- 83 -- 1- s W. ALVORD, Publisher. VOLUME Dxxxvin. • Business Cards. viT. J. YOUNCI, ATTORFEY-ATZAW, TowAimA, PA. Oto—second door south tha 'First aut . 31:tia St., up stairs. • I_.-_.- v.- .1 'II. KINNEY, Y • .4 TTO.R NE r -A T-1,4 W. -----. Mee—Rooms forroerly . oecupled by Y Ri•Aing'U oo m. • LI . I : WILLIAMS & ANGLE, .4 T TOR YE YS-AT-LAW:. OF C E.—Formerly occupied by Wm Esi• 11. N. WIL LI ANS. (OCtai, '77) • Y. .11cP1IERSON, I• ' AtTORNEY AND CorNssixon•AT:Lavr, TOWANDA, PA fifi'F" - Att'y Srad. Co "AIASON it HEAD,- ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW . . Tovatida, Pa.' °Mee over Bartlett & Tracy, ]Bain-et. G. F.M. sON. Ca9l7) EL. HILLIS, ATTORNEY-AT-LAW, • TOWANDA, Pi:, Office wtth Smith & Montanye. , cttoirtl=7, E F. GOFF, • ATTORNEY-AT-LAW. r aliCStriet (4 doors north of Ward Houe), Teg -1-3:1,1a, I'4. [April 12, 1877. k I T I. LA T W II OI O ,. .N A t t. P ,7s S i O N. N i , ,,, A . T v r .i o n n at tY d to all hubiness entrusted to his ears to Bradford, Sullivan anti Wyoming.Cotiuttes. Office with Esq. furter, 7 [novl9-74. T ELSBREE, ATTORNEY-AT-LAW, •• • 4),u4-75. TOWANDA, PA • ? - 1 . L. LAMB, . ATTORNEW-AT-LAW, WI mots-BARRE, PA, Collections promptly attentiMl to. JOHN W. MIX, ATTORNEY AT LAW, AND - 11. S. COMMISSIONER, TowASDA, PA, Office. Norto Side Public 'Square D AVIES CARNOCIIAN, • ATTORNEYS AT LAW, , SOUTH SIDE OF WARD lIOCSE Dec 23.75. R. S. M. WOODRURN, clan and Surgeon. Office over O. A. Black's rockery gore. • Towanda, May 1, inny*. AlApi.LL_ CALIFF, ATTOTOSETS AT LAW, e TOW.PZ:CDA PA. OlDee Woott's Mock, first door south of the Firs Natl.nal bank, upistalrs. - E1..1. MADILL, rjana-731y) GE IDLEY & PAYNE, ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW, outh side Mercur Mori: (rooms formerly occupied by Davies & Curnoehan), TOWANDA, PA. I.ll7ff‘WNE. (14.77) E. C. finmEEs TAMES WOOD, ATOItNEVAT-LAW, , J .TOWANDA. r. m'dt9-76 -.CHAS. 3L HALL, Attorney-at-Law and Votary, will give natant attention to any lot sl oess entrust cd to him. Office with Patrick ds Fo.yle, (over .1 , , , ,rnal Office), Towanda, Pa. pluno7l7. TOIIN.F. SANDERSON, ATTOIt N EY-AT-I, W, OFFlCE,—,ileaus Buikllng (over Powelt's Store inclo3-76 TOWANDA, PA. W. & Wm. LITTLE, A T TOR NE i'S-A T-LAW, TO IVA NDA, PA Office over Deckers PnwlstotrStore, Main Stree Towanda, Pa„ April 18.'76. • ' - GEORGE D. STROUD, • A TrOliNE Y .41V (70,Cr NS F.: I.L6R-A W 0111‹..e—Main-st., four doors North of Ward !louse Practices 1p Supreme Court of Pennsylvania and Milted TOWANDA, PA States Courts.•—[Dec7.7o! • FT STREETER 11.• • , LAW OFFICE, aug2o. • . TowANnA, PA.- • t. -: _ ____ ... OVERTON & MERCITR, ATTORNEYS AT LAW, • TOWANDA PA. Office over Montanyes Store. ' Imay67s D'A. OVERTON.ID.DNEY A. MERC CT R. . , . , ... ,• _ , • _ . ____, W.M.- MAXWEW,. • ,ATTORNA.F-IT—LAW. i . OFFICE OYES DAYTON'S Slrona, TowANbA, PA A pit! noes. pAT-Inc K & FOYLE,' 4rTO.R.VE r4-A T-i,4 W. - INTowanda, Pa. orrice, In Mercura jiy17.73 ._ 5 \ I ANDREW WILS, • cy • . T'M MVP! Y (70,7 E OR- A T4-L A Ir. i , thee over Cross' Rook titore, - two ‘dlooi.s north of LorigaTowandai Pa. May b . ou - suited vrinau.- [April 12, 11.1 . 0 (lERTON ELSBREE; thll. T - Nf NCI'S AT LAW, TO*ANDA, P,A. Haying copartnership! offer their professional eir.'n.e. to the public. Special attention givetOo in the Orphan', and Register's Cat!rts. EItTON, .1 it. (aprl I-70) N. C. EL§BREE. - - - 1 1-. C. MITT:MEI:, It(o)b - pINDE R. L'pr.nCTER FLOCITt,TOWANDA 11 S. RUSSELL'S v. AGENERAL :NSURANCE AGEN CY :TOW A N.l) A ~ P A. Mly2S-70tf • . . INSURAN - CE AGENCY. . The follenving • . • .. RELIABLE AND FIRE-_ TRIED CemPanten represented; I ' A Ncr-mitx,patEsik' 110 ME MERCIF.ANTS, March 16, '74 0. 11. ISLACC. ECM rt\NTANDA , I.',TSiTRANCE . AOENCY Main Street . opposite Vie Cour .11u,rese W.' S. VINCENT, MAN - AGM. ' DR. T. B:JOHNSOg, PHYSICIAN AND SUOGEOIiv 019 , e Over Dr. Porter & Son's Drug Store, Towanda. Jan,p7Stf. 1.1/4V B. KELLY, DENTIST.—Office Teet over M. E. oßenfleldrs, Towanda, Pa. .h . B Inserted on G M old, Sliver, -Rubber, and •A.l- n1111i:1111 hale. Teeth extracted without pain. oct:34-72. V D. PAYNE, M. D., L. • • PHYSICIAN AND SUROLVN Ohre ever Ilontanyes' Store. Office hours from 10 to /.2, A, L s , and from 2 to 1, P. Is. Special attention (firm to dheases of the Eye and Ear.-0ct.19,76tf. GERITY & MpRICEIs: [Saablttihad UFO WHOLESALE DRUGGISTS DRUGGISTS SUNDRIES, PA'IENT 1214 Leas Srazrr, ELMIRA, N. It !.b.:8,• 78, - • Mr. Longfellow's ' poem, "Keramos,•.:ln liar per's ifounene for December, has for lii .:Ilubject Pottery—under various national types. .Ckusidered simply as a realistic description of ceramfe wares and: their ornamentation, it is a work ditelaying on M ost magical skill. But it is far monk, than thbOt is an Imaginative Poem of the highest . or • erg interpreting the subtleUnalogy which connects' art .jvith nature and Inman life. The poem, With the - exquisite IlluStrritions by Fredericks t and Akto: hey, of llatpei's, occupies fourteen pages, aul we can only lay before our readers a few extracts: atlonal .. M. k.-. I C. n.317A. Watkins, Tti?n, turn, my wheel! Turn round-and round Without a pause, witkout a sound: So epilut the flying world away! TM* clay, well Misetrißth marl and sand, . 41,114tve the motion of my hand; Forefinme ro ust follow and some command, Though all are made of clay! 11133:831 Thus sang the Potter at his task Ifeneath the Mossoming hawthorn-tree, While o'er his IstMures, like a mask, TIM quilted Eunshine and leaf sbade Moved. as the boughs above him swayed, Anti clothed him, till he seamed to he • • A figure wov en t iu tapestry, tto sumptuously was he arrayed In that magnificent attire • Of sable tissue flaked w ith . fire. • Like a magician ho appeared, • A conjurer without book or beard ; And while ho plied his magic art— • Far It was magical to me— r I stood in silence and apart, • And wonderad more and more to see That shapeless, lifeyss mass of clay • itise up to meet theMastcr's hand, • AM know contract and - now expand, ' And even his slightest touch obey ; eker in a thoughtful moos Ile sang ids ditty, and at times. - • Whistled a \ tune between the rhymes, As a melodious interlude: • . • , [feb.ll.B .;,..71.1tT11 17 It HEAD • Turn, turn, my 7rhetl! A It It rt-ga must change To goin , thing new, toiromelhiny elrange: • .11 - ,!thing that i. caik s pa uoo Or day: Tht,nooswilt wax, the 1114(n will wane, The DI iNt and cloud will I urn to ruin, The ruin to 'Mild and cloud ag2ti a, To-morrow be to-day.t July 27,16 What land Is this, that seems to be`.„ A mingling of the landvand sea'? Tlis land of slake+, dikes, and dunes? 5. 