,--;:-•
i
2nlto
W ANDA:
ruinp, fcbrtuirn 1852.
tritt
he International Magazine )
LE AND COFFIN.
tales awaiting . ,
needs of human kind ;
'ts a ppropriate freighting,
garlands intertwined ;
re the child reposes—
the dead inclose&
,e‘l in marriage chamber.
%swayiwi to and fro ;
the cinftlren clanabet,
a rosy glow ;
angels soft descending.
tams the child are lending,
•ay placed, and dreary,
nil-draped and still
It resting weary,
lestla-darap stealing chill ;
apes. grief struck and weeping,
such are vigils keeping.
in—intervening,
ag and aching years!
Foul, slow learning times dark meaning,
Eves out•looking through their tears,
Kindly s,eutA the death-cold stillness,
Genial seems the rest and Chillness,
MI the nooks where self has hidden,
Memory searches to the core ;
Still dark specters come unbidden,
Through the lattice and the door ;
Come, upbraiding our omissions- -
Self.convicting our commissions•
Loving deeply, fondly, truly,
We infintude demand
Yielding up,ilpontaneons, duly,
Fremeill offerings, heart and hand :
Hulce this anguish is but telling,
.Of tie depta 4 whenee love was welling.
NEEDLES.
Tut manufacture of needles is principally carried
Redditch., No fewer than thirty separate pro
are involved in Ale manufacture of a good
le. affording an example of subdivided em
lent scarcely paralleled in any other branch
airy. Tne first process is bringing the steel
fine wilt Suppose a etore•room hung round
hoops of w ; re, of vaned thickness, and each
containing on an average about fourteen
ids of wire r the length varying according to the
'ter. The size of sewing needles vary, but
rdinary sizes range from No.l, of which tWen•
ickness make an -inch, to No. 12, of which
re area hundred to i n inch. Take No. 6, by
7of example. The coil of wire is at out two
in diameter, weOing about thirteen -pounds;
left - Els about a Mile and a quarter, and it will
, ice forty or fifty thousand needles. The size
ie needle is gauged by a small piece of steel,
eighteen or twenty slits in the edge, all of
int sizes, with a particular number attached to
The diameter of each cod of wire is tested
his gauge, and by the number each diameter is
linn. The coil is next cut into pieces mat to
length of-taro needles, then straightened by be
annealed in a furnace. A number of rings va
ig in diameter tram three to seven inches, are
rd upright on their edges, at a little 'distance
and within these are placed some thousands
.ru. Much are kept resting on the interior ed•
gibe rings. When red-hot they are'taken out
placed on an'tron plate, the wires being -hod
land the rings in which they are inserted be
sertical. • The process of ittaighterling" 'or
)ing,Lhem commences. The workman inserts.
'rig piece of iron about an inch wide into Abe
ent, arnitubs the needles backwards and forwards,
sing each needle to tern on its own axis, and
osier and under those which surround it. .As
airs, when cut from the hoop, is in a curved
',,the action of one upon the other makes them
;might; and, by this raves any convexity is
used out. The wires are now about three inches
loot teke:h . entis, dull on the midge and
these wires is th Make two needle* the
ds forming the points, whiCh are made bi
-11)!, wire is divided. This process is extreme-
Interesting to the spectator, but extremely hurtful
workman, whose life is materially shortened
ming it. The workmen are seated on stooll
a tench of wires in their hands, before a seri
f small stones, from eight to twenty inches in
'ter, rotating vertically about two feet from the
and WWI a velocity amounting to Iwo thou
revolutions per . minute ; the wires they gently
upon the atones. A handkerchief is wrappe,d,
thetynonths to prevent' them from, inhaling
ilt.partieles of steel Which float in the air
"em, but even la ith this precautiottithey irt
!enain portion which reitidere this itireoii ao
airs to that ferklive mach beyond th irty
at age. Thu worlimen:plscifs the 110PN and
of one hand diagonally over those of Ibi caber,
pups the wiretrbetween them, the latter being
del ; the thumb of tfitti ISIt hand coiner over
bark of the lingers of the right, and the knack
' joint s are so arning,cd - thet every wire cap
le to rotate on its OWR nsis , by sfight:moiet,
if the hand, without rolling oerf.ibe others
tsing the wire to rotate while in'disittia arab
de, the pointer wo r ts equally ott,alV sidei of .1
td brhi t r the point jit the axis of the . i a iie. 4 •••
my now and then adjusts the Wires to fop:
iition, against:a stone or plate, and dips their
Is in a little. tmriOh qt liquid placed between4tinr
the Clone. Eadir wire sends out its stroani of
; Which asai r i l d diagonalty in a' direction op.
