& ate the 1 d'fpoE.tbn of the United States
to o'ofei've - a neutrality between t.ie be.-
I> cerent powers ; to exhort auo warn all
the citizens against any ails contravening
such difpofitlon ; to inform them that it by
anv violation of the.neutrality any citizen
(liou'.d render hirii&'f liable to any pumfii
i forfeiture under the law o f nations,
J S;«-es wqjf'4 afford him no pro
■ [ ■ a'njjfuch puniJJimeat..or forfeit
, , , fiiat injtrn&ioitt had been tj'rferl
' ■ „er,officers to cause prdfecatirins
'lil V.ed:^ainftds ; 'erlons\v>.o.fiiqu!H,
cocnizapce of.the'to-ifts of '.lie
j-., "tis, violate the-Law of Nations
j. ft to the' at war or any
. . Tills Hroflaayatiori tas received
| general'and warm approbation,
been expreSed in the fulleft man
. , ..iily by' individuals, fcirt by the
• ufjßc'-authcrities in our country.
• . .-rtichfi bsen'tfie febjeft of a'm
,» iby l'ofne. pcrfons, who appear
I very, iittlf regard to the princi
irhic.h it was founded, and the
,-hich at that time, I conceive,
ihdifpeiff hie. It is the duty of
■ , : ntas the supreme executive of
Ci- . c! States to (Co every thing in his
- i 10 fuppor't the execution of the laws,
to i. iint<fin peace until Congrei's think
dej."' ire. war. No one ifceds to'
ed that a Proclamation cannot
r, ■ law : the. days of such folly are
.•very one knows:that in all coun
, r are critical occasions when it is
■ for individuals to b.e reminded of
:u and thaflpecialdireftionsfhould
■ , ir carrying on prpfecutions in
li < public pYofperity is more than
"y interested. No occasion forfuch
•■c e ever exiljed more critical than
■jusftion. TKe fitiiation in which
i.-.'ced Was new, and required per- ,
retlcftion even in-the beftiriforth
beiQi'«'it'was thoroughly uiider
lere was every appearance of its
ig'a jing the p'aflions, not Only of
los a great number of inditidu- 1
; violations of neutrality had ac
n committed: more alarming ,
,I'cdWemplatiqin. Had the Pre- j
:er tft'efe circumstances been lilent
i: country would soon have b'een
[i ; flame, and foreign powers would
fit'.pcM&f that government was either ]
it about preserving a neutrality, or' (
i.' -j prftence of it meant to cOurite- (
c- partial hofuliteS, which would be ,
.e the tnoft juftifeble, tho* on the
■ I t ie aggre.Tor one of the molt difho
tb'c i.Airies" oi war. Happily for the
iaf ty, neither negligence nor a
. -r thejpurefi integfrif"' was ever im
on' totSeliigh iiivefted witA
qrtant trull ; and he has accord
i i?<j lifted hirhielfin one-os the molt .
t k' fit,!: tiqr.3 in which any m2n was
: ired : in a* manner calculated, not
s ferure an addition if pofiible to his
• r fame, bi;t to" fupporf with ijew i
> e dignity and independence of his
<*Oi;:"V, , t
NciwitMlanding the defensive measures
rhich Congrrfs have it in contemplation to
iiirfue, in conference of aggre(lions we
had little reason to expect, after the uni
crm integrity winch our government hath
so ftronglv and unequivocally Ihewii', yet
ntil th 1 ? contrary be clearly warranted by I
iome high authority it is the dutv of each si
individual to conform Pus conduct to the c;
: .me principles 'of neutrality as before,
• nee the fatal die of war Or peace is not yet
rrcvocably cast, God forbid that the u .
allincfs of any individual fhotild' ill any 11
tunner aggravate the fnbfilling difficulties
)f his country : let us therefore consider,
v ell for {lie fake of the future as the part,
n whit those duties coniift, wdiich can only
:e ascertained hy eonfulting-thc law of nap 1
s low of so much'moment to the peace tl
ind luippinefs ofmankindiffacredly regard- m
ed, hilt w s h'ich too frequently is made Jhe g.
'port of the uor ft paflions of human nature: : ,
[he nature of this law (it appearing in ge-'
aeraj not to be well Underlrood)' I beg leave'
to state to you, before I point out the dur Si
ties of neutr lity which it inculcates. re
In a!! caJts which aiTeft the rights of iif- tli
dependeiS i'overelgnties, whi have no cora
nou luperior, the inly way to ascertain the .
yties wmch one nation owes to .mother, ,°
Mo enquire what*r -afon di'ftates- that at
. iliute which tht Almighty has .bellowed
pon all maf.ki.id for the vi.imateguide.and
H ei'ior of their coudue Ar a'mo.ig in
ividuals in a rude state of r ->Vietr,' before e3{
ly form of government there' p
e cert" in rational principles by which each '
ian is bound to regulate his conduct to his D
110.-.v-creatert man, so among different na
>ns, wnich have no superiOr human autho- J
vto decide their differences, they can ! on
ybe deteptrn'ifed by the principles of rea- po
i:n vc.:ich all mankind, when their minds f}),
* not debated by ignorance, or* corrupt
oy vices; generally if ree. In this, how- fei
r, as in all other cases, iiiajikind acouire
i information without an effort. Pro- an
" r ;Ce has give'n'us faculties of mind to
t'ure knowledge, as'well as faSs^c S Q f u a
ly to undergo the necelfary 'labour (or sy
purposes of human life, but intending
■n tor an a'ftivebeing arid to attain all '
ian" advantages by means of his own ini- c '!
ry,- frrme degree of application is necefl c "'
to d ifcovtr the dictates of reason, even ve
lie comrno'ieft iniftances which lie with- th
er province, until habit has rendered po
'v familiar.' It is the more necessary, T.,
u,e as man has .a variety of duties to ,
°™ 1 > >} 's'requifite in order to discover e ,
a m ail their relations, to examine and P
pare ant' duty with another, and fee, <*•'
afe'of a competition; which is' the fu- ad
or, ?hd Which the fubordiiiate duty; lS\
' wC nay~makc the latter give way to
° ri rMr' '^ u ®. is a duty to a
' s felf, which in cafe of j competition ■
c.'.g to give Way to th«: duty which he dC
sn sto his family ; and his duty to his fa- I*
l instances where they are incom
— , -
ttes owes to his country. But though the dif
, el. CO very of these duties in all their perfeelion
all may "be a work which requires great thought
he and sagacity, the ordinary duties of hi/man
•by lite are fufficien.lv obvious; and evin those
zen the occafi'ins for which afie more rare may
ifh- eafilv be comprehended when the reasons
)Vis of them are dearly Hated and defined. To
)I0- ■ discover t\ie elementary principles of Arith •
eit- metjc required a great gt hius, but to un
♦en derfland them when d and e.tp'.am
nns ed, the dulbft mind, if capable of cpmpre
-IH, htriflon at ail, is perfectly equal. We
(lie have the happinsfs to live in an age wheif
oris human Knowledge id all its branches lias
aav. been carried to a great perftftiod. The
ved Law of Nations, by which alone all cott
on tr'overfies between nation and nation can- be
an- determined, has been cultivated- with ex
the traordinary success. In its main principles,
:r y. is stated by many ablfe writers all civilized
11i*i— na:ions concur. Those that are really ■
ear questionable are neither many nor import
ici- arit. Within these few years this law has
the not only been stated with peculiar accuracy
ve, and conciseness, but all its principles have
of been traced to their source with a power of :
of reasoning which has commanded Universal
his affettt, aiid with a fpifit of freedom and an
vs, enlarged liberality of mifid entirely suited
nk to the high improvemerits the present age
to' has made in aft kinds of political reasoning. 1
(To be Continued.) |
in- 11 " 1
is p 0) - the Gazette of the United States: t
Of r
% Mr. Fenno, i
an Your Lancaster eorrefportdent Sp- r
ch pears much displeased that you (hould r
an not have defined the terms Democracy j
( 'h and Arfjlocracy and therefore, un- r
er " dertakes t« forward to ycrti, not on- o
,n " ly the pre<rife ideas meant by the a
its wor d, but also the Greek words from
of whence they spring—but we cannot J
lu- but blush at his u'fing a Greek word ne
ic- ver before ft err, to be, t ran fla ted gov
"g ernment,to wit,*farf/»*; & also pervert
ing the frieaningof the Greek word Arif
a]i sos fctfic't©-irr order to correspond with
U his wit. Should the Citizen present
er you with any more witicifms, we have
or oinly to beg that he may not attempt
e- definitions above his reach—and by this
jj e means do more injury than benefit. Is
* For Kratos—ttcartQ. f- Nobles. rr
"a CONGRESS. ft
y — ti
:A IN SENATE, k
ff . — Ir
Friday, May 23. ' t(
at . (Concluded.)
Is A mefiage in 1 writing, was received C , 5
" s from the President of the United States, '
by Mr. Dandridge his Secretary:
- s United States, 23d May, 1794. j,
° Gentlemen of the Senate and of y (
the House of Representatives,
j, I lay before you the copy of a letter
■t from the minister plenipotentiary of his
y Britannic majesty, in answer to a letter CC
h from the Secretary of State communi
e cated to Congress yesterday - r and also VC
' the copy of a letter from Secretary,
e which is referred toy in the above men- a „
„ tibtied lettei* of (Tie minister..
s G, WASHINGTON. "
br
The and papers were read. na
v Ordered, that the mefTage and pa
- pers therein referred to together with eft
e the communications referred to in the
■ meflage of the President of the United tri
e States of the 2 ift instant be printed for in
the use of the Senate. Pr
j. The Vice President laid before the fes
. Senate a letter signed Arthur St. Clair, pe
refpefting the loss of certain horses in. tui
- tiie public service. nei
Ordered, that this letter be referred thi
to the committee to whom was yefter
[ day referred the bill, entitled, "An aft is
[ to compensate Arthur St. Clair.'' fpt
i ' On request, agi
Ordered, that the Vice-President be adi
eXcused from attendance in Senate after
: Friday next. fro
\ The bill, sent from the Hou£ of Re
Representatives for concurrence, enti- reli
I tied, An aft laying additional duties sea
jon goods, wares and merchandise im>- ex
ported into the United States, and on the
; the tonnage of ships or vefiels," was
read the third time. nui
On motion to reffore the 4th Section me
. amended as follows : not
" And be it further enacted, That not
upon all Jhips or vejfels of the United pre
States, there Jhall be levied andpaid after !
j the lafl day of June next, a duty of Jix the
centi p-'r tsn, in addition to the duty now the
■ charpialile ly l aWy . aH d U p on 3]] ships or efta
! vefiels belonging wholly, or in part, to- the
• the fubjetts or citizens'of any foreign and
power, whieff, after the skid last day of wif
J*jne next, shall in the Unit- (
ed btates, from any foreign port' Or nob
p ace, there (hall be levied, and paid a red
duty of twenty-five cents' per ton, in as a
addition to the duty n6w chargeable by 1
, law, 0 • r
a j • IS "
1 And on motion,' c j a j
I, h was a ß reed that the further coufi- fore
: JSS" f " k
*1 \ J rhe S «"ate adjourned to XI o'clock will
A
..■m**, . * -do
air- r: -— —
ght Foreign Intelligence.
nan *
,ofc F k A N C E. I
t>ny
on, "NATIONAL CONVENTION.
12 Germinal, (Tuesday April I.
Un - Tire form of the decree for abohfhing I
iin- the Slave Trade, having been referred
r to the Committee of' Public Safety, I
1 was presented and palled in the follow- I
>"ing terms: I
r ' he " The Slavery of Negroes is abolifh
on- ed. In conference, the Convention
ibe decrees, That all the inhabitants of I
ex- the colonies, whatever be their colour, I
' es > are French Citizens. They {hall en- J
z "' joy all the rights belonging to this ti
y tie."
•jrt- # m
] las Several communes in the ne'ghbofcr
acy hood of Paris, cofigratulated the Con- ,
ave vention on new discoveries refpecling I:
°f the conspiracy against Liberty. j;
rfal The President—" Be afliired, Citi- i
a " zens, that there never will be in France, 11
ijre King, Dilatory Triumvirs, nor Pro- I
dg. teftorS. We each wear a poignard to t
be plunged into the heart of tfce firft I j
dominator who {hall lay a parricidal I (
hand on the statue of Liberty. Vir- I c
tue and Probity are not idle words.— I
There are Hypocrites in Virtue as well I a
as Patriotism; but they (hall be un- I e
'p- masked. It is not to Men that we I
'Id mull attach Ourselves, but to Princi- 11
■ c y pies which are invariable. Let every I e
ft- man in public trust know that he has Itl
n- only to choose between a civic crown I p
he' and the fcaffold." I p
ra I la
ot Decree refpedtrng the expulsion of the I
e " ci-devant nobles and foreigners out la'
t _ of Paris, and all fortified places and I
if- lea ports. Iti
From the Journal De La Montague.' I
nt NATIONAL CONVENTION, t!
pt 27th Germinal, (April 16.) I
is Couthon presented the draught of aI h;
law ordered yesterday. The two com- |(h
mittees have examined with the mod [ p:
serious attention, the different remon- j
ft ranees which have been presented to gi
them.' If they would have given way, Ihi
said he to the impulsions of individual j lit
interest ; if they had ceafedone instant cc
to look upon their country, they would h«
have presented an infinite number of
j exceptions, which would have destroyed |pi
s the effects of the law. There are some, an
' neverthelefe, which appeared to us to pc
be just, and which are infertcd in the
draft,- which lam directed to read t'o th
you. f e ,
General Police of the Republic. Un
T Article'" 1 !. All those fufpedted of co
r conspiracy {hall be brought from all
parts of the Republic, before the Re- co .
J volutionary Tribunal of Paris. wi
2. The committees of public welfare m<
' and public fafety, shall make the prompt
est searches after the accomplices of the
conspirators, and cause the fame to be P°
brought before the [evolutionary tribu
nal. flu
3. The popular commiflions shall be P ri
-1 established for the 15 Floreal. th<
e 4. All the administrations and civil P r<
1 tribunals are directed to determine with- P ei
r in three months from the date of the vai
promulgation of these presents, all cau- flla
; fes now depending before them, under mt
, penalty of difmiflion ; and for the fu- to '
i- sure, all private causes shall be determi- in
ned in the famefpace of time and under diil
1 the fame penalty. pal
5- The committee of public welfare flla
: is expressly charged to cause to be in- cn£
fpefted the authorities of the public
agents, charged to co-operate with the a PI
: administration. cot
6. No ex-noble, nor any foreigner oll(
from those countries with which the c ' n
Republic is at war, shall be allowed to , P a '
reside in Paris, or any fortified place or rhc
: seaport town, during the war. Every i ot^
J ex-noble or stranger as aforefaid, found in g
therein within 10 days, is out-lawed. to
7. The workmen employed in ma- ber
nufa&uring arms at Paris, foreign wo- :
men-who have married French patriots, crei
noble ladies, who have married citizens a P
not noble, are not comprehended- in the (
preceding article. be
8. Foreign workmen, who lived by t^ri
the labour of their hands previous to
the passing of this law, retail merchants
established likewise before the pafiing
thereof, children under-15 years of age,
and old people above 70 years, are like- ' 1
wife excepted. Qj t
9. Exceptions with refpea to fbreign den
noblemen in the military line are refer- Gei
red to the committee of public welfare, ferv
a3a measure that concerns government, was
10. The committee of public welfare ten<
is likewise authorized to detain by fpe- Ne\
cial requisition such ci-devant nobles and Eve
foreigners, as they may think ufcful to the
the Republic. jy j
11. The revolutionary committees ball
will _gil£ jafVports ; .those individuals nen
I "'YtjSkMlW', .wfl. tit?f o.
—— » give up the name of the place, whither
I they intend to retire, which is to be I
£• I mentioned in the passport.
I 12. The revolutionary committees I
j (hall keep a register of all the passports I
I they may ifTue, and shall transmit an I
I extract of this register, every day, to the I
'* J committees of public welfare and ofl
ling I public fafety. L
rrcd 13. The ci-devant nobles and fo-I
ety, feigners', 1 who come under the meaning I
ow- of the prefertt law, shall be obliged to |
I present their passports, the moment they I
lifb- j arrive, to the municipality whose dif-1
Won trift they have retired to. They shall j
i of I likewise be obliged so pre fart themselves I
)ur, I every day before the municipality ofl;
en- I their refpedive residence under the fame I ;
I ti- I penalties.
I 14. The municipalities £hall be oblig-1 1
4ir- ed to transmit, without delay, to the j 1
on- committees of public welfare and public I ;
ing fafety, the lift of all the ci-devant nobles | 1
j and ft/angfrS residing within their ju-1 f
iti- I l ifdiftion, and of those who shall retire I t
ce, | thither. I t
ro- I 15. The ci-devant nobles and ftrang-1 i
to I ers cannot be admitted to any of the I
irft I popular societies and committees of in- I
dal I fpedlion, nor into tlie aflemblies of the I
ir- I commonalties or feftions. I j
— I 16. Generals not in actual service, I
ell are prohibited to reside in Paris, fortifi- I a
in- I ed places or maritime towns.
we I if. The refpe£t towards the magif-1 t
ci- I trates shall be religiouflv observed ; but I
ry I every citizen has a right to complain of |
las I their injustice, and the committee of I{|
vn I public welfare shall cause them to be I j
I puni"{lied accoring. to' the rigor of the 1 1 |
I aws- * Iv,
he I 18. The National Convention orders I
ut I all authorities to confine themselves I a
I ftriftly withnr the limits of their ap- I j-
I pointiwent, and not to extend nor con- f
I tra<Sl the fame. | j
i I 19. The National Convention 1 directs I
I the committee of public welfare to de- I
I mand a severe account of all their a- I j
I gents ; to prosecute . those who shall I ( j (
a j have been subservient to plots, and who I rf
n- I shall have employed a-gainft liberty the j
ft j power' entrusted to them. I
n- j 20. All citizens shall be obliged to I
:o give information to the authorities of j
f, j his place, and to the committee of pub- I
al j lie welfare, of the thefts, incivir dif- j
it j courses, and acts of opprefllon they tr
Id j have been the victims or witnefles of. to
if 21. The Representatives of the peo- ,
d j pie shall make use of the constituted
s, authorities, and cannot delegate their
o powers.
Ie 12. None fhalT make l eq.uifitions, biit
o the commilfion of fubfiftance and lepre- i] e |
fentatives of the people with the armiei, !
under the express authorization' of the ' jj n
,_f committee of public welfare.
II 23. If any one, eonvineed of having
complained of the revolution, lived
without doing any thing, and was not
e more than 60 years of age, norfick, he
shall fie transported to Guyenne. These
e kinds of affairs are to be judged by the
e popular commiflions.
. 24. The committee of public welfare
shall engourage, by indemnifications and
e premiums, all kind of manufactures and
the exportation of Mines j they shall
[j protedl induliry and confidence between '7
. people in trade; they shall make ad- 1,0
e vances to* such patriotic merchants as 11
. fliall offer their provisions at the maxi-
r mum; they shall give guarantee warrants r ' e;
to those who bring merchandise to-Paris,, t^lf
_ in order that the transports may not be
r disturbed; they {hall protect the free tr Y
passage of waggoners in the interior, and ee
, fliall not fuffer the public faith to be
. encroached upon.- cy,
; 2 5- The National Convention will anc
, appoint from among themselves, two c ,° l
commiflions, each of three members, the t) '° l
- °J le charged with digesting into a fuc- el^c
. cinft and compleat code all the laws wo
> passed until this day, and fupprefiing
, those which hate become obsolete ; the 01
, other commission is charged with digest- er
| ing a code of civil institutions; in order
to preserve the morals and spirit of Li
' bCn l' *r> ■ Ex '
26. The insertion of this present de- j
cree in the minutes shall serve instead of n
; a publication thereof. s j
On motion of Robespierre, it is to
be publiflied with the usual solemnities In J
throughout Paris.-
A A.7Tr TC A. l'„H
_ Q1 J EBEC, May 12.' ed \
Yesterday the British Militia- of this the)
City ballottted for the detachment or- noti
dered by his Excellency the Governor fyftt
General, to be fiirnifiled for immediate inde
, service. the weather witl
was very unfavorable,- sill" the men at- orde
tended with great punfttiality on the botu
New Parade at the hour appointed.— "land:
Every one was anxious to serve, and after
the whole Corps would most cheerful- in cc
ly have turned' out Volunteers; A the
ballot therefore became »ngret
nerciJarv SWT *rc>r- im; r<
• into three deep, j me^i
litlier and the ballot was conduced into t
to be centre with the molt perfect resnl
—At every ticket drawn f ur f
ttees the drawer was fainted with three chee'
ports from the whole corps.
t an ——
- UNITED STATES. %
so. PORTLAND, (M.}May 24 .
ning A MURDER,
dto Laflf Surtday evening, as a youurr „; r }
they of about 14 years of age., of a credits
dif- ble family in Va(Talborough,by the name
fliall of Tilt<?n, was returning home from
.-Ives her filter's house, where (he had been on
' °f a visit, was overtaken in the woods by
amc a negro man, who, after committing a
rape, murdered her, and hid her body
>lig- under a log, and covered it with rot
the ten wood. She was found 011 Tuesday
blic after a long search made by the neigh
bles bors, who from certain circhmftances,
• ju- fufpedting the perpetrator of the crimes,'
tire took the negro with them We hear
the villain has confefled the fads, and
ing- is in custody.
the -
in- NEW-YORK, June 7.
C ' IC It is observable, that Dr. Priestley
in his answer to the address of the De
mocratic Society, has not said one word
'' " about the Society that addrefTed him ;
.. he has not hinted at the great utility of
" the inftitiition—he has not said, he ex-
pelted that Society to afiift in protcft
ing his liberty and his property—on
the other hand he seems to express a
I desire to be protested by the laivs of
1 the country — he has not said he wishes
well to the Society—and what is more,-
he has not even thanked them for the
ves address. In this answer, however, ths
Dodtor has discovered his patriotism at
well as his prudence ; and there is no
doubt his good sense will lead him to
avoid entangling .himfelf wit'll parties in
this country. He will soon learn the
charadters of men and focictics ; and no
j doubt will be found among those found
I republicans who support the President
1 and maintain the government and laws
of the country. He will soon learn
t( i that Europeans wlio have acquired a'
0 habit of railing at the corrupt govern
ments of Europe, have no occasion for
1 " the exercise of such habits in this coun
ey try ; that it is his duty and his intercft
to support the constitution of the peo
°" pie's choice, which gives us all protec
tion—and that the true American cha
lr radter is to maintain a total indepen
dence on any foreign power—and that
parties, organized and directed by fo
e"; reign emiflaries,who wouljj tie us ft) any |
' j European nation, likea pincushion dang
ie j ling at any woman's apron string, are'
I hostile to all our dearest interflls.
'g
;d
>e PHILADELPHIA,
fe
le JUNE 12.
PR6M A CoRRFSPOfiDENr.
lC j The progress of Literature in the'
,]j United States mult give pleasure to eve
,n ly true republican—Since the publica
]_ tion of Mr. Dobfon's edition of the
is Encyclopedia, that knowledge, which
j_ was derived principally from oiir Libra
s ries, and confined in a great degree to
s the cities on the Atlantic Ihores, is now
J diffufed thro' the interior of our coun
,e try.: In the Gazette of yefterdav, we
(j fee from Lancaller County an excellent
e definition of Aridocracy and Democra
cy, which we hops may have its use
]] and for which we could not so tfcll ac
() count, but from the general fobferip
c tion, by which Mr. Dobfon has been
ertcouraged to prosecute so a
s work.—A work very much read by
out - fellow citi/ens residing at a oiftance
from those public Libiaries'', which have
heretofore been the source of such ex
r alted sentiments.
Extral7 from a fpcech of the R. //■ C.J
- ! Fox, in the British house of Cm
s mons, on the 2 ifl January lajl.
I next come to touch on the condiift
3 of Miniilers, with refpeft Jo America.
s In this iriftance they seem Kk'ewife to
have adopted the maxim of Genet, (in
setting aside the authority of Vatiel,
and teftifying themoft perfefl contempt
for the principles laid dow'nby eftabhfh
ed writers on the law of nation?, where
i' they happened to* differ from fh® l '* nv < r
■ notibns of political convenience 1u"
• fyfterh of ftjjgieffion on tK .rights r;
■ independent states, thev followed uj
■ with'refpett to America '>>' '^ mn g
order to fei>e on American veflels
bound to the F-nch Weft-Ind.a if
This ord li°« ever, they wer
afterwards pre'- ,! ' upon to withdrau
in confequer-f of being informed by,
the me-' ian ts, that Congre/s could
prefer irook fowanton an aggression, so
in irtftllt: and tha'
; aftire, If perfifled tn» wA 11 ,a • f