7 This water-net, that lesseltates . The landscape? this unending maze Of gardens, through whose latticed gates The imprisoned pinks and tulips gaze ; Where in long summer afternoons . The sunshine, softened by the haze, CoMes streaming,down as through a screen ; Where over field? and pastures green The painte'd shipi goat high In air, , And over all and every where The salts of windmills sink and soar Like wings of sea-gulls on the shore? Jan. 1(1875 TOWANDA, rA What`land is this? Yon pretty town Is Deft, with all its wares displayed ; The pride., the market-place, the crown . And centre of the Potter's trade-. See 1 every house and room is bright I , With glimmers of reflected light Front plates that on the dresSer shine; , Flagons to roam with Flemish twer, Or sparkle with the Rhenish wine, Anti Mgritn-llasks with lieurs-dc-IIF, And ships upow a rMling And tankards pewter-topped, and queer Vi 4 , ith grotesque mask and musketeer ; Each hovitable chimney" smiles 3( welcome from Its painted tiles ; parlor waliF, the chamber .T. N. CALIFF 876 ISI Rorke. 1=525: KERAYiOS INTRODUCTION MIER l' he strirwitys and the e( rridors, Fite borders of the garden 'walks, .A.f e beantlf LAI with fadeless flowers, That never droop In wlntls or showers, And never wither on their stalks. EMILE Who Is It In the siddirlis here, This Potter.worting with .itch cheer, In thi: loran this mean attire, Ills manly 'feature, bronzed with fire, Whoseligulines and rustic wares Scarce line m bread from day to day ? Thls madman, as the people say, %Vim breaks bis tables and his chairs To feed his furnace ores, nor cares .11 - lso goes utifeii If they ate fell Nor tt;ho may live if they are dead? This 'alchemist with hollow elfejks, And sunken, sesreldng eyes, ndlo seeks, fly mh:gb•d earths and ores eoluninnd With poterey of fire, to find • Son, ne;wt• enamel hard and bright, Ills dream, his passi , di, his delight? tYPallcsy l within thy breast 'turned the but fever of unrest: . • Thlne - wa, the prophet's i - b,lon, Mint). The exr : ltation, the divine In.--anltY of noble minds, - That never falters our ;dates, But hates and endures and watts, 2. i Tilt -ill 'that it foresees, It trod', Or 1 Iv It can not find, creates' . 1 1 MEM And nn* the witolti tliat southward blow, (:601 tlt` hot Bear Me away.' I see . below The long line of the Libyan Nile, 'Floodltig and feeding the parched lands 'With annual ebb :mil overflow : fallen palm whose branches lie Beneath the-Abyssiolan sky, Whor roots are la Egyptian sands. . On ether batik bilge water-wheels, Epted with Jars and dripping weeds; ',Zed forth their meiotic:oily moans, As If, In their gray mantles hid, Dead.anclirites of the Thela ld Knelt on the share and told their beads, Beating their breasts with loud appeals Anil penitential tears and groans.' This city, walled and thickly set With glittering mosque.and minaret, Is Cairo, imwhose gay bazars 'The dreaming traveller lint inhales The perfume of Arabian gales, And sees the fabulous earthen jam. • Huge as were there wherein the maid MOrgiana found the FM - ty Thieves \,• ‘ .Mnecale4l in midnight ambuscade; ' 'Nut scellig more than half believes faseinat Mg tales that rnn Through all the Thousand Nights and One, Told By the fair ScheherezaAle. More str*me and-wonderful than these Are the Egyptian deities— Ammon, and\Entoth, and the grand ' Osiris, holding , in his hand The fetus; Isis, erowned and veiled.; The scrod Ibis, and the Sphinx ; Bracelets with olue-enameled links; The Searabee in emerald mailed, Or spreading wide his funeral wings: LauMs that perchance th \ eir nightrwatch kept • O'eriCleopatra while she sl‘ti,7. All plundered from the tpmbs of kings.- CHINA. O'er desert vands,'Wei gulf and bak, O'ertanges and o'er Ilimalay, Lir& Ike I fly, and flying sing, To dowiry kingdoms of Cathay, And LI tddike polle on balanced wing \ .Above l i he town of King ! te-tching, A burn ng town, or seeming ac— Thrg thousand furnaces that glow • . lacessantlyAnd_llll the air With make 90 - Bing, gyre c on gyre, - • And painted by the larld glare Of jets and flashes of red fire. As leaves that in the autumn fall,- Spottedund veined with various hues, . Are swept along the avenues, And Ile In heaps by hedge and wall, So from this grove of chimneys whirled. To all the marketh of the world, Thesis porcelain leaves are wafted on— Light yelloW leaves with sp4s and stains - Of velvet and of crimson dye, Or tender azure at s.sky Just washed by_gentle April rains, And beautiful with celadon. ‘.• Nor less the coulter household wares.- The willow pattern, that we knew „In - cliildhar, with its bridge of pine Leading to unknown thoriughfares; \ The solitary man who stares • s At the white river flowing through , its.arches, the fantastic trees And wilttperspectire of the view ; . , ....,. . . . . . .. . . . .•.. . . . . . . . ... , . . . . .. .'..' . , . ,• . . .. - i . . . . . .. . . . ; . .. .. ~,.. • .. -- . ' .. . , ' ' „ , • . ~ - 7---.-., ': - - , 7';'- - •• ',..-..,.. .. - .'.. 7 . , ... '' f-'.1 .- . - : - ...T:::...7..7 . :r 'T..: ‘,'-- ' . f.4t - ,..5.L: - .1 1 ::::.;: .',' :: "?\: ..::...... ,-. '-: _ ~.. ..„. .. .... , ..._ - .• ; \ .„ „ (--- . ..-. , • . ----- A I 1 - i 4.4' • I .*' ' r . . . ~ • •., . . . . . . ... . . . , 1 . . And intermingled among.theso Th& tiles that In our nurseries Pilled tunrith wonder and delight, Or haunted us in dreams at night. And yonder by Nankin. behold The Tower of Porcelain, strange and old. Uplifting to the astonished skies Its ninefold painted balconies, With, balustrades of twining lesions, And toots of tile, beneath whose eaves Hang porcelain bells that all Unitize Ring with& soft melodious chime't, While the whole fabric Is ablaze With varied tints all fused In one • Great mass of color, like a maze Of iiowere illumined by-the sun. NATURE AND ART. - • Art to the child of nature ; yes, Iler darling child, in whom Ire trace The features of the mother's fice, • Uor aspect and her attltuda, Al her majestic loveliness . Chastened and - softsned and subdued Into nore attractive grace, . And with a human sense imbued, lie Is t!ra greatest artist, then, Whether of pencil or pen, • Who follows Nature. Never man, As artist or as artisan; • Pursuing his own fantasies,- Can touch the human heart, or please, or satisfy our nobler deeds, As be who setahis willing feet in Natures foot-prints, Ugh and fleet, , And follows fearless where alio leads . aikellanroui. THE rsivsy . QUESTION. The are the remarks of lion. E. REED. MYER on .the 'Usury Bill in the House of Representatives; on Thursday March 14 i SPEAKER MYER (on the door). Mr. Chairman; I Would. say to the lioUse that I -am not very particular myself. I would like very much to see that section adopted, and I want to say to the house that it duplicate of the law as it stands in : the State of New York, , which my *lend . from , :Lhzerne [Mr.Smith] al luded :to, and Ido not believe this evil can be corrected by any'other mean-under which the :people of this State - and Oi,many ethers are suffering in consequence of the evil : practices grown up in this country. I\ will say, however, to, the House that I do not wish to endanger the pas age of the bill, and if' the adop tion of this amendment will endan ger *"defeat the bill, then.rwould desire to have it defeated myself, rather than that the bill. should\be defeated,. r believe that, wi,thnther 'members of this House, I feel that' the bill under 'consideration is one of vital importance ticall the people of this great Commonwealth, - and - I un dertake the discussiot of the ques tion; conscious of my inability to do it justice, by presenting\tlle subject in its strongest and most; forcible . light; and while I frankly idniit this truth, I feel impelled by a .Sepse of duty to express my ,convictions and opinions, with a hope (feeble though it may be) that they may be instiu mental in impressing upon the *mem• bus of this House the propriety of their considering - its importance as connected with the business interest of our people in all 'their varied in dustries.- 'HI succeed in this I shall be satisfied. What, then, is the proposition con tained in this bill ? Briefly stated, it is to impose such restrictions and limitations upon taking usurious rates of interest, together with the penalty imposed, as to prevent as far as it is possible, this evil practice in -the future. This is the very simple proposition contained iu this bill ; and ~,what, sir, I ask are the argu ment 4 of the enemies of the reform proposed'? • I think I treat the enemies of this measure fairly and state the grounds of their opposition, properly when I. say that they Isiah to treat money as a commodity, and being•a cOmmod ity, the . way to get it at the lowest possible price is to allow the freest possible trade, and with the largest liberty of dealing in it the price will come to, a. minimum: • To the- idea tljat money is a Commodity like the I production of the soil,or of the vari ous mechanical . industries, I take de cided exception, and the mistake therein. made is the fallacy which un derlies the effort to defeat this and similar measures. , Wheat and corn arc merchandise, making ',trade ;. money is merely the macninery of trade ; but for convenience we would need no money in the ordinally busi ness transactions. The first step in I trade, in new or old nations, is bar ter. In early times we are told that; those" who addicted themselves to husbandry were careful to raise not only what was sufficient for their own subsistence, but also what would en-,_ able than, by exchan g e, to purchase ,part of the herds or locks . pf their neighbors who applied themselves to pastoral life. As these again fotind their accounts in , procuring corn . and. other fruits, for what would other wise have proved. an overstock of sheep and cattle." Thus base' tom modities. were exchanged, as a sheep, for instance , was given for a bag of corn, or a certain number of fowls fora quantity of fruit. Then came the invention of spinning and.weav ing, and then mannfacturies. The inconvenience of thus exchanging commodities made it absolutely nec essary to have a common measure standard for regulating the value of Articles produced by the husband-, man or manufactured by the artizan.: We are told that it was found incon venient to carry some things to mark et,. and besides, markets were attend ed with great uncertainties ? , Those who - hid goods to exchange were .not always able to.fiud such as had the thing they wantet, and perhaps, needthey were found, they bad no for the articles Offered.: To re lieve themselves from such diflicul ties \men were obliged to fix upon something which should beregarded in just proportions, an equivalent for . all articles of coinmerce: To overelome this great inconveni ei* to trade \ gave rise to money: It Was not regarded and was not a com modity. It was never intended to be bought and 'old. It was the measure of valuess,-itnd foithe con venience of trade...\,lt is not neces sary to show . that-it was gold or sil ver, for there was no necessity of its having any intrinsic value, it being sufficient that common consent gave it that kind of course - frOfiquind to hand; Which is so well exprenked by. M REGARDLESS OF DENUNCIATION FROM ANY QUARTER. TOWANDA, BRADF IRD ' COUNTY, PA., THURSDAY MOMNe, MARCH 28,, 1878. our word currency. It migkt be leather money, it might be shells called cowers, it might be iron lo(r,, break All these articles and nianY, others have lieen money in olden times, or it may be gold and ,silver, as at the present time, used and pre ferred because of its intrinsic value. Yet valuable as it is, intrinsically, a largo. proportion of our own people prefer stamped paper as more con venient, especially when used for large transactions. Money'- never , was, and, in' a proper state of socie ty, never can be a commodity. It is simply 'the machinery of trade and the medium of exchange, and very largely, in my judgment, must the present long- continued prostration of bpsiness be - attributed to this false and' mistaken thought, that it shall be bought and. sold like articles of merchandise for any price that the 1 cupidity of man may-demand.. The second - point so often. used against the passage'of stringent usury laws is the old argument of the money lender. That being a commodity, the way to get it at the lowest possi price is to let the trade in it be free and unrestricted. . • So manifest is this error that it would not seem to require argument to answer it. ® But capital invested in money,being always on the alert with an abundance of sophistry to whisper into theear of every listen. er, is. constantly at Work trying to secure to itself greater power over labor, and nothing is more common than the persistent repetition of the declaration that money is a commod ity to be dealt in like other articles -of commerce that enter into the gen eral trade of a country. In refutation of this gross error, I propose further to remark. . How different is the situation then of a party to a con tract to borrow money from the pur chaser of everything else. The bor rower and the lender do not meet on equal terms ' • one has a' note to pay gn a Certain day, for five or ten.theu iand dollars ; he must pay it when due, or he is ruined ; he can do o only with money made a legal tender for the payment of debts by the goV ernment. Does this man meet the cashier or president of a bank on equil. terms *hen he goes there to ask for an extension of time, or does he not go there in the capacity of .a beggar with the humility of a French dancing master ? The bank officer ' knows and feels his power, and too often uses it. And his answer is too. frequently frequently that the note must bepaid 1 when due; he will often direct his victim to some friend -who will help him to the money for two or three per cent.,a month,and the customer's note finds'its way into the bank, and quite too, often the interest at two 'per—cent. a month alsO: Will it be pretended that both par ties to this contract were as free as Men in the ordinary business trans actions of life ? Do they meet- on \ equal terms ? Certiirrly not. The avarice 'of one on the one side, and tli., neceiiities of the