Bradford reporter. (Towanda, Pa.) 1844-1884, September 04, 1844, Image 1

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A leNv Song,
i t iune of linLir , O'Ro Kg, as sung by Me
o . a fe . Minstrels, Hornesville. Com
posed by a member.
nit carious times we've new-a-days,
The whigs are all commotion ;
i Pemocrats can do, they say,
- Jot as they have a notion.
;. t s have a chap called James K. Polk—
Ana they are nil advising
: ; cote far him and not to go
for Clay and Frelinghuysen, •
-far he's the man will do just right
In his administration,
Be place no pranks with mother banks,
Or Banking Speculation.
At Baltimore they all agreed
That lie would be the dandy,
kt' to destroy the cooney breed— _
cle'd do it up so handy.
0b i1 6,46 have a Dallas too— ,
choice we have been wise in,
aerri well beat the boasting crew
Of Clay and Frelinghnysen, . ,
Fcr Polk's.the boy to spoil their fun, •
And sadly burst-their boiler;
find a different race to run
Prop that,Of Tip and Tyler.
But wondrous things' the whiggiessay
Thant' will will briti''g about sirs,
Bufilickory Clubs are in way.
They ne'er'willmake it out, sir,
lied what I say, The - voting day -
My boys just keep your eyes on,
ey'il own tliey've fooled their time away
With Clay and Frelinghuysen.
For Polk's the boy, &c.
heir blackest schemes they keep below,
For "them they never mention,
Eat they wilrfiud it all, no go,
We well know ihekrilntenlion.
Wi word about the ntifisterbank—
The people hate like poison—
Fad they tell, 'twill birst the shell
.Of play- and Frelingliuysen,'
?Cr Polies the boipkc.
,Tarid nest, a cunniit plan
Tn.Pring us to subjpiion,
Id thusenslave their rellcitv-rnan,
And then Bawl out Protection !
ty make us pay a heavy. tai •
)n sugar, tea and coffee,'
while the ralrorer swings the axe
They lounge upon the sofa,
But Polk's the boy, .&c.
Jcember days will soon be on
Our votes will tell the story :
Harry Clay:to Theodore
'bey've blasted all our glory• ;
go home to old Kentucls
My corn and cotton rising,
think we've had most datn'ed'hard luck
-Both me,and Frelingbuysen,
or Polies' the boy that spoiled our fun,
And sadly burst our boiler, .
We found a diffeient race to run
'tom- that of and Tyler
tat Banner in the Breeze
' 42 z/ ocrLoinerto the breeze
To droop or falter never more—
Woe's far houniaries to the seas
let roll upon the Texan shore.
ing best 'gird on in might .
crashing aims that freemen wield,
ith tiabrokeri front unite
form along the battle field.
'phalanx dense and deep,
red and-firm, and undismayed,
waves resistless sweep, [blade,
march with Truth's bright shield and
ill they couie,",th.e gathering throng!
rings afar thithdndering cry, •
it-to 4istant hostalong,
Polk ! for Dallas ! Victory !"
tga look on in wild amaze,
pale despair in every eye,
ly hope to quenCh the-blaze
leaps and flashes throulh the sky !-
they hoist the.ir frowzy flag,-
flap their coon skins through the air;
they drink and shout and brag;
iltering still, P our flag is there !"
H lite field of conflict Won t _
foe's eternal grave,
's bright and, cloudless sun
it geoed gonfalon shall wave;
r from every distant clime,
tvery shore and every sea,
beneath its folds sublime,
vious birthright of the free.
, Aer! what joy du' pour
telling anthem on the wind,
' the . Wore shame no more
ly bend the human -
and cats, and coon skins, all
aslong forgotten things,.
- o'er the land shall fall
day that Truth and, Freedom . bringe !
. .
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. .
Remarks of Mr. Bachaaan.'l
In the Senate of the United States ? . on
• Tuesday, June 11, 1844. against the.
Bill repOrted _ by Mr. Evans, of
Maine, from the Committee of
nanee, to provide for the remission
If 'duties on Rail Road Iron in cer
tain; eases."
Mr.. Buchanan said he had been ,
greatly astonished, boilt„,,a-t7-the eliarac
-tpr of this Bill.. agd the quarter from
which it proceeded.
