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•
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OVEnTON -& MEIICI. 7 II, . -
• . ATTORNEY'S A'A' LAW.
e I TOWANIIA PA.
(lawe mei )lontaoyes Store. ; [m.ty67s.
DIA. OVERTON. RO ' l.l,N EY .I'. MERCUIt.
11fITH k .31.0"NtANYli, A TTOP.-
NENEIL.AT LAW. - -41{fice, corner Vt . Main - and
I.S
l'inef.St.. opposite Dr. Porter's prtig StOre,
.
„AV H. CARNOCII.A.:Ni, 2%..rTbR
, V'T • NEI" Al 1...tw Tr 4. Pa. j - Collections'.
made and promptly refoltted. i I telda-69t1.,
, , ~,,„• .-„,.. 1 ,
II W. I'A 1 lalil:1%..! ATTcIRNEY AT
• I.Aw.' Oti7 , e--=3l..rcuri , Block. near door
to Express Office. Towanda, vv.. i
11y17.73. I I
•
DR. S. M. WOODP1:11N.1113 . 14-
clan and SurgeoO. (Mee, over i;I. A. Black's
i rockery •lore. • I -
Towanda. May I. 1•7::13' . . 1 .1
* 1
Alr - 001) 1 &S 4 NI)EILSOS., .
• . 1 , .I.ri.6ll.,iEys AT ILA W.
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111/ 0711,E.& . 310I I HET{SO, Arroit
,,,.. ,rl,..kw.,Tow.%NpA. PAL will aye
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, harze. Orphans' Coart Mrstness. a sperialty.
W. F , , 3 - I.E. - ".tuity:ll73l I. I. 31( 1111E11•1 IN.
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Gh:ERAL BANKING
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drafts fur hit parp,;o.
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JOS. FetWELTA
Prtlidaif. ;
• ;
S. W. ALVORD, Publisher.
VOLUME ,xISY.
J. 0. E T t SONS
. now reeds
lug their mnal sup
iy of Goods for the Spring
Ti e, and 'hava on hand, of their
own make; a fall line of
' the best furniture to
be found In
any
M=ARKET
OVE It
n A 1
Frtnli'!i•j,B 0
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BEST A;.SS(
MEM
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$125.0(mi
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SFIIiNG OF 1875.
THE WORLD
Vim... In .4ucli
=
VO AUNDRED;
;ER S•l7 TS !
,) to $3OO, making the
largest and
RTMENT ltF ANY
110.1:6E
of NE IV YORK
cur :o,ortinent of
de 4,
BEA I),STEADS,
STAN DS,
ROCKERS,
NLE &(
I=l
FE ASSORTMENT OF
1111
mon. surrs.
1 11k11.0311
I I,K Go()I)S,
t• 4111 lin FURNP`ill' . ..l) 4)N.
ME=
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‘.:111 Mid 111
.k:4SORTNIEN'I
EST GOODS
IMM]
s IZ I r:s
are N•1111.g
*
VE rs A CALL
FROST k ONS,
Alvin :Street.
, Srlertol Porky.'
BETTER THAN GOLD.
•
Better tlmn.gmittleur, better than gold.
Than rank and title a tilltisauti fold. • •
Is a healthy body, a initul at ease.
Anti simple pleasures that always !dean,
A heart that can feel fur a neighbor's Wier -
And share his joys with a genial glost.
With sympathies large enough to enfold
All men as brogiers, la better than gold.
Better than gold is a conscience clear. -
Though tolling for bread in an humble sphere ;
Doubly blest with content and , health,
Untried try tholust nucares ot , wealt
Lowly living and lofty Blotted
Adorn and ennoble a poor man's col:
For man and morals, or Natures plan,
•
A re the geoultie test or a gentleman.
•
Better than gull Is the sweet yep ose
Or the sons of toil wheytheir.labori ch..- ;
Better than gold Is the pOor man's sleep.
And the balm that drops'ou his slumbers deep.
hiring sleeping draughts lh don ny bed.
Where nr•diry pillows lilt ach . ng head :
Ills simpler opiate lalior'deents
A shorter maul to the land nr dreams.
Orgy ter than gold thloklog nand
That in therealta of troolw eau rind
•
A .trowittre ,urpasslng A wttrallati ore.
And lire with the great awl good of yore. •1
The .age's lore and the pet's lay,
'rho glories of otoph•es pastaway:
The win•hl*:•• great drama will thus rniohi
Alld yield a ploasurwbetter than gold.
Better than gold Is a. peaceful home.
Whet', all the fireshlt charities row :
The of love and the heaven of pre.
Ila Honed by mother. or ,Inter; or wire.
Item ever humblr the home may he.
I In tried by yorrim t with !leaven's deeire.
The blesqugA that wiry never bought or
And center there, are het tee than gold.
liscdllaspon
THE RUSSIAN MENNONITES.
WHAT THEY ARE. lyttERE THEY COME
FROM. AND ItOW THEY LIVE.
The • prominent . part which the
KnssianMennonites art; likely to pl ty
in the material development of Kt n
sasqind other new States. lends much
interest to their history. A letter
frl , l4,•Toleka, Kansas. of recent date,
!rives - these facts concerning . them:—
• onnjcsAt; MENNONITES
were inVented "in Holland, byMen
no :'4lnonis. from whom the- . sect
takes its name. The first year after
Luther had proclaimed his funda 7
mental articles of Protestantism lin
liermany: Merino took a similar step
in Holland, forming a confessiohal
society on the basis or the two lead
ing features in the moyementof the
time—baptism after spiritual 'niathri
ty and opposition to the bearing of
arin-. The 3lennonitest were innite
diately 'set upon by the government.
and :driven from • one country ;to
another until Frederick of I'ruspjn
finally otfered them security in his
domains. • ,
THE FIRST :q.l I.E T
IIENIN r R:1-SSIA
dates back to 17 4 .)0. during the llrll
of the Eloperi)r l'aul, when the
Chovitz eolkiv was formed, eaeh
fatally being granted a perpetnal
lease of 170 zeres of land, together
with sundry legal iinnumities and
privileges. including. the es'tabliish
mem of their own hrewries and dis
tilleries. exemption from military
service. etc. In the' yell. 1574 a
speeial !rrant ~only 800,000 acres
of boo was• made to - them, upon
which thqir sceonil . eolony.." 'lolot
shom.",,wa-! founded.
