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THE" PlTTSBtfL-tt DlSPATUk. . SUNUAX AUGUST 14 1892.
17
COLUMBUS AS BOY AND MAN.
A History of the Great Explorer and How He Found America.
ESPECIALLY FOR YOUNG PEOPLE.
WRITTEN FOE THE DISPATCH
BY L. H. WEEKS AND PAUL LATZKE.
Copyrighted, 1831. by the Authors.
water. Most or the people were engaged in
shipping or In trading with other nations.
There was everything in these surround
ings to fire the imagination of adventure
loving boys. That Oolumbus felt this ho hai
told us himself. "When only a little boy he
Knew the name of every tihlp that belonged
to the port, and could tell each one by its
rig as lar as he could see it He made the
acquaintance of all the sailors, and listened
breathlessly with longing as they told of
their battles with the waves, the" strange
tilings that they saw, and the fights that
they had with the ships of rival lands. It is
no wonder, then, that the great explorer's
thoughts turned to the idea of finding for
eign lands, even while he was still a child.
To be continued next Sunday.
CHAPTER L
AT I'LAY WITH YOUNG CnKISTOPHEB.
Ii you and I had been walking on the
sandy beach at Genoa, Italy, one hot sum
mer afternoon nearly i"0 years ago, we
might have seen half a dozen brown-faced
hovs idly louncing there. Overhead was
ihe beautiful blue Italian sky. Drawn up
! the beach were several fishing boats.
ui in the harbor were many vessels whose
: ..'d and rig would make them strange
craU in the-e modern days. Behind them
Mere the walls of the city with its splendid
ciurches and palaces. Terraced and hang
in. cardens covered the sides of the hills
tun oerlooked it.
The boys were having a very good time
holding forts, and throwing handfuls of
.tad ncr each other. Now and again, re-tar-iles
of their clothes they would plunge
mo the water and swim and dive like
i -"ips. At last when they were tired out
m. plav, they began to talk about what
ti would do when they should crow up
t men. You s-ee the boy's of those days
eie very much like those of the present
tine
When I'm a man I'll be a great mer
chant." said one. "I'll trade and be rich
and have a fine houe and jewels, silks and
loo i thincs to eat."
1 li be a Dose of Genoa, and live in the
c 'cat palace and make evervbody do just as
"ant them," said an imperious looking
. !-..
v pretty little farm for me," exclaimed
a 'i rd boy.
! 1 ratiier be a writer like Horace or
"1 whom we read of in school," said
a thcr.
v.l so they ran on, planning, dreaming,
-i ug.
lmle apart from his companions stood
- t the group digging a hole in the sand
u i.is bare toes. Despite his plain and
an dress there was an air of gentility
.1 u him. In his eves was a far-away
iv and, boy though he was, his face and
ogure were marked by something of
Sinfulness and determination that dis-
. ished him from his fellows.
Vnd you," called one to him, "what
Ton be, Ohristoforo? A wool-weaver,
mur father? Or perhaps a drawing
- r Mnce the teacher praises you for
u.i.l with the pencil."
ti-'" exclaimed he who was
is cduressea. "some dav I'll own
a -ship like that," pointing to a
t---!i that was just leaving the bay.
nearly grown to manhood. Among his play
mates he was always a' leader. Whether it
was playing ball, fishing, idling on the
beach, marching in a church procession, or
getting into mischief, you could count upon
his being foremost. When all the boys of
the neighborhood were suddenly missing on
a pleasant holiday afternoon, as indeed often
happened, the folks would declare, "They
have gone off again with that Cbristoforo
Columbol" And so it would generally
prove to be.
On the whole Christopher was a very good
boy. lie ruled his young followers gently.
He kept them loval by his winsome ways,
his activity and his generous disposition. If
he had lived in the nineteenth century in
some town of the United States, he would
nave been captain ot tne local baseball nine,
the sailing master of a yacht or fishing boat
belonging to a boy's club, or at the head of
the restless spirits who begin to celebrate
the Fourth of July at midnight with fish
horns and fire-crackers.
He nnd his companions had plenty of fun.
Their schooling was not as extensive as that
which boys now enjoy. But it was thor
ough. Thcr learned reading, writing, srram-
inar, arithmetic, Latin, drawing and design
ing. Columbus was a bright student, learn
ing quickly, and often puzzling his teachers
with questions that they found it difficult to
answer. He had a natural talent for draw,
ing and at one time in his life he made his
living by this talent.
Out ot school he had to help his father
sorting over wool and twisting threads to
make cloth. The need of the family com
pelled that, but the desire of the boy for a
seafaring life was looked upon with favor
by his parents. Besides Christopher there
were three other boys in the family. Bar
tholomew, who afterward was with his
brother in this country, Giovanni, who
died young, and Giacomo or Diego.
There was also one sister, Bianchemetta,
and altogether it was a very happy, even
though humble family.
COST OP WEDDED LIFE.
A Few Facta and Figures That May Boom
the Marriage TAcenis Htulns How
Divided Kxpensea Decