ht
around the wait.t with some woven
girdle of brisht threads and hanging
thence un draped to the ground. A yash
mak or white veil I now seldom seen,
but in its place short veils of black with
colored ficures worked in the material
are used and give a Very peculiar effect
to this shapeless mars of wadllrng
femininity and hide quite effectually th?
face. When the face ccn be seen
through Koine delicate toxturc it Is too
artificially colored to be attractive an
too shapeless to be worthy of mark.
When they pay the toll on- notices that
each finger Jinii is a deep brown a sign
cf beauty, due however to applications
of burnt sienna.
1 ipiiros in n .".totlov Procession.
Following hard after the woman comes
a Hammal. or porter, bent to a right
angle under an enorm us load of chairs,
or furniture, or two trunks, or wicker
cages full ef chickens or a half hundred
geese, or carrying half an ox. or two
calves, or a long pole decorated with
rams heads, hanging by the tongues.
Hut in looking at his load we murt not
overlook his dress. On his head is a
turban originally red. now a dirty drab.
A loose, unfastened shirt gaps open in
front, a vest of blue .embroidered in
black comes next and is hclj In place
by enormous straps of braided
horse-hair which nre made fast to a
large wedge-shaped wo.wlen rest which,
lying on the bak, forms a Hat surface
for the piling up of the uaagc. and
these straps pass over each shoulder.
The trousers are gvnoraHy light brown
and hang like a K'l tr a far as the knee.
The calves are wound with burlap for
stockings, and with many thicknesses
for shoes also, though an oval piece of
leather Is often added for a sole. These
human beasts of burden nre to bo seen
nil around nnd they go s-hullling and
grunting along with the perspiration
streaming off their faces and crying in
a voice burled by the superincumbent
mass "Vardn-a-nll." They push on,
turning out for no one.
A Kurdish officer has jnst paid Ills
toll. He Is In marked contrast to the
passenger Just ahead ef him. His fc7
Is of shining black astmknn. with velvet
top, his coat is tight titling nnd across
the breast nre two bands with pockets
like it cartridge belt which hold twelve
or slxtiHMt cylindrical boxes beautifully
chased and enamelled, full of powder
ami bullets, lie wears n silver or em
bossed leather belt from which hangs a
beautifully Inlaid sheath for ft two-edgr-d
poisoned dagger. Ills trousers,
full to th.j Vetoes, divide nnd fit closely
the cnlf and ankle und nre heavily cm
broldoresl around the bottom and up
the Inside, ns far asi th( knee, to hide
the closely hooked silt whleh enables
the ivhnmil and putting on. His shoes
nre of soft leather which hook on the In
side nlso due probably to the mnnner
of sitting and over them are patent
leather windnls which ore nlways
slipped off before entering any building.
He Is tnll nnd erect ns a staff. Ills eye
Is fierce and cold nnd signifies till too
dourly hl lack of mercy and his re
lentless pntlsfylng of his own desire.
A Ucgular Son of the lcorl.
Itch I ml liltn comes a mnn of medium
Mature with long Mowing white beard,
hla features sharp and his black eyes
snapping, seeming almost to Jump from
their caverns under the massive over
lui.nglng eyebrows. Tho height of Ills
forehead cannot be scon, for nn enor
mous turban of purest white settles
down close to the eyes. A long: creamy
white tunic hans from his shoulders,
below his knees, below which a lonT
white underskirt hangs. He Is nn
Arabian dressed In a gnrment to ward
oft the beiitlpg rays of the southern sun.
A Orex-k priest follows, dressed In
deepest black. Ho Is covered by a plain
dress buttoned down the front, from the
neck to the feet. He wears a high black
ptlff cylindrical hat on top of which la a
spherical button from which a veil of
black crape hi nigs ,as fnr as the waist.
Soldiers in all kinds of uniforms, sailors
of every commercial country, officers,
privates, merchants, people old and
young pass In hordes and defy descrip
tion. Here goes a gypsy woman. On
her head la an old, ragged black or red
handkerchief. Her hair In two long
greasy braids is bedecked and en
twined with blue, red, yellow beads and
big brass ornaments. A. loose shirt of
striking color and pattern Ur used much
like a small boy's blouse to carry bread,
etc.. In. In the place of a skirt she
wears what may be called reformed
bloomers; that is, trousers very full all
the way to the ankle, or quite as often
a mere bag wllh two holes through
which the feet protrude. Over her
shoulders hangs a long strip of dirty
clot h and from the outlines seen through.
In the back Its use Is to cury the little
shavers In a safe, out-of-the-way place.
An Interesting Panorama.
Ethiopians, Hindoos, Persians, Ja
panese, white, black, red and yellow
races mix here, Jostle one another and
disappear to give place to the other
tin-mliei-H of this wonderful panorama,
rtliould one describe every variety of
costumes It would fill a whole library.
Indeed In one short hour more can be
seen than can be described In a year's
writing. The varieties of head-dress if
described alone as to color and shapo
would (111 a volume. The fez predom
inates, but from that brlmlcss frustum
of a cone every Intermediate step of
dcvclopm-nt cun be traced to hoods,
caps, beavers and rags, which are used
as coverings or lids for humanity.
Hut amid all this changing scene and
bustle one sees another type of what
may, is-rhups be styled bridge-life, for
they live by means of the bridge, or
what th-y get on the bridge th.9
Is ggars. An American has no Idea of
the awful ravages of dineaxe which
seem to tear and distort and even kill
the body without r-b-asing the soul or
life. Scores of tlv.se poor wretches
throng on every hand, exhibiting th' lr
mutilations and deformities as an In
stigation t i alriM. Many are Irnposters,
many are willfully maimed, but one of
the most pitiful of sights 1 saw last
night. Seated on th" walk and leaning
against the Iron rail v.-as a little fel
low about four years old. a cripule, tho
tears strestMlt.'g down his face as he
sobbed out his complaint, while In one
arm he h-.bi on to what at lirst seemed
to be a bundle of rags, but which proved
on examination to lr a little ten-months'
old brother. Here they lid b'..n 1-ft
by some parent, a won lei fully doieal.
Ing object for aim-:. The Question will
eonr i-ind almost in the form of a nrsi
tlvely answered oue, "Have these beings
souls?"
Sichts from flic f'.rijqe.
The sights from the bridge are al'l
very interesting and although th-.-r-j Is
a great deil that is mo Ki n th'-rc- 5s
rnu.h that Is 'tuair.t an I old. The
bri -life -uns very ni.3.rly north and
South. At the north tnd Is dala'.a and
above that on the steep sio j of a coni
cal hill ris--s I'era. The hill is a rai't of
buildings now and the only obje-ts ;hit
attract attention are the Galita Tower
and the sharp lance-shape tools of the
irterpers?d trdnirets. Turning to
ward the northwest we s.e windins
away between a for-, of mas.s the
world-famed '"olden Horn. Turnin-f
still more to ti e west and s mth. Starr.
l ul comes into view like an unfolding
panorama. From bcyjr.d the Mosq.'j
of Muhammad II. cur gaae runs
alon; the ruins of the Aqurduct of
Valens. which dates hack to the last
half of the fourth century, to the Mos
que of Sulieman. then up the marble
shaft of the Presherate TvWcr to Its
summit which owrlofks the whole of
the city on t'th shores of the Golden
Horn, then down to the Jenl Jami at
the Southern er.d of the b-idge. then up
the hill aiiain to th? !-r.)ue of Ahmcl
with its six ir.ir.arets. then to the won
derful pi!- of masonry, an 1 mass of
domes and semidomes ofihe gieatest of
all churches or m-wkjues. St. Svphia.
v. 1 n T mem.: istfl.
Then turnlnsr rrf.dualiy toward the
cast one sees ?eias.'iis Point with Hs
dark colored cypress trees standing out
against the snow clad mountains of
Asia beyond, then nearer Is seen Le
nnder's Tower, above and back of that
rise the Muffs of Asia, below the won
derful n.isphorus and then, and far be
yond ltcylerby and the first station
above Carldoll. the Asia and Europe
shores seem to unite.
No brush can paint, no camera detr.il
or pen describe the wonders. One must
see and study and let nature herself re
veal through eye and mind alone the
j grandeur of this wonderful harmonious
blending or these oeauttes 01 sea ana
rky and land.
In another letter I shall try to give
you an idea of two of the great Turkish
festivals, or rather celebrations, and tu
that connection shall give a sketch of
St. Sophia. Miles Tracy Hand.
FOR FIVE HUNDRED YEARS
And over, the whole world has been
coming to Carlsbad to be cured. Dis
orders of the stomach, of the liver, of
the bowels, of the kidneys and bladder,
(out, rheumatism, diabetes obesity
nil have been sent to Carlsbad.
Here is the very same remedy now,
right at your own door- -the Carlsbad
Sprutlel Salt, the witter solidified nnd
put into powder form at the spring.
You need it for constipation, for Indi
gestion, for biliousness, just as much
as in other and graver ailments. All'
druggists keep it But see that yon
obtain the ccnuine imported, with the
signature of "Eisner & Mcndclson Co.,
Sole Agcnts,Ncw York." on every bottle.
Hit too Bore Throat, Plmplet, Copper-Colored
Spou, Ache, U1 Bore. Ulran In Month, Ualf
Kalllnit? Write Cook Hrmraty " tLOl
Capital SOCOOO. PaUenUcnred alae I
TO CMrhMOVa Eulhh Dtuaaad Ilium.
rENNYROYAL PILL!
TVKK . ...Lhi? mica Btk j
sumlnms 1 ttmA an.. ttU nttkll.O1
taKM. -MtJuA with bint ribbon. Tmk9
lae aitlaaA ffiaiii amnul MlftlHal
fiwu mnd imUlioH. Ainrtiftat-,rM-nd-J
! HiniM tar urrlnulu. .MlIMMtlll
RsJUf Aw l-ndlM." in Utttr, bf Ml dm
r MMi, llkOIIU rcslllsninn.
-'-L 'J M " 4
S4d h7 til Ual DrtoUU. riUlMMrt '
r t&C 1
aP At JL VaX
1 .