FrOtn these two colonies the Aren-,
11(:tit.es !_irodually spread over the
entire country contiguous to the
Blck _Sea. comprising three wholl.
provinces. They infused. •fr4..!sh life
into the old seaports of Odessa,
? I'a'attro:' , anal Kertsoli Feoilo 7
liatisk find (411(.1' 'prosper t ous
ell ies spran_ up to aeconnnotlitte the
to sines or the colonies. while com
pact setttenwnts. awl 'villages. stir
rOmpled h i grain fields. groves and
orchard 4
s.-,',ere brought into being on
every hand. It was a• miracle of
thrill, and a 11. Intssia stood amazed
at the spectacle. : Their principal in
dustr3- was the l'aising and exporta
tion of what. is known its.
T E." ODESSA
‘ . 11 . n..11 now governs the markets' of
he Ohl World. 'and titfeets with its
llunetuation "the
..tittiy price,f, on
I'lnure in this country. While this
wa,i, their staple. however, they were
shrewd enough," grangers'' to diver-
=
The mulberry tree 'was found to be
admirably adapted to the soil, and
silk culture soon became an import
ant industry, as nunit :is live hundred
pounds being annually
prodneed on a. single farm. They
also went extensively tind success-
Tully into the wool-growing business,
and it' was no uncommon thing for one
man to have 20,1100 or 30.000 sheep.
Considerable attention was also giv
en to the mechanical arts; and of late
years each boy has 4.en obliged to
learn some useful trade, usually that
of a carpenter. blacksmith; or other
worke'r in Wood and iron. - All went
swimmingly with them in every way
—litany of them becoming weany
and all well-to-do—until about a
year and a half ago, when their
cadia was suddenly clouded bj-
PLUSH,
MC
A RADICAL CHANUE OF POLICY
,toward them on the pail of the Rus
sian government. For smile reason
unknown to them, and Nuttily mys
terious to the ; rest of the world, a
eltange Ivan made in the military or
pviization of the Etupire. which re
qiiired subjects, without -distinetion,
"perform Military. duty; and; the
Mennonites *ere notified that they
couldcomer conform to this new ar
rangeinent or seek homes in some
other emintry within the ensuing five.
years. This arbitrary abrtfration of
a privilege guaranteed to trwin in
: perpetuity.and faithfully huiioied for
eightv-four years, 1111 upon these
people with almost the weight of sea
, Mick: df death; but they did not stop
IQ discuss the matter. There Was
Only one course lin them to take.
.
They could eonsent.to perform
! military service, or ,have their Sons
sOtooled in the art of killing; and
so, rather than renounce an essential
- article of their faith, they elected,
with heroic .self-denial, to .abandon
their homes and . begin life anew in
,another country. When their de
cision was made - known to the - Czar,
he sent. General Von Todleden to tell
them thiyinight remain if they wonhl
congnt so serve. as grarses and me
chanief, in the imperiai,hospitals.and
workshops but they spurned the
PrOpsitionalt insult added to
iajury. The .Voitoti States wvas'AVe,
irtianialeas ellcatlC of the etifoliista tit
1 4 •11-2 m.
MI
their! future home, and accordingly
theylsent
A tELWATION TO Tills C6UNTRY I
compbsed , of several of their leading
men with instructions to examine
and report; upon various eligible
lo
catidns. The immediate result was
the 'corning of a small colony of
wealthy and influential families to
Kan4as, who purchased several sec
tions'oiland in Marion county..-This
initial step was followed a few
months later- by the purchase from
the Atchenson, Topeka and saute Fe
Railroad Conipany, of 43,000 acres
of hind in Harvey and McPherson
counties for the Mennonite communi
ty- of Summerfleld, 111. Then came
parties of Svc to forty .families each
from' Russia,, mostly from the Cri
mean PeninsuLa who settled in the
sain locality.
Afid, finally, near: the close of last
stuntUer, a colony of 250 families,
the !Majority- of whom belonged to
the Molotseenoi (Milk River) colony,
in the district of Tattrida, - -arrived,
and purchased from :the railroad
.company 100,000 acres of wild land,
andifrom ;individuals a number of
imprpved farms—a scope of magnifi
eentiemintiy miles , in length, lying
in fPur -contiguous 'counties on -the
line iof the Atehinson, Topeka and
Sante Fe Railroad. This is probably
the largest land purchase for purpos
es of settlement and 'cultivation ever
M==
ABOUT $2,000,000 IN tiordi
has been brought, to Kansas by those
whoi have already reached here.
There are fligrareritly no really poor
peoPle among them. . Each family
has from, $40,000 to $15;000 in ready
money, and many of them as high as
s2osooo apiece. They propose in
recommencing work in this country
to practically duplicate their opera
tioini in Russia. That is to. say, they
will `l3;ive - first, attention to farming—
chielly the cultivation of wheat—,
andt;stock-raising. They will also do
sothethinglin the, way of silk culture.
and !dallying. Their farms are to be
arranged after the fashion of villages
a street running along a section-line,
and a dwelling being located on ci
therside Of the street every quarter
of a!milc. When they first went Up
on their farms, last fall; they were
quartered
,in five immense emigrant'
honaes built for their temporary use
by the railroad company. They have
beetr busily constructing houses after
theiii own notions, however,' during
the past winter, and there is now quite
A RUSSIAN TOWN
at oue point in Marion county, and
they!call it Moscow.. The structures
whiCh comprise this - miniature name
saliti of the Russian capital are not
remarkable either for massiveness or
for ele!_rance. They are of nearly, Uni
form size and appearance, altogether
unlike anything of the architectural
kind to be found elsewhere inAmer
ica..' Their dimensions are about 30
to 21) feet,, and they are constructed
of !ionic-Nadi! bricks and a thatching
of hay. The sides commence with a
slope From the ground, and the-brick
work !s 8 feet in height. For heating
, hosesu they have a wall. 6 eject
stinnre in, the center of the room,
tapOing, to the upper floor, where it
is swelled to 6 feet again, and tapered
to the roof. ,;:The north part •of the
honlie is partitioned off for the use of
the horses. ' A considerable number
of irooden houses are also being
built, substantially on the 'sanie plan,
with the Stable-attachment oinitted.
TO MENNONITE TASTT.B AND HABITS
area rigidly primitive. They use only
We, commonest articles of food, and
attire theinselvesin clothing of the
moist violent plainness. . The men
wear coarle cassimers trousers, loose
rotten blonses and long serge over
coatS lined With sheepskin, and the
woMen are arrayed in short cotton
froi;ks: arid handkerchief .turbans.
