ONE D3ILAR PER ANNUM, INVARIABLY IN ADVANCE. TOWAXDA: PattttiMO tllornuin, fllatrl] 21, 1835. rpruia "The Annual Gift,''—conducted by the Students of the Susquehanna Collegiate Institute.[ ODE TO THE OCEAN. Once 1 saw the lake of glittering glasfl, When no dark wave did o'er its bosom pass: When no fierce whirlwind tossed the green sea s foam, And seamen sported on their briny home. A happy summer morn ! the clear sunshine In bright effulgence robed a world of crime : The deep blue sky seemed like the sea below, An arching vault, tinged with its ruddy glow. No sullen clouds, (winged herald of the gale.) Obscured a spot of that cerulean vale; All nature sang her soft enchanting lay. And light winged zephyrs languished in the play. It was a sight too fair for clay-clogged man, Peep dyed in sin, twice o'er in life to scan ; Such happy scenes, arc for angelic view— The choir with golden harps, the faithful few. Full many a day. and many a live long night, beneath the sun's rich glow, the moon's wan light, I've sat me down upon-the rock-bound shore, And heard with mad delight thy angry roar. And seen thy warrior's charge in wild career, The sunless foe. that knows no joy—no fear ; Hat ne'er again have met that magic scene Which rivals fancy in its wildest dream. Ab> ! old Oceau, 'neath thy rolling wave, Thv starless caverns seem one boundless grave ; The ever trembling. deepVesounding surge. Has oft times sung the sailor's funeral dirge ; T!iv coral mounds, and weed-beseattered bed, Have pillowed myriads of the sleeping dead. And vet. Thou sweepest on in frantic play, Scattering foam and tossing briny spray V* wildly .is the prairie's Bison-king T< ars up his native soil, and round hint flings The crumbling earth. Thou heed'st not the cry, That with the hoarse-toned storm goes wailing by, -h.k* the fragile lurk, and deep despair Ilri ..ihes forth her last sad strain in humble prayer, Kntreatin-.r Neptune fierce, and heaven and hell, T soothe thy rage and calm thy angry swell. H' -vv cans't thou gleeful sport, while death's dire form Rales o'er thy heaving bosom, mounts the storm, Ride- his untiring steed through the contest dire, N'or quits the field till all his foes expire ? 1 hear thee murm'ring now a soft sweet strain. Falling as gently on the ear as drops of rain. Or dew upon the thirsting flower. Wild notes, s-'ft a> the zephyr, round the trav'lcr floats, ■..•.-piriiig -"ft repose-. So wave-rocked boy K -get thy youthful car-s. thy dreams of joy. -i.. on fair youth : thy bliss may only lie. .'ubWcs bright dance o'er the seaman's -e.w ILI-li. [From the Annual Gift.] The European War. ARTICLE I. At the present time the attention of the civilized world - directed towards the War in Europe. This contest pre -w.t- many unusual circumstances, and indicates the re nt irkaHe changes which a few years have given birth to. Four or five hundred years ago. all Christian Europe was arms against the Turk : now we behold two nations that were then the most zealous against, in company and alliance with, the same Turk, warring upon another Chris tian government. as would seem to the superficial obser ver, without any just reason. But we liave neither time nor desire to enter into a long and elaliornte detail of the different aspects of this contest; but we will briefly cou sider a few of the main causes which have produced it : Ist. Why Russia provoked the War ? 2d. Why England and France united with the Sultan against IJu-sia"' and .'■>!. Why there has Uwn such backwardness, on the part of Austria, in forming an alliance with the Western powers '• Russia, although possessing an immense territory, yet, c inparatively speaking. has but few maritime advantage-. This defeat has always been before' the eyes of Iter rulers, and various expcilient* to remedy it have been resorted to. i,t'u by force of arms and by negotiation. In the reigns i f Catharine and Alexander, at a fearful expense of blood and treasure, she succeeded in obtaining the supremacy of the Black sea. But with this in her hands, a new olista > piewnted it-elf in the Dardanelles and B"-phorus. T it let- of the Black Sea. (which may !>e considered t": • Ixi-in, into which is poured, through the navigable ri ■■*. Danube. Pneister and Don. the wealth and products :' Austria and Rus-ia,) were and still are under the power f the Moslems. In past time, the endeavors of Russia to wrest this key of their commerce from the Turks, have stir red up many long and bloody wars, and this we think has beea the main incentive of the one now raging: however vi. h tlie Czar may conceal it under pretence of freeing, ind "jiening to the world, the Holy latnd. Nor is this by , say means impossible, for we can imagine an almost sim- j .ar .a-e by -upjKi-iug tliat some hostile power held under j it-j .ri—liot: >n the mouth of the Mississippi, it would in a j m ::u nt 'early appear to all that we must drive them front tion. Necessity wonld sternly call for imme . .Ie a il.vn on oar part. The straits of the Dardanelles, j '•ad :'-,e 80-phonts. are to the Russians what the mouth of the Miss-.—ippi i- to ns. 2d. Why England and France entered irtto alliance with '"-ultan. There i* one common cause which lias urged i "be-e t - isTircrs t ■ this course—the desire and detynni- I 'n of nut oning the governments of Europe as they . • v • \.-t. and t. a-'.ow no one power to increase at the j :u r. t the danger of another. Rut besiiles this j >r.e. jr. my other distinct and separate reasons in —i them. Is-t ris ehince s moment at Great Britain. ambition has ever longed for the supremacy of the n And to the accomplishment of this end, all her ~ - ' energies and resources have Iven constantly devo * F r many war* she lias observed with envy the ad • - f Ru—i.i in commerce, mid lias irgwdrd with wisb great expo rut ions of that Empire from the ■ >... The Czar, well aware of her enterprise and ' !• i- heretofore, in a manner, shut her out from • • the-e exports. It wa.- with eagerness that Eng - * opportunity aflbrded her. of humbling her - real, crippling or raining her navy, and opentng -r trade, the then to her inaccessible shores of that " . gathered in its liosoni the products of the frult -1 } "f the Dunulie. and the luxuriant productive •- f s -.;;!><• rn Russia. And here we may remark, ■leis- U\ in subduing a country, the British fir-t "■' - • lier with the bayonet; then the prie-t with -ml '..istly. her crest subjugator, the veritable nu-r '.ant. with hi* hale of calicoes- With those < r.;ent- -he cast herself into the arena. :, fferont can-es iqierated it: making Nspole- n a. There was the desire of obtaining the I land and ! y this to render himself more grateful to '" ah .w-ipie. ®..-re was. by entering into this con i rtunity of turning the observance of the sa "'r 31 affairs at home, to the excitement of a foreign - i'iicit-J -.y sjik-ndkl victories, (which he no doubt the French would behold in him a second Arid ihe ib.-ire of revenging uion Biis-U.lbc -■ !hv d -icufull of Napoleon 1., set beforehim -a st.iv:;,, tk.t he could not resist. iis c. the reasons of England and France I - - 'W tum to Austria. •'■•*•-lute government. Au>trta has ever grcatlv * ' - a" ' js w .;t apjear bva glance at the map. Made of many little states in herself, and boun ded on the south-west by Italy, a part of which she has subjugated, on the north and east by Poland and Hunga ry, and on the south-east by Turkey, she may be said to le hemmed in by nations, hostile to her rule. Though by force of arms she ha- conquered Italy, unhappy Poland and Hungary, yet the liberty-loving inhabitants of those nationalities unwillingly bear their servitude, and are rea dy. at any propitious moment to throw it off. By the de claration of war, Austria was placed in a dangerous and intricate situation. On whatever side she gazed sheconld only behold a gloomy future, fraught it might be with her total destruction. Yet if an alliance with either side was imperatively necessary, a union with the Western powers seemed most advantageous, for a variety of reasons, a few of which we will here enumerate. If a rebellion should break out in her domiuions, it would receive more assistance, especially in Hungary, from the Western powers, than it would from Russia. For this lat ter Empire had a great interest in the state of Hungary, a part of it lieing under lier sway, and was therefore less likely to foster and encourage a rebellion, which might re coil on her own head. Again, Italy would be open forthe entrance of the English and French, while the Czar could not disturb her by that means—his navy not lieing suffi ciently powerful to transport troops thither. But jn-rhaps a stronger reason for this policy, was the desire of Austria for preserving the different governments of Europe a* they then existed. For should Turkey become a province of the Czar, there was great danger that she herself would next fall a victim. In any case, the increased strength of Russia would tie a source of trouble to lier. Nor could it '>etter her to have the Dardanelles in the hands of a go vernment that would undoubtedly despise lier threats or projects, than that the Turk, who trembles before her should still continue to possess them. But if the-e rea sons urged her to an alliance with tlie Western powers, why was there so much delay in forming that alliance? This is a difficult question, but we will endeavor to give it a solution. Recognizing that her interests lay with the latter na tions, yet past favors inclined her to the side of Russia. To the aid of this power she bad, in a measure, not only owed the preservation of her government, but also what ever extension to her empire she had made. In riveting the bonds of tyrranny about her subjects, she had received great aid from her whose people alike groaned under tlie bondage of a despotic ami unlimited sovereignty. An al liance with Russia for the reasons alsive stated, was, how ever, not to lie thought of. And the only jiosition, by which she might not provoke England and France, or act ungratefully towards Russia, was that of a strict neutrali ty, at least so long as the armies of the former should lie successful. But if the tide of fortune turned against them aud Russia proved victorious, then was the time to throw all her mighty resources on the side of tlie Allies. For a double result would be thus obtained : she would then lie more warmly receive! by England and France, as coming in their hour of need, and the aid which she would bring would so augment their forces that Russia could not with stand them. The subsequent course of eveuts confirms us in this supposition. For it was not while the arms of the Allies were victorious, bat when before the massive walls of Sebastopol, their invincibility seemed passing that Austria at length joined with them. Intensely selfish and cursed by a series of tyrant rulers. Austria seems to us the most contemptible and despicable of all the govern ments of Europe. Nr has our esteem licen in any way increased by the course she luts pursued in the pre.-cnt war. A deadly foe .to human lilerty, she has desolated ill-fated Hungary, and caused her sons to wander in exile far from her plains, and drawn upon herself the curses of every intelligent, liberty-loving being. And from her ear liest history ha- been a draw-track and a hindrance to the progress of Europe. And whatever may be tle result of the present contest, we -Ismld rejoice if her throne should crumble, and her name cease to pollute the pages of histo ry. Hungary, then gathering her sons from every clime, would once more le free. Immortal Italy, rising from her present degradation, would then stand forth with that freedom, which once rendered her chief city the Capital of the world. E. T. E. ARTICLE IT. The great struggle for power, which is now agitating Europe, present-; to the world one of the most remarkable alliances ever presented in the pages of history—an alli ance condemned alike hy the laws of God and man—an al liance in which each of the belligerent powers ha-s a differ ent object in view. Ist. Tlie Emperor of Russia took forcible possession of tlie D.uiubian provinces of Turkey, for the ostensible pur- IMSS: of forming a Protectorate over tlie Greek Church, and of pit-serving it from the persecutions of the priests of the Mohamedan Church of Turkey. 2d. England, alleging that the Emperor Nicholas had objects in view other than the one expressed, joined with Turkey in a league against him. for the purpose of pro tecting the Turkish population from the persecutions of the Greek Church of Hus-i*. and also of " preserving the balance of power in Europe." 3d. France joined the treaty on, nominally, the same grounds as England. These, as near as we can ascertain, are the ostensible reasons for the war. The real ones, however, are deeper, more concealed, and of infinitely more importance. Those of the Czar are. we think, the most honorable, and the ones in which all lovers of liWrty should sympathize. The educated part of his population, is an enterprising race, and under his government i- making rapid advance ment in commercial aud maritime pursusts. Tlie only outlets for his vt~—i-ls of commerce, are through tin* Cat-e -gat, mnler command of the King of Denmark, and the Bosphorns, commanded by the Sultan of Turkev. The for mer is ice-bound during a part of the year, and is conse quently not of much iinjiort-ineo in comparison with the latter, which is only one mile wide, but ojx-n at all sea sons. The Ottoman Empire, the guardian of this latter point, is now on the eve of dissolution, and its component