to the workisran ; and in rapid are his move
hai lie,wilrpqiniseventy or a hundred Ate
. is half a minute, or ten thousand in an hour,—
Fs a curiou s sighi to see' Melly of the workmen
%in; their taAk in the darit: their laces lit up.lry
eisre of sparks ruing from the grinding steel,
zt, reflects a vivid light upon their' pale and at.
tated ivtmi, forming a f Mc.ro rirartt wottlry of
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a pencil of a Renibnuidt. - The, process is to
pierce lb holes, or eyett,throdgh the centre of the
wire; which is to form taro needles ; this involves
greet nicety of - touch in order to prevent what is
called "cutting itilhe eye."' the germ of the eye
is-given to Cad. halt of the wire by ii stamping ma
chinrr and a hammer weighing about thirty pounds;
upon the surface of the wire the die is impressed
in the form of a gutter or channel. In this channel
the eyitof the needle is pierced. One stamper can
stamp foirr thousand -wire/in an hour, or4bight thou
sand needles, althotigh he has to adjust each nee
dle to the die. The vetting of the eye is effected
by boys, each Of whom holds a number of needles
or wiresavread out flat like a fan, which he lays
flat on a small iron or slab, holding one end of each
wire in his lell hull, and bringing the middle of
the wire to the middle of this press. Two steel
points or catkin! are !faxed to the upper arm of the
press, exactly the site of the eye they are to form,
and both these pints are thud& to pass through
the wire very nearly together.; and at a small dis
tance on each aide of the centre of the wire, there
by forming the eyes of two needles. The operation
requires a steady hand and go&I eye-sight, to effect
it properly. After the needles are " eyed," a wire
is passed through each, which is called "spitting."
Two pieces of wire, exactly the size of the needle-i
eye, are -
. held in the right band , and a distance'
apart, co rresponding to the space between the eyes
in each needle-wire ; the pierced needles, held in
the left band, are now threaded upon the wires,
and, when completed, the latter have the appear
ance of a fine-toothed comb. A workman birth
files tlown the bur, or inequalities, left on the side
of the eye by stamping. The piece of wire, which
is to form two needles, is then-separated by the
' dextrous manipulation of the workman, who works
the comb in his hands until hei - ,has broken it into
two halves, each being "spitted" 1:13 one
perforating wires. The " soft ttraightenee
takes the needles in hand, which are plat d on a
small steel plate, by separating them from he group
with a bar of a curious form, which kited with
the hand. Each needle is rolled er two or three
times with the lower surface of the instrument upon
the plate, until ever" , unevenness of surface is ef
faced, and so quickly is this done that three thou
sand needles can be straightened in an hour by one
persoh.
The needles •are now 'to be " hardened" and
"tempered" by heat; which is effected by placing
them in ovens, spread in thick layers on narrow
trays of iron, where they remain - for a - certain time;
after receiving the proper degree of heat they are,
tranaferred to a piiforated vessel, immersed in cold
water or oil; where they are cooled and " harden
ed." If the.hardening has been effected in water
the needles are simply titled -, but, if in oil, they
are washed in alkaline ley'to free them horn the
oil. The needles ale " tempered" on an iron plate,
heated from beneath, and moved about Wittitrowels
-until each one has been gradually brought to a zer
tain temperature. They are now to be straightened
by ; _small hammers, hay.ing become slightly distort
eil by the heat. This process is performer!, by wo
men, who, with a light hammer, give a number of
blows to the needles, placed in a small steel block
with a smooth upper surface, and so tediousnis it
that an expert workwoman cannot straighten more
than five hundred needles in an hour. The " scour
ing machines are next called into requisition, which
is composed of a square slab working to and fro on
a long bench or bed. The object is to .make - the
needles perfectly smooth. A strip ot thick can
vas is laid out open on a bench, and on thjs a large
heap of needles, amounting to twenty or thirty thou
sand, is laid; all the needles being parallel to each
other and to the length of the cloth. The needles
are then miffed with a mixture of emery and oil •
and tied uti:tightly in the canvas, the whole form
ing a compaCt Mass about two feet long and two
inches in thicknees. , Twenty-lour role being dm
prepared, com,zising about six hundred thousand
needles in a:1, treY are placed under the rubbers of
the scouring machines, two rolls to each machine.
The bundles are made to roll over each other, by
Which an ihtedse degree of Motion is excited among
thtiorieedles, each rubbing the other smooth. This
-. ouring endures eight hours, whet, the needles are
tr - f . iken out, wasted in suds, placed in fresh canvas,
fiiuched with a new portion of emery and oil, and
subjected to another eight hours' friction. This'pro
cesti is repeated five or, six times over. They are
next taken ,to the " header," who tarns all the
heads one way and all the-points another: The
Ort site withler free to the window, and has the
needles.ranged ini row belord'her, the needles be
ing parallel with tile window. She draws out ha
' 810 jcltlteligld those hating their eyes on the
Irighihaitd, into a heap ; and to the left those which
fiavejtheir eyes in that direction.
Duiing the process .of scouring" it sometimes
happeriti that as Many as eight or ten thousand out
of fifty,titriwi'atia are spoiled,: Drilled.eyed nee•
dies" we produced by being drilled with a fine in
anumetil which makes them as month in the eye
as any part of the needle. The head is first 44 phit
ed," or heated, to temper it for Working; then the
eye is -ctionter-sunk," which consists in beveling
off the eye by means of a triangular drill, so that
rere flay be ho sharp edge between the eye and
the'shafinf the needle. Drilling
,spneieds. The
40:11Is
mail takes up a t few needles behsteen the fin,
gall - and thumb of his left hand..spreads them out
likes fah with the eyes uppermostbringil them
one by MariSeposite,ibe point of the dril l working
horizontally. with great rapidity before him, govern.
ingibe handle of the drill with his right hand; and
Millis the eye; - *fah is ermivalent to - matingit e#:
sritonth, shifting the thumb
awl finger, reand; be brings all -the tieedfus io siW
cession under:the action of thp -drill, wfileb •la pre•
pared wittr great nieety,-being a wire of polished
steel three or fads inches, long, and pi whi c h the
high finish of the _needle is ehimatell Puidnited• - "'
The-heads are now rounded, byofre men grinding
them upon stones, about five of six *Phu in -di
:mut:4, attaclit:d it) a horizon:4oh. These shines
:f,''~u-t?{s~'+:mss; x , ..~>~:.0'~s ti ...~.
'" _ __--•.._ ... _ :Art'.-- : ~t :.. cac ~;~K , y"~h e ».r_zlv~ *.+ ~.,.x;y
i I UBLiSHED EVERY SATURDAY AT TOWANDA, BRADFORD COUNTY, PA.,. BY E. GOODRICH.
revolve about three thousand tintea in - a minute,
consequently the needles are but slightly touched
by them ; after this they are Is polished," which
may be termed the final process of the mendacity.
The polishing wheel consists of wood 'coated
with buff leather, whose surface is slightly touched
with polishing puts ; the needles being applied to
them in every part successively, first the surface,
then the pointed and eyed end, and abodt a thou
sand in an hour can be polish / 6d by east man.—
The needle is now finished The world in Os work
shops.
FAIIHIONADLIC CALL—Enter, Miss Lucy, nearly
out of breath with the exenion of walking frorn her
papa's carriage in the street to the door of her
friend.
Luoy.—“ Ott, Mary, how do you do 1 Hort, de
lighted lam to see you! How. have you been
since you were at the ball, last Thursday evening,
Oh wasn't the appearance of that tall girl in. pink
Meetly frightful? Is this your shawl on 'the pi
aim?. Beautiful shawl ! Father says he is going
to send to Pads to get me a shawl, in the spring.—
I can'tbear home-made shawls ! How do you like
Monsieur Esprey ? Beautiful man, ain't he I Now
don't laugh Marie, for I ad sure I don't care any
thing about him ! 06, my ! I must be going. It's
a beautiful day, isn't 1 Marie, when are you com 4
ing up to see me? Oh, dear! what a beautiful pin.
That pin was given to you) now I know it was,
Manei don't deny it Harry is coming up to see
me this evening, but I hate him—l do really; but
he ;has a beatddul moustache, besn't he Marie ?
Oh, dear, it's very warm. Good morniog, Marie !
Don't speak of Harry m connection with my name
to any one ; Bit I. am sure it will never amount to
anything, but I hate him awfully- 7 1'm sure I do,—
Adieu.
the
next
,om t
er '
- •
PARENTAL Ttactueo.----If parents Would nat treat
a child upon the back of a wild horse without a bit
or bridle, let him not go forth unskilled in self gov.
ernment. If a child is passionate, teach him by
gentle means to curb his temper. It he is greedy,
cultivate liberality in him. if-he is - selfish, pro
mote generosity. 11 he is sulky, chasm him out of
it by frankness and good humor. If he is indolent,
accustom him to exertion, and train him so as per.
form even onerous duties with alacrity. If pride
comes in to make his obedience reluctant, subdue
him either by counsel or disipline. In short give
your child the habit of overcoming their besetting
sins. Let them acquire from experience that con
fidence in themselves which girt , security to the
practiced horseman, even on the' back 01,a high
strung steed, and they will tritiliph over the diffi
culties and dangers which beset them in the path of
life.
Ennacv. - -Energy is omnipotent., It dispellsthe
the :Spuds that surround the houseless to-day and
tehmorroothe is nuking in sunshine. It transforms
the hovel into a parace. —ll-bailda our rities, and
converts the wildernbss into fields of waving grain.
It navigates our rivers, digs the channel which unite
lakes with the sea ; it whitens the ocean with - sails,
it levels the hills, plunges through the mountains ,
bridges the valleys, and payee the road with iron
from city to city over which teeming thonsands are
borne with almost incredible speed. It erects the
great highway of thought on which the lightning
conveys messages from State to State, throughout
the length of our great Union.
Gt Tu r. scientific lectures of Julius Caesar Han
nibal, published in the New York Picayune, are
superior to many other discourses of more preten
sion. In discoursing De Whale, the professor
says
" De whale am de big fisb—de codfish *Timke
n:Li ob de sees, de same u de big bogs an' de
codfish aristocracy ob de lan' ; but de former hab
got de' vantage ob de latter, Lase, notwilstarrdiu'
de whale dewoures a good eel, he produces sum
fin', but the lan' codfish aristocracy dewoors every
ttlng, an' produces nuffin'."
A LADY a fell evenings ago, upon taking op Mr.
Shelly's novel, " The Lastillan," threw it down
very suddenly, exclaiming," The Last Man !
bless me, if such a thing, was to happen, what
would become of the woman I"
" Ste there !" exclaimed a returned Irish soldier
to 4 giping crowd as he exhibited with some pride
his tall hat with a bullet hole in it. " Look at that
hole, will you! You see that if it had been akW
-crowned hat l suould have:been killed outright':
. A Patens' whuules!when ho has cold fingers; ttml
he whistles when he has burnt hilt fingerel Mid
strange to say, when he loses his money, he whis•
ties for it alsO.,
- Jr everyperson were to count fifty each time be 4
fine tokinig a gym or beet; one hoo3ted berate tn.
kini* e*of .1 04 onfAcOrwiltiOciTi POE-
Ingo glass pi grog, pete wonll not be nuai.b in
temperance it the land. •
CoiIPLUI6nTARTArhe editor of the Morning Stab•
ber, in ipeaking of the proprietor of the 41 Tama
hawk of Freedom," says he in in a transition elate
it midway between a blackguard and a scoundrel.'
Such language shows the freedom of the press in•
light_that is not to be, mi .- ashen
• Dohltslthinks " the tree of knowledge", vrtis the
,beach tree, the tulip of which have done mote t 4
make-man acquainted with arithmetic than all the
other weathers of the vegetable kindom combin
ed. •
bischinerrhas ;marked a great state of parley.:
tion. Wessw some banitpeat pal• into the trpper
of a aolteeinilithe other dab and . than 1 70
miquief i titir,OCCPPi 114 A p lace In
claw, labelled " Old Govestiment
AilOalry:tak.ere ca or T e a ra
Close, Abet it doesn't get froievaott Wlap up lour
toes,* warmcWoolen hose: _Tlotabese wesoppers
was *liner t 4 'tome (me' Who knowspdte
effects of cold *maws.
,4gl4ctigAra
RESAIIDLESS •OF DEMINCIAIIO2t 'rime ANY QIIA#TER."
irieeletallioli dittoed sad Coral.
The folloWing is th syr.optns of a. lecture upon
Geology : deli v ered in c ite* York, by Dr. Armsa.r.,
and which wend reported in the Evening Port:
The Lecturer commenced by saying, that for
a long - time Prerions,to the commencement of_the
coal formation, there waagoing on a deposition of
a series of rocks of immense thickness, the avenge
depth of which was ten thousand feet:
These were formed in aimanner similar to that
of sand upon the sea shore it the present time and
they were also composed of - sand carried out by the
action of the t ides and Wined Ittltrdeptliiiof stone.
This is now known as the •ohl send 4111 e, to ilis
tinouish it from a similar formation of a-h:tr period
found in a part °Whin state.
it is the Fame rgiScription of stone that is used in
our publiC and other buildings. Now, previous to
this period, continued the lecturer, as the cybenif
--erous rock which holds the coal, and the thickness
- of whith is about eight hundred yards. including
tho depth of the coal bed, which is about one thou
sand feet. The lecturer nail spoke of the moun
tain limestone; which differs from other periods in
the large number of coral remains found in it, and
then proceeded to describe the habits of the coral
insect itself and the process by which the coral reefs
and islands are formed.
The insect, said he, commences to build upwards
from. the bottore; and abstracts from water a quan
tity of limestone. • When it dies its successor takes
its place upon the lop of its shell, and thus by the
constant addition of shell is produced the growth,
and increase of the mass of coral. The coral is at
present found within twenty degrees of the Equator
upon either eide r and it is never seen to exist out
side of the tropics except near the island of Bermu
da. The reason of this is, that the gulf stre m car
tries a warmer ctirrent of water to that latitude, and
makes it more favorable to the growth of the ani
mal: -
When the coral does grow, Its - growth is very rap
id. and it is always found at certain distance Intim
the land. It cannot sustain itself** greater depth
than one hundred and twenty feet" of water, and,
therefore, never begins at a greater-depth than from
about thirty to one hundred and twenty feet. The
form of the reel depends upon the nature of the
coast near which it builds. It always Wilds up
wards to the water's edge, and when can build
no higher it buildsiinvrards towards the)More ; one
of the reasons °ldris being the great obstacle; which
the heavy seas present to its growth in an outward
direction. At those depth! where the waters are
clear, fishes may be seen rising upon the branches
of the coral below, which are of various tints; and
Durk hard', the celebrated traveller, and others who
have visited the lied sea, have spoken of the beau
tiful sights tbrirti- brae seen there, various fishes
playing among the branches of coral, whleh lay like
a garden ut the bottom of the sea.
It the coral build around an island, they form
what is called an " encircling reef." In the Indian
Ocean they are, strange to say, found at the depth
of two thousand feet, and it arpears singular how
the animal can sustain itself at *such a depth. It
cannot live at such however, as I before stated, and
this fact is accounted (or, therefore, by the gradual
sinking of the hilands at the time Ike animal began
to build, when the depth was a. out 130 feet. The
sinking, which was gradual, kept pace with the
building anis coral and thus the fact of coral being
found at so great a depth is accounted for.
The lecturer, after this disgreision, returned to
the subject of his remarks. We find, said he, this
mountain limestone in every part of the world—in
Blelville Island, and Mount very where,
so thaOve are ecimpellerttosd it that when this
was foriaing, the surface of the globe was favora
ble to the growth of coral, which is found in it in
great adundance. We never find beds oleos! con
tinued the lecturer except under cenaircciremnstan•
ces, which are the same all over the earth's surface.
We always find them above the mountain lime
stone, and they are never found in a horizontal peal.
lion, but always in the , form of a basin. The-Illi
nois coalfield, bounded by St. !Ards anti Cinch:nat.
ti, is the largest in the United States, and the see
ond largest in the'Allegany coal field. The whole
coal field, I may here remark, is not ,made up of
one MaSs,,bpt of seams.
There is another coal bed ip igan, Which
stretches horn one lake to another across the whole
peninsula. The coal bed- of is sixty thou
sand square MRCS:in extent; larger than the whOle
of Great Sritain i 'the Michigan coal field occupies
a space of sixteen thousand sqpare miles. hi Vir:
ginia, there is abed of Coal r compamtively small;
its seams' are however, 'very -thick, and el these
there are. five altogether._` The depths °Obese Coal
beds are very pea I,—rthi Illiapis is
~2,5110. feetyand
the Allegheny is aboutthree hundred.. The c,ealls
surrounded by tbectket shale which- retain dui int
premien ,ef this trees' 'titian, plants, sea weed,},
&c., of w h ich tipiiritilirtinadeup.„ The maw Of
the coal he, Imweveriformed of tetrarch! plants—
as--the fernier-which there is • larger amount than
of any other; and of which there are tvro'varieties,
the'erifte' and the wedge - shaped ferns—in fact, you
wilt 'find bed; made of (ems alone. Ileaides this
we have the tie/aria. the kpidodsralron, the stir
mania and the asterophylife, whichwith some grass
and shrubs, cohititates the great body of whielitoat
is formed.
There we two varieties of coal, theanthraeite and
bituminous,whieh am found sometimes in the same
bed ;as itc die Allehgany coil field. The anthracite
irtitatfe tip (Mai tie ordinary bituminous coal by
making. , It is, _then, coal - which has lost its bitu
eida• 'Property of iiroiloein4 die ordinary 101.
It may havelost-it inttwo ways. .
Aker the coal watt fottide4 it may have been ear
ri4d d4Wai to a-grelitleritii,When, Mining in Crtntaci
with the It - eited reek - • the bituminous manse. was
Ictt,ollt.Tl it, and esCapeathrough the [Limes Of
the earthinge to the surfacer in the term of bitumen
mitt Ais tray has' lietzffiniikiti thetriliainicedijakti
in &Mho and odier parts of the wend. - ha intry
':lam?F.."~~~-F: dSro.:~Y~^.'"~,4~:G~:S,'?~~i!'.'C"ri-~. -~::~C~'S:"`:'°h.[+~BS+. "rß*~i:~F.tr.:y'k•~x 3'` l +=..l~._~-ias±,~ ..._.
li=ni=l
OM
appear strange ; net then the depth of some of these
beds of coal is 22,000 feet below thesurface of the
sort and if slimy time they should rise to %besot . *
'face we would find 'them to be alidnatdie. The
second way in which the formation of anthracite
coal is accounted for,is by the upheaval of Totemic
matter. This is the reason why the Alleghanycoal
field, in its western bonier, Is anthracite. The op.
heaval of the Allegany mountain, in its heated state
was subeequent to the formation cd coal, and: the
coat as as it recedes from the mountain, becomes
lass anthracitic nutil finally it merges into the bitu.
I minima.
The lecturer next spoke of the deposition of coal.
This he said was effected, according to the science
of geology, in two ways. The first is that, drift
wocaltollecting in any particular place, has been
carried 'down by floods, or by the action of rivers,
an in this manner- deposited at - the bottom of in.
land lakes. As this is carried down it inereases in
quantity till it becomes so closely festrtheil together
or water-logged and heavy, as to sink - to the bot
tom, where the crevices and interstices are filled
up by the rem* Ins of vegetable matter. Now this
process is supposed to have taken place, and then
as this body becdmes subject to great pressure at a
certain depth, it ultimately loses its vegetable ap
pearance ond tiecomes black. All that is necessa-.
ry to convert tiy vegetable matter into coal, is to'
keep it under sufficient moisture, heat and press
ore. To prove the vegetable origin of - coal, it is
not only necessary to place a piece of it under e
microscope, when the very cells can be seen, tad
even the family of the tree which forms the coal
can be detected.
The second explanation is, that a forest grew up
on the spot, that toe sround at some period sunk
carrying the forest with it, that after some time the
space between thetrees was filled up with drift
wood, and that all being subjected 'to the action of
moisture, pressure, and a degree of beat, the coal
was eventually , formed. However, there is no
doubt that it is forme! of vegetable matter, and ac
cording to the process I have stated.
, The quantity of coal in this country is very great
it is calculated that nearly four millions of tons of
anthracite, and a million of bituminouscoal,
ed from the mines of England, and that there is
about seven hundred thousand tons of iron manu
factured by means U it. A similar quantity is ells_
ed out of the coal beds of Booth Wales, and it is
believed that there is sufficient in this country to
lad! for fire thousand years at that rate. There is,
therefore, little fear as to the supply of coal fun
ning out within any limited period. The seams of
coal do: not always run alopg uniformly, but are
broken up and pushed upwards or downwards by
upheavals. When it is thrown out of order, the b.
regularities are called " faults," because thiminel
irk:aa fault when he comes to them. Skillful miners l
however, have no difficulty in discovering the
seam again.
These faultn possess two great advantages—they
prevent the filtration of water, and confine the ex
plosions ill mines to a certain limit. There are no
coal formations going on at the present time, for in
no portion of the globe is there as great a growth of
vegetable life as there isof decay, which (veld riot
have been the case at the coal period. Huraktoldi
says, that if all the vegetation on the earth were
spread over the whole surface, it would not cover
a depth of three feet. What, therefore, meal here
beim the great amount of vegetation, when we find
such vast beds of coal ? At present there is, com
paratively speaking, very little vegetation on the
earth, and of this, about ninety•nine-bundreths lie at
the Equator. Every where else there is too little
sun to favor the existence of vegetate life. his,
in fact, a quiescent world now, tt:4tihat it was in
former periods.
At the time of the coal formation, the letterer
said, there was'a greater amount of carbonic acid
torced from the earth, which accounts for the great
er growth of vegetable matter. But with (hit warm
lemma+. was ,squired, and It was obtained by
the greater depth Nt the atmosphere serroinding
the earth,'. as the sun's rays became more healed as
they descended to a greater ilepth through the air.
This, the lecturer said, is proved by its being
warmer in the valleys than it is en the top tif ht,h
mountains.
The atmosphere must then have sturoinded the
earth to the height of seven y.five in a huhdrei
miles, and the great heat and nwisture which pre
vailed then was consequently most favorable to
vegetable existeuce,, The heat, the lecturer con
tended, could not have been trom ihe internal mass
of the earth, for its atmosphere trothd then fly
away from it, and the clouds be rOlnoied to a great
er distance. Dr—Antiscli concluded his interest.
inn lecHure, of which we hive given a mere synop.
sic by showing that carbonic acid was necessary to
vegetablir and destructive to` militia life, and that
there could not toniequently bale been any ani
mals existing on the earth at the.petioe of coal for
mation.
WONDRaiOI. filactimstast.—The celebrated clock
on the cathedral of Strasburg is admitted to be the
most wonderful Mechanism in the world. Among
its other wonders it emu's with accuracy many as
tromotrical phenomena, of difficult calculation. On
die 27th Juk, 1851, the day of the of the
sun, a littleVnoon upon one of its dials
.was seen to
approach the rise.of the eun; on -thß same dial, at
the very second predicted_ by the astronomer. it
papsed.ovet. it and reached the opposite limb in per-
fect coincidence with the phases of the teareclipse
. Tina to Stop. 7 -Sireaking of conning, . reminds
as of a little Inisident that Occurred in Our good city
er once , upon d A oloseefurted• old codger
had a likely (laughter wham opening' charms at.
tineted the attention of sfeertairt ifthe'yhtiog man.
/,l i ter wine - little mapdi:meting, he yenta - Mato open
a conthihip. On the first eight of his appearance in
the parlor, the old man, rifler dozing in has chair
anti! 9 o'Clock, arose, and putting a log of wood on
thiiiie,„sirid, as he lett the room, a 7/ityr,AViniiy,
when ?hat firm: to 'fop.'
',,.!•.;1••• , 1,', - : - 4-2 . ..= '';,;. - ,''.,:'•::ii=.
- ;.: r -: , '-''
=I
Buisex-rtua,oa I.BAP i LAS —' be
lhorjeilerle Eipitilitei will be intereffing„nodoubi
to many of our readetrs: Beyond the circle, of sci
entific eqquiry so hole attention is puid (51 cl,ttronol
ogical exactness that many intelligent perm's will
be glad of evepjt ;short .sicconnt and explanation
givfmo(the Mini bipseftilt? :....
~ .t
.
In reforming the eamptit.stion of t ime', /pill* Cte
gar ordained that the , year shOuld consist. of 365
days, except eieri fourth fesi, Whiah should con
sist of 366 days, the additional day to be reckoned
by pries coubting the.24th of gebruary, which was
'the sixth ealend of March. Hentie then Fie from
the satin words, bii, twice, sted,settilis, 6 . The
l i wt
calends ) , (whence our word calendar, r rst days
of the month , Were rehkoned backwards t thli ides,
thus, the first day of March was the first cutout] ;
the 28th of February was the seennkcalend of
March ;, February 27th the third . , and so on.,
The Julian year, which by tiatadle was reckon=
ed at 365 days and 6 hours, was found not to be ac
curate, but to exceed the I.ungdi of the solar year
by 11 minutes, which, in 131 years, amount to an
entire day. Ii was therefore corrected by Pope
Gregory, in 1582, who retrenched f I days from the
Julien computation—being its excess or gain over
the solar time. Out of this correction Frew the dis
tinction bettiieen the old dud new style. The Gre
gorian oz new style was introduced into Germany
in 1770, and, by the act of parliament, into England
in 1752—just one hunt red years 14,7)= . the 2d day
of Sept•mber (0. ki . of that year being reckoned
Its the 14th (N. S) under' the Gregorian systlitti.-w-
Although the name Bisseitile is retained with ite
obsolete iinport, we ir.tercalate the 29th of Februa
ry every fotirth year for ;leap year, and, for still
greater accuracy, make only one leap year oat of
every four centenary yeatv, that is—the years 1700
and 1800 were not leap fears, nor will A O. 1900
be reckoned as one brit tee year 2000 will be Bis
sextile. Preserve this memorandum for future ref s
erence. . ,
MANIIPACTURTISG CAPITAL —The artionnt of caps , .