other on the other side, make the contract. What, then,`is the difference - between a pri soner o 1 the bank and a prisoner of the ja I, \ and a contract made'q a prisoner 6 secure his release from jail will be s declared void, if undue advantage is taken yet the power of , the jail to rinnhe individual is no greater than the power of the rnemey lender ; is it consistent to holditbe latter, contract void, which only' oc curs at long intervals, and hold the one valid, which happen hundreds of tines each day ? The person wish ilia' to purchase - an rrticle \ of mer chandise, meets the seller on equal terms. If they cannot agree on the price to be paid for it, he can, go 1 elsewhere, .to some other_ town \or `city, if he cannot suit himself or he can postpone his wants to som ther) time; besides the seller is ways 1 j anxious to meet him, and r dy to deal on equal terms, This is the way parties meet who deal in commodi ties, and if the article is high it is gen erally because the article-is scarce:' Not so with money. The scarcity-in money is often artificial, and if it exists, it is because the money lend- er makes it, or pretends it is so, and , the borrower has no means of know ing to the contrary, and, believes' what is told him by the lender when he goes to get a-loan. A moment's reflection must convince every Intel ' ligedt mindthatthere is just as much money at-six per cent. as there is at twenty per cent. or - any higher rate of interest ; and do we not luiow that it requires no more money. to do the business of soeiety at one price than. it does at another. Is not the scare._ ity purely a fiction, made for the sole purpose of exacting a higher rate of interest ? Another question occurs to me; •if the repeal of usury laws would make money cheaper, why are; all the Banks, Bankers, and money lenders in favor of repeal, and for free trade in money ? They, like other people, want to make the most money possi ble out of ,thecapital employed in the business; this fact alone answers the whole argument, for if they be lieved that the rate of interest 'Would be less than it is now, they would be in 'favor of more stringent, instead of more liberal laws on this question. In the second place, I object to this position, that even of it were true est to commodities in the case of old es tablished nations dealing justly and honorably with other nations and with their individual citizens or sub jects, it' is not true, for instance in this country in fact, but I, by no means,- admit it is trus here or else where. • • -The lowest ,possible price can be'reached. only in two wart; one is by the enactment of stringent usury laws, and the other by the creation of a super abundant quan tity of the circulating mediuM called money, to such an extent as to ren der it easy to be had cheap. This latter course might make a free trade in' money possibly desirable, if the oils resulting from it were not great en the good, attained. The trade in money in this case would be free without regard to fixed rates off in terest brit• the evil results growing out of unusual and needless expan sion of the currency have been so re cently experienced in this countryas -to need no argument now to prove its deleterious efiebts upon all the business interest of the country. But its expansion was one of the necessitleli of the late war, and yet it is my firm belief that we might have come back to a reasonable limit, without producing all the sad results that have flown in part froui - a too lipid curtailment of our currency. I 5 'then, we cannot luive cheap mon ey without making too much of it, we, can "o nly hate it by passing and enforcingthe Moat severe and strin-, gent laws regulating the rate of terest that May or 'Shall be paid for the loan or .of money. And as money is not a commodity, a fact made apparent brthe additional fact that any person whhooses and can, may make or create all the wheat, all the corn, all the grain Ofany kind, or all the iron he pleases. n all these articles there is no restrictions but law of supply and demand. The gov ernment does not interfere witk th eir production ; they are the result la bor and of industry, and all May duce them. Whil6 on the other hand \ money is an artificial prOduction cre. ated under and by authority of law. Its creation and circulation are con trolled or may be absolutely by the government both in kind and amount, and although banking may be nomi nally free, yet it. is in no sense free in its supply and demand, like the commodities that enter into and make up the gtat internal and ex ternal commerc 1 of the country. And to talk of free trade hum article created and controlled by the law making power of the land, simply for the convenience of tilde ash com modity, is to my mind simply non sense : I repeat here what I have said be. fore;that if you would make money a commodity, you must not only allow every person to produce and make it, but you must also .give to the people the right tai pay debts in the commodity they tray produce. In that case money would be cheaper, because it would lose its exclusive power to pay debts, and 'I submit that if you persist in treating it as an article of commerce and a com modity, it shall have no greater pow er • than such articles have. But so long as the government assumes en tire control (as it justly anti properly does) of the currency, and says that currency shall be gold or silver, or paper, giving to it absolute power as a legal tender to pay debts, just so long . will it be the bounden duty of thatgov ernment to regulate and and fix by positive law the amount that shall be_ paid for the use .of it- as between the borrower and lender. . . And it seems to peke but little differance to the free. trade theorists in money how often the fallacy, of their doctrine is exposed. They still insist that it will bring the price down to a minimum ; fortunately however, 'the answer does fi ot rest upon mere assertion, but is a question of facts, and of 'history, as well as of theory. What are the. facts, and what is the history of the past, in relation to this. Remember that the - position as sumed by the opponents of stringent usury laws, is that free and unre stricted trade in money would cheap en the rate of interest. Let us see ; fortunately we do not grope our way on this subject in . the dark. Fts, which are stubborn thing s, rise uS in; • almost every financial history, and confront the latest-efforts to show us "'how not to do it." We turu over the pages of English ' history, and we find that usury laws were repealed in 1844. In June, 1865, Blackwood's Magazine, admit ted to be good . authority, had the following: \ . CI "The other point worthy of atten tion is that while working this Sys. ; tern of incessant \ variation, the bank has managed greatly to raise the gen erallevel of the rate l of the interest. * In the twenty-five years previons to 'the passing of the bank act (from 1810 to 1844), the rated