Both kexes l abjure •stoekings, and
there is not A ribbon nor a piece -of
jewelry in` the whole colony. " Life'
is ri.al, life is iearnest " to them, and .
about the wildest amusement they
indulge in is the religious ordination
of feet washing. They take no part
nor; interest in politics or other! sin
ful:; game.. It is their custom to eat
five times a day, and -to sletV ten,
Itorirs out 9f twenty-four.
..,i.s a rt le, they are robust, .active,
and . tidy :, but even the children Fear
an air of born solemnity. They Seem
totook upon .lauffhin , r as an inven
tion
of Satan', and they smile only
when they • sing psalms and coax
balky hb ses, But they are Wits
triOus as sO Many ants, awkwardly
ir
polite to eVerybotly, and strictly hon
estin ill their dealings. They drive
goMl bargains. too, and are not easily
permaded to part with their money,
unless tl i ey think they are getting
the , wort lof it. They= invest readily
in washin g-boards and cooking stoves;
btit the` sewing Machine bewilders
thein v an 1 they cannot be made to
believe that smoothing-irons are de
siriible, since they Must be heated be
fore they can he used. _
WII ear.
Is 111 , 1. 1
an; ann.
lll Practical
"
;;1
in the iv
ministe
-,
servaneel; are made to touch every
relation lof ordinary life. They be
-1
liei-e in he Trinity,.a personal Devil
and a 1 eritable 'lades 9f " fire and
brimstone." They 'will not bear arms
or` take .in oath; they do not
1 3.
suffer
any one f their number to become
a public charge; 1 and the member
who lies cheats, Steals, or indulges
in. i " the , Oriental style" of sexual
commit!' on, is expelled from the
church a u 1 coununnity.
They have bishOps, pastors, teach
-6;4, deaebnesses, but no salaries are
paid, :and the ministers and teachers
maintain themselves and families by
labor. The ministers are chosen
from ainong 'he: members' ,of ' the
chnrch daring the- season of prayer
and meditation, lasting frequently
for week's, during which, according
to; their Jbelief, God, through the
manifestation of his spirit, points
out the proper person." Their re
ligious services are conducted much
alter the Manner of ordinary German
Baptisturches,'w4 the difference
that, instead of a 4inip . sennon,lkey
havq tr,-Q, and sometames'eu* The
zahlifOr are, nsuallrezalg .of twit
thari avetgga g rAm it rtmei.
diva itaft3
TOWANDA, BRADFORD COJNTY, 11.,ITRURSDAY MORNING, , MAY 20, 1875.
E MENNONITE RELIGION
tore of. tli'e Quaker, Luther-
Baptist .creeds. and mote
than abstract in its teach
t i a relikion for everyday
ek," stays one of its leading
1, and its precepts and ob-
REGARDLESS 0: DENUNCIATION FROM ANY WART=
namwrqz m)bms
Daniel 'try EL W. Late,; bit; l i in thi Y. E.
' Ohirch, %Way Evening. April 111, and . Pub-
Wed by Nernst st.ithe Lodes if Good T,r,
larzs• l - , 1 1 •
• .
',suns mut Grwri.xxxx:•: I take it l!or
granted, that the difficulty of rexpresaing
any new thoughts npon the question of
temperance, or of expreSsing any old
thoughts in a new way,, is Iconeeded., ,So
numerous, so nide, aid so sincere, have
Leer [ the appeala put forth in this
cause,-
that,l at thiS daY; all one can do,
is to add his voice to thereSponsive echo.
And ret, though long and persistent has
been the struggle which has been waged
between the friends and foes of temper
,
awe^ though at th is late day it is almost
1 1
an inqmssibility to present to the victim
of intemperance any new arguments
against the vice, or . to deplet in any new
or more repulsive colors the degradation
- 1
that itwaits upon this appetite, yet the
duty is in' no sense lessened; The contest
still goes on; and to relax our efforts is to
Perniit,the demon to stalk, unchallenged
through our community. Milne we have
in tha l t community, young men just ripen
ing itto mauliel;d; middle-aged men, to
whom familica ook for sustenance; old
menJ whose tithe for reformation is brief;
for u r l s to abandon the struggle is to prove
recreant to responsibilities as great as
were; ever imposed upon man. • ,
The object for which we labitr being
total[abstieence from the use of intoxicat
ing drink, how is that object to be best
attained, and icy. what means shall we
come the neaiest to its fulfillment 2, My
notion of it is, that the remedy for the
evilsi of intemperance is to be found in an
educated, refined and elevated public seri
timelit; by bringing the sentiment of com
mun ty up to that point, when the use of
1
liquor, u indulgence in intoxication, and the
gratrhaition of ii,depraved appetite, will
belooked upOn as a sin and a 4thasne,
.and
not ai iretikneix simply. I have but little
confidence in the success ef•Ahat theory
wide! ( l would impose an the re - sponSibility
'or tie evils [ of intemperance upon the
F. -seller, 'and none upon the liquor
ker. I beliere that men drink be
; they want to, and ther will want to
so long as public sentiment shall
nue to regard that indidgence as a
ik'wf, and view it with 'pity, while int
1g the ()dim thereof upon the seller.
do not become drun6it through ig-
re or accident. They do it with a
cnowledge of all the evils resulting
, from; and not. until ' society sluill,
them to mulerstand.that by so doing
perpetrate a crime against the law,
!suit to friends, an outrage on gnu-'.
ll,y; that they thereby forfeit the re-,
and ' esteem of temperate people,
, •
inn
can.
just
~'
itE3
petsn
Men
flora
full
net
give
they
GM
I=
will we be relieved from that disagreeable
odor; .that bloated visage; that beastly
leer.lthat vulgar slautc.and horrid profan- •
ity, by which humanity is now disgraced.
We have upon our statute books penal
ties against dEnnkennesS; as well as
against the sale of liquor; and if those
penalties were more often: enforced, and
the drunkard • treated more with scorn
and less with pity, It would tend strongly
towards the prevention of 'intemperance.
So leng as there are men who are so re
gardkss of the laws established by the
Creator Sor the government of their phy
sical organization; so deaf to the entreat
ies of kind friends; so blind to the suffer
ing or confiding wives and affectionate
children; and so heedless of the misery
and sorrow which they occasion, as to
persist at buying the iterations stun; so
long will Ole cupidity and venality of hu
man nature afford, a supply. My obser
vation has. failed to diScover a demand for
any article, whim has not been met by an
alaindrint supply. It is the demand which
creates and regulates the manufacture of
any, commodity.
