TO =o
OW
TOWAVDA!
I:Canoga!) Stornilto, ficsanber la, 18W8.
Ma limnipber Springs, Virginia.
RED SULPHUR SPRINGS, August 1848.
E. 0. Goornucn :—Dear Sir-4n complying with
lour reqdest to write you a letter fromthis place;
do hot know that 1 can say anything that will be
bf interest. •
I entered the " Ancient Dominion" for the sec
. bnd time some two weeks since, leaving Washing.
ton City by Steamer at 2 o'clock A. M. Monday
Morning, taking what is called the great Southern
line of travel, which I followed until within 24
ed ftlf flichmtand, where I took the Louisa Rail
• Road 51 miles to Gordonsville, from thence I came
here 200 miles by stage, paising Charionsrille,
Staunton, Cloverdale, •Warm & Hot Springs, White
and Salt Sulphur Springs, &c.
- To begin back, the Morning I left Washington I
did not go On deck of the boat until some time af
ter day light, when I found we had already passed
Mt. Vernon, once the residence of George Wash
ington, and on looking around I was surprised to
, find the Potomac at that point such a broad smooth
river, and with either shore spread out in great
_..., beauty, and with so few evidences of im vroverneut
upon its borders. We landed from the Steam boat
at the mouth of Aquia Creek where the rail mad
commences; here was no crillage, only a station,
ar.d we passed through a thinly settled region 14
miles to Fredericksbuez,,which is a village counted
as a large one in Virginia. We passed through
sand direetly.on towards Richmond. stopping at
three more stations before_ we reached the junction
of the Louisa rail road, 57 miles from the mouth
of Aeuia Creek. In all this distance not one sym
torn of a village along the line of the road ; at
the junction there is a single fitted. The passeu
gess on hoard the train of cars onthis great South
em line numbered I should judge from 30 to 40-
- and yet this -I was told was the only train of cars
Thr the day.. From the junction we took the Loui
sa train of cars for Gordonsville some 51 miles dis
tant with between 15 and 20 passengers.all told.—
Passing through the village of Louisa—if it might
be callepi sueh—containing possibly 80 inhabitants,
though /I should doUtit. it, without counting property
or the suburbs--:thence to Gordonsville, a village
perhaps somewhat larger, counting enough of the
surrounding county to make it so. Now foim
Aquia creek to the junction 57 miles, I do not know
whether there are any common or turnpike roads '
-.1
or not, as I saw none, but from the junction to Gor
dorraville, we passed along side of a main read
I should think at least half the distance; but
between there and Gordonsville I saw a car
riage waiting at the side of the road for its n istress
who was aboard of the cars—also one ox -cart with
a saw log thereon—also one tour horse team at a
wood station—besides them none.
From Gordonsville to Charlottsville most of the
distance is thought a good farthing country, and
there are some extensive and beautiful plantations,
and.a very fine stream furnishing an abundance of
' excellent water power ; along this road too are the
residences of several gentlemen extensively known
such as W. C. Rives, T. J. Randolph, & others—also
the former residence of Thomas-Jefferson, which,
however, is very imperfectly seen from the stage
road. We reached Charlottsville to late at night
to see much of' it ; there is a University here at
sufficient distance to constitute a seperate village
in a peopled country, but it is all Charlousville—
which contains, Unii -, ersity, property and all, some
1500 inhabitants. The next village on our mute
is Staunton, 40 miles distant, where is a Deaf and
Dumb Institute, a fine looking building from the
- road, and also an Insane Hospital. Stanton is quite
a village. The next village on our'route is Clovers
dale, 32 miles distant, which consists of a Hotel.—
The next place is the Warm Springs, which is the
county seat of Bath county and has a little squad of
houses, besides a large Hotel for the accommoda
tion of visitors to the sprirets ; five miles further on
are the Hot Sprin , where are suitable buildings
t ti
'for the accomnioda 'on of visitors. The next vil
lage is Calla,ghans, which is precisely of the same
extent as CloVerdale. Next is the White Sulphur
Springs, a most charming landscape, with rows of
buildings to accomodate some 5 or 600 visitors,
and is laid" out with great "taste with lawns, trees,
walks and drives. When the visitors are gone so
litude resumes her empire; the whole village is one.