discount used to be four per , cent, when the bank's stock of specie ranged between 110,000 1 000 and X 7,000,000, rising to six per cent. (as in 1839=40);.when the stockcif specie fell to X 3,000,000. * * * But now it charges four per cent, when it has £15,000,000 of gold, and nine and• ten per cent. when' its stock of specie still amounts to £13,000,000. Inthis way the bank has been steadilY\ 'working . up the rate of 'interest, until it has reached its present high levelLthat is tosay, double what it used, to , be under sim ilar circumstances in former times. * * * In this way the level--- the base line, so to speakpc.fthe rule of interest has become perma nently raised. Trade, of course is, proportionately mulcted. The bank, in fact, and all the banks which wil lingly, as well asof necessity, folloi • its example, now claims a larger por tion of the profits of trade than be fore. And: thus industry is merited to the advantage of capital." - The London Economist, of Octob er 6th, 18'12, dwelling particularly upon the operation et interest in England since the rep4l of the usury laws, adds to its testimony, takes from the records, as follows : i." The . rates vary from three to thirty-six per cent., per annum, in eluding bonus., Only one of them (alluding to banking companies) cle elares a semi-annual dividend of eighteen -per cent.; sixteen declare annual dividends of twenty per cent.; six of eighteen per cent; three .of sixteen per- cent ; ten of fourteen per cent., seventeen of twelve per cent.; twenty-one of ten per cent.; and so on down, without counting fractions. The reserved eurphisofthese institu tions is not stated." ' ' The writer in ißlackwood's Mega rine slso itaysovith the force of im pregnable fact, that, " for along time previous to the passage of the repeal of the usury, laws 'in England, the rate of interest at the Bank of Eng land and in the local banks, bad nev er varied to the extent of even one per cent, and that the average rate had 'been slightly below the legal one. It seems that the usury law was the tight rein to hold' in check„the grasp ing and' covetous disposition of the greedy money lender., The experi ence of England is our expert .ence. It is but the showing of the business of money lending in Penn sylvania since the passage ofthelaw 1 of 1858 ; the rate of interes ,has I steadily increased , until , the av, rage rate of interest is aboie, rathe than 1 below ten per cent; The fact ii that i, I .1 most if not all our banks and bank ing institutions chargetrates varying ing from seven to ten percent. Some do it, in a direct and honorable way, other discount at six percent and re quire the boirower to -- keep from twenty to thirty per cent. of his line of discount on deposit, thus increase' ing the rate of interest paid by busi'l ness to a rate not less than ten per cent. •No legitimate business can Proper for any length Of time with this burden upon it. * , If this be true, and I do not believe anyone can have the hardihood to ff deny it, what a terrible load must our people be struggling under at this time. "The' Hon. Edward Everett of Massachusetts,' in 1859—50 _ says Mr. Corey, who, is admitted 'to -be good authority,—was led, after careful inquiry to estimate the pure ly personal debt of the country, and agricultures, at fifteen- hundred if illion dollars, a mountain loadoas r. Everett described it, more dead-• ly i, n fever or plague,, more 'de strutive thnn the frosts of winter, or theilght of summer." And yet Mr. Co b rey adds that multifarious as were the evils then so clearly pres enting thethselves to him as result ing from so end a state of things, he evidently failed \ to appreciate to a tithe of its realxtent, the power thereby giVen to capital in its con test with labor. T \ show how gnisr: log this money po er \ks, it is stated that 'some' borrow rs in England are paying as high as five hundred per cent. 'while of sixteen milli n of per sons in this country, capabl of con tracting debts, large or , smal ;\nine teen-twentieths were paying interest, varying frorif ten pi two hundred per cent It is in the knowledge of Ov 7 cry one in this House, that the rich are not thelnkfferers in these cases. It is the labor and industry, the. real Wealth producing power of the count ry, that is being 'devoured by the vultures. On this. point a member of our late Constitutional Conven tion, Mr. Struthers, very pertinently , said : I have in my mind instances I , have known, of manufacturers who were a little hard up, who thought they could secure present relief, and advance their, prOfits, and all' that; they-were tempted to go into the market to borrow money, and they borrowed it. It was loaned to them often in v iolation of our present laws, at excessive rates, at larger rates in ft than they could possibly make 1e b the successful persuit of their 'b, siness. ('lf they had the money 'on hand, the profits in the exercise of • their business would not be equivalent to the amount 'they were paying for_ thp loan of the inoney. The conse quence inevitably was that such con 'terns were entirely broken up and ruined, and their property fell, at fifty per cent. of its value, perhaps, into the hands of the capatilists loan ing the money, soh that the ',capatil ists made not only the ten per cent. on their investment or loans, while the luckless sons of toil were driven into bankruptcy, thrown out of the house and home, end all thecomforts laid up by yeais of hard labor, industry and economy. This is but one case, but it is the history of thousands of others. And yet gen tlemen continue to defend •the ini quitous laws that help to make such a state of things, possible. = In 1858, in an evil hour and under evil intluencee, - the ,Legislature of our State repealed a most wholesome and beneficient ,law regulatingi the rate" of interest and providing for the punishment., by the forfeiture of the entire amount of the debt and interest' due in cases where more than six per cent. was charged and received by the lender. c This most' humnne Arai just law had beeti upon the statute book for more than' five generations of men whose wisdom had approved it, we had grown from a. thinly populated State to State embracing within its borders more than three millon of people, prosperous happy and con tented, all the various industries in a prosperous condition. Money for all ordinary business purposes could be had in abundance for six per cent. per annum. It -was a sad day for Pennsylvania when the nioney-lender demanded its repeal. From that day to this\ has money been finding its way froth the many to the few more rapidly and more surely than ever before, aidthe result is seen in the utter prostration of business every *here, and theinnumerable number of sheriff's kites of property through out the State; andto-day the money power is in this House, and with ' hands of iron and fingers of steel," holds 4 fear, the majority in its grip, still demanding its pound of flesh for the \ future as it has done in the past. How long shall this thing last ? May we not hope that the relief, so often asked for, may soon be`grant ed ? Suppose the illegal interest'paid in the last ten years could be restored 0 the parties who paid it, would` it , not , be • suffieint to enable three , ' f firths of the business men to go on rusperously with their business? f this fact I have no doubt, and I ere declare that it is my firm belief list permanent relief 'can be found illy in the re-enactment of stringent snry laws. - The repeal of usury lsors \ has work :, adwhlyo thoroughlyeverywhere f this declaration I give thetesti. ony of Mr. Nathan Cooper, of Boa n, the workings of repeal as it as tried in some of . the Western , nd Southern States. Especially was his tried in Alabama, Indiana and Wisconsin. He says : , s The experiment of repealing the nem ! was r a Y m i tnned a :leven e mo in ntht a r t was ms i mlo t rmed in 1850, by. United States Senator Lewis, l in a :est .l i n ga ss ted uPP i: i from that State, that theywould not recover from the ruinoult eoulip_quences under a quarter of a century. Nearly forty years ago it was tried in Indiana. In a letter from Hon. W. W.:, Wick, dated at Wash ington, D. C. March 7, 1849, who was • then a member of Congress from that State, he says: 'ln Indiana the usury 1 laws were repealed twelve or fourteen years ago, perhaps more, and were not reinstated for three or four years. The results were frightful. • * * If I had time I would be glad to make a sketch of the desolations left in the track of the userei during his brief reign, in Hoosier land. I was-judge of one or our circuits at the time, and was a Shuddering witness to tbs,desobitkms. I have rendered ladir MI meat upon 'contracts for payments of fifty or twenty maw s = a loan of fifty or a hundred do and in some instan-_ 'ces the interest has e morerthan ten times the amount of the principal.' know many men of excellent natural gualitiek and much inclined to be Moral and gay who become hopelessly demoral ized 111311 i mbsanthropical. The moral des. orations created by the absence of Awry_ laws will fall upon-any community to an extent dulcet infinitely beyond the ruin of estate.' s -* * - • *, • * As years pass away, the evil re sults will develop themselves ins geotaet r Heal • ration. Long before ther.develop their full force and effects, the communi ty will demand usury laws, and the blight ing curses df many a• withered or aching heart will follow the , advocates to their graves- 6 " In 1849; repeal was voted by the Legtdature of W . 4monsin. In Janna nr, 1850, the Hon. J. - P. i Walker, 17nited States Senator from that State, -wrote a letter seaking of the fruits of repeal. Ile says : :"The argument in favor of this policy was, that the competition in the loan of money--the rate of interest =re stricted—would produce .a - great influx of capital to the State:. It certainly has pro- duced all influx of money, but not of cap ital. •The result is, (and is to be) that money has been freely taken at an inter est of from twenty to fifty per cent. The money loaned 'wasthat of non-residents?. A tsar later a letter was written and pub lished by li. W. Wright, Esg., of Waku sha, in which he says : " The results of the law were= disastrous to the best in terests of the State, and so contrary to the expectations of his friends, in increasing instead'of diminishing the rates of inter est that the experiment was very readily .abandifned. Its bitter fruits were left be hind'. that they were left behind may be infeired from a pemark made by the Gov ernor of that Stits, in his message in 1856. Ile said that the State would not recover from the shock for a generation. lnj Ohio, they removed all penal ties for usury in 1851, and hallowed an interest by contract of ten per cent. The experiment proved a sad one. In less.than four weeks after the passage-of the law, parties from' that State were in New England and Xew York, soliciting large loans on real estate at ten per cent." With those historical facts befr us, it 'would seem impossible to e sist -the\tassage of the - bill un er considers ions ; yet it is a fact that up to the time our present financial' trouble become .so serious, the money power kept up a constant pressure upon this and ether States to increase the rate of interest by contract, a measure practically abolishing the usury laws. But the warning voices and deep niuterings of the people fleeced by stiylockir have 'Ain some cases resta;ned them, and in time will restore the control and compel the re-enactment of just laws on this subject. In some of those States we are in form that a desire - to return to our " good old laws" is already -express ed. I have heard the -State of Mass achusetts quoted on this question on farmer occasions, and may again. She has practically abolished her usury laws and I learn from good authority that - all the savings institu tions ia,Boston and other cities rais ed their _rate of interest from six to seven per cent., and in the country from seven and one-half to eight per cent ; and was no rate too high there or elsewhere for the greedy money lender. The consequence has been disastrous in my county says this witness, having diminished in population more than one-quarter.. -' Do the people of- this State desire such results ? If not, then place the stamp of ,repro bation upon the at tempt to, defeat all reform in our present laws. I' have thus considered, and I be lieve answered, most- of the argu ments used by the _friends of free trade in money. We deny thit money is a commodity.. 'We deny that the freest possible triKde in it is the way to secure the latest possible price. We deny that tnibbolition of usury laws will bring the price 'charged for the loan- of money to a minimum. We could very well rest, the argu ment here, and be contented, but 1 propose to further show the -'deform ity of the doctrine of free trade in money. If you ask my reason for proceed ing I reply that I believe in punish ment after death—notwithstanding . Beecher and Ingersoll tells us there is no hell, a doctrine that personally I should like to believe in, but I can not for the reason that 1 believe in God's justice, and with the institu tion abolished I can find no suitable future home for the relentless and and grasping usurer. The opponents of this measure may deem this-course fanatical, but I follow it in the in terest of the weak - against the strong and of labor in its contest with .capi tal. Money in itself is a power, and always will be, but why make it our master by yielding to it the whole field, and saying to it ; Go work your demoniac will upon the unfortunate and helpless. Why expend all our sympathy .on the rich by law, and leave the help less poor to perish? Gentleinen may find it to their, interest tolegislate on this: subject for the 'grasping avaric- . ions money king, who with millions holds whole cotlimimities at his mercy 'fiut—the friends of this measure chose their side with the farmer, the manu facturer, the _mechanic, the. artizan and'the laboring man, and there we stand ~-\ Cover it as gentlemen , may by soft \ phmses, and asseverations that oppose this measure, that it may be cheaper And the borrower assist ed, which binot true, the fact remains that no legislatiob: in favor of op pression ever \ lessmid its greed; This power is the- more potent beeause the cupidity Of man is prov erbial, and outside ofithetanks there ,is as much money loaned' as by them at an average far above ten per cent. and some as high, as one hundred per cenAn, Whipple remarks, money is c oncentrative in its very \ nature. Its home is the 'pockets of ttke •few. Under the free trade in money \ sys tem, this concentrative quality would naturally increase. Merchandise, on the other haw; is diffusive. The ola 7 ject of its creation is distribution; consumption. 'This tendency , in mer chandise, of diffusion among the Imany, and 'in money of concentra tion among the few, prevents an arti ficial scarcity in, the one case and facilitates it in the othe'r. To facil itate the scarcity of money is weep sarilt far more easy ihan in, the case of grain - for general merchandise. But I, by nb meguis,Admit - thiit there, is any real scarcity of money. It in \ RE G purely fictitioui; for the volume of currency varies but little from month to month, or year to year. The only cause - to produce - a variation in the quantity of currency in where the balance of trade may be against ue as a nation and in favor .4 ofsforeign countries; ors national bank or two may wind up their bitsinces and sur render their charters, or more 'may be created. Thos . causes Of change, however, are two, small a proportion , to the whole amount of currency in circulation, being nearly eight bun 'tired millions of. dollars, as to be im perceptible. Hence I say that this periodical stringency in the money market ts's fiction—the ,invention of the banks and the money-lenders: to pat up the price of money. - And here I wish to quote from Tyler on ' usury—the clear distinction he draws between money and merchandise for' the rebson that it is - the error on this' question that leads so many men wrong. He says ; Money exists only by legislation - -; merchandise is the product of individual labor or pri vate enterprise - money is the legal standard by which value is measur ed ;'merchandise is tliat which is mea sured by this standard; money as such, has no intrinsic value; mer chandise is sought' for only because of its intrinsic value; inoney is per petual in its n4,pre and is designed for all time; Witchandise is tempor ary, and adapted to special wants, and made fon wear and consumption; ; money is a , legal' certificate of value and is transferable for what it repres ents; merchandise-is the thing val . - ued for what' it is and its uses. If money were merchandise as money, then a yardstick would' be merchan dise as much as the yardstick would measure the ' cloth. It money be mer chandise, and a law be passed •to make it so, then merchandise, by the , law, should be made- money, which would be the destruction of the in vention of money. Money payi a debt, at, the will of the debtor, but law recognizes no such power in mer chandise. Money is the instrument of exchange. • Money-is authorized bylaw- for convenience, not profit. Money is an agent to promote want ; merchandise applies it., Money saves labor; merchandise sustains it. Money makes the price; merchandise pays it; Money is borrowed and loaned; merchandise is bought and sold." - Whatever may be said to the•con- . trari, these fundamental distinctiong are. =universally acknowledged, for while people are content to borrow money on special terms of security, all are earnest to sell merchandise on credit and With Out security.-- Pun chasers of 'merchandise are politely and•urgently to buy, while borrowers of money ale 4 ceremopi! ously permitted to make their prop .ositions.. And if - the iiroposition - .of the borrower •is, suftleiePtly remuner-: ative to exciteiS well as gratify ,the eupidity of the, lender; the contract is concluded.with pretended- indiffer-. ence on the one handl and ,with hu .miliatingobSequiousness eh the other. All prcidncts - designed for use .or consumption are to be weighed, measured or valued. Therefore the governments of nations make laws regulating the way it shall ,fte done, and hence we have- weights, meas ures, test and . money ; so ordered that , may.understand them, and render them available 'at the -least .possible expense to-the people. Pre vious to 1837 the State of New York trusted to the fallacious policy so of ten demanded bY.money lenders, and found by sad experience that it was fatal to the industry of her i , people, and at thattimdapplied a reinedy by the passage of. very stringent usury laws, more 'severe than of any other Statc in the Union. The usurer is. made nable to lose Atis whole debt, to be- fined a thoucand doliars, and be imprisoned for six months.. May I not ask if: any one has ever •heard of there being a scarcity of 'Poppy in that State because of. the severity of her usury laws-? And is she n'ot on' the high road to prosperity and greatness equal, if not superior, to that of ariy.other State ? . And "do we not find in. this fact strong araVment in 'favor ; of returning to our''formoi stringent usury laws ? for no one will attempt to deny that all husinesS pursuits, all.indnstries, are -tinder a prostration. unequaled in our good old Comaionwealth. - Are we not then,„as -legislators, called upon to, so far as we can, relieve our people from the oppressive burden . that is now upon them, and avert the pang from 'fitiffering .industry, and; not longer continue` by bad ustuy laws to •add unreasonably to the surplus means of the rich? ; • - - - I trust we shall not hesitate long as to how we should decide this ques tion.: The power, of money chained by severe lain is stroncr b enoagh—too strong - for man's'heet - gOod. if the poor and induttrious citiien• must oc casionally submit to the lacerations of the icy fangs'. of .unfeeling Shylocks, let it be as seldom as possible; and let some fair Portia be, at hand to weigh the flesh if any be found dar 'ing -enough to, cut it Money con nected with labor and. industry- is a blessing,'but as:an article of traffic, alone, - is an unmitigated curse. The extent of the • misery and 'suffering produced, is meaitired by the numr of victims that cross the pathwa, of the - usurer in his merciless-aP un feeling march through ful dream- • Governor Clark, of _New York, ." 4 1.11 his message, January,. 2nd, 1855, treating this subject, uses the follo;,-- ing language, which is both poiutt I and pertinent. Hess-marks: If yo invest' -money by legislation with a power which, if unre4ricted, enables capital to oppress labor, do you not -while impoverishing capital enslave labor ? 