~:fig the chair
man of the Cominittee an Finance,
(Mr. Evans,) who had reported the
'fariff, Act, of 1842, and sustained it
throughout, ;with distiriguislied ability,
should now attempt to withdraw the
protection which it afforded to the great
iron interest of the country, was indeed
wonderful ; nay, amazing.—Why this
change? Was it because-the Senator,
having 'already secured all the protec
tion which he desired for the manufac-'
tures peculiar to NetiEngland, thought
11. might, with safety, turn round and'
' rel i eve his constituents• from the pay
ment Grduties on the great staple man
ufacture of other states of the Union !
His Bill proved that he_ was.piepared
to crush the vast iron interest, of Penn
sylvania, Maryland, and New Jersey,
for the benefit of Rail Road ;Comps,
nies ; but a:Bill so unequal and unjust
should never pass; whilst he (Mr. B.)
entertail,ted any hope of resisting it suc
cessfully.
I am glad, said Mr. B. to perceive
that I now, have the undivided attention,
of the Senate; 'and if they will contin
ue to accord it to me for a few minutes
I think I can demonstrate, to their sat
isfaction, that this Bill ought never to
become a law.
Arid, in the first place, j lay down
the proposition broadly, that the bur
dens of this government ought to be
borne, in equal proportion, by all the
citizens of the country. Special priv
ileges are odious to a republican peo
ple. Equality is the highest equity
and justice., To exempt one. than, or
class. Of melt, from taxes which you im
pose upon -The rest of your fellow-citi
zens, is to war against the.very, spirit
and genius of out. government.: In the
eyes of the law., all men ought to be
equal. Now, what does this Bill pro
pose? Whilst all other citizens of the
country, under your general law, are
compelled to pay a duty of $26,00 per
ton on the rolled iron which they con
sume, this Bill exempts Rail Road com
panies from the payment of any duty
whatever on the iron rails employed by
them in the construction of their roads.
I ask Senators, whether friendly or hos
tile to a Tariff, 'if by their votes they
can sanction such an odious discrimina
tion ? • But this is not all.. Whatever
May be the amount of taxes released
to. these companies under the present
Bill, the very same amount.must be
raised, to supply the deficiency thus
created ill - your Treasury. by addition.
al taxes upon the hard earnings of the
other citizens of the country. You- di - us
render them tributary to these char
tered monopolies. Such privileges,
granted in abridgement of common
right, must, from their very nature, be
at the expense of the rest of the com
munity.'
Now, sir, I am no enemy to Rail
Road companies. Far, very far, from
it. On the contrary, they i ,deserve the
gratitude of the people. All I desire is,
that they shall stand upon the same
footing with other highly meritorious
interests, and not arrogate to them - selves
special privileges. The ship Wilder,
who constructs the vessel destined to
carry our productions Over the world,
uses much iron in this great national
manufacture. Might he not, with
equal greater propriety, ask exemption
from duty on the iron which-'he thus
employs! He might say : Ameri
can vessels, engaged in foreign trade,
have to enter into competition, upon
the ocean, with the vessels of all other
nations; and therefore it is the policy.
of the government that they should be
built at as cheap a rate as possible.—
Relieve us, then, from the duty. Rail
Road companies have not to, contend
against any such competition ;—they
enjoy a monopoly of the domestic
travel and trade, and therefore the ship
builder ought to possess atleast equal
if not greater privileges." Our uncom- .
plaining farmers who pay their taxes
without a murniur, might with equal
justice ask .an exemption from the diih
ties' on the iron used in their ploughs
and other agricultural implersents.—•
But neither the ship builder, the far
mer, nor the , mechanic has ever thought
of asking such' privileges from, C.on
gress. Such a demaid could only hive
been mails by Corporations. ' . '
itiegardir.o frof beniusciation froni: cinii"Quarter'.:-GOv".PiniTzu
rUP77I4ICI:OI 1 - 42,E212 1 02112)CatlYSTUUsi .. 2; 1 1;40 goln y fizm ,, l T z ,. 4l . ) .
•. - • •
Ancl - whatoiiir is the chief and'prom
ineut.reson which. the Railßoad com
panies present 'for asking , this exenip
lien from duty? - They most earnestly
insist that because such ConiPanies had
enjoyed' this privilege for. eleven years,
previous to •March,. 1843, that,
.there
fore, they ought to continue in : its en
joyment. By.this argument an exclu
sive privilege once granted can never
be arrested, and becomes perpettial.—
NQ matter •ivhat may be the abuse, it
must continue for ever. •
But herelet us briefly review our
past legislation upon this subject.