property. From the White Sulphur we passed
tl.rough Union, a small village, the county seat of
Monroe county, and_ so on to the Salt Sulphur
springs. which usually,enjoys some 70 average vi
sitors for korrArweeks each season. From thence
we passed through a little village called Centreville
which has:sprung intc existence within the last two
• years, and is the only instance of similar kind that
has fallen . under my observation in this State ; still 1
it is no' very large, population perhaps 50 or 60. '
,_ From Centreville to the Red Sulphur Springs is
some 9 miles; the Red Sulphur is by far the most
beautiful spot, except,' perhaps, the White Sulphur
Which is on a larger scale, I have seen. It enjoys .
a rather larger average number of visitors than the
Stilt Sutphin, and would enjoy more but for the dif
ficulty and labor of getting- here from a distance,
and the want of population which stares a northern
man in the face at every step,
I have thus given yhu'a somewhat tedious out
. . line of my journey hither as fares regards this State.
I will now add such general observations respect
ing Virginia, as may Bitterest themselves. The.
land is owned here generally in bodies of from 800 .
to 2000 acres—though in some instances much far.
, ger. I was told, for instance, that.the prpprietor Of.
Cloverdale had some 2,500 acres under fence, and
1000 or more acres unimproved, the consequence
is that such proprietors can scarcely be called near
neighbors, such proprietors have no land to sell—
no, they want to buy more. 'They hay's& no work
to give Io a poor white man, their property can do
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their work—they have nothing Meommon with a
poor white man—no syMpathy; why . should they
have ? the man has db 'bailees. to be poor—their
sympathies are all nurtured and kept alive fortheir
human ebonies, who, but for their benevolence
might never hope for the honor of a ?Memel to
California under tie head of properly. He is born
a mister, brought up in the back yard with the nit•
gro, as his pronunciation will always show ; yet
even there a master, and 'however cultivated for
polite life, will always show the effects of early'un.
restrained caprices; or passion. If ion doubt it, in
troduce the question of free soil and see whether
you have not applied the caustic to the wound and
waked up the "chivalry" so much' boasted of.—
These large estates covering almost the entire territo
xy, tend 10 shut ontrwhite population, and with the
exception of proprietors, the professions and trades,
such as does exist, is sunk in poverty and igno.
ranee,. There does not seem to be aty middle
class; the one is wealthy and educated, the other
poor and ignorant; and with such disadvantages as
he has to contend against, it is next to impossible for.
the poor to use out of his poverty. Populaion is
so sparse that school houses are exceedingly un
frequent ; then how is he to , be educated ; churches
are unfrequent, his moral training is not looked af
ter: while the rich man is enabled to send his
children to Seminaries and Colleges for education.
The ,meenainc ‘ arts do not seem - to flourish here,
probably berafise there'are too few customers, per.
haps because the intelligent mechanic prefers liv
ing where there is less difference between he that ,
mimics and he that uses.
It will readily be seen that 'Such large estates as
are generally held here, can ~only be 'worked by
Slaves. That is the key'to elucidate the__ whole
mystery, why Virginia, with her large area—with
her boasted soil and climate—with •her central po
sition in the I.'nion--with as fine a water power as
anywhere can be found—with extensive and rata :
able mineral resources especially of coal and iron,
and with an extensive supply of saline wells for
making salt, and last, but not least, with a number
and varier Y of health-giving mineral springs in the
highest degree, attractive from. their qualities and
natural location which yearly attract large numbers
from other States. Why Virginia* I soh so circum
stanced, and with so many advantages; has sunk
from the first State in the Union to be the 4th. It'
Slavery did not exist these estates would be divid
ed up and sold or rented, inviting competition and
population, and with population wouht --- cirmie all
that she now lacks; mechanies, school t-truses and
teachers, churches and ministers, and public im
provements of allkinds.
It appears toine that Virginia is at this time more
indebted t a b her central position in the Union for any
improvements of a public nature, than for any
thing within herself. Near the capital of the Union,
the large mails and travel from the northern cities
for the entire south, find their most direct route
through her; her.ce one object for the rail road
through Richmond. The thought struck me while
on hoard the cars that except for that object the
amount of travel would not as yet have called the
road into being: hence their high rates of charge
for travel;. hence in part their demands upon the
Post Office Department for more than the law al
lows for carrying the mails, in which the Company
is sustained by Virginia.
It is the fear of letting himself down to the corn.
mon level of mankind, and loosing his vast supee
riority to wealth and station, that induces the large
proprietor of strike tire so quick when the subject
of. slavery is siev ,, ested, and except that slavery
will eventually starve even him out, it - would be
a long step downward for him ; but so much as he
steps down so much the mass will rise. lie keeps
his hold upon the people by arousing their fears—
' by the cry of " Wolf "—picturing 'the dreadful state
of things which would exist, were the negroes all
let go free—the scenes of riot, the of I scores to be
cancelled, &c., which no doubt would be true.—
But inasmuch as slavery' has never been so abo
lished, but always gradually—without any commo
tion or unhappiness- -it would be sdhere, undoubt
edly, and what is more, in my opinion, the negroes
would disappear from Virginia as nearly as they
have done tram , Pennsylvania. But against the
continuance' of negro slavery in Virginia I have no
thing to say ; she may hold her negroes as long, and
treat them ,as well or as ill as she pleases, and thank
her stars for the blessed institution. Bat when
am asked that she may extend this blessing to new
regions, in which i hUve an equal right with her,
then I beg leave to enquir,, what is the nature of
the " peculiar institution," and what its advantage
and effects? And when I see them so plainly writ
ten on the face of her country, and in the condition
of her people, I beg leave to decline the arrange
ment; I would rather this " common 'property of
the whole Union " should be undisturbed, except
by the Panthers cry and the howl of the Wolf.
Your truly,
TEACH Toes CHILDREN MCSIC.—You will stare
at a strange notion of Tine : if it appears even a
mad one, do not wonder. Had I children, my ut
most endeavor should be to breed them musicians.
Considering I have no ear, nor even a thought of
mu-ie, the preference seems odd; and yet it is em
braced on frequent reflection. ,In short, madam, as
my aim would be to make them - happy, I think it
the most profitable method. It is a recourse which
will last them their lives, tmlesi they grow deaf; it
depends on themselves, not on others; aiways
amuses and soothes, if not consoles ;,and of all
'fashionable pleasures is the cheapest. It is capa
ble of fame without the danger of criticism—is sus
ceptible of enthusiasm; without being priest-ridden;
and, unlike other mortal- passions, is tine of being
gratified even in Fleaveti.—Tfolpole.
AIS Ammer. Cvstaitv.---A negro boy wee-driv
ing a mule in Jamaica when the animal maidenly
stopped and refused to bodge. " Won't go, hat"
said the boy: " Feel grand, do you! I s'pose you
forget yeur fader was alackass I"
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whims its pars guanka.
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One daylast summeritoolsetyplseel eta Grave.
send steamer,ind friend, consider:4e liit?tiortmenu
In watching the vat Otis Two perms
in panicularatuseted my_ notice ; ate was &middle
aged gentleman, istirng , rathet stirWrtseiturn, who
paid no attention lo 'any living 'being An I?,:i4Ed
cept n huge Newfoundland dog, that was panting
or lolling out his tongue, or roamedamongthe parr.
sengers, shoving them out his way, frighteneg
children by suddenlicortnine keiffiresivith one
lick of his great tongue, anal convincing nervous
.ladies that he was-gnink'notit_•-live 'vigor with
which he stuck out,hls,krs"Witile:yrdlieg upon the
deck. His master eyed these_ praakaj 'with
.a sly
smile, and seemed quietly to - enjoy' thel tenotocea
slotted by the antics of his burly friend.,
The other person whom I ,t.ettitepiOlY noticed,
was a very pretty and welbdrassed :lady. Young
lady she would no doibt hare - been called, but that
she had with her a little girl about seven years old,
who called her a mama." She was evidently pos
se.see of nerves. Indeed, she seemed to be pos.
se.sed by them, and their name was legion. End
less were the pritty annoyances to which they sub
jetted her; infinite the dilemmas in which they
invol - . - ed her. But her keenest sufferings in this
small way were caused by the unwieldly gambols
of Lion, the Newfoundland dog ; and her incessant
and puerile exclamations of terror, inclig,nation, and
spite, against the good natured brute, kept up the
sly malicious smile upon the lips of his apparently
unnoticing master. The little girt, on the contrary,
had to the increased alarm of the weak mother,
made friends with the monster ; and for a time
amused herself with throwing bits of biscuits for
him to catch, which feat, notwithstanding the incor
rectness of her aim, he managed to accomplish by
making 4 boisterous plunge to one side or the oth
er ; and when at last she timidly offered him a
piece out Of her hand, and he acknowledged the
compliment by licking her face and rubbing his
side against her till he almost pushed her down,the
little creature fairly screamed with delight:. Her
,mother screamed too, but in one of the small hys
terical screams in which she was fond of indulging,
and was followed by an outburst of anger at Lion's
•
audacity.
' Good gracious! " she exclaimed, "if that hor.
rid creature should be mad hell have killed my
child ! And how dirty lie is too! Look at your
pelisse, Adeline ; see what a state it is in ! How
dare you play with that animal ? "
This transition from hydrophobia to a soiled
dress was to much for Lion's master, and he burst
into a long loud laugh.
" I wish, sir," said the lady, snappishly," that
you would call away that nasty dog,instead of.set
fing hint on to annoy every body who is not accus
tomed to have such dirty animals about them :"
" The gentleman said nothing, but bowed and
walked forward; and I soon after saw him enjoy a
cigar, while Lion played the agreeable in his own
rough fashion to people whop l• how to read the
expression of his honest and intelligent physiogno
my.
Little Adeline. deprived of the attraction which
had fixed her attention to the inside of the boat,
began to see amusement in watching the foaming
water as it rushed from the paddle-wheels, and
danced in long lines behind them. She knelt on
a shawl which a fellow passenger had kindly lent as
a cushion for her little knees, and leaned quietly
Over the side watching the roaring water ; so her
mother was for a time relieved from the thousand
mosquito-winged vexations which had hitherto be
set her.
We were within a few miles of Gravesend.—
The tide was just at the full, and the broad expanse
of the riverlay around - us in all its majesty ; and to
those who have never beheld the Hodson or the
Mississippi, old Father Thames is majestic ; ay,
and if we place in the balance the historical, polit
ical and commercial importance of the transactions
which his broad breast is and has been the high
way. our " time honoured . ' river will not lose in
dignity even when eompared with those giant
floods of the west.
Such thoughts as these however, did not trouble
Adeline's pretty little head which began, I could
see, to grow giddy with the' continual whirl be.
Death her. A large sea-weed that was dashed from
the paddle wheel caught her attention. It sank,
then rose, turned round in a short eddy, and then
darted out in the long wake that was left behind .
the steamer. She leaned forward to watch its pre
gress ; farther, farther, still her little neck was
stretched ; she trim her balance, and toppled over
into the roaring flood. In a moment all was con
fusion on "beard. Dien were ' shouting for ropes
and boats, to stop the steamer ; cries of "a child
overboard !" g , who can swim I" and a thousand
other cries and questionings ; but above - all, were
the poor mother's heart-rending shrieks, too pain.
fully in earnest now; and she alone, in the fond
instinctive devotion of maternal love, that even
could reach her child-she could only sink with her,
endeavored to leap into the water weave her.
Suddenly, Lion followed closely by his master,
came tearing along the deck, knocking the people
to right and left like nine pint. They sprang into
a boat that httngal_the stern, every body giving
way before the determined energy of both men
and dog. • Lion Ippked anxiously in'his master's
face and altered 1 shad law bark.
" Wait," said. 4te Liner in reply; " where was
she seen WO" •
" There, sir, ".replied the sailor promptly, "there
beside that piece of plank !"
4 ' How often has she risen ?"'
•
"Twice !"-.
The gentleman drew a long breath, and said to
his dog in a low time, "look out)"
And Lion did iook out, with wild flashing eyes,
and limbs that trembled with anxiety. What a mo
ment that was! Every one else_ was plosive ;ev
ery other attempt was laid aside; and all stood in
mute expectation ; those who wens near enough
,r t/ti; eAfJI
Watehiegthe third rising ofthe filobr hndifirate
who could not see water, keeping their-byes fired
upon Lion. In another instant a crrwas raised, as
a golden-tressed head was seen to emerge from
theirafec;'' The 'noble dog had seen her first tho',
aed ere the warning cry had reached his ears he
had dashed from the boat with wonderful rapidity,
aft& Witt iwittititing towards the little sufferer as
thtogh he kite* that lifeand death depended Upon
hi 3 efforts.
7,f ;
His master marked his progress troxio4ly. Tris
face was pale as death, and it was only by rigidly
compressing them that he could control the nerv-
One quivering of his I vs. "He has her !" he ex
claimed, as bon rose to the surface after a long
dive, holditv , the Ike Adeline in such a manner
that her face was out of water. "He has her, and
she is saved!" Down went the steps, and on them
stood couple at active sailors, encouraging the
brave deg by shouts and gestures, and ready to re
ceive his precious borthen when he should ap
proach them. Slowly he came on, wistfully eye
ing the steps, and now and then looking up at his
master, who was.,leakiti,g over the side and encou
raging him with his well known voice. •
" Here you nre !" cried one of the sailors, seiz
in the little girl. She was handed from one to an
other, and at last deposited in the arms of an active
looking gentleman, whom every body seemed in
stinctively to recognize as a surgeon, and by him
carried below.
" Now, come up, there's a brave fellow !" said
the sailor, retreating to Fr ake way for Lion to climb
up the steps. But the poor creature whined pite
ous, and after one or two fruitless attempts to raise
himself out orthe water, he remained quite passive.
fielp him—help him ! He is exhausted !" cried
his master, fighting his way through the crowd, to
go to the rescue of his brave favorite. By the time,
however, that he had reached the top of the ladder
the sailors had perceived the condition of the dog,
and with some difficulty draggpd him from the wa
ter. With their assistance he crawled feebly up; ,.
then languidly licked his master's hand, and stretch;
ed himself on deck.
It would be difficult to tell which received the
most attention—the little girl under the hands of
the surgeon and all the women, who had squeezed
themselves into the cabin, under the firm convic
tion that they were exceedingly useful, or the no
ble (log from the kind but mugh attentions of the
steamer's men, under the superintendence of his
master.
Both the invalids were convalescent, and Liou
was sitting up, receiving with quiet dignity the ca
resses of his friends, when Adeline's Mother came
running up stairs ; and throwing herself upon her
knees before him and clasping him affectionately
in her arms, laid her cheek upon his rough head
arid wept.
" He's a dirty animal, madam," said the gentle
man, who could not forget her former slighting re
marks. " IVII make your pelisse in suck a state!
Besides, he may be mad !"
She cast up her eyes with an expression of meek
reproach. They were very line eyes and I think
he felt it, for his *attires softened immediately.
" Oh, pray, pray, give him to me !" she began.
" Why, what would you do with him! .1 will tell
yea. You'd pet and pamper the poor beast till he
was eaten np with disease, and as nervous as a fine
lady. No, no, you'd better give little Adeline to
me. Lion and I 'could take much better care of her
than you can.''
" Perhaps so, sir," she replied, with the gentle
manner that had come orerlsincc the accident ;
" but still I could not spare 'her. She is my only
child, and I am a widow."
" I must go," muttered the gentleman to himself.
" Whew ! a widow ! Has not the immortal Weller
assured us that one widow is equal to twenty-fire
ordinary women! Ifs not safe—morally safe—to
be in the same boat with her."
He walked away. But who may wrestle against
fate? When the boat returned to London Bridge,
I saw him carrying Adeline ashore, with the pretty
widow leaning on his arm. They had a long con
versation all the way home ! and *hen he had put
them into a cab they had another chat through the
window, terminating with a promise on his part to
some "early." What could all this mean? lie
looked after the cab till it was out of sight.
" I think she's got rid of her nerves," he aeon
ed to himself. "What a charming creature she is
without them."
Aaccure ram: Sourrrtue.—There is no prac
tice more reprehensible than arpingfrom Scripture
when those passages are obscure in their meaning
or doubtful in their application. It is even worse,
as is frexuently the case, the passage wifuliy per
verted by quoting only a part of . it. We once saw
a quiet eriend reprove a captious disputant for thus
misrepresenting the Scripture. It was in a public
discussion, where the speaker had endeavored to
prove his position by quoting portions of different
passages and so adroitly had he worked them into
his argument that the hearers began to, yield assent
to the opinions. At this point our Quaker arose—
" The friend on the other side of the knee," said
he, " has labored to prop op his cause by mangled
extracts from the New Testament. Let me make
an argument in his awn way, and I will address it
to him ! - There is one passage where its says,
"And Judas went out and hung himself." There
is another, "Go thou and AO likewise." There, is a
third," What thou doest do quickly," and yet , will
the friend say he ought to commit suicide 3 There
was a burst of laughter, and the- Quaker gained
the cause by acclamation.—Neors Gazette.
TIMOISON, the Corinthian, was a noble pattern
of fraternal love. Being in battle with the Argives,
and seeing his brother fall by the.wcatads be had
received, be instantly leaped over his dead body,
'and with his shield proteited it from insult and
plunder : and though Severely wounded in the get
nerons enterprise, be would not on any account re
treat to a place of safety, till betted seen disco:rose
carried off the field by his friends. ' '
Irtaire
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in ' CiClti-'l,a'iqfP‘P*Rigilie-Akigterad I%m
brtl Ihatiles—Theico* auctrobaces?.f.apli :
Entifoosfriug on Calico, and Lea:ker.—Swaging and
Engnivi!sg by Pros e . , • • r
Therneihnitof producing multitudes of -individ-,
nolo luvriugan exact resemblance in external shapit,
is adopted trery widely in.the Arts. :The =bean
ces employed are either naturally or by artificial
preparation; inirabFator plonks:We ;They are then
coniptessed by mechanical force, sometimes assis
ted by heat, into a mould of the required form. '
To 'make bricks and tiles an oblong box of wood
fitted upon a bottord fixed. to the brick maker's
bencl is the mould-from which every luck is form
ed. A portion of the plastic mixture of which the
bricks consist is made ready for the._ workman h.Y
less skillfid hands, and being thrown b Infix with
some fume into the mould, it fills all the . angles.
The upper surface is then smoothed off by a stick
dipped in water drawn across the upper sale of.the
pattern box. Brick machines operated by horse
power arexx, common iu this country. A num
bei of patents lavebeen secured for this purpose,
and most of them gond and valuable. In revers
to this kind of machines, America, stands at the
bead of the list: Ur invention.
of various kinds and forms are made of
finer materials,.but by . the same systAn of moub
ding,..
Many of the ' forms given to those beautiful spe 7
cimens of eartbeit ware which form the - equipage
our breakfast aild dinner tables, are
. not capable of
being executed in the lathe of the potter. The em
bossed ornaments on. the edges of the plates, their
polygonal shapes, the fluted surface of many of the
vases, would all be difficult and costly of execution
by the hand ; but they become easy aqd uniform
in all their parts, when made by pressing the soft
material out of which they are formed, into a hard
mould.
The care and skill bestowed on the, preparation
of that mould is repaid by the multitudO it produces.
In many of the works of the China manufactory one
part only of the article is moulded : the upper sur
face of the ?late, for example, whilst the under side
is figured by the lathe. In some instances the han
dle, or - onlyra few ornaments, are moulded, and
the body of the work is turfed.
In making square glass bottles it is frequently
desirable to have imprinted on them the name of
the maker of the medicine or other liquid they are
destined to contain. A mould of iron, or of cop
per, is provided of the required size, on the inside
of which are engraved the names intended. This
mould, which is used in a hot state, opens into two
parts, to allow the insertion of the round, unfinished
bottle, which is placed in it in a very softstaie be
fore it is removed from the end of the iron tube
with which it was blown. The mould is now clos
ed, and by blowing strongly into the bottle the
glass is forced against its sides.
The property which honi possesses of becom
ing soft by the action of water and of heat, fits. it
for, many useful purposes. It is pressed into moulds,
and becomes emsssed with , figures in relief, a
dapted to the nature and use of the object to which
it is to be applied. If curved, it may be straighten
ed.; or if straight, it maybe bent into forms which
ornamesit or utility may require ; and by the use of
the motild these forms may be multipfied in end
less variety. _
The most common sort of knives, the clanked
handles for umbrellas, and a multitude of other ar
ticles to which horn is applied, cutest the ,cheap
ness which the Artof Copying, gives to the things
formed of this matedal.
The same principle is applied, to, things • formed
out of the shell of the turtle, or the land tortoise
From the greatly superior price of the raw, mate
rial, this principle of Copying is, however, more
rarely employed upon it; and the few carvings
which are demanded are usually performed by
hand.
The simple art of pipe making is almost entirely
one of Copying. The moulds are formed of iron.
and open inthe middle; the, line of junction of the
two parts of the mould may generally be observed
miming. lengthwise from one end of the pipe to the
other. The hole passing to the bowl is formed by
thrusting a long wire through the clay whilst it is
enclosed in the mould. Some of the moulds ; have
kmres, or names, mat in'the inside. This :gives
corresponding figure , in relief upon the finished
Pte•
Calicoes of one colour but embossed all over
with various raised patterns, although not much
worn in this Country, are in great demand •in sev
eral foreign markets. This appearances is pro
duced by passing them through a pair of rollers, on
one of which is figured in intaglio the pattern to be
transferred to the calico. The substancei of the
cloth is pressed very forcibly into the ciyities thus
formed, and preserves its figured appearance after
considerable use. 1.
To emboss upon leather the article is firrced into
the cavities, and that part which is not, opposite to
any cavity is powerfully. condensed between the
rollers.
Swaging is an art of Copying practised by the
smith. in order,to fashion his iron and steel into
the form' demanded by hia customers, he has small
blocks of-steel into which are stink 'cavities of va.
liana shapes ; these are'called swages, and are gen
erally 01 paira. Ti he squab' a round bolt, terminus
-
ling in a cylindrical head Dilate, r diameter hay-
I ng one or more projecting rims, he uses a cones.
pending swaging tool ; arid having healed the end
'of his iron rod, ad thictened h by a process Which
is technically. called oPeetting, - he places Its head
upon one of the parts ; and whilst an assistant
holds the other part, he strikes it several limes
with his hammer, occasionally turning the bead
one quarter round: The iron which was in a soft.
'eued 'state is thus forced by the blows to assume
the form of the mould into which it is impressed.
Engraving copper plates by pressure is one of
==MCONE=II
! 117
But everithis is veryfar sliort , ,of,the r tii
which this process may be exteride'ti. friVhar.:
tl9R9A;teelJuljempay be employed, tin . xialte: a. few
of its first . impressions upon plates ofsott stee, rind
these ,lning, hardened may in their- turn ..bet;,Fsae,
the parents of other fellers, each generating WO=
per plates like the original: The pcikeible extent to
which facsimiles of an original engraving may be
thus multiplied, almost confounds the inAgina !
lion, and appears to be, for all practical pnrPoses,
unlimited. There are two principles which pecu
liarly fit this Art for detecting the forgery of Bank
notes, to prevent which Mr. Perkins found it a
matter of great difficulty. The first is the perfect
indentity of every impression. with eves,- other, so
that any variation in the minutest. line would at
once cause detection. The other Brineiple is, that
the plates from which all the impressions are de
duced mly be ft 7 med.by the united labours of
.ar
tists most eminent in their several departments, all
working at the same time; and that,. as only one
original of each design is necessary, the expense,
however great, will be trifling, compared with the
immense multitude of copies producedfrom it. 1.
.1101103 0 1.4.
=MI
th,t! tli,hrwifal instances pf thpt#d 1,04 CiTyitig
carried to an almost unlimited extent ;and the deli
cacy with which it can be pecrired, and the pre-
the-Sisal ,ratiosthel
tool can be transferred from sle:el to coppecor
from hard steel fd soft - week is most unex pected:,
.iVedarefindebtedio )11r. *ekkini foi Most athCi
contrivances 'which ,have.brought this Art tit tftfce
most to e uttectinn.. An engraving is first . made ap
hattteried by a peculiar pro:
cess without- in the , least injuring, its delicacy. A
coli9tteg...of soft steel, prettied- with great
.fure.o
againsi the 'hardened steel en raving is now malt
to roll slowly backward and forvrard over it. The
soft steel cylinder receives'- the- design,ixit .
fir' *lief.' 'This is in rsifirti hardened
; and if it be slowly rolled to and fro with strong
pressure on sticee'4ive platen of copper; it *rim — ;
print on a thousand Other!' a perfect fic ! slile...o/
the original steel engraving from which, ilmsidted. •
Thus is the number of copies proditeiple
.IrEnn the
same design Multiplied a thousand fold: -
Many of the gold and silver mouldings used bt
jewellers consists of thin slips of metal, which have
received their form by passing between steel roll
ers, thus taking a succession of Copies ot , the devi
ces engraved upon them. .
" Sheets of paper coloured with ..zold or silver leaf,
and embossed with various pateins, are used for
covering books,
, and for many ornamental purpos
es. The figures upon these are produced by the
same process, that of passing the sheets of papa
between engraved rollers.
IDLEN Es&—laleness is the hot-bed cif temptation,'
the cradle of disease, and the canker-worin of feli
city. In a little time, to the man who has no em
ployment. life will haie no novelty, and wh4 nov
elty is laid in the grave the funeral of comfort will
enter the church yard. From that moment, it is in
the shade, and not the man who creeps aloe.; the
pathway of mortality. On the contrary *hat solid
satisfaction does the man of diligence possess?-:-
What health in his countenance ; what strength'
in his lirnb? With what a zest does he relish
there freshments 'of the day I With what pleasure.
does he seek the bed of repose at night. It is not
the accidental hardness oftheltillow that can make
him unhappy, and rob hiin of sleep. He-earns his
maintenance, and he enjoys it. He hath faithfully
labored in the day and the slumbers of night are a
sweet retranition to him. To the diligent man,
every day is a little life, and every night is a little
heaven . . The toil has been honest, and the reward'
Is sure.
Errccrs or READING.—For every one, in their
favorite line of reading there is a world of internal
revolution; feelings which generally remain un
disclosed, and are unknown to the writer who has
roused them. Sometimes they developed . them
selves in actions, whose mystery is, inexplicable to
the looker-on. Imagination has,no doubt,the greatest
share in our passions; by imagination every object
is embellished and renderedpnre,all fiction is allow
ed, by this influence to reign paramount, and our
minds are involuntarily guided by this invisible
agency. Flom this cause it has happened that
literary persons sometimes confine their feelings
entirely to their works. Their emotions are but
the reflection of their writings; their strongest sen
timents are but reminescnces ; and when.they think
they are giving way to passion, they are merely
adding a page to literature. With regard to roman.
.ces this is eminently .true ;Ave cannot therefore,
but feel a certain emotion in looking over ihose of
bygone time even throukh the interest they excit
ed .evaporated, and ithe language of passion, once
though so vivid sounds cold iu our ears.-4amnw
Siketchesin Switzerland,.
PRWICT FLIES TEASING) three
handful of Walnut leaves, put them in three warts
of cold Miter : let it stand all night,- and the fleet
morning pour the whole into a kettle', and boil for
a quarter of an hour ; when told, its fit tor ere
Before the horse goes out of the stable, smear • over
those parte which are most irritable, with this li
ne flies will not tionble him much hothat
quot
d 2:. '''
A young English traveller contra:led in Valencia
a love affair with a petti gipsy girt. - The muthet
Wished he should marry berat once; but the Eng
lishman declared hemas not rich? enough lb keep a
wife. "What said the gtpsy laughing, nOt
rich &neigh in the land of guineaal With. •ao
re
nowed a thief as my daughter rat will in . a year e ipe
a millionaire."
An editor, away out it the west, wishing to ere
- a
faint ideaoro coteraporarfs meanness, leaps that
his soul is ad small
,thet h might dance hotrtipe
le amoaquitOe's watchloh.
tam cet Tossarroesa~The best epeatb we
,ever'sase Was that of a dowel It simply
said ~-
" Hers I net Y'
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