'lf then „money is to be re lieved from legislative restraint, should it not also be divested of the power conferred by • legislation ? While our laws stamp intrinsic value non coin, may not laws with equal justice and propriety declare what rate\et interest may be demanded and received for:its nse? And while legislation permits associations and individualu to - circulate their paper, promises topay money, is it not, clearly a duty to limit the' late . of usahce upon loans?" - - Before declaring gold and silver Ell 02 per Annum In Advanc, NUMBER.a and their, proper r.epresentatiYes trebt it would, in my j udgment,' be Menai• bent upon the government to assiml• late money to the products of labor by depriving . gold and silver and banknotes of their artificial value. Then, and then only, May money:be safely left, like the product. of labor, to be regulated by the laws of - trade. • But government does not propose' to leave money to regulate itself bi - - cause of the great power it possesses ' • independent of its value. Let me illustrate this point by stating' that five hundred dollars in wheat posses. sea just as , much value as five hun dred dollars in money. • But the - money can be used in a great many different ways to supply our wants; and will command its Value in any • article of merchandise .at all timest and in all places, independent of its intrinsic value It is•not becauie it _ - is gold or silver or paper that it has this power , but because it is money. The wheatbssesses ne such - power. The only powet which it has is a nat. ural power, and like all other"com inallties, is limited. The _power of _ money is artificial, given - to it by the - - State or nation, as' the case may be, and therefore h as a power, to cam mend any and all other articles, and may be converted into anythiug else needed to supply our wants ;' and this power is conferred not for the individual- member "of society, but . . for the public good: It was never- the,intention of the government that . it should be used for the gratification of greed and _an instrument of op., " pression. It is asserted by some, and especially by Bentham, that it is the prejudice against usury, and the tak- - - lug of usurious rates of interest, that sustain usury laws. It is true thus there) is a deep-rooted feeling of ab "horreilice of the' usurer among our people t and it has existed ever since the invention and use of money be gan, but why does this feeling exiii? It is because'of the great suffering produced - by the abuse of the power possed by its owner. . It is the evi dence of this suffering that creates, not prejudice but abhorrence, in_ the minds of the people everywhere, and - a universal conviction takes posses- . sion of the mind and conscience or - man against the citizen who takes. advantage of the necessities' of his neighbor, and then the money-lender goes on, step by step, unconacioas ' that he is becoming a vampire, feed-. ing,upon the life blood of his neigh bor, day by day and year after year, without a gleam of light . to brighten the gloom of his unholy life. It will be said that this 'is not tine of all men that loan money, nor do I assert - that it is, but it is true of all that ' - take Mega rates of interest. If a man 'Starts in that road, he stops when' he is obliged to, and not be fore. And in any State or country where there were no usury laws, has money been cheaper than in C01113,- tries Wherestrincrent laws existed. But, on the contrary , it has always been higher, and in most, if not all, cases ruinous rates, have prevailed. If this be true, stringent usury laws_ ' are but the healthy regulation for - the use of money loaned. •kr our own country theie is but one . exception, that of California, where the effect has been and is to „. make but two classes— , the very rich / and-the poor. In eleven other States /- a higher rate than six per cent. -Is2l allowed;.in all thesie the rate .is - ited, and usury laws preiail. - It hns been said that because New lark and Ohio , allowed a higher rate, mon ey, would leave Pennsylvania and seek investments in those/States. Thisls not true of that part / of-Penn- • sylvania in which I reside, near - the. New York State line, nor do I be • - lieve that any considerable amount of Pennsylvania capital went into the -State of Ohio; not enough, I imag ine, to make the loss of it felt in our business, and it is certain that there is no evidence that the higher rate of intere,st paid in that State has added anything to her prosperity above that. - of Pennsylvania. She has not, in- , creased equally with ourselves in the number" of miles of railroad - built or in her manufacturing industries. EVen then, if it be true_fhat some money has foUnd its wiy from this - State into that, it does not appear to have given to industry an impetus• that made her equal to our own State, and no person can &int out State or country where no limit is placed upon usance for money, that the people are more prosperous and -happy because of the absence of such laws.' But on the contrary, show me a civilized na tion that has laws regulating the rate of interest paid, and I will show - you one prosperous and happy. It is one of the fundamental principles of all good governments to protect the weak against the strong. I believe • 'statistics have established the filet the - increased annual wealth of 'our country is about three and One-half per cent. If this is a fact, can you give me any good reason why the owner of money • should in any case hove more than six.per cent. increase for its use ? If all the energy, all the brains, simian the labor of the coun try conneeted with capital cannot add more than three and one-half per cent. to the annual increase of wealth of the whole country, there can' be no good reason for _paying It much larger tribute to the man with money who-lives uponthe profits of' the la bor of others—a life of ease and lux ury-, and • by , his own labor never makes a blade-of grass_grow. He in met adds nothing to the prosperity of his country. I have not been able to find in the history of any country where free trade in money prevailed • that evidence of prosperity which has been found elSewliere. In• the early, his •- - oryr of Rome we find that much difficulty arose upon this , question. At one time they had no laws_ regu lating the trade in , money. The con sequence was- unending quarrels be tween Patricians and Plebeians. Af ter many years the interest was re- - duced to the smallest allowance, and, finally abolished, which lead to equal ly great troubles. So that emperors were obliged to allow interest, the amount to be regulated by law. .In England, previous to the ,reign Henry the . - Eighth," the customary _rates were forty : per _cent. tah- * . lug Of any rate was dent:mitotic' us- _ nry. In the tbirty4eventh year of (Contintes:l on /bur& Par.) ~] 1.%;4-.:'.,.!1.-....',..
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers