THE SCR ANTON TRIBUNE, SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 24,18 94.
The Celebrated Brooklyn Divine Dis
cusses the Causes of Poverty.
Neither the Silver Bill, the Tariff Amendment,
or any Politioal Party Responsible-No
" Healthy, Moral, Industrious Man Evor Suf
fers From Want-The Bible the Best Work
u Political Economy.
.
Bsooaun, N. Y., Feb. 21. Tho Beverend
Doctor T. Do Witt Tabnage, of t!io great
Brooklyn Tabernacle, it at nil times a most
interesting personality. Ho preaches to the
largest congregation to tho largest ohurch
building in the Doited states, ami his ser
morxs aro so judldously syndicated thai they
are read from Florida to Oregon, ami from
Maine to Texas a lew days alcer their deliv
ery. He is the bright, partiooJar, and beat,
paying star of tho lecture bureaus, and the
editor of one of the most popular and widely
read religious publications in the world. Un
like many of his brethren of the sloth, Dr.
falmage is foreslghted and forehanded, and
SB. T. DIW1TZ TALMAdC.
hi deems it not Inconsistent with his olertc&l
work, to guard against the unproductive days
of old nge. and to take care that thewolf of
want does no loud howling within hearing of
his own private domlo
At this time, Interest In Dr. Talmoge is In
tensified by two (acts: first, he is about to
sever his eonueetion with the Brooklyn Tali
srnacle, altera faithful and brilliant Borvioe
of twenty-live years: and. second, ho Is going
to lecture to tho antipodeans of Australia,
hiking in Ceylon, with its spicy brce s, and
India, with us rare assortment ot creeds uud
languages, on his way In me.
As ho has recently helped to feed many
thousands of the subjects of that Impov
erished monarch, " the Great White czar,"
I reasoned that Dr. Talmage should know n
great deal about the poverty in our own land
and Its onuses, an i hoping for light on this
important subject, and incidentally to learn
of his own future mi ivements, I called on him
by appointment, a tew nights ago. In re
sponse to my question, the doctor replied in
that prompt, vigorous way. that distinguishes
him alike in the parior and the pulpit:
" Yes, my decision to leave tho Tabernacle
is dual, and I am not so vain as to think that
a man cannot bo found to fill my place. No
one man, or no hundred men, or thousand
men, or ten thousand men,"' tho doctor
paused, and I feared he was going to say:
' or no men at all," when he finished the sen
tence by adding " are essential to ths world's
advance, and that means theeause of religion.
I start for Australia on tho llrst day of June,
taking my wife with me, and shall deliver
forty led uros , iVCT there. I expect to be gono
five months to tho minute, and, on tho way
baek, I shall spend tour Weeks in Ceylon ami
Indiu. Trom Calcutta to Luoknow, Delhi,
Benares, and Bombay; thence by steamer to
Aden, up the Red Boo, within sight of
Sinaii, and over the waters that artod at the
command of Moses, then home, via Brindisi,
I'aris, London and Liverpool."
"To what do you attribute tin present busi
ness depression and consequent poverty,
doctor? "
"The Bible says: 'Yo have the poor al
ways with you.' I mado that the text of my
sermon a few Sundays ago. It la as true
now, liko all the Master's sayings, as it was
wnen onareu. rovemr is not ot to-inv or
yesterday. It is as old as the race, and, I
fear it will continue U lor,03 the raeo lasts,
Through all tin years of hssftsry, SSCXed and
profane, bread has l.ren the CJporbihg que
m. From tho days when tll "llIM, world
Washington, expecting Congress to do some
thing to relievo tho distress, or at least to
end this harassing discussion. But It will
never end. Llko Bunimo's ghost it will not
down. It was hero at our births, and it will
survive our deaths. My onrliest recollection
is tho discussion of this question by my
father and his neighbors. It has continued
with increasing vehemonee, from that day to
this, and It was us near settlement, then as
it is now, or over can he, while men have tho
power to discuss. Perpetual motion, annex
aton, spiring the circle, Hawaii, tiuMiniversal
Solvent, and every other question may be sot
tied in time, but this taiiffle question will
grow more lusty and absorbing with the prog
ress of the ages.
Thi country is like a sick man in the can'
ot a lot of doctors of differing or opposing
schools uf medicine. The c mstituti n of the
patient prevents the dissolution which the
practice of the physicians tends to hasten.
Then' is too much being s lid ami too little
being done. A very inferior doctor, provided
be had an antipathy to drugs, would do more
fur the patient than all the learned medical
men of the rival school-.. Let us do some
thing to restore confidence, and the anvil
will ring, ami the wheels whirr and the shuttles
Hash again, and want will lly the presence of
rewarded industry.
' Hut wo oannot legislate prosperity, we
need something besides tariff laws to banish
Idleness, and to nil hungry mouths with
bread. Silver hills and tarltV bills may shake
confldonoe or frighten capital for a while, hut
it is the whiskey bill that brings hunger and
broad famine. Ovor 91,000,000,000 were spent
in tho Dotted States last year Tor whiskey,
wines and beors, The Hour mills dose, but
the gin mills are always open, and doing a
rushing business. The fouuderiesshul down,
but the bars never shut up. Banksstop pay
ment, hut the I ire w cry continues. Dry goods
ami hardware merchants and grocers fail,
tor want ot trade, but the saloons tlourish.
The greater the poverty, tho better tin- busi
ness for the dealers In li Uld damnation.
Husband loafs about the bar, wife take.-, in
washing. Tho children, ragged, gaunt, and
thin-blooded, huddle together tor heat in the
foul air of a wretch I tonem nt, or learn
profanity and pitch pennies on the street.
The poor spend a hundred times more tor
rum than the rich or the counties best )W on
them in the way ot charity. Banish the
liquor tralb foot and branch and you ban
ish hunger and inaugurate prosperity, -Think
of it, millions of bushels ol corn distilled into
s"iir masii. Instead ot being mode Into bread.
Bar ley and rye transformed into poison, in
stead of being converted into wbjblcsome
food. Banish this curse ol tho ages; then
hail the day .a' lasting prosperity! Close
the bars, and empty the poor houses and
by men, and who do tho snmo work for loss
wages? "
"Well, It is my SXJtriahaa that in a ma
jority of eases when women have been forced
t., do such work, that they are driven to it
by the dru ukcuncbS of the father or the hus
band, who should be the protector and bread
winner. There are some cases where the
women are the solo reliance of invalid
parents, and who, under such circumstance,
are ready to take up the first work that of
fers. But, apart from that) 1 can see qo
1 1 ' '''''
if,.f I . r,i
., v.'ii nil r i i '
' !' if
w wa
Hi
X 1f -
. - . o
" ?
i f( A mm h
liil M
ij ;; ' :' i':.';'iif!'
). 1 1
.Vr: II
' iHiiii
It I -
""THE OJOnmnt IS I.IKE A RICK MAN
tloekod to tliestorohousos of Joseph In Egypt,
up to tin present time, men havo been dying
of hunger. Think of tho millions of men
who havo never actually had a full meal. Wo
cannot guard against such famines as that
which recently devastated parts of tho Russian
Emplre.though broader sympathies anil bsttcr
transportation facilities tmnblo ns to relievo
distress, whero formerly it was Impossible.
There have boon 351 great famines in Eng
land. Kvcry other land lias asiinllar history,
and this Is ono oftbe things In which history
promlnes to go on repeating itself."
"But, Doetor, wo have not. had deficient
crops, no disaster by Hood or Held, why then
should Industrious men bt idle and 'their
children pinched for bread?"
" Want of eonfldanM lias much to do with
it In the sermon referred to, I used tho
word ' tarlfflc It. Is not in tin dictionaries,
but It expresses ray meaning. A majority of
our people stand with their eves turned to
' "POVEKTY IS AS OLD AS THE r..UT"
jail1:.'1 Cease the manufadturo and sale of In
toxicants, ond'we shall n l fewer hospitals
and insane asylums. Wo stand on tiptoe,
bending towards Washington for news of
legislation that will restore confidence; if it
were known that to-morrow the liquor traffic
was at an end. confidence would come to
stay, and the only legislation, that could
frighten her away, would I1 that that threat
ened bi restore the old order of things."
' But, Doctor," It was urged, '-there arc
tens of thousands of good, sober men Idle,
and their families are suffering; how do you
account for that?"
"The innocent suffer with tho guilty, and
while that. Is to bo deplored, I cannot see how
it can bo helped. But oven under the most
prosperous conditions, the labor supply
Beams to exceed the labor demand. Ami this
condition increases from year to year. We
boost a good deal about cheapening the ooal
of production by tho invention of lalK.r sav
ing devices. But for myself. I never hear of
a now invention, that promises to do tho
work of fifty or a hundred men, without n
sigh of regret. Say what we will, tin edi
tion of tho sewing woman has not been im
proved by tho invention of tin Sewing ma
ohino. I grant you, it has ma le great for
tunes for a few, and it has cheapened pro
duction, but it seems to me this has been
done at lie- expenSO of lalior. Tho invention
of typo-settiug machines is dispensing every
week witii the services of hundreds of Intelli
gent compositors, who, outside their trade,
ere as helpless ns children. Home one in
vents a horse shoo that can be turned out by
machinery, and at once scores of blacksmith
shops close in every county. And tile sturdy
mechanics take off their leather aprons and
grope helplessly nlxmt for some other calling.
A few years ago I was out in Dakota. It. is
a glorious land, vast, verdant plains, ready
to yield grand harvests to effort, but to my
surprise, the old system of applying that ef
fort, was gone. There I saw steam plows,
great 'rooting monsters, that swept over the
groerj prairies, leaving six black furrows of
turned up loam in their wake. To keep pace
With Such plowing, they must dispense with
tho old method ami get an invention for sow
ing tho i d.'and liny have it. When the
grain is ripe, mighty machines enter the sea
of golden grain, and Mi if, and thrash it, and
put it into bags, Over the Iron road it is
rushed to mammoth mills, that have SUDOT-
eded the old water wheel contrivances of my
boyhood, and therq it is made into while cata
racts of Hoar, and crammed Into machine.
rnade barrels, and whirled to nil parts (.t tho
world by labor UVfho Htenm. All n 1'V ffii ml
and very great, no doubt, hut the leniency of
It seems lo be, to have ai few men and
as much labor saving machinery ns possible.
Thousands of the Idle men to be found in our
cities to-day, arc poor fellows whose occupa
tion has been invented away."
"What do you think of the Increasing
numbers of women who are entering those
Holds of labor formerly exclusively occupied
S Us
I
"T!IK INNOl'LNT BUITOI WITH THE aTOTT"
good reason why women should not do any
work for which they are phj iloolly and men
tally qualinod.
'Veil Bay women do tho rime work for
smaller wages than men. Well, thoy would
willing t i take high; r w. g is, if thoy could
get it. But, as a matter of fact, women can
live much better and dri ss much better than
nu n, on the same amount of money, They ,(,
not squander their oarnlngs in bars. They
do nut smoke. Thoy do net bet or gamble,
and. a- a rule, they lea 1 more hculthful lives.
i " Another great ecus ol poverty, Is tho Ira
prudenc ot people. 1,1 the jay of their pros
perity thoy pay no heed to the morrow. They
spend as fast as they make. It malt in . ol
win .ii t it Is one thousand or ten thousand a
year, thoy are always b. hind hand, or they live
up to the lost penny. Buch people orq sinfully
selfish and self-indulgent, for tin habit and
the 8 'If-d0ni.1i. essentia,) to save, are in them
selves an excellent education. This largo,
Improvident class, drinks its wine or beer,
and smokes its pipe or cigars, but if has
never a penny for the savings lank or for
lifi' insurance. No matter the man, be has
some one dependent on him, and if he is not
laying by his money in a savings bank, be
should carry a life insurance policy commen
surate with his means. This should fco Im
perative with the man who has a family. It
is criminal, in the event of his death, to leave
his wife and children penniless paupers. If
men could be taught to make such a provision
for their families, there would be less poverty
and its attendant vices in our midst to-day.
"Then this growing gambling spirit is re
sponsible for much of the poverty and suffer
ing. The speculative impulse is in the air.
Men want to et something for nothing.
They yearn to leap into wealth at a hound;
and, to accomplish their purpose, they me
not over particular as to tin- means employed.
Cards, horse-racing, dice, policy ami kindred
deviltries count their victims by the thous
ands. Onco let a man get It into his head
that money is to bo made by betting on cards,
horses, or the rise and fall of Stocks, ami he
is forever unfitted for honorable productive
work. To secure money far Ids purpoa , the
grocery clerk robs his omployqVs till, the
tPllcr robs his bank, and the book-keeper
falsities his accounts.
" Again, there is a class of peoplo who I 1 mi
destined to failure and poverty. Often those
are bright, Intelligent men, full of plans, that
must inevitably lead to fame ami fortune,
but tiny never do. Meanwhile, some slow,
careful, trustworthy fellow, without a gloom of
Imagination, or a spark of genius, and aided
only by his own fixed purpos 1, ami It may be
a second hand plan of the most primitive con
struction, achieves a solid BU 90681, Theso
people are always in tin wrong place at the
wrong time, if one of them buys goods far
a rise, It is a signal tor the latter to fall far
under prices at onoe, If hi' s ills iii d tapatr,
tile article in which he is 00 longer inti rested
ris"s out. of sight in volunn. TheSO mon are
wanting in judgment, and the courts should
appoint guardians to watch over them, as it
docs in the case of orpliaicil minors. Tlcy
are always investing on BI Dorados, on the
representation of some one keen' r and nior
onscrupulous than thomselves, and they are
invariably disappoint d.
"If liny are not in tho rosy clouds of ex
pectancy with a mide, they are in the seventh
heaven of hope with an invention thai is go
ing to revolutionise the world nnd Incident
ally to make the RothOhUda pnnpers In coi.i
imrison with themselves. A blind ami more
than ohild-llke, credulity Is one of the most
pot tit characteristics ot these ever-Increasing
failures. They are honest themselves, and so
Imagine that rogues are only:., . found In
Rotlon, They live In a world that is entirely
imaginary, and when thoy din, (heir families
go to swell the great army of the DOlpleM
and impoverished.
" To the classes I have enumerated, may be
added the many who are hampered by environ
ment, or chained down by sickness, or Inca
pacitated for the 1 if . battle by physical affihV
tion. Poverty has beam the problem of tin
ages and It was never mora SO than now.
Hut it is my firm belief, that in the past, now',
and In the future, no healthy, sober man, who
is willing to work, need sum r or havo his
family sulTer for the DeOeSSltlOl of life. I do
not speak professionally when I say religion
pays' simply as a material investment, and
tho Bible Is worth all (In other books 00
political economy." AtfBBD II. CAt.nof.-t.
WIIV WHITTIEP. NEVER MARRIED.
A letter Whittier wmte In 17, mil of nd
mlraUon for a young Woman named Bray,
who cime to Haverhill, to have her portrait
painted, shows that In rcidly fell in love with
the painted linage, and afterward made her
ocqualntanos with tin- result ofdoopanlng the
feeling. But he never nllowod himself to fo.
low this or othat temptations of the sort. He
Is said once to have seriously observed to a
relation, a young woman, (hat. no Whittier
ought to marry, for the I: n.hUry tampef
was such that no wife could Ik- happy in con
tinual contact with it. If this was his Judg
ment of his own nature it c.'.plnlns his siinle
Part They Plav in the Financial Oper
ations of the Day.
Twenty-fivo Yoars Ago a Trust Company Was
a Hirity, but Now There aro Over Two Hun
dred of Them in tho Unitod States -Law-'
recco 8. Mott Writes About Them, and also
Gives an Inside Glimpse of Wall Street.
NewYouk, Feb., 34. The trust companies
of the United Stales contribute an Interesting
page In tho history of national llnauee. Their
growth has I n truly plmiiomujial. They
came up llko mushrooms, but their growth
was permanent. They long ago came to stay.
Them is no stopping their mi ss. Kvcn iii
panics like the present, they keep arriving on
the semi', r.lko all permanent QnnUOlalin
Btltutlon, they canio booaUSC they wero
needed, Tin y mi long felt wants. They oc
cupy a niche in tin business of banking that
had long waited fur an occupant. While like
everything else that is good, thoy have their
inter! eits and consequently their failures,
they are to-day tin most Hiablo and sale;-
btotory of our financial conoorn
Twenty-five years ago a trust company was
a rarity. To-day there are over two hundred
of them between Midi!" and California ami
their resources amount to over a. billion of
dollars. On tho continent of Europe and in
England, the trust company made Its appear
01 C 1 tors it did ill America. Some of the
strongest banking cstabttsbmants abroad are
conducted on tin trust, plan. Tin Society
Oonorale, of Paris, is famous in nil the finan
cial circles of tin world. BrUBS Is and Am-
sjprdam each beasts of a vigorous organiza
tion of this sort. There aro scores of thorn
ii England, and nearly nil tin Industrial
establishments in this country that wore
purchased by tin English had the negotia
tions carried on by tcuil concerns In London,
Liverpool, tfanohoster, Edinburgh ami Glas
gow. Thou: standing a 'en reach id the top in
tiie way of popularity mil orodtt, The
Trustee:;. Kx ciitois and Boourltios (Limited),
of Lon b n, attainod a record br aking popu
larity. Its original bores wore 10, equal to
fifty dollars in our money. Bafura the Boring
failure, thl Sa shares sold OS high in ifi.OO'l.
In other Words, a share for which the c,ir;y
Stockholder paid fifty dollars, was sold far
880,000, No bank in tin world ever equaled
that record. We have ic parallel con hear,
One ol the earliest of tho trust companies
wa i tie.- Farmers' Loan and Trust Co., of New
York. Us origin was humble, but no sturdy
lad ever grew tost r nor with mors vigor, It
is typical of all the original Institutions of
the kind. It had a liberal charier. ThC
banks at once perceived the dangerous cha
racter ot iis rival, but there was no oheoklng
it progress, it was permitted to pay inter
est on dep. sits subjected to check. All t rm;
companies now have similar privileges. They
can act as trustees, buy and soil securities,
Issue bonds and shares of stock of corpora
tions ami make money in a SCOTO of ways
fr.en which tho average Slato or National
bank is di borrc I.
Look nl the Farmers' L inn and Trust com
pany of to-day. It owns a magnlfloent
bull ling at the cornor of William and Beaver
Streets, Its oftlees arc all t hat could be wished
in tin way of comfort, They OOUld easily be
elegant, bat (or tin plainer tastes of the of
ficials, prosperity has followed tho corpora
tion rlghtalong. Itneapltni stock is?i,ooo,ooo.
Its surplus is St.lOJ.OiW, and yet all the
stockholders get regular dividends that arc
decidedly sotlstaotory, it. reported to tho
Secretary of Slate, . opj; January 1st, that its
resources were 134,010,000, It would take
a bunch of banks t.. snow equal assets. lt.O.
Ralston is the presld int. Ho ia a short,
rather stout man, with a plain face and the
keenest of eyes. Ho Is (12 years old, but as
lively as a cricket and always ready f ir busi
ness. There are several thousand corpora
tions throughout the country, and in nearly
evrry State, win have mortgaged their prop,
erties to this company us trust ICS, The
total vain" of (he properties whoso welfare is
entrusted to this one concern is said to bo
over sio,(Kio.oo;i,noo.
There are twenty-five trust companies of
merit and high Standing ill New York, it
isn t necessary to enumerate llmm all. Their
i iblned capitalisation is about $o(i noti,oo().
they have a surplus of double that amount.
Banking in the lead with the Farmer's Loan
that of any In the country. It has boon In
uslnoss less than two years, nil hough Its
charter, bearing the SUM name, is old and
was offered around the streets for many
months before Samuel D. Babcock cornered
It. Its capital is 82,000,000. Nobody knows
what its earnings have been, but they must
bo enormous. Its resources, uccording lo
the recent affidavit of its officials, are 118,-
806,891, Ithasannll Smbradve charter ami
does an all embraolve sort Of 'business. Be
fore it had been in operation fifteen months,
it had successfully issued to the public Buch
enterprises as the Michigan Peninsular Car
Co., and American Type rounders Co., ami
had I u behind half a dozen smaller Indus
trial offerings. It has bought and disposed of
millions of bonds, including total issues of
tho syndicates that manipulate the street
car lines ot New York and Brooklyn. Kdwin
Packard is tin president. He ran a trust com
pany in Brooklyn, before In took charge of the
new cone,. rn. He Is considered a very shrewd
trader and lands his company safely on toji
in bis negotiations.
There aro eight trust companies In Brook
lyn. They have a total capital of 15,000,000,
Tho two largest of tin s noems uro the
Brooklyn and Franklin. Kaeh bus a capital
of $1,000,000. Tim surplus of the former is
11,300,000, while that of the latter is $000,
iiiio. While these companies have, die,,, ted
themselves principally to local Investments,
thoy occasionally go aernss the East llivcr
ami take a slice of the financial bargains on
the market of die metropolis,
Philadelphia is a great trust company
centre. C nise native as the (Junker City is
generally supposed lo be, jt took eagerly
after tiie financial fad. Several of its institu
tions In this line were among tho llrst oBta'i
llehbd ill tin United Stales, but they st o,
alone far some years, Then all of a sudden
half u dozon concerns iprang up in ono year.
Now tin third city of tin Union in popula
tion brags of twontytrusl companies. Nearly
all or strong and viry prosperous! Tin big
sir. t ear syndicate that has bought up the
loading lines often large cities, such as New
Y'ork, Philadelphia and Chicago and has a m t
work of trolley roods iii New Jem y, owes iis
sm- -ss to the Philadelphia trust companies,
Tho'great project original 'd in tho city of
Brotherly Love ami It got the sinews of war
from its local Institutions, The three largest
trust corporations In Philadelphia are tho
Fidelity, Qliard Annuity and Trust, and tic?
Tv mi. The Fidelity and Pohu each have capi
talisations ol (3,000,000 and a surplus each of
tin sa amount. John 1!. Oert is president
of tin former and Bindley Smyth oftiie latt"r.
Tin Qirard is capitalized at 11,000,000 and
bus a surplus of $2,000,00.1. Nearly on u par
with the throe mentioned, is the Provident
Life end Trust, whose capital is 11,000,000
and its surplus $1,500,000, BaSVUel li. Ship
ley is tiie prc-ide;:t.
I
i 11 IS GARLAP.
A New and Virile Force in American
Literature.
I Stand for the Frocdom of the Individual in
Art as in Life," lays Garland-The Beauty
Diseasc, He Believes, Has Bcki the Buin of
Much Good Literature -A Strojj and Attract
ive Personality.
There Is u now movement In American no
tion which, while arniiated in its largest as
pect to tho new Hooiul faith beginning to per
meate Kuropeim literatures, i a ,o. ... tiy
American movement, and with Mie incr, aslttg
material prosperity nod settlement ol the
country, this broadonlng of the aims of lie
tion promises to rc eelve its fullest encourage,
nmnt and development, and most decided
flavor ami bias, In tin . it,
Ono ol tin mosl characteristic figures in
fx
W9k .-rr-5
! MsJ
Cv m
i -
ft.
ii
'I f 'K
ill F Wm ''
i , Mm i h.
'j rn ;. r ' i r
5
V v v.
"T N
orncn or THE itSBOAXTTJUB inusT co,
y,y- l!Hj0&&
l-'-. -r '.-' ?'. I I I
OmOa OF TBI N, Y. OUAllANTY CO.
and Trust, arc the Central Trust and tho
United St lUs Trust companies. Kaeh is a
power in tin financial world, it is hard to
OOnOetVe of a panic that, could imperil their
integrity or shake their Standing. Tin Cen
tral Trust has a surplus of S5,000,000, or live
times the amount of its capital stock. The
(Wed States Trust has just sworn that its
r isouroes are till ,814,108, This Is truly aston
ishing and ahliOSt appalling, These two
Companies are within a stone's throw of each
other on opposite .sides of Wall street. One of
i he nnst papular of the smaller oonosrna is the
State Trust. It owes much of its success to
its president) Andrew Mills, He is a young
man, ami looks young. Ten years or so ago,
ho was clerk In a linking house. Brains
ami energy put him where lie is and he takes
pride In slating that this infant financial
prodigy has a line of deposits amounting to
over $7,000,0110.
Tin-big InsuratUM companies have diseov-
ered the value and profit of trust companies.
I'lny all own or control a trust corporal ion.
Tho Equitable controls the Mercantile Trust
Co. It lias its offices hi the huge Bqultablo
building at ISO Broadway. Qen, Louis fiu-
g Tal l is the president. It bus a capital of
13,000,000 and a comfortable surplus of$l,
000,000. The New York Life is interested in
tiie NOW York Life insurance and Trust 4,,
at fit Wail street . Henry Pariah is the presi
dent lis capital s 11,000,000 and II -hows
up a surplus ol i-J.OOO.OOi). The Mutual Life
IslheiargcBtownerof the New York Guaranty
ami Indemnity 0o which occupies spacious
apartmefits in tho large Mutual Life Build
ing at Nassau am I Cedar streets, The growth
of this triad company Is more phenomenal ClAn
Boston has ten trust oompanies, which Is
exceedingly good for its size and speaks well
for the financial stability ol the city. They
are nearly nil managed by members of old
and famous New England families. Th New
England Is probably the largest. It has a
capital of $1,000,000 and Its surplus amounts
to the saute comfortable figures, William
EndloOtt is the president. The other per
manent companies are the American Loan
and Trust Co., of which S. E. Peabody Is the
president, capital $1,000,000, surplus. $:V"fl.-
000; Boston Safe Deposit and Trust Co., V. It,
Stone, prasldont and a capital of $1,000,000
and surplus of $700,000; International, John
M. Orahnm, president, with capital or $:,00,.
000, and surplus of 1700,000; the Old Colony,
over which T. T. Ooolidgo presides, capital
ized at $1,000,01, surplus $500,000. Many of
th big gas and railroad oonstruotions for
which Massachusetts is noted owe their
origin and future nourishing condition to the
trust companies of the Hub. Chicago can
count up twelve trust companies two of them
rank with the b'st in the country. The'
Merchants' Loan ami Trust is oxtromoly
strong . John V. Online is its president.
George M. Pullman Is heavily Interested in this
institution. It may be considered the llnnn-
eiai iigein oi up. roiim.vi utTUO. It uas a
capnai siock oi hi,uuuuuu and a surplus of
11.000,000, Tin Illinois Trust Co., of which
John .1. Mitchell is the preaidont, has the
reputattonof matching the Pullman oonoorn
In strength and Influence, It also has eaap-
ital of two million dollars ami a surplus of
half that amount. The trust companies of
the western metropolis had munll to do w ith
floating thai millions of dollars' worth f
bonds, from (he sale of which it vol - pa
to erect the buildings ot the Columbian Expo
sition, There aro four trust companies In SI. Louis
ami twooi- three each in nearly all the other
larger western cities. Denver and Ban Fran-
else I nre not without them and lie re is , yen
one in Salt Lake city. Tin lacgesl of them
nil is the I mo:, Trust Co., ,.f St. Louis. i
hasii capital OtlJM)0,000 and W. ! Hughes
is the president. The growth of those con
cerns in (lie smaller cities bus been ins, as
rapid as in the larger centres of noDnlatlati.
It is remarkable how soon they obudn a
permanent and prosperous footing, They
achieve almost instant popularity. Before
they have been going six months, they i soome
the repositories ot millions of dollars, are
made trustees fur vast enterprises mid execu
tors for huge estates, A great many of them,
in edditioii lo their regular trust' features,
guarantee titles. Several of the companies
iimi the latter plan nmre profitable than any
other. The Title Ouaran to i ami Trust Co,,ol
New lork, for Instance, has made a fortune
out of its system of real estat searches. Its
guarantees are taken am) its searches are r,
qulred in nearly every r a) estate transa itlon
of Importance in this city. Bo large has ths
business grown that tin parent Oomnaiiy
sonic months ago started a Bond and Mort
gage Co., which loans money and takes liens
upon properties whose titles nave been passed
upon by the original concern. The Guaranty
ned Indemnity ac 1 Itog I mother, the Mutual
Life Insurance Coi, are responsible for ihe
i'n, ted sintes Mortgage Oo, Tills corporation
has onl been In exutenoo aboul a year, in fact
hardly thai long, and yet. it does almnsl ns
big a business as any of thorn and is rolling
up a princely surplus. Tin Fidelity Title
and Deposit Co., of Newark N. .1.. is typical of
companies of this sort in smaller cues, u
has grown like a wood add retained n growth,
Companies of equally marvoloua development
and) ped Bttccoas can be found scattered up
mid down through the various Btal
Tin mere mention of the surplus accumukv-
ted and tin business done is SUfflclOnt to
show Hn powerful Influehoe of ths trust
company of to-day, PerhaM nothing batter
Illustrates it ail, nowevor, than simply a ra
f. rands to the tact that through tin activity
and agency of tin presidents of two trusi
companies in this city a lew days ago, the
$." 1.000,1)00 of bonds, offered by Secretary
Ciirllslc, were nearly all bid lor ill forty eighj
hours and nil tin bidden wero within four
blocks of one duothor.
this encouraging phase -. contemporary fic
tion, is Hamlin Qarland. As I see our eon
temporary lit rary stage thr.iig'n my sj e.
tacles, Hamlin Qarland could much morn
truly tlmu Budvard Elollnir. sail hlmanti
"Tin Man From Nowhere'' that is, of
course, in a literary sens.. India, tin land
of romance, of tradition, ot strange, cast aand
weird horrors, of intense absorptidn in ab
stract ideas, of poetry and philosophy, can
not be called a literary t-rra incognita, and
any man touching the life so colored and in
fill 'need, even though ho may not have thor
OUghly studied its hisbry and religion an I
literature, cannot rightly In called a man
from nowhere, for ho Las be, n surely iu
IIip need by them in some degree.