In May, 1834, the duty on rail road
iron was reduced to 25 per cent va
lorern and by the Act of the 24th Ju
ly, 1832, it was abolished altogether in
favor of states and incorporated compa
nies, provided the iron should be laid
down upon their roads within three .
years after its importation. :Thus good
the law until the passage of the Act of
11th September, 1841, which imposed
a duty of twenty per cent' ad valorem
orprail road iron ;-but provided that the
Act should not effect such iron if im
ported and laid down prior to .the 3d
March, 1843, "on any rail road or in
clined planes ofwhich the construction
has been already commenced, and which
shall be - necessary •to complete the
same': 1 - - Thus, sir, you will perceive
-that, when Congress determined that
Rail Road companies ought no longer
to enjoy a privilege denied to all other
classes of the community, we were yet
still so indulgent 23 to continue 'this
privilege during a period of -eighteen
months; and with this, in all consci
ence,the v ought to have been satisfied.--
When, during the progress of that Bill,
on the 30th August, 1841, I moved to
subject all rail-road iron, imported after
its passage, to the payment of, duty,
this motion was earnestly and ably re
sisted by the Senator from Georgia.—
(Mr. Berrien.) We then had an infor
•tnal • understanding on the • subject,
which the Senate sanctioned,; and the
3d day of March, 1843, was fixed as
the last day on which this iron should
be imported free of duty. I then hop
ed that - thelluestien was finally; settled ;
but my hopes were'vain.
Whilst the Tariff of 1842 was be
fore the Senate,•another effort was made
by the Senator from Georgia (Mr. Ber
rien) to extend the time, during a period
of three years, for the importation of
iron .freepf duty, but • alter debate, his
propositidb was negatived by a major
ity of more than two to one, and thus
the 3d March, 1843, was again estab
lished as the last day on which this
'iron should be imported free of duty.
Nothing 'discouraged, however, these
companies, at the very next session of
Congress, renewed their apelication
succeeded in obtaining a report in their
favor, from the committe on Finance.
That Committee, by their Chairman,
(Evans) on the 3d February,.lB43, re
ported a bill which was never acted
upon, for the remission of duties on
Railroad iron. This _bill was modest
in its demands., compared with the bill
now before us.• It did not propose to
remit the duties on any rail road iron
imported since the 3d Marc-h, 1843,
and in this respect it confirmed the two
previous decisions of the Senate,•but it
merely extended to these companies the
privilege of laying down their iron,
which had been jmPorted previous' to
that date, until the Ist December, 1844:
and if this were done, it• relieved them
from the duties. Besides, it was con
fined to Rail Roads, 'which had - been
commenced previous to 'September,
1841, and to iron necessary for their
completion
That bill contained one most impor
tant provision for the security , of the
public Treasury, which, has been en
tirely dmituted from the present bill.—
We all know the enormous prices which
have been demanded by these compa
nies for transporting the mail. In this
respect they are perfect monopolies.—
The Post Master General must accede
to their terms. He has no other alter
hative but that .of returning to Mail
Stages which would not be endured by
the public. The Bill of 1843,- there
fore, most wisely provided against this
extortion. Under it, the Companies
receiving its benefits, if they could not
agree with the Postmaster General up
on the compensation for carrying the
mail, were bound to refer' the question
to arbitration. ' I ask the Senator from
Maine, why, in , the present Bill, he has
abandoned this excellent regulation?
Surely our .experience ought to have
taught us that such a .provision - is in
dispensably necessary, to prevent, ex l
tortton
Disregardink the- two"soleinti '
sions of the Sehafe, to which' I have
referred, the present Bill, as reported,
granted to these Companies, 'the 'privi
lege of iinpartinw'Rail Road iron free'
o? - dj.ity, during c 'the Wind of Otreyears
from this period, three .yearrilotiger
were • aallo'wed. to lay down : the iron.