If, then, a - remedy for this evil is to be
found in a iet, , ttlated public sentiment,
what is the best means by which that sen
timent is to be regulated and educated?
Public sentiment: does not lead; it is
led' All great moral and social advance—
ments, which at different periods have
marked the course of human - existence,
have only been achieved • by a. long, con
timions and persistent struggle between
the determined few and the thoughtless
many. From the time when the star of
(*tTliem . appeared in . the East, up to
the; present moment,. the preservation
and spread of the religion:of our Saviour,
bast only been accomplished by the most
persistent and sanguinary Contest bgtlireen
the ieomparatively few and the depraved
and irreligious many.
There is hardly a country 'upon the.
•
map of Europe, whose soil has not been
moistened by the blood of the martyrs in
that, noble cause. Though' long has been.
that struggle, advanceMent marks its
prok , resies - An attentive reader of history
cannot fail to lie deeply imrpessed with
the great moral and social advancement
;
which has been accomplished within the
paiit two centuries. Any one. who will
stop and compare that, deep' ignorance,
and consequent religious intolerance; that
intrse bigotry and bloody- persecution,
winch marked the 17th Century, With the .
spirit of religious toleration and freedom
of the nineteenth; any one who will coin
'+ the immorality, servitude and degra-7
dation of Feudal times, with the lib
erty, intelligence and refinement of the
present, cannot but take hope for the fu
tulle. To a degree do we behold the same
state of things•in the temperance, muse.
Onring the past fifty years has made
great :ulvancement. There is no use of
attempting persuade me that intempe
- Iw i •
ranee l is grong more prevalent year by
year., One need not be, very old to Fe
-1
menilx.r the tint. when the use of liquiir
was indulged,in by most Of the families of
•
our land, ar a nmtter of course:
, exciting
no , comment, creating MI anxiety. I,ntaii
-71 no idium.. Already have we outgrown
that. Already is its use becoming the
ex l tept ion among the intelligent, instead
of the rule. Most einphatica , P.y has the
rnsalt in this case so , far, marked the ef
fed upon public sentiment of determined
and continuous agitation. Nye are tOld
by , some that the recent repeal of the lac-'
cal Option law, and the legalization of
the liquor traffic. mark a retrogreslsiiin of
the temperance cause; that ithe
,teniper
ance fever has had its run and is abating.
The repeal , of the local OP‘tion law, marks
no.sueh . thing. It simply violates the es
' pressed will of the cititens of county,
aw proclaimed at the lxillet•box.
wo, years ago the, prlViloge. was given
tO thicitratts Of Bradford - Co : linty; to tic,
• .
=lD9rthei *t' desired a .
0..11 40%
- •
MI
REI
c:;- f
It
desire that sale. For nearly' two • years
past, there has bead no authority of law
for* sale of liquor in ournounty.. While
I dO not assert that the sale of liquor was
enttrely stopped thereby, tdo'assert that
it was greatly eurtailed;, and that under
it bias intempenmeu has prevailed in this
malty; than . under any license law'ever
established. But whether• or not it was
beneficial in its operatkn, jig not the'
question we are now diacussing In ac
ocnilance with a promise of the 'LegislaL
tare that, if a majority expresSed a desire
for no license, none should he granted for
thMe years, that majority did. emphatic
ally express that desire. Have, they ez
pretzed a contrary wish, or retracted the
wish before expressed? I hive been
Might to believe that the theory of our
goVnrnment was based upon the ;right of
the majority to rule. I supposed We lived
in 4 country where the will of the majori;',
ty has the 'controlling power. - AMI yet;_
here in the county of Bradford, in opposi
tion to the expressed desire of so large a
majority of her citizens, the right is to be
again bestowed upon a comparatively few
to Injure and destroy many times their
number.
AYe are soon to have .
.presented to us
thci spectacle of the legalize 4 sale of in
toXicating drink in a county where 8,000
Majoiity of the citizens are opposed to
thiit sale, and have so expressed them:
sel`res. I Hay that that .Legislature had
no ilegal or moral right to repeal tht Local
OPtion raw.
But, wkit arguments are - presented by
the friends of the traffic in justification of
this legislative outrae ? First, they tell
us Local Option wa ,:a failure, and that
miller it more liquor was sold, than under
the old license system.• The only argu- '
went needed to refute this assertion, is
thiS If so, why are all the friends of the
liquor traffic and of liquor drinking, in
"fatior of its repeal? .Do you know of a
liqhor-seller. or of a man contemplating
lighor-selling, who was opposed to the
repeal? While hun ut nature remains
the same, ii is; that d sire refutes that ar,
guineut.
Starting upon this also basis, the fol
loar,it up by saying: "So long. as liquor
will be sold, W might as well license: the
sale of it, and thereby save the price of
the licenses." This argument is well
woo thy of the baSis on whielrit rest*. , In
the first place it confesses •to a. willing
eoinplicity with what is known tObe an
04 and for the sake of the few paltry
dollatit to be realized front licenses. they
tq
will gnintl a legal sanction to the most
.. I
nefarious traffic on earth. I say if; there
is not poWer enough in our commtunty to
psdvent aiterSistent and systematid viola
tion of the Local Option law, it is a shame
;
to ask the Legislature to hide our impo
tency by infamous complicity. Save the
money realized from licenses ! How ?
Where does the money paid, for licenses
go? To the State. Where do the evils of
litknor-selling go? Among our own citi
zens, and in our Own eommnnity. We
then have this
,abStird reason for perpe
trating a most terrible outrage npOn the
wi i yes•and children of our community :
Mcause we lures paid the
. State for, the
privilege! What difference does it make
tOis how much money is paid to the
State by the liquor:sellers of Towanda?
Does. that money go to alleviaap any of
tile suffering, for the privilege of produc
ing which it pays? Does it clothe the
it' ore, d, or feed the hungry in our midst?
Does it lighten the. demands upon the
- .
Ladies' Benevolent Association? Does
ithide from our view any of the misery
and suffering which always attend the
traffic ? or reduce the number of calls up
on private charity? Not a bit of it. If
the money paid by the liquor-sellers for
the inestimable - privilege of dealing death
and destruction among our citizens, : was
devoted to repairing to sonic extent the
ittjury which the business necessarily
ptoduces, there might be some sense in
what is now a most senseless argument.
I believe that ninety-nine out of every
hUndred cases of destitution, in our corn;
raunity, owe that destitution to the use of
: intoxicating drink. If the money paid
fer licenses could be devoted to the relief
Of the victims of license, a very great'bur
den would be thereby' lifted from the
shoulders of the. laborious, tax-paying
priblic. What a lofty position that State
- occupies, that says : "You shall have the
priVilege of taking from the laboring man
that money for which his family is suffer
ing.. You may scatter sorrow, and deso
lation thrOugh the community in which
you live.' Yon may be the means of send
ing the young to premature grave, and
the old to an eternal damnation; but for
•that privilege you must pap from fifty to
td seven hundred dollars annually,
according to the amount o this kind of
blisinesS which you are able to. do! i'''
A l gain, 2 another reason urged in Support
of this lieense law, is: "It is to stringent."
.
rpm the many admirers it has, one is
almost justified in believing-that the write
of legislative wisdom was, only reached,
When they framed astringent license law.
True, the law makes the penalties for its
violaticM a little. more severe than former
ly existed; but what difference does it
reake aliout the penalty, if the violations
are not prosecuted? If this license law
pOssesses any advantages over the Local
Option law, , those advantages are only
to be found.in its enforcement. The Lo
cal Option law i i was good enough of itself.
The trouble nias it war not enforced.
What inducement will any' one have to
enforce the, license law, which they did
not have to enforce the local option law?
And when its enforcement is sought, it
Will be found much more difficult. "Do
iVe not know it is much easier to c onvict
for selling at all, than to convict for sell
ing to particular persons ? Conviction"
Under the local option' law NVII.S . :easy.
iVhenever it was sought it was found.
Very, few •oho were - arraigned dared tit
;fare any tr al. .1 very large majority
Plead guilty The trouble was not with
the law: but that the sentiment or coin
immity did not stand, up to it. Many
convictions were ha tituider it: many more
would have been' had, if the. eo o lay col/-
Fent iono had *O,-,•,,reed later.
The whole license gysteni Ig 3 fiend
and a lie. In the iirst place• an applicant
for a license must present. a petitim)
6d by twelve reputable citizens, setting
ibrththat the applicant is a man of good
'Character for honeaty and temperance.
jinagfne for a moment, if it is possible,
Mau of good incrral character nuking fOr
. ilintirivilep to retail whisky to
at iOSttlia a drink, The &lige law
iii4ll#o6 ,WpWl*-110 tiqkykibh
lag
=
is, that we ltaiU in our county 58 metrof
,goodnbartictO for Itononiy and temper
awe, and of these fifty-eight, twenty-llve
are in'our town. Of this fact • there can
be nodoubt, for have. not twelve .repnta4
ble citizens certified to it ?. If it is true
that we bavetliat number of men of gixd
~ - I
1
moral Character he - oar-eounty, Ole best
thing to \ dP is , to refuse their applications
for license; l and keep them moral . I Isee
by the last paper there are apPlientions to
belweiented te our .next Court, for d
p 10
tavern and il eating-hour licenses. in this
borough alone;!:.. How bright the prosliect
'for the temperance Carrie ! :How encour
aging Cu, indieations - for a, lively :corn.;
mere° during tlie'coming)rear ! Ten tay-'
erns in Towanda, for the acepmmodation
of the public; besides ni4 eating-houses !
No one will hive to go httrig,ry—prorOed
he has got the Money to Mtg. ;To pay l for
all the licenseiVasked for in this boroUgh
sikruC2!..ivill cost not less than S3MO.
_Tbink'of it-48,500 paid' out of this lip ,
1.000 'alone; and for what ? If the liCense
la* is.,npt a rraud, lliisi money wtlli be
paid for the privilege of selling intoxicat
ing drink to jial aged men. of :temperate
habits, and not visibly affected. by liquor,
for the license law says they shall sell to
none others. •i Do you believe it ? Don't
you - know tliat under this beautilidly
I
stringent law; Just • passed, three-fourths
of all the liqunr which will be sold, will
be sold contrary to the provisions of the
act. We kno* it will. The law-maker
knew it woulti; . In the natural course of
things it molt be so. :By, the . law the
sellers are prnhibited from selling liquor
to persons under 21 years of age;. to men
of known intemperate habits; or to a per
son whi visibly affected' by liquor. I
licewould tp]i t inow who else under Hea-'
yen wan s anp - A-llteir_nasty stuff? This
stringeerst . license law; thilk panacea for all
our dull tim* is absurdit)r, illustrated.
The makeik, of this law, nut content
with the wring; which will be done there
by to the wiVeS and children of our land,.
to that wrong add insult, and . then point
us to that clanse of the law which author
izes--an action for any damages they may
sustain, andaiik—" WHAT MORE . DO - YOU
WANT I' A :though the wrongs whiek
,thi4 traffic inflicts could be measured by '
! though .money - should - heal
the - broken/ heart - restore the - - rinned
health-bring back.the hive of early days
—re-unite the dismembered household—
s:we the huntan soul ! How-many dollars,
think you, it would require to recoMpense
that-wife !intim love, respect and haPpi
•;\
ness of clays that knew :no drunkenness?
How many dollars. will remunerate .the
children for the privation, the sorrow and
disgrace of-a; drunken father? Oh ! my.
friend:s you may reason upon it a.s
will, it is all a lie.
- But though by this action of our Legis--
lature, our desires have been thwarted;
and we are again to see intoxication
stalking through our streets under the
sanction of the kW; let -us see -in it 'no
cause for disconragement, , but rather
cause for renewed exertion. Let us go
steadily •forivard„ talking temperance,.
preaching tenperance, and practicing
temperance !; ~And if must be that decen
cy, inornlity4
us
civilization , are to be
outraged, Jet us in no way-share intim
respensibilitOherefor. Of all influences
bicli have ever
,been ttii in
theeducation. and elevation of piil4o ;sen
timent upon the question of temkranee,.
next -to that rof the 'Christian Church,
stand the temperance societies of our
land; and,neXt -to-the Church, do they
deserve the' active and material aidand
encouragement of every friend of hunian
ity. A most noble work is that in which
they arc engaged ; endeavoring to allevi
ate liumair misery, striving to . improve
the - Condition of mankind; laboring to
prevent the ;:destruction of our YOuth.
31.4,3 X SULVet4B brown their efforts !
The full benefits to community which
are.bestoivediby the temiierance societies,
are very imperfectly estimated; •hi ,fact
they are iurrlpitble of estimation. While
the number d i f inebriates who arc reefaim.:
ed- from degradation by their Means, tmay
be ascertained, and their influence in that.
direction estiniated;:how are we:to 410-
late their great preventive poWer, as-'
certain the untidier of wealthy and Ininor-
able men Who are indebted. for that
wealth and that lionori . to the influence
exerted upon - them in youth by
. the
tem
peutnce society? It . is because ofl this
great preventive power, that their bene,
.fits arc not fully appreciated. Habits of
intemperance are not of sudden feirma
tion. They result from associationwith
dissolute cenipanions; from familiarity
with scenes! .of vice and debauchery:
Against stieb associations and the neces
sary effects thereof, the temperanceisoci
ety strives.. lily its attraction it ; seeks to`
draw the yPung- from the -allurenients
of sin; and by a proCess of eounter-hrita
tion, to preVent the effects of evil associa
tions. By the simple fact of becoming a
member of such a society, the individual
places himself under greater obligation to
live temperately.
A. young man who conies out and
openly arrayS himself on the *side of [tern
petauce, thereby removes much of; - the
temptation that otherwise would surround
and when the fact is - known the
Men are. rare indeed who will -attempt to
induce : bhp. fp violate his- obligation,! He
who Will atteinpt to induce a man to par
take of intoiieatilig.drink, - knewhig that
that map had taken npowhimself an-obli
gation to refrain therefrom, is' deie iving
of greater cMiteinpt than this world can
bestow. Alas,. thick bf the respoiisibil
which would rest upon such a man,iif by
his intineile. one who. lied started.,in a
temperate Cpurse is led 'astray, and I goes
down to 'a drinikardS gnive. carryingl with
him a fatherts pride, a mothees hope„or
the-,love of an affectionate wife. -
1)r-inkingMien. a 7
nd tempt:lute men do
not find eae : li other - t 4 society agrdiable.,
'We are by nature gregarious beings 1 We
must have ..'associations of some land.
Emphatically true is this of the yeung.
This natukal 'and. landible desire 1 timiti
giatilicatior in the temperance stkiety,
and ifs . members soon come to Iliad the
sentiment and society of temperate peo
ple nn ',at agfeeable than that of the drink
in4 and th6 dissolute. . 'When' a Young
man onee :Arrives at that point; when he
once fully appreciates the contrast he
tireen the saciety of the temperate ritntof
theinteimperate, and preferl that of the
temperate, iie. : o- Domparatlyeiy ‘ se t fe. '`.3o'
long as be (,:f;utitntes to eeek Ike spet4,y of
thew who totally abstainl4l.-tiatoidea- 1
,tiug;Ah;ttdt,'nglxl xit C u t t i . &VS
t - AH . ,A 314 ,"
4
...‘•,_,....,,::,,....:,,,,,„:„, ..„,.:::".,.......-.,,,-.,:
,
I I
-
MI
1
=!!!MMffi
-1 •
not indulge in the use Of liq uor: I Whisky;
in its popular and comprehensive MIA is
the foundation of ninety-nine one glum
dredths of all the sin which darkens - the
character:4 inankind. 'lltritheut it,':ll
- would lose its greatest incen
tive;: without it . the gaining table would
lose its patrons; without it, crime in all
its hideous forms Would' be despoiled of
its
more
potent agent. Besides these
more ix-dent evils resulting from this habit,
there are Others,Spot so readily observed,
but which are its sure cohcool dant. Among
these is that of waiting time. HHuking
people will, fiiiind profligate in
squanderintof time. It isi a truth which
should wirer lie fergotteit,[e.spceially by ,
the young, that tithe is money; aye, and
more than money, for it will give, you thit
which. money eannotpurehase. Life is
too short to be squandered in ahnles.4 pur
suits; or in what. is worse; the gratifica
tion of animal pasSions and depraved:ap
petites. The great Architect never crea
ted' man and placed' him Upon this fair
'earth to drag Out an existence of beastly
indolence, nor bestowed open hint mental
faculties to be besotted, benumned and
destroyed by ' strong drink, lie did not
devote six days to the creation and adorn
ment of a home for than, wherein he,
would revel in Bachanalian debauchery,
•
and dissipating. indolence. Life is short;
short to look back upon; short if its du
ties are 'neglected; but " long enough
for Homer and Milton the blind, to sing
their immortal verse; long enough for
Copernicus, and Newton to uofold .
the Laws of the universe; long enough for
Caesar to overruu the world, artd . Alexan
der to weep that, there Were no more
world to conquer. r. Of all the infinen
ces.with which the temperance cause has
•
to contend, none are more potent than the
fatal delusion of moderate drinking. This
.is the rock upon which haS been wrecked
the life, character and happiness of 'many
a young•man, who has started upon the
voyage of life with prospects the most
flattering. It is that Siren which has al
lured to destruction More o 1 mankind
than ever did that] mytholegical goddess,
who sat upon the . shore of the sea, and by
her melodious voice and flowery meads,
charmed those who . were Isailing by. IL
is the source from which all drunkenness
emanateS. ,NO man intends to become a
drunkard. :While acknowledging the
danger of moderate drinking. they do not
intend to follow it te its natural conclu
sion. They seem to think themselves dif
ferent from other people:l that, they, pos.,
sess some superior resLsti've power, that.
they will make their case an exception toI
the general rule. 1 I have : observed that
when a matt posseSses so great confidence)
in his self Control,, as to sity that he can
drink' or let it alone, as he !nay choose, he
is very apt to choose to slot let it alone.),
Such people seeme to act Upon the belief
that there are thr,ce roads leading through'
this life: the temperate road, the drunken
road, and the moderate failing to :
realize that the moderate Mad soon turns
into the drunken and at the end of
life's journey there are but twe. If there
were rho moderate ' road, if' there wars no.
such thing as moderate drinking; if' peo
ple were either drunken 1 or I temperate,'
there would be very few drunkards. The
distinction between moderate drinking and
drunkenness, may be easy to descrilie,but
in-practice it is exceedingly
,• ; diffiettit of
observation. There is no Man who as
serts his power of, self-cootrol,! and insists
that he is a moderatekhinker simply, who
•I •
does not. occasionally find ' I
Qltittiself on the
drunken list. 1 : - " 1
. But why should a per-Jou indulge 'in .
moderate drinkhig,. even if he could do.
so without becoming a drinikard? It Costs
him time; it costs hith money it does him
no good; it ha's not one --redeeining qual
ity. Why should that young man 'just
entering upon his .business ;career ; . and
who hashis fortune andreputation yet to
.6
make, persist in hampering himself with
this galling sliackge?-: SuceesS in this life
is onlyto be attained by great anti severe
exertion; and why Will any Man desiring
to achieve that success, insist upon car
rying that burden Which eventually
crash him? Why' does he 'hake of his.
own accord his labors and efforts in this
struggle inmecessiwily severe? While
:building with the one hand, .tear downs
with the other? Or why does that man,
to whose support', and protection has.been
entrusted all the Pure and hely affections
of a true woman's heart; that man for
*hose sake a hoping, confiding girl has
abandoned-the comforts and luxuries of a
Pleasant home, the kind eennsel of. a lov-'
ihg Mother and hopeful father, and for
him goes forth into . the World to Make a
hoine for themselves together; why does
that man persist in bringing 'pain , to that
heart which beats only for him; or tears'
to those eyes -which brighten at his ap
proach ? And While she, at home in the
Still hours of thel i night is plying- her busy
needle in the attempt to repair some worn
garment, or transform one of olden style,
and thereby striving to lessen the expen
ses of. him she joveS,- and thus lay up
something they-May both enjoy,, why will
he be found. in the company of dissolute
companions, expending more in one even
ing than she can save in a _month ? Or
why will he who has not only a loving
wife 'at home, -who,: half in fear and.hall
in hope, 'listens for the sounff of his foot
steps, but who is also the:father of inno-:,
Tut children who look to him for sup:
port and instruction: why will he' after
having squandered' ; his days'earning,s, go
reeling home to his family, and heap-out
rage and and abUse upon their sorrowing
hearts and defenceless heads 7 . These are
no overdrawn metrires. -They find -daily
illustrations in our own cemnrunity. Were
it not for that natural desire which every
true wife feels to
,protect and sustain. the
name of him she Calls husband; and 'were
the wrongs which are heaped upori her by
him who so dishenorsthirt mime,disclosed
to the world, this picture would disappear
through the mildnesi; of its Colorin e q. Of
the evils - of intoXicatiug 'drink . , the drunk. 4.,
aril's family is the thief recipient and the,'
most pitiful victim. Upon !them is
Meted all the evil and: wrono of the 'lda-
rious traffic.
TheSe being some of the evils Whfelt the
temperance, societies aim to remedy or
prevent, shall we not give theht our hearty
support? .Is it 4 not onr ntt.v.to sustain 1
:uid encourage 1 a- ; society Whose corner
stone is the elevation of, the human race;
*hose fm u principle is' the' alle4.
viation of human; 'Suffering? A society
which has for its base -the good of maw.
kind, and for its keystone the salvation of
ouryouth4- Butt while we do not labor ow,
der the delusive; hope that the time is neat.
at hand,when liquor will be sold no more;"
when men will 'cease to drink; when the
marble slab shall 'no longer mark •th
grave of- the drindiaird,Ond.when inebriety
13/01uo lOgerlwreat its mOd- verigeoneo
upon beart;broken wives and b01i459.
cWN.m, let - uii.reCognia a 34 d=r 4
--:',-
-44 6
.., -...- '-,-..!' - ;- . ..j'H-.. - • 1 7 , ;. -
i
NUMBER 50.
NOTES ON TICE "INTEBNATIONA4a
mAirslian:
•
1 gA3G, : 1-14-41411.:DEN:T1XT; LcKt: xviil:l7.
SzcoNA Qtraarsn. VIII.
This is one of, thosel beautiful passages
of Seriptnre which appeal specially to the
heart and imaginationiof the young, and
*and so root themselves in - th memory
that no reading, of 'after yearscan ever I
choke or hinder their perpetual flowering
t
of beauty andjoy. For many grown
up,child this story keeps, and . *
• *- - • —"still will keep'
A
A bower quiet for us, and a sleep
• Van of sweet dreams, and health, and quiet
;breathing." '
There is onenuch who is carriedsbaek as
he writes to a dingy Sunday-school rob=
and to the hyacinthino days of a dream - -
ing childhood; and the 'verse of an , old
hymn, sung to the tune of Lenox, min
gles with the songs: of birds and ;the
shouts of the children that float in thro'
the opened window : . I ' -
• r
' ' , When little Samuel woke I
'And heard his 'Stoker's voice;
At every word he spoke •, ' ' . ...,
How mach did he rejoice!
oh t blessed, happy child, to find
. 'The God of Heaven so near sad kind :-
This lesson adMits of a very simple an
alysis : 1: Samuel's life in. the Taberna
cle. 2. , The ReVelation of Jehovah : con- .
sidered as to (1) the reason of it;:(2)'thi
time of it: and (3) the minuet' of it.'
I. Samuel's life in the Tabernacle; vs.
His general duty, was to minister
unto the Lord; f. e., to Perform such du-.
ties as appropriate to his age in
connection with the house of Jehovah;
To' this service he had,been solemnly ded 7
icated by his parents. Hence he lived in.
the tabernacle, and' was a part of the fain- •
ily Of Jehovah; L-e., of the priestly honse- •
held. ' But his special office was : to assist
Eli, the .High Priest 4" before Eli."
was his personal attendant and-
. servitor;
This was a position - or great honor. He
was "the child Samuel," but fi
grown child; probably, as JOseplius states,
12 years of age. This makes a pleasing
parallel with Luke; ii: 42. No doubt he
was a remarkable child; (2: 21-26). The
son. of a gifted mother, he was charaCter
ized by
,high endov‘ilients of mind, and .
speciallY . by illustrious moral and spiritu
al gifts. All men saw the 'marks ol-
divine favor. Ire was lent by, the Lo Fl,
and the golden Loan bore the image and
sUperscriptioU of its source. is_wprthy
of notice that ;the : .descriptions of, his '
childhood are appropriated! in the Gospel
to describe the childhixxl Of the Greater
Prophet; Luke ii: 52. This - makes the
child Samuel a type !of, the child,Jesus,
and proves that he was the truest,' no
blest,
Mest heavenly boy of the Old Tes
taatient. 3roseS was proper 'child; (a'
beautiful and gifted, boy) bait court-life
was not so - favorable to child-development -
I -
as life in the Tabermele.