But Hamlin Qarland is tin first to give
anything liko an adequate expression of the
typical farm and village life t the West, and
to reveal something of its spiritual Influence
and disasters. He oceuplos quite a unique
plae.-i in American literature, not only because
his work bus struck an i mtiaUy new note
in literature, but because he is tin forerunner
of a great movem lit that, Whatever the ex
cellence or defect, of his individual literary
work, lends to nil In does nn added dignity
and Importance oven for tlnao who nre en
tirely opposed to his point of view, and to
the methods of the humanistic school gener
ally. I hud a conversation in Hamlin Qarland's
new quarters in New York, the other day.
He lives in one of tho quieter street! of tie
noisy metropolis, and his study is a plainly
furnished room, with a few portraits of some
favorite contemporaries on the wall among
others Ibsen, Tolstoi, Walt Whitman, W. 1).
Howollsnml Bnneking, tin Boston painter.
"And so you are going to spend your
winters in Xew York, instead of in Beaton, as
in previous years?"
"Well, I am going to spend this winter
her, but in tin j-prlng I am going out West
again. New York is the literary centre of
th untry to-day, but in literature, as in
material concerns, with new criteria, there
will bo more equilibrium and less dominance
in American Uteraturo, and that will be more
healthy far all creative arrir-ts."
"I do not believe very much In literary
centres myself." I returned, - for tin y are apt
to try to impress the ideas of paltry formal
cliques upon all imaginative literature, If
Chicago will break the power of the petty
conventionalism which so largely obtains in
our eastern centres to-day, I hope her liter
ary advent may be soon.'
" It Is only a question of time when Chicago
will bo a great literary centre, affording
channels of utterance for a multitude of
writers who are rising in the West and
South. "
"It was your candor about (his conflict of
East and West which brought down Suoh an
avalanche of orltiouun upon your head."
" Ob, yon nn an that Pbrum article," laugh-
i m. "1 don I know -.lid 1 ,vt it very hot
and strong? 1 have been traveling so much
and I have be, n so busy that 1 have not seen
a newspapor, The title of that paper oould
better have been 'The Literary Emancipation
of Youth,' instead of "The Literary Emanci
pation of the West.1 It is really the state
ment of n need of greater freedom for the
yOUhg Creative artist from the overawing iu-
of any man living or dead. I beliovo in re
lating u hlan's work to life, and to tho simple
principles of style, like simplicity, clearness,
genuineness and tho like.
"That is the only truo basis of art. That
is tho oharm of tho great ElirjlAithan out
burst; it was quite spontaiuous, it was nb
S irately heedless of nuv traditionary literary
Lokground, That makes Bhaksspears as
. uch the incarnation o ihei ternnlin human
.;aturo as the tiica-anl ion of feudalism 'as
Walt Whitman put it. With a tree Intellectual
atmosphere, genius will always transcend
the sooiaraod political oonditioas of Its time."
"Y'r.s," said Qarland, gjod-humoredly 'and
grave, " You are holding out for tho recon
ciliations ot comparative criticism. But
tlc re is u now word in literature, mid that
word is significance. The modern artist
d oling with the moder.i man and modern
conditions that is, tho modern, serious,
thinking, human artist, is not trying to ban
die iii., beautiful all the time, to givoa false,
iet irpretatlon of lire which shall compel pco
ple to say how beautiful it is. But ho lals
with Significant things, and reveals without
didacticism, their sijsail!
" I believe the beauty disease has been tho
ruin of much good literature, It leads to
paint ami putty artificiality. If a thing la
beautiful, well and good ; but I do not bollSVS
In an a: u ing literary var.ilsh in writing
of sordid things, lie can discover the beauty
in sordid lives not by varnishing them, but
by sympathetic interpretation of them."
" If I can claim tho lienor of belonging to
any literary generation at ail, it is to your
gem ration, Qarland, but I am really so lazy
and li Isuroly that I ought to have lived in the
eighteenth century instead of in this. When
i s i the amount of work young men of our
day ore doing, i amappalledat my owngw s
habit of mind nnd body. Now just look at
the long lino ol ycur books standing stoul
shoulder to shoulder, and you a mac ol oj
thirty-three I What a prodigious wort
must bo!"
"Well, you sec all my fore, sin:' I
teaching,' goes into my creative vi .
mver write under pressure. I work p:
a- son paintcrs-do, I have ii !::'
tares lying around my work hop,
i reaktast each morning I go into
room, and whichever picture chimes
my mood, after a glance around, c'. n
for that morning. I work on it as 1 :: - ,.
find great pleasure in it, audi stop tit i
ment I am conscious of it becoming a ;.- .. . .
If 1 have any power kft, I turn to somt thin ,
els -. It not, I quit work and turn to recreation
reading, study, or go out for a walk.