thus. imported. It embraced' all rail
roads 'whether old pritew ; 'Mid even
those which had already once enjoyed
this privilege, might enjoy it a second
time. It is truellia, the Senator from
Maine has since amended the Bill so
as to limit the privi l ege of importation,
to two.-instead of r ifive years; but
still allows three years •after the two
years shall have expired, to lay, down
the rails . . ' .And again, it has been •so
amended by him, that a Rail Road
company desiring to enjoy the privi
lege for a second time of importing their
iron free of duty, upon the old iron' re-.
moved front their road, the duty paid
by law on old or scrap iron. This
duty is $l9, per' ton, whilst the duty
on Rail Road, under the Act of 1842 is
525,00. Thus these Companies, un
der the amended Bill, would derive ,a
benefit of $l5 per ton on their - nets?'
rails, after havingimperted the old ones
free from duty altogether. ones
free
And what amount of duties, sir do
you suppose we have remitted on Rail
Rail Road iron between the first day of
January, `1832, and the first day of
March, 1843 ? According to the offi
cial docments now before me, the ag
greate sum is $5,089,991, in round
numbers, say six millions of dollars ;
which amount has been necessarily sup
plied by taxes on the rest of the corn-.
munity. The farmer, the shipbuilder,
and the mechanic have not only paid
the duty ou their iron, from which Road
Companies have been exempted, but
they have been compelled, by the pay
ment to increased taxes do other. arti
cles of consumption, to make up •the
deficiency in Treasury thus created.
Sitppose we had been asked 'to ap
propriate half a million a year, for elev
en Years, out of the public Treasury, to
the construction' of Rail roads, how
many votes would such a proposition
have received ? ' And yet several of the
Senators who deny the constitutional
power to make appropriations to inter
nal improvements, are the'most ardent
friends of the present Bill. I ask What
is the difference, either in fact or in
principle, between., relieving these
Companies from the payment of till's
amount of duties in the first instance,
and appropriating the same amount for
their use, after it has been received ?
For my own part, if I were compelled
to choose between the tw , t alternatives,
I should greatly prefer a direct appro
priation out of the •TreaSury. The
world would then know what we had
given* and the manufacturing interests
of the country would not be injured by
donation. . _•
These Companies, so far from being'
satisfied with the.past.munificence of
the Government towards them, rely
upon this as the foundation on which 1
to rest their hopes of obtaining more:
They are never discouraged. by defeat:
They always return tothelcharge, in
creasing their demands on each success
sive application to Congress. I con
fess that 1 dread their combined power
and influence. There are now fifteen
of these powerful Companies before
Congress, asking for a remission of the
duties on Rail Road Iron. Their roads
are ramified throughout a large extent
extent of the Union, and the Stockhol
ders are men of influence and character.
The North, the South ' the East !and
the Nest are thus combined in an ef
fort to repeal the. Tariff 0f , 181.2, 'so far
as the great _manufacturing, interests of
Pennsylvaipa is concerned; and it is
extremely doubtful whether we can
make a successful resistance. T They
urae / that as all the Rail Road Compa
nies. then in existence had enjoyed an
exemption it shouldbetextended to those
which have since come int° „existence
and have not enjoyed the same benefits.
Should this principle prevail, the priv
ilege.can never end. Indeed, the ar
gument would become stronger, as the
number of companies increase to which
you might extend the privilege, until
at last it would. be irresistible. : In full
view of"all the considerations belonging
to the subject, Congress in September,
1841, determined' that rio Rail Road.
iron should be imported free of duty
after the 3d March, 1843, and this de
termination. was afterwards, confirmed
by the Tariff Act ,of August, 1842--
Thei thtii gave all,conceitied, fair ,
no
tice that!' during the period of eighteen'
months, they might make as heavy free
importation as ,they',pleasedi, but .that
after. this. ,such ,importations . ; should
"cease. ,- "Thesia, companies doubtless
availed therfiselibi - citthis 'extension of
their license ; and. then 'they ought, to I
have been content. :' If you; will -Ow-
L.; 11.1
reverse the twosolernti deciSions which
have', been already made, and 'grant
•then - i'tWomore years . .from the passage
of the praent•Bill, to make free Impor-
Aations, and at ;the end of _this .period
three - years lon,ger,Zto lay down . their
rails,. you can never afterwar'ds impose
any limit on yourselves.' So Litany
Companies will then have enjoyed.the
privilege, that you will scarcely be able
to deny it to those who may come after:
hi the face of all facts, ,none but in
corporated companies would have still
persisted in . demandina this exemption
from tho common burdens borne by the
rest of the coMmunity; These com
panies,.now banded together to accom
plished a comtnou object, and confident
in their own power, seem determined
to exprt this privilege from Congress.