part* are- -win to divided amongst the different nationalities of Enrope. The Bosphorns would then fall under the control of some I lower stronger th.m Turkey, and ne which might lie unfriendly towards Russia, and would re-fuse to allow her vessel* to navigate tiie Channel, and so confine her commerce entirely to the Cat-e-imt. Tiffs fart, long since apparant to the Czar, determined bim in taking precau tionary measures tor obtaining thi* command for himself, when thi* important event should take place. We think he is justifiable in taking this step : for why has n >t he as good a right to the city of Constantinople as other i*>wers. after it -hall liave passed laeyond the control of it* present legitimate owner ? The United States government ha* been earn ing on ne gotiations fr the purpose of obtaining powewion of the island of Cuba, hot failing in this, it is now secretly wink ing at revolutionary umvi-meuts from this cooutry against it. Who of us is there, who does not vii.-h success t.> tiil enterpri-e. in order that we may hereafter he freed from the repetition of snrh insults as the Black Warrior aflbir. aud others of like nature ? Yet t"uha i* not of half so much Importance to us. a* the Bospliorus is to the Czar. Well then. how in jus the can we blame him for using openly, to accomplt-ba great end. the same nM-an* that we are secretly using, to promote a much lessor one ? Now granting that the whole object of the tYar i* to obtain possession of the city of Constantinople, and that of tbe Scltar is h> k*ep his territory invtolatc. let us p-.uvs on to the consideration id the other characters in this grand drama. England has ever been the ally of despotism and oppres sion. and never ha* scrupled to extend her possessions, at anv cest of H'swi acJ honor- Her object ha* ever Iveii to PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY AT TOWANDA, BRADFORD COUNTY, PA., BY E. O'MEARA GOODRICH. acquire territory. It has been her Iwne, and will lx> the cause of her destruction. This is her object in the present contest. Why then, it may be asked, did she not accept the of fers of the Russian government, made to Lord Aberdeen, some four years since, fr the entire absorption of the Turkish Empire, by these two powers? We reply, first, that the} - were not in a shape to suit her. The Czar re quired on his part Constantinople and all European Tur key, yielding to her the Asiastic dominions. This arrange ment would give to the former au extended seatjoard in the Mediterranean, and give his population a much great er scope for improvement, so that under such a leader as Nicholas, it may become a commercial and maritime peo ple, rivalling even England herself. Secondly, France nor Austria would either of them look complacently on, and see these two powers obtain so much territory, without desiring to have a share themselves ; and the latter power would undoubtedly declare war, be fore she would allow either of these two nations to acquire territory, bordering for seven or eight hundred miles on her own. Thus England must Like her second choice in territory, and risk a war with France and Austria, which at that time she was unable to carry on. and therefore she was under the necessity of rcfu cog them. But the Autocrat was not thus to be foiled in schemes, by Eugland, and took the precautionary - measures for car rying them out. And when perfidious England found that if she wished to have a voice in the dismeml>crmeiit and distribution of the Turkish Empire, nnd that she must try otlier means than those proposed by the Czar, she conclu ded to take up arms iu support of the Sultan, alleging as her cause, the reasons above stated, viz : Ist That she wished to preserve the Mussulman from the persecutions of the Creek Church of llxssia. Do the Turks deserve the pity and protection of any enlighted and Christian nation? Do they not, rather, merit the execrations and curses of all lovers of lllrerty, for their oppressions of the Creeks in their struggle for liberty and independence, in the year eighteen hundred and twenty-three? They are not of the same religious faith as England : and the two governments have but one sympathy in common—despotism and op pression. Why then, should Protestant England form a religious protectorate over Mahomcdan Turkey ? What a grand religions array we find presented in this conflict! First comes Mahomedan Turkey ; secondly Pro testant England : thirdly Infidel and Catholic France ; all combined against the Greek Church of Russia! it needs but to mention these facts, to show the fallacy of the chief cause that determined England in entering the lists. Secondly, she mu-t " preserve the balance /if power in Any Aorua pocus way, by which she can pre vent any other European nation from rivalling her in power, wealth and supremacy, she calls " preserving the balance of power." Let us now pass on to the consideration of the other al !y, and enquire why France, hitherto the ancient and in veterate enemy of England, joined with her in that unholy alliance ? The eveuts of tlie present century are almost as fre-h in the minds of Louis Napoleon and his subjects, as if they had hapjiened but yesterday. Well theu, liow can they, iu the recollection of the murder of Napoleon Bonaparte by the English, join with them against the Czar? We think the question admits of a very easy solution : Napoleon 111. has declared that " Waterloo and St.Helena shall be avenged." Thi< was no idle boast; what he said he meant, and will perform. He is a man of far greater knowledge and experience, than the world gives him cre dit for. He possesses a vast deal of energy and perseve rance. But with these alone he was unable to avenge his Uncle's murder. He must have fleets and armies, for without them he could aecompli.-h nothing. But how could he draft armies and fit out navies under the jealous eyes of England, without attracting her attention ? And more over. his undisciplined troops would ueed experience, be fore they would 1* a'Ae to meet the veterans of England, in a hand-to-hand conflii t. Opportunely for him. Russian troops were marched into the provinces > T Turkey. Here was a chance for him to meddle, and make a pretext lor putting his forces upon a war footing. With new and undisciplined troops, he knew that he was unable to eojie single-handed with Russia, and there fore called England to his aid. Previous to his declaring war, however, previous events serve to justify us iu the opinion, that a secret treaty was concluded between him and Njch"las. by which these two monarch* were to harm each other as Iff tie as possible ; but still to keep a show of hostility. In confirmation of this opinion, we would cite the following circumstances : Why. at the battles of Al ma and KeHernann. did Russian marksmen aim almost entirely at English officers, and single them out from the French, while the latter were allowed to e-cape almost without wounds? Again, win do we hear of no capture* of Russian vessels, either in the Black Sea or the North Pacific Ocean, bv the French ? Why lias the French fleet, after eruLiiig lazily in the Baltic in the summer, now ret uracil to winter quarters in the Channel? Why has Luffs N.poleon been collecting a force of one hundred thousand armed men at Bonlotrnr, and otlier place* on hi* northern frontier? If these latter were for transportation to the Crimea, why not embark them at some of hi* southern ports, and avoid a l->r.g voy age around Gibraltar ? To us these fact* lm"e but one explanation : France is meditating a descent upon England, and at the opening of the spring campaign she will transport lier troop* thi ther. to fight lier battle's on the " inviolate soil " of Eng land : aye. within the boundaries of her metro pedis itself. But. it may l>e alleged, she is paying dearly for her expe rience, by the destruction and I"** of lier troop* in the Crimea. Granted; lmt she must purchase this experience at some cost : why not in those, where reverses would iu flict as little injury apon her. as any where el*e? Having tints disposed of the most prominent characters, let n* now turn to those of lesser Importance. Austria has long leen wavering lietween neutrality and joining with the allies ; but finally, by the treaty of lbs ember 2d, lias united her destinies with the Western Powers, upon the guarantee that they -toil' preserve her territories free from foreign invasion and civil insurrection. We would like to u*k what lias she to gain hy the war, in the event of the allies proving victorious? She may perhaps get a small siiee of Turkey (for. by all the infor mation we can gather. Turkey seem* to is- doomed to dis memberment. no matter which party i* triumphant) and aid in preventing " the extension of Russian sway." which is declared to be " detrimental to the ca';*e of European Sovereignty." But such an event cannot take place *o long as the present Emperor live*, a* we shall endeavort > demonstrate. Ignorance goe* hand in hand with despot ism. and rtre rcj-so. for d.--poti*.n cannot exist among an intelligent and enlightened community, it i* con .*h-n!atiou of the Russian Empire i* the most IcTu-rint of al! Enrols-. The consequence is. that it is the mo.-t loyal, and the h-a*C likely to Is- iaciu-d to revolt and insurrection. Therefore the Czar h-i* u -thing to fear from hi* people : and with an array of seventeen liundrcil ami Sftv tin n*snd men. he oin prevent any *cri ous invasion of his Urrilories : and also, under expt ne.ie ed Gencnls. it might nwn h on to Vienna and compel Francis .Ic*eph to sue for peace- An invading ami) could make lt little progress in overtorning his aathori tv. Bon.ijurtc demonstrated thi* in hi* winter cam p.? inn of I*l2. The Engli-'h are doing the sw- now at Rehosbv pot. Experience has ftilly sliown tluit the uuacclinuteii soldier can not endure the severities of tin climate ; tliere tore he cannot accomplish much. For a *hort time, indeed. Nicholas may he worded on his frontiers, but in the end he will keep his soil free from the invader. Tun* the chances of Austria for acquiring p.*****-!"!:*, are tnior indeed. And new let us wnsider what *be would bvse by such a cour-*. As si-> as the treatv N-twe. n her and tin kllks j toaißv ntitiol. Mat tan - *sd w.l! in " REGARDLESS OF DENUNCIATION FROM ANY QUARTER. iloubtedly be distributed among Kossuth. Mazzini. la-dru liollin and other revolutionists, who are ever on the watch to grasp at any chance by which they can gratify their ambition. This being done, Hungary, Lombardy, and Venice will soon be in a state of revolt; and as Austria was unable to conquer Hungary in lbts, it will lie barek possible for her to do so when that [>ower shall lie aided bv the Italian States. Thertfore slie will hnve to lose those n tlie watch towers of Poland, and the inhabitants of the •• Eternal City" rejoicing in the rights of freemen I G. P. C. Demetrius tha Diver. There are no bygones that have trreater need to lie bygones than those of wickedness, vio lence and cruelty. The bhxx] and dust that besmear some pages of history might glue the pages together for ever. Yet from time to time necessities will occur that leaves us no choice but to open the old grave, to turn to the old dark register ; to unlock the old, dark, grim skeleton closet, to turn the retrospective glass towards the bad bold days that are gone. We are at present the allies—and worthily so—of the Turks. A brave people, patient, highminded. slow to anger, terrible yet magna nimous in their wrath. Yet while we acknowl edge and respect all the good qualities possess ed by this valiant nation, it is impossible to for get that thv Turk has not always been the complacent Pacha in a European frock-coat and a sealing-wax cap and a blue tassel, w ho writes sensible, straight forward state paper*, reviews Eu; o; a i troop*, estilenee and .-daughter, says but ; " Allah-akbar"—God is great. There arc men in London whom we meet aud converse with in our daily walks, who can rememlier the horrible massacre of Scio, in the year of salvation eighteen hundred and twenty two. We hail just begun, through the edifying eolv-web siiinuiiig of diplomacy, the passionate poetry of Lord Byron and the crude (because badly informed i intelligence of the English press to understand that there was something Hetween the Greeks and the Turks in the Mo rea, the Peloj ouii'-susaiulthe Archipelatro, and that the former were not, on the whole, quite rightly used. We were just going to see about forming an opinion on these and otlier matters when the news of the massacre of Sieo burst ujion us lik' a thunder-clap. Gloomily and suc cinctly the frightful news was told ns how the terrible Kara Aii—or the Bia-k Pacha had apjcured with a fleet and an army in the liar lor of Seio, then one of the fairest, jieaeefit! lest, most prosjvroiis. most densely populated islmtils in the Gerric<'Turkish Arehielago,and that all that all peaceful rayahs, gold and purple hart est, university, commerce, wealth —had iu three days disapjeared. Tiie si cry of Hit? tna. *atTo of Scio has never been fully ilil in England : and ttnly in so far as it alTivt* my story am I called ujxvn to ail vert to it lu re. Besides, no tongueee. in household language, a tithe of the atrocities ju-rju-trated in the defeiitvles* island by ortier ot the Black I'aeha. Suffiec it to say that for three days Seio was drowticil in hhuid ; that the dwellings of the Eurojiean consuls were no asylum; that the sword* of Osmaulis muniered alike the white-headed jiatriareh, the }>riest ul tlie family, the imrsing moilier, the bride of yi.*ter4