.. • - 1
his special duties as- the servitor of Eli
- ,
are hintedat in our lesson; He slept near .
him at night; :Probably in • one of the • •
.
apartments adjoining- the court ofi the •
Tabernacle, and opening- into-it. It seem,
.ed that there Were many 'of these fort the _ , '
conv4nice of the 'Priests and their at , • .
tendAt,s, as was the case subsequently in '. '
connection w iththe temple at Jerusalem.
Matthew Henry says that ithe was laid
dOwn. tO sleep in soMe closet near to Eli's
room, :as' las page( ,of tile- back-Stairs,
ready Wallin call, W 1 the old I man should
i .
want anything. in the ' night; perhapses - to.
'read to him if lie could not] sleep.. It ,it,"':
stiggeStcd by the narrative ',that he was
accustomed to - being awakened by, Eli. : '
He assumed the place of Eli's wicked 1 ;.
sons . ; reverencing the venerable . High
Priest and making his old age as comfort-.
, - :, . .
able and happy as possible. He had outer 1 1
duties, no douht, connected with the t.ab.. 1
ernacle; but what they were- we cannot
tell. , Some ; suppose that he 'extinguished 1.
the lamps in L the sacred chandelier. at. ' •
morning, and k)pened- the doors , of the'
-tabernacle. It• is qiiiiJ certain that he . I
was busily occupied in sOme way in God's
,
service. I P . 1 1
1
11. The Revelation of Jehovah N-4, .1.-.
10. - We haver (I) the reason given -for
this Ilevelation; j v. ti • "And . the word of- • -
the Lord (i. - c.l .the Prophetic communicaL
tions of Jehovah) wits precious (rare) in •
those days." ITheselcommnitications had
almost entirely ceased.. The Song or
Hannah and the prophecies of two' Mi- •
known men (Judgevi: 8110; 1 SaM. ii:
: 21') a` 'the Only rerded prophecies be- .
tween Deborah andpatimeli:There was : '
no open (manifest) ••ision''r-no • such ap
pearances
or the.opl4nies as litid - been fa- ,
railiar to patriarchs,lcaptains.and judges. • ,
And the ,exphinatioof this is . fc4ind in --
ti
I
the rapheity andl ,icentiousness Of the- '. 1 :
i priests-,the teacher's `. and spiritual guides ...
of the, people.l Eli's ons were not,'Werthy ,
to be recipients -a prophetic messages; .
and as Eli contented himself 'with a mere
verbal reprimand, instead i.. - ) i f active pater
nal
and judiCial restraint, he ; was ekclud , .. '
ed from intimate fellowship 'with Jelto-
Vhlt; (ii: 22-36),.....The people -- of ' lsrael
were left to the written laW as they pos .2-1-
sessed it, and to such instruction as the '
providence and service of God might im
part to-them.Oxl was withdrawing him-
self rat her and . farther frOm his people •
- visibleaudible : )1, . •nce,
as to and' 4 •est and
.
preparing the( way for a more - intimate
presence through his *pirit.- In order to ..-- .
this anew opt l ler (i. e,, of the prophets) •
was now to be. established. Samuel was
the first of the prophets; '(Acts iii: 24); '
The genesis Of this orderwas. centempo-
iimeous ; with, the 'establipment .• of the • .
monarchy. and existed alongside of Was'
the mouth-pi ' , cc of Jehovah, to check the
rr
pride of kiu and to defend - the interesti ,
r
-of God and people. - j _ •I: )1 '
'(2) We hhve the, time Of the Reve laj
.tion of Jehovah. • It occurred While Elt _
and- Samuel were' . lYing down to sleep, -
(perhaps not both asleep). and before the .
lamps were put, put • in- the tabernacle. •. '
This,, then, is, a night-scene of the Bible. -
In the mystical depth of at,Syrian night's --
silenee and beauty; Jehovah revealed
himself to the boy.l He -May have -been - ,'•
lying _awake, '
,musing upon such themes '
as the plate or, a di4ine premonition sug
gested. i ' Night, is l , the time- to muse." 4',
It was during the night that the glorion ,''
dreaM of a persenhl Shil 4 h took Visible
audible form' before thei Shepherds of ' .
Bethlehem. -', -' 1 - • 1 %.
(3). We have the manner of the Di;
vine Revelat on. First, Jehovah! caned • :
Samuel; (v. 4). There was :an audible '
I voice'. It may have, issued from the Holy
of Holies,,ant it may be to hint this fact .
that the ar)cl,:f .thxi..is mentioned in verse '
3. It - 1, - asfrio a mere impression on Shin-
uersnund; it was a _real voice- , -i. e„ such . , ,
',vibrations of, the air as predueed sound lit _
his ears. Jehovah, called Samuel; '.called ..
I his, Dame; (John ±: 3). - It - is a 1 sweet .
thetight - that - God' not, Oily knows - the . '
names of his:people, but also speaks them -- .
in Heaven; thelngels - knew, them. This ~ 1
is true fame ! ,,, But thouo Jehovah kuew ••
Samuel's natte, : Sannteldld not know - his
voice; v. 7..:._;11e,' was notii accustomed to . , '.
prophetic communications( from the Lord. -
Howhe discovered the speaker we must
leave, the plain utirrative to tell.' It • is .
manifest that there'was aiivisible appear- '. '
=cc of Jehovah; so that i :he was able to
Use the words Eli ,had put in his mouth : -
intelligentlyi v, 141, -,. •
, LEssoNs.- , 43od'reveals:lninself to chil- ..
&en; Ps., viii: 2. ',Children tan -not only - •
;become Christians; but better Christians
than their elders. , 'God his Work for con- ,
secrated children in Ills church. It Is well .
fOrlthe young, if,, like Sainuel, they are
insensible to the, evil examples Of those ~
ab( ut, thein.' Respect fOrl the aged, is al- ' '
w , 'a a characteristic or a:l:tableland:, A. :
. ..,
g consetwe precludes ; fog.. Theta is L
c i d
lici lax* ta l c. children Oxii iPrAblz „ . I
witWei4tv 'eteutitAwattuei kw- !
ilia :at - G*4 - .:. AO ~,1 1-__ 0E1013: .
`11:-001 6 droa . Aptsi
10. -;--- 'l . .: -_ - .....4 , . - 1c -:...- ': •- = .
. . .