They will persist, as they have already
persisted, from year to year •in urging
their , claim with thesaine ardor as if
they really believed themselves entitled
to stand above the rest of the commu-:
nity. It you defeat them at this Ses
sion, they will be here in greater force .
than ever at , the commencement of the
next. Their importunity/ will never
cease whilst the least hope of success
shall remain ; and we have learned from
our own experience that they haveboth
the ability and the will to select ihrewd
and skilful agents to accomplish their
purpose before Congress.
Thus, I think I have demonstrated,
that even if the duty on Rail Road Iron
were a mere revenue duty—even if not
a pound of the article had ever'been or
could be manufactured in the. United
States, equal justice requires that it
should pay the same rate of duty with
other iron. ' I shall proceed now to
'consider the question as connected with
the great party policy of the country.
It will be admitted by all that if there
be any article which deserves inciden
tal protectton, this ., article is iron. It
is necessary to our defence in war and
to our independence in peace. Na
ture, with. Tbountiful hand, has spread
the ore over many States- of the Union,
and by
. its side, in several localities,
has placed anthracite aud bituminods
coal in the greatest abundance; as if to
tempt manly,. engage in the smanufac
tore. Wherever iron works exist,they
create a great demand beth•for labor
and agricultural productions. With
out entering. upon the 'argument at e
length, surely none will deny that the
vast capital already employed' in these
establishment ought to be preserved
from destruction; dud ! that they ought
not to he suffered to sink under the
weight of foreign competition., Such
has long been the policy of the Gov..'
ernment. Even under the act of 1816,
which all .parties_ have approved: rolled
iron was st - ibiect to a duty . .of ,5.30 per
ton—rive dollars . higher than the
,pres•
entduty.
I • I
But it has - been asserted by the Sena
tor from Maine, that rail-road iron has
notbeen and cannot belmanufactured in
the United; Slates, even at,.the present .
prices, with the duty included ; and;
therefore, that to admit it free of duty
will not injure the inn• that has been
manufactured in our- conntry ? Is it for
want of capital, skill or enterptiie ?
Surely - this will not be contended.=
There is no mystery in the manufacture
of Rail-Road Iron. It is a very simple
process. We are informed by Mr. Oak
ley, of the New Jerse3 l Iron Company,
that ‘. there is no di iculty in making
Railway Iron, much lens than in making
many other kinds that have long been
produced in this cont 4 try." All that I
have ever read or hear upon the-subject,
1
corroborates the truth ; of this assertion.
Why then has it not been manufactured?
Simply, because, during the period of
More than eleven yeqs previous to the
3d March, 1843, it was imported flee Of
duty, and ever . since the passage of the
Act of September, 1841, there has been
one continued struggln by the Rail Road'
Companies, again to make it a free artic
le. All will admit thait so long as it was
imported from England, it could not be
manufactured in this 'country. But the
Senator from Maine asks why has it not
been manufactured since the present do-;
ty was imposed? I answer, simply be.'
cause there is no sectikity that it will not
speadily again be maple a free article.--;-
Let the Rail-Road Companies cease horn ; .
agitating this questionl—let them quietly : I
submit to the,existiti4 tariff—let it once
be established that Rail-Road Iron Shalt'
pay, the same rates it(duties with other
rolled iron and we shall boon have an
übundant supply of the'domestic article:
This conclusively appears from.the let
ter of . the committee ~a ppointed at ~a
iteeihig' of tli - e" . iron I and - coat 'trade in
Philadelphia" to the Senator frdiri Maine
himself. , Mr: .Eariii, .the ':Ptesident ' Of
the. Lehigh .Granii !foil i Company c de- clarcd 'th4t.under the ,eistinthriff,
IDS2IQ Clch 1
.54 0 OLC311(6111 CS }3Qata
BEIMEMI
Railway Iron can . be ~ produced
country at the= present
- late, of import,,
(say fifty-five dollars per ton.)' "We have
Jui hesitation in.saying; that-with a . satis-
Tactor,V aSktrancelof a,ccintinuance °film
;present duty, that would in • a
Islfort tune.' be extensively. made in this
country. and with such assurance we are
prepared it'once 'to put up a iolling mill
and.inake ,contracts for the T .or edge
-raira't . the. price above stated."
,Oakley, of the New, Jersey Iron Compa
ny, makes nsimdar statement, but says
it can be furnished in large quantities for
less than $55 pet. ton. This Company,
he asserts; "would be-glad to enter into
contract with responsible parties, if the
quantity reqUired should be sufficient to
justify the outlay and prepar4n at
much less than the alieveprice ; an offer
of $5O per ton Wouldlie entertained. I
have no doubt that should the present
iluiy be continued, it will befurnishedin
less than five y6ars by our-manufacturers
for $4O per ton.' Mr. Oakley alenin
foram us that this company " have al
ready procured all die drawings and oth
er information, necessary to the erection
of the most perfect machinery for ma
king Railway Iron, and when it Shall be
ascertained e that the* present 'Congress
will not reduce the duty, we intend to
prepare such machinery." We further
learn from thej Senator from 'Maryland,
(Mr. Merric) that the Mount Savage Ir on
works in his State, are now actually en
gaged in the manufacture of Rail-. Road
Iron, and are ready and willing_to make
contracts with:Rail-Road Coinpanies for
,its sale and delivery. And here I might
advert to the faet that Rail-load lron
was manufactared some years ago, at
the Great 'Western. Iron works; on the
Alleghany River, in Pennsylvania,-
- Governor. 'Morrow, of Ohio, informed
me that he had pUrChased three hundred
tops of such iron from these works, at
fitly dollars per ton (according to my re-
collection) for 'a Rail Road Company. of
which he was i thePresident i and expres
sed himself entirely satisfied with, the
quality of the article.
But, I admit that the Senator from
Maine,' so long' as he shall. urge the re
peal of the existing duties on Rail Road
iron, will most probably serve for him
self the argument that little, if any, soil/
iron is manufactured in the country:—
.Who would change his purSuits, divert
his capital from other subjects, and ex
pend large sums - in preparing to manu
facture Rail Road iron, whtlst the very
friends of the 'Farifrare incessantly strug
gling to repeal the present duty ? Per
manence and certainty in your system
are - necessary to attract both capital and
conAtlence; and while it remainsidoiibt
ful whether these Rail Road companies
shall not triumph over the Tariff poli
cy, thete.wili be tio large investment'of
capital in therbuSiness.
Thus ivis clear that if Rail Road iron
'has not been extensively Manufactured
in this country,.it. is .. solely because it
has,not heretofore received_ that, inciden
,
tar protection which othe'i rolled iron has
enjoyed. kis a litttle too much forhu-
Man patience itci be informed by the Rail
Road, companies that webave not manu
factured, 110 - , cannot manufacture, Rail
Road iron ; when the . special . privilege
! Winch they themselves had enjoyed for
ieleven years, and their perpetual strug
gles ever since to obtain its restoration,
are the only causes why this branch of
manufactures is not new in as flourishing
a conditionas any other.
I confeis, sir, that • I hate a little
American feeling on this subject. As
an American citizen,l cannot brook the
idea that we shall be dependerit upon
Great Britain for the very material's ne
cessary to construct the roads on Which
we travel. Surely American Rail Roads
ought to be constructed of American
iron ; when this 'effect can, as it will
be produced. by imposing the same du
ty on Rail Road iron as on. all other
iron of a similar character. • .
The Senator from Maine contends
that the construction of rail roads a
most important and • useful domestic
manufacture, and ought to be, cocain
. aged. No man will &Ty the truth of
this proposition.. -But in. what maser
encouraged ? Xt the . - expense of the
Tariff policy ? He certainly Aril' not
say so. - - Iron is the raw 'material used
.in the-construction of these roads, as
wool is - ihe raw . material employed in
the manufacture of cloth. You may
contend, with equal propriety, l that
wool ought to he admitted free of duty ;
notwithstanding it -might prejudice our
wool grower, as that rail road iron
should be dins admitted, : to the injury
of our iron manufacturers.'!3The. truth
is :that this, questioOnvolties, the ,Vgliole
prinqiple
,cif !protection., ! ;th,e,sytioin
mist standor fall tOpther ; antlYentnust
equally prote4t•the raw Material if it
be a domestic produntion,anif the mann
-DEL F01111;p1 IiAGE•I -
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