U I invested in the manufacture of Cotton and wool.
len goods, iron eastings, wrought iron, and pig iron,
in the several States of the Union, according to the
census of 1850, is as follows :—Pennsylvania, it
will be remarked, ratiEs tar above all the other
Stela, except Maseachusar.
Pennsylvania,
New York,
N Hampshire,
Vermont,
New JerseL
Maryland,lt;
North Carolina,
,Georgia,
Mississippi,
Kentucky,
Missouri,
Wi conein,
Louisiana,
hfassachusens,
Ohio,
Maine,
Rhode Island,
Delaware,
South Carolina %
Alabama,
Texas,
'Tennessee,'
lowa,
Illinois,
Michigan,
Arkansas,
District of Colurnhid
AN OrLDIENT CHILD.—No object is Chore pleas
ing than ti meek and obedient child. It reflects hon
or upon he parents, fur their wis' management. it
enjoys much ease and picrasurri to the inmost limit
of :what is fit. It promisee excelleny and
Weirdness, to be, when age has matured the human
understanding, a willing subject in all things to the
gotemment of GM,. No object l an the contrary, is
more shocking than a child under no management !
We pity orphans who hate neither father or mother
to care for them A child indulged is more to be
utied ; it has no parent ; HIS its own master—pee
vish, forward, headstrong, blind=bom to a double
;portion of trouble and sorrow, above what fallen
man is heir to; not only miserable itself, but worth
less, and a plague w all Who in Mere will be con
canned ttith
11P -
Arras - pox I tocsin Mts. I .—the young ladies of
tht..State of Maine have fortned themselves into a
society for mutual improvement and protection.—
Among the resobilions adopted at a regular. meet
ing, we and the following : That we will not 're
ceive the attention of. no " so styled" young gen
tleman,- who has net learned some business Or en
gaged in some steadk einploYment fora livelihood,
for it is apprehended Met alter th 9 bird is caught it
may starve , in the cage: That we will promise
marriage to no yogng man who is in the habit of
tippling ; for we are assured that his wife will
came to want end his children go barefoot. That
we will martprro youngman who is not a patron
of his neighborhood paper, for we have not only
strong evidence of his want of intelligence, but that
he will prove too stingy to provide for his family,
educate his children, or encourage mstitutious
le4rniug in his
A Dutchman, under the sentence of dea:h, was
brought upon the Scaffold, .end being an inveterate
smoker, was allowed to retain his pipe to the last.
Jest as they were adjusting the rope around his neck
it was accidently knocked out of hit mouth and
broken in -pieces. Turnhtg to those :round him,
With intense sorrow depicted on his face he eiclAirn.
ed : " Val , ape sat you have done! You have pale
Tema smoke pipe mit your tam non-ease:'
Nr.T—bought a gallon ()IMO (bandy's to take
banter, and by the way of s 'abet wrote hitt u mos
uppk a
,canl,‘,whichcri happened to be the ieeen bl
Chris, and tied itito the hurtle. AlJermatt
mining along and otwerving the in., remarked;—
That's an avoid careless way to lease that !twirl .7
3 I,l'h}'si r said Taal. ‘• W bo e.tustr softwbvtly
might come along p it'd the eight and tales
.1 !.'
!MEM
Fill
intiwitam too
527,147,4 /1
/4,995,272
13,626,900
i ,501,720
DZIEMI
5,039,750
1,216,300
1,874,656
138,096'
2,091,720
970,100
162,575
336 ; 4 45t ,
255,000
34,622,322
5,354,670
4,161,301
8 349,270
997,109
4,077811
1,040,900
881,021
54,090
2 ; 596,400
15,500
479,900
. 1304 iiran
304 450
99;500