Gazette of the United States. (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1795-1796, September 04, 1795, Image 2
V :4 " v /v .> Prom ike EAGLE* AGRICULTURE; A POEM, By PlilLir Garrigain, of Concord, New Htmpfulrt. DELIVERED Ai the aitniverfary QotnmencemeHt of llnrtntjHtb Uw~ verJStn Hanover, Aug. in, 179-. SWAINS of the field ! your dusty labors stay* Nordrefs your green com in the blaze of day ; But reft an hour upon this pan Red g lade; St.-.' i!.) from thr noon-beams, by this ifr aple's- fhaje, Ann i-i the art you ply. your rfiiiid amule, Surest 111 the fun nets of th ruftie muTe,— F.'*e Agftuhufe Irei polifrc haitcl Wa»«« o' c-r the joylef* iirteftV of a landV The face of earth, nature friroad?, J ; cloui3 of vapours and a' night of woods: Tbefe. scarce the plants their di toha'ge rear, No Zephyis kii'e thrtn, and no lun beam? cheer ; Lini'erin* and fad the lonely wild flowers bloom, Pine on their thorns and weep amid the gl.iom. Loud howls the panting Wolf, in dismal fpello, The fcrpent hi (Tea, and the Panther yells. Pale,a'et the desert, swims the .av-yted moon, And horror tides the winds of nigm's fad noon ! No birds of song, at morn's becrimfon'd ray, Wak- the wild woods and hail emerging day. But o'cV the hills the familh'd Eagle tails, Andiooty Ravens croak along the vales, Where, Hoping down, some lonely river glide?, With Plaited hemlocks nodding on its fides, lis naked waves no loaded barks fuftam, 17ui roll unvifited, unheard, by man. Save that loose pilgrim hunter thence may steer, Loft in the chacings of th? mountain Deer. Forfar, far homeland weeping, dreads his doom, To find ro other, tha:i the woods, his tomb ! Bun when the!- native lhades are swept away, And earth, unfhrouded, to the light of day 5 When Agr'uulltfrt, with the parting fliare, TurSs the tang furrow to salubrious air. Soon from the feed, inhum'd with glad surprise, She fees her itranger plants, in order rife, Flaunt to the fun, the dews of morn inhale, And wni.fk-their infant leaflets to the gale. fJrton, o'er her lap, afar, the verdure fprcads, Laughs on th(?hi!l3, and b'.ulhes in the meads; Shaded by Tarious dyes, some parts adorn Mellifluous clover, some the afpi ing corn. There springs the vellile flax, the bloflbmed peas, There the tall green grass, whifiling in the breeze ; In grateful tides, its fpiry billows play, , And the field rolls a vegetable sea ! Gay round their bleat fng dams, in sportive groups, The larr.kins skip. and race »n little troops. The Iturdier herds, wide o'er the paftury glade, Snuff the piue gale, and crop the tender blade ; Ten thousand thqufand, of the plumy train, In mingling carols, cheer the blooming plain ; I Fro*) the green fields exhaufttefs odors rife, m in. grateful incense, to the foftering skies. I, And when the fun, with Red bread's song decays, LAi'd paints the hill tops with his linking rays, ■The blooming virgins /lance, in sprightly meiq, r .» .[J fiiv;, flatter lillies on the green. m 4 x-iwr.'ixrrc rTtmi:in? Wiiiv.s. ' 1 hus Education, from his native wood, .ueavis tne wild savage -barbarous and.riirle ; 1 ones his rotigh boi. m to each thought refin'd, And tames the furious paflions of his mind ; Directs his devious ftr-ps in virtue's road, And bends his heart to wifdam and :o God. Hail, agriculture, hail! thy charming ray Converts the midnight of the foil to day ; * Like Spring; the fetters of the glebe unbinds, Reforms the rnifts, and purifies "the winds.. i hus Health ambroiial blooms, where poifonsbred, And plenty smiles, \yher<> famine dioop'd his head, The wealth of rations and their facial laws, Behold in thee their origin and canfe. By thee the rolling, wheel of commerce runs, A'ifJ hence flie peopl.-s Ocean with her Sims ; I liee their sole prt>p, towns, cities, countries fee, And all -the living world depends cn thee, With thee reigninnocence, Content and Bliss, 1 he laughing ci ei übs of -domestic peace, Thy votaries breasts no torturiug crimes alarm, The vulture vites fliun the peaceful farm ; On Qnixot wings let vain ambition soar, itrive for arts tranfctiidirig mortal power ; •i*f Mlanthardlaunch hisjiry fljiff aiid rife, O'er the light ftirges of the fhorelefe -feies, And thought some Ansel, b\ aftonifh'ddo.wda, Cradled in winds, And fiillc-wed upon Clouds, Sail torn the lefftning Earth, with daunilefs breast,. Td iviipre the lightnings (lee-p, the thunders reft. But know, bold artist ! Heav n's Almighty plaiij Deiign'd this Globe, the-befl balloon for Man. Taught him to delve it's dull, and here sojourn, Frorn where he sprang, to where he mult return. A'nd.'may age those honots give, 1/Ue to that art, by which all others live ; Twine the green laurel round the Farmer's brow, And learn to lift, -ta veneiate the plough, Its rugged sons a caufrtly's bulwark form— 1 was fuel), whodarefl to brave Oppreflion's storm ; 'Twas such, Columbia ! -when a tyrant's hand, cpi-tad death and ciAknefs o J or the indignant land, Who bade, on high, thy ftar'ry banners wave, And fought the battles of fhefre-e and brave. Where are they now ? by whofe-exploits are Your fields, your civil rights, confirrr.ed.by blood : Where are they now ?