" I do all my writing on blocks ot mnnu
p eve pa; r, and I havo stacks of these lying
around, as many as forty or fifty, in various
stages of completion. I nwer write on any
' D tiling day after day just with the purposo
Of M tting it dene. I believe thoroughly in
ne o Is, although I do not. wait for any partic
ular mood, fbr I am in the mood every morn
ing for something. I take tho mood as it
serves. All my work interests me Supremely,
or I should not do it.
" In writing my st rio I conceive a thin;:
in its wholeness, and dotuils como by what
may almost be term 'd unconscious cerebra
tion. When 1 have tho llrst rough draft writ
ten, I rend to an expert typewriter and (ill In
tin ibdails as I read. Tho sound of my own
voice keeps me Very olose to absolute col;, -qulailSIBS,
fori refer everything to my en-,
and so avoid all stereotyped conversation!!
Ill my conception I am seldom at fan .
rarely alter that, but I go on adding and all.:
mostly the subtli 1 1 niches an I sligg as
until I am satisfied."
fo: I
fljj
JlrJV Imr
I
U, (MBUUrO tx nis STL'nv.
fiuenco ot the past. I simply stand for the
freedom of the individual in art, its in life.
Tin relation of art and life In my conception
of the olllccs of art is so dos that 1 can do
nothing less.
" The great masters of the past are exalted
Into demi-gods by cbrtServaltVC critics and
colleges, und they are used to (errore-e the
young writer, ot these the BbftospearC
Worship is tin principal idolatry. As taught
our schools ami colleges, Shakespeare
In
aosoiutoiy Denuabs the young dramatist,
while, as a matter of fact, the dramas of
Bhakespcare have no oonm qttbri with our nge
nt all."
I domurred, personniiy I would perfar to
have Shakespeare benumb the young dramat
ist than have (in infinite mulUpUcattan of
tiie youug dramatist benumb the study of
and .1 -light In Shakespeare. But this is not.
tho place for my demurrer.
' It is the aristocratic ideal of Shakespeare
and bis fellows, and not. (heir perennial
truth to human nature you object to?"
" Precisely. I do not believe in any stand
ard that relates itself to the literary standard
MU. OAKLAND AS A nOT.
"I have noticed that you deal more Wie
the happenings of every day, the struggle
for existence, the intimate life of husband
and wife and mother ami children, than with
the love-making period of life, with which
most novelists begin and end."
" That is a fashion in literature which must
largely pass away. Courting is not a man's
whole life, by any means, mid the love mak
ing age is not usually the age of the deepest
reflection and feeling. Tiie drama of life
docs not usually begin in real down-right
earnest until after marriage, and for men
whose whole lives is a long Struggle for exist
ence, tin courtship period is a very brief
one, and soon, perhaps, a very insignificant
memory. 1 try to give in my stories a picture
for the larger Hsu and phases of life under
Certain condition-' as I have known them.
My aim is to truthfully represent, the com
mon working farmer -the renter and tho
hired man as well ; to take tin three men out.
of live rather than the one men out of ten. I
aim to pnl in the proper proportion of dusty
days, rainy days and c c.d days, the proper
proportion Of terrible tot) and pleasuring. I
think 1 have iii my own werk largely solved
the problem of giving my character's occupa
tion the same prominence and influence
Which it has in real life. 1 have heaixl that
many writers find this the most difficult part
of their work -and if they write o( farm life
without experience, I can quite understand
it.
"I see life from the working side of the
fem e, and not from the buggy of the visiting
city novelist. I was one,.', the men binding
the grain under the scorching sun. and 1 was
not noticing the glint and shimmer of tho
light on the golden grain. Tin b. amy of the
aeons is there truly enough, but beneath it
mi is iin and squalor, l aim to put ail them
is in the scene, on the surface and beneath,
Into my pictures. Tiie golden butter and sun
Shine do not make up the whole of farm
life."
"And what are you Working on now?"
" Well, 1 am getting a volume of essays into
shape, dealing with lev 'dens on 'Impression-
Lstic Art.' 1 may publish It somo time this
Winter, In these essays, some of which have
already appeared in tin ArsMnndthe brum,
1 have amplified my literary creed, and I hope
Justified It but the critics will judge of that
according to their sympathies.
" If the oasays are In lo y with the essay in
tin Arum there will bo the most, delightful
rumpus we have Seen in th" literary press
f n- a long while. Oh dear, how 1 do love to
be in n good old literary l'onnybrook fair It
oli an the atmosphere ; "
"There have been a good many sharp ei'itl-
dams made upon the position i have taken,
and so long as a man deals with the princi
ples 1 advocate, criticism und disapproval do
int. disturb m ', But t e nfes to feeling
some dis -list and bitterness when I see so
called criticism resorting to slurring person
alities, It almost makes me dtspatr, und I
never despnir for I am nn optimist."
"Ah. DO, 1 believe in a sort of moral
Qnoonsberry code for criticism and then, n
Sarah Battle said of whist then lot us havo
tho rigor of the game 1"
Walteu BliontnUI Hahts-
"I .