—The muses a/1? with pain T-1 haps they sleep onYorke' or Monmouth's plain. Bare to the winds,that swept the porfe-elad hekk. Bare to the night-born dews, the moon jdfttills, •i»>iir soldier's bled, upon their turf green biers, 'ihiir tombs of glory are their country's tears t „ rirr and sun das, 'at wimblebozz. [«5f PET E R PINDAR.] ; , O fay, where fir* was plann'd thy Powdfr fchemc? ■ At Wi?riltd::n arof'e the golden dream ; \V here thou, -and honeit A/Mic/y-huntirig JtIARRY, , I'i-ojcift, and-rt-j-rc-jeiSl. aad oft niifcirry? Two, Graziers, cheiip'tiing'hogs, to fill your styes; Two spiders weaving linns for iimple.flies, Rich spot! whence millions take their ealy wing ; 'I<i hril'c an Empcior, and refrtjb a King,; • Where, Heft, ye bumper it in-England's cause, O ion's fall, and hiccup laws; Wi.'h equal spirit; where each work fuoteeds, A r.ow, and now a. Nation Mccus. [concluded.] Though it will be partly a digrefilon, I cannot forbear, is this place tp notice some observations of Cato in his 10th number. After Rating, that in 1784, the peltry from Canada fold in London for 2?o,oool. Iterling, he proceeds to observe, that, excluding, the territories ofthe Hudson's Bay Com pany, nine tenths of this trade is within the limits ofthe United States; and though, with studied ambiguity of exprelfion, he endeavours to have it nnderftood, that nine tenths of the trade which yielded the peltry, that fold for 230,0-0!. sterling in 1784, was within our territories. It is natural to ask how he has akertained t)ie limitsofthe Hud- Jon's Bay Company (which at other i 3 El ferted, by way »1 objection to the article, to be al together indefinite) with so much exaftnefs as to be able to pronounce what proportion, if any, of the trade carried on through Canada may have come from that country, towards the calculation which has led to the conelufion, that nine tenths of the wholelies within oui limits ? The truth is, indu bitably and notoriously, that whether any or what ever part of the peltry exported from Canada may come from the country ofthe Hudson's Bay Com pany, seven eighths* of the whole trade which fur ( - nifhes that peltry, has its fouiee on t!»e Britiflifide ofthe boundary line. It follows, that if it were »v*r. true, that only <yie tenth of the whole lay in that part <rf the Britith territory, which is not of the Hudson's Bay Company, inatmuch as onK one seventh of >t lies within our limits, the- reluh would be, that the trade in yvhich we granted an equal privilege was\«that in which a like privilege is granted to us, as one seventh to one tenth, and not, according to Cato, as nine to one. This le gerdemain, in argnment and calculation, is really too frivolous foi so serious a fuhjeft : Or to speak, more properly, it is too shocking, by the spirit of deception which it bcirays. C*to has a further observation with regard to the trade with the Indi ans in the vicinity ofthe Miflitippi. and from that river into the Spanish territories; theprodt ft o all this trade, he fays, mult down the Miffifippi, and, but for the ftipulaiion of the third article, would have been exclufivtty ours; betaufe," by the treaty of Paris, though the Biitilh might 11a- vigate the Miffifippi, yet they did not own afoot jof land upon either of its banks; whereas the Uni j ted States possessing all the Indian countryVn the vicinity of that river, and-the Eatt bank for many hundred »miles, could when they pleased eltablifh fac tories and monopolize that commerce." This as sertion with regard ti the treaty at Paris, is in eve ry sense incorrect ; for the seventh article of that treaty, e(ta>>li(hes as a boundary between the domil nions of France and his Britnnnic Majelty, " a line drawn along the middle of the river M:fli!ippi, from its fourceto the tiver Iberville, and from thence by aline drawn along the middle of this riv/r and the lakes Maurepas and Pont Chartraim tc the fca," , and cedes to his Britannic majelty ail country 1 on the F.aft fide of the Miffifippi. By the t j of Paris then his Britannic Majesty owned all, ex ritbry on tfieEaft TitTe of the Miffifippi, iuitcad of not having a foot of land there. What part of this territory does not (till be long to him, is a point not ye' fettled. The treaty of peace between the United States and Great Bri- tain, supposes that part will remain to Great Bri tain ; for one line of boundary betwee i us and her, donated by that treaty, is a line due well from the lake of the woods to the Miffifippi. If in fact this river runs far enough north to be inteife&ed by such a line, according to the f.ippofition of the last mentioned treaty, so much of that river, and the land upon it,, as (hall be north of the line of inter feron, wiil continue to be of the dominion of Great Britain. The lately made treaty, not aban doning the possibility of this being the cafe, pro vides for a survey to ascertain the fad ; a"d in ev ery event, the intent of the treaty of peace will re quire that feme clufiHg line, more or less direst, shall be drawn from the Inke of the woods to the Miffifippi. The pofiticn therefore, that Great Britain has no land or ports on the Miffifippi, takes for granted what is not afceitsined, and of which the contrary is presumed by the treaty of peace, Ihe trade with the Indian country on our lide of the Miffifippi, from the Ohio to the lake of the woods, (if that river extends so far north) fomc fragments excepted,has its present direction through Detroit and Michillunaenac, and is included in ma ny calculations, heretofore Itated of the proportion which the Indian trade within our limits, bears to that within the British limits. Its eflimated a mount is even understood to embrace the proceeds of* clandestine traffic with the Spaniffi territories, so -that the new scene suddenly explored by Cato, is old ?nd trodden ground, the special reference to which cannot vary the rcfults that have been pre ferred. It is still urqueflionable and notoriously true, that the'fur trade within our limits, bears no proportion to that within the British limits. Asto contingent traffic with the territories of Spain, each party will be free to pursue it according to light and opportunity; each would have, indepen dent cf the treaty, the facility of bordering territo ries. The geography of the belt regions of the fui* trade, in the Spanish territories, is tuo lit tie known to be much reasoned upon, and if the Span l'arda, according to their usual policy, incline to exclude their neighbours, their precautions along the Miffifippi will rentier theaccrfs to it circuitous : a circumltanci* which makes it problematical, wheth er the poflefiioh of the oppofitebank is, as to that obje<&, an advantage er not, and whether we may not find it coavenient to be able, under the trearv to make.a circuit through the British territori. s. 2. it IB upon tWugj;elt*,n of Great But.rin having no -ports Miffifippi, that thevhaige of want -of reciprocity ,in the privilege granted with regard to the us- of that tiver, is founded.,-! Tiiefuggeftionl has been fliewn to be ire peremp tory ;hati is jutlified by fads. Yet it is ftiil true/ that the ports oswmr fide be?ir no proportion to any that can exill on the part of the Britift, according * Some JlatemcnlS rate it betweenf.x eighths anjfc vol eighths. m.'"- ' J from Tut Argus. THE DEFENCE No. XII. ♦ ♦ to the prefen; state of territory. It will be exam ined in a subsequent J. lace, how far this difpropor* tion is a proper rule in the eiliraa'e of reciprocity. Bat let it be ebferved in the mean time, that in judg ing of the reciprocity of an articlc, it is to be ta ken colle&tvely. If upon the whole, the privileges ottained are as valuable as those granted, there is a lubftantial reciprocity ; and to this test, upon full ard fair examination of the article, I freely refer tie decision. Besides, if the situation of Great B"itain did not permit in this particular, a pre cis equivalent, it will not follow that the grant on otr part was impioper, unless it can be (hewn, that it w;:S attended with some inconvenience, injury or lcifs to us j a thing which has not been, and I be -1 i<ve cannot he iTie.v/r. Perhaps there is a very im pcrtant beneficial tide to this quelt>on. 1 lie trea ty of peace eltabliihed between us and Great Bri tlinj a common interest in the Miflilippi ; the pre sent treaty strengthens that common intereli. Ev. cry body knows that the life of the river is denied so by .Spain, and that it is an indispensable outlet to our wettern country. It is an inconvenient thing to us, that the interest of Great Britain has in this particular been more completely fepaftited from that of Spain, and more closely conuetted with ours ? 3. The agreement to forbear to lay dutie3 of en try 011 peltries, is completely defenfible on the fol lowing grounds, viz. It is the general policy of commercial nations, to exempt raw materials from duty. This has likewise been the uniform policy of the United States, and it has particularly em l»r»ced the article of peltries, \vhivh by ourexifting laws may be imported into any part of the United States, free from duty. The object of this regu lation is the encouragement of manufactures by fa cilitating a cheap supply of raw materials. A duty of entry, therefore, as to f«ch part of the article as might ae worked up at home, would be prejudi cial to our manufacturing interest, as to such part as might be exported, if the duty was not diawn back, would injure our commercial interest. But it is the general policy of our laws, in conformity with the pradtice of other commercial countries, torfraw baek and return the duties which arecharg ! edlupon the importation of foreign commodities. Tlis has reference to the advancement of the ex pojt trade of the country ; so that with regard to such peltries as fhouid be re-exported, there would advantage to our revenue from having laid a duV of entry. Sm ha duty then being contrary to our eftahlifh ed iltem and to true principles, there can be no objection to a stipulation against it. Asto its hav ing Ihe effect of making our country the channel of the (tiitifh trade in peltries, this, if true, and it is indeld probable, could not but promote our inte reli. A large proportion of the profits would thfn necelTarily remain with us to compensate for tranf portjtion and agencies, It is likely, too, that to fecuit the fidelity of agents, as igufual, copartner ships would be formed, of which British capital wotil/1 be the principal interest, and which would throw a fti'l greater proportion of the prohts into our hands. The more we can make our country the entrepot, the emporium of the trade of so- the more' we fliall profit. There is tlo COK.- r,r > ■'—:, i- — 1 , - 1 -'- agreed, or more generally i>rs<?Hfed up(>n. in countries where commerce is w tytder ftoild 4. The fourth of the above enumerated suggesti ons i) answered in its principal point by ihe practice jutt fated, of drawing b:ick the ducics on import ation, wheg articles are re-exported. This would placi the articles, which we lliould fend into the Britfh territories, exactly upon the fame footing as til duties with the fame articles, imported thete fron Europe. With regard to the additional ex pend of transportation, this is another inftanee of tlve -ontradi£hon of an argument, which has been reliei upon by both fides, which is, that taking' the 'oyage from Europe in conjunction with the in terim transportation, the adrantage, tipon the whn'e, is likely to be in our favour. And it is upof this aggregate tranfpwrtation-that the calcul? tion ought to be maue. With refpedt to India or Altaic articles, there Is the cit-cunjllance of a dou ble ioyage. 5. As to the fciall population of Canada, which is urged ffc depreciate the advantages of the trade with the »'hite inhabitants of those countries, it is to be nb fervtd, that this population is not stationary. If the date of the census be rightly quoted, it was taken ele ven years ago, when there were already 113,081 fouls. It is prefumeable that this number will soon be dou b!tdf fnr it is notorious, that settlement has proceed ed for some years with considerable rapidity in Upper Canada, and there is no reason to believe that the fu ture progress will be ilnw. In time to eome the trade may grow into real magnitude, but be if more or less, if beneficial; it is so much gained by the article ; and so much clear gain, lince h has been ihewn not to be true that it is counterbalanced by a facrifice in the fur trade. 6. With regard to -the supposed danger of fraag gling, in the intercourse permitted by this article, it is very probable it will toe found less than if it were pro hibited. Intirely to prevent trade between bordering territories, is a very arduous, perhaps an impracti cable talk. If not authorised, so much as is tarried on must be illicit, and it may be reasonably presumed, that the extent of illicit trade will be much greater in that cafe, than yrhere a« intercourse is permitted •under the usual regulations .and guards. In the last cafe, the in ducement to it i« less, and such as will only influence jierfons of little charatfer or principle, while every fair trader is from private interest a sentinel to rhe laws; in the other cafe, all are interest to break through the barriers of a rigorous and apparently unkind prohibi tion. This consideration has probably had its weight with our government in opening a communication through Lake Champlain with Canada ; of the .princi ple of-which r«gulatiq» the treaty is only an ejetenfion 7- The .pretended inequality of the article, as ari sing {roan the greater extent of the United States than of the Britilh territories, Js one of those fanciful positions which are so apt to haunt the brains of vision ary politicians. Traced thioiigh all its confe<Juegces, it would terminate that a great empire couid never form a treaty of commerce,with a i'mall one; fox to equalize advifitagrs according to th« i'caleof ter ritory,-the small state mutt cogipcr.fite for its deficit e,ncy in extent by a greater quantum of positive privi lege is proportion to the difference of extent, which would give the larger state the monopoly of its trade. According to this principle, what wretched treaties have we made with France, Swedes, ! ruflia, and Holland ? For our territories exceed in extent "those of eitl'.er of thei'e powers. How msmenfe the facrifice i» the cafe of Holland ? for the United States are one hun dred times larger than the United Provinces. But how are we sure, that the extent »f the United States is greater than the territories of Great Biitain on our continent ? We kuow that (he has utetenConi to extend to the Pacific Ocean, and to embrace a vast wilderness, incomparably larger than the United S.lte«, and we are told, as already mentioned, that het trad ing eltablifhments now actually extend beyond the 56th decree of north latitude, and 117 th degree of welt longitude- Shall we be told ((hifting the original ground) that not extent of territß-y, but extent of population, is the nieafure I Then how great is the a.'.vantage which we gain in this particular, hy the treaty at large r The population of Great Britain is to that of the United States, about two and a half to one ; and the compa rative concefiion by her in the trade between her Eu ropean dominions and the Uniied States, muit bem ihe fame ratio. When wt jidd to this the great popu lation of her East-India pofleflions, in which privileges «re granted to us, withcut any return, how prodi\;i oully will the yaiu: of the trsaiy be enhanced, accor. • iug to this new and extraordinary rule I But the rule is in fa<£>, an abf'urd out, and only me rits the notice which has been taken of it, to exhibit the weak grounds of the opposition to the treaty. The great standard of reciprocity as equal prixijfge. The adventitious cireumfiatices which may render it race beneficial to one paitv than the other, can iclrtom be taken into the actoi.nt, because they fin seldom he ef tiinated with certainty— the relative extent of countif «r population, is of others, a failleioi;s guide. The comparative resources and facilities for mutual lupply, regulate the relative utility of a commercial privilege; and as far as population js concerned, it may be laid down as a general rule, that the fnn.'.'eft population graduates the scale of the trade on both (ides, since it is at once the principal meaiprt of what the (mailed state can furuifh to the greater, and of what it can take from the greater, or ill other v. urds, of what the greater (late can find a demand for in the smaller state. Hut this rule too, hke raoft genera} ones, adm.ts of numerous exception;. In the cafe of a trade by lamt and inland navigation, thefpbereof the operation of any privilege* rati M'y Extend a certain diftamx. v\ hen tiie distance to a gi ven point, through a particular channel, is fui h that the expencf of transportation would render an article dearer than it could b; brought through another chan nel to the fame point, the privilege to carry the article through hat particular channel to such point, 1« omej of no avail. Thus the privilege of trading by land or inland navigation, from (he Brittfh tenhories on tfcis continent, can procure to that c ountry no advantage of trade with i'rncetcn in New-Jerky, becauie fuppltes can come to it on better terms from other quarters* Whence w« perceive, that the abfoliite extent of ter ritory or population ot the United State's, is no mea sure of tiie relative value of the privileges teciprccally granted by the article under confederation, and coul'e quently no criterion of the real reciprocity ol the arti? cle. The ohjetftors to the treaty have mar(hallcd against this article a quaint fi o ure, of which from the use of ir in different quarters, it is prefurocable they are not a little enamoured ; it is this, that the article enables Great Britain to draw a line of qu'er.'.mrvaii'"ftlm round the United Stales. Tkcy hope t<> excite prejudice, by preferring to the in»nd, trie image of a iiegc or iuvfcft ment of the country. If trade be Mar, they have chafes a most apt figure ; and we cannot but wonder, the ynforUin ite .flaud of. Cr at M.i:a!n has heetj, able so long to jitiintajri her independence arrruLtl the beleaguering ess. »is of the number of nations with of cofiHiicrcr; an J v/ho, h'r;r.i hi 1., - s. How ti.cfcy il i. for sh. U..htJ s, '!..i at l.'aft one fide is < ov-re j by hjiam, and tiiu. ,'Jr midahle liae cf ..ir..uHrivi!iati(.n csnrjot be completely perfected ! or rnthcr, now hard (iiiv.u luuli thole be, w ho are obliged to call to their ?ii at'xiljaries so pre posterous! Can any pood rejfon be given, why one fide of a country Hjou'd not i ■ acctffary t» foreigners for pur poses of trade equally with another? iViight not the cultivators on the fide from which they were excluded, have cause to compla:-?, that the carriage of their pro duaions was fiihjed to an increafcd fcharj«bf a mono poly of the national navigation.j wliW the cultivator* in other quarters enjoyed the ben ;St of a competition between that and foreign and ir.ij.ht net .all the inhabitants have a righf to dem nd a iea!ow, why their commerce ihouhl be k.s open and free, thai) that of other parts of tile country ? \y;H erivilcges of trade extend the hne of terntorial pijtumva iation i Will not the extent of contiguous British territory re main the fame, wheiher the i omrnunicationi pi trade are open or (hut ? Bv opmin; therrij may we not ra ther be said to make so many breaches in the will, or intrenchment of this newly invented circumvallation ? indeed it len :>t inchanted! The argument upon this article, has hitherto turned, as to the trade With the white inhabitant* of the British territories on European a;»d part In dia goods. But there can be no doubt that a mil, tually beneficial commerce in native commodities ought to be included in the catalogue of advanta ges. Already there is a ufeful interahange of cer tain cotTimoditics, which tune and the progref? of lettlement and refourCej cannot fa.il to extend. It la molt probable too, that a coriiidrrable part of the productions of the British territories will find the molt convenient channel to foreign markets thro' us ; which, as far ss it regards the interest of ex ternal commerce, will yield little lefa advantage than if they proceeded from our own foil or indus try. It is evident, in particular, that as far as this shall be the cale, it will prevent a jjrea'. part of the competition with our commodities which would ex ill, if thole productions took other routs to foreign markets. In considering the fuhjtdx on the fide of a trade in heme commodities, it is an important refic&ion, 4hat the United States are much more advanced in lnduftnous improvement, tnah the British territo ties. This will give us a material and a growing advantage. While their articles of exchange with us will eiTentialiy consist in the produftsof agricul ture and of mines, we-fha!! add to these matiufac tnres of various and multiplying kinds, feivfne to incieafe the balance in our favor. • ° In proportion as the article is viewed on /n en- Urged plan and permanent scale, in :mp*r ance to us magnifies. Who can fay h«>w far Biitffh colo nization may fptead southward and down the wc't fide of the Miflifippi, northward and westward imi> the rait interior regions towards the Pacific ocean ? Can wc view it as a matter of indiffe.entv, tharthi* new world is eventually laid to our tut-nri:'-, to an anterprife fecondetl by the already mentioned, of a more improved date of it.- dultry > Can »« be infctiiible, that-the precedes furitifhesns with a cogent and perftiafive argusrn.r, to hring Spain t> a «nvW nrrsn»r. s . t .„ t f ~ j can we be bi.nU to »!«• , ; *ie«t ;u'.«:reft we have .. 4 ,!:■ r !;t'....rir.n, 1 Win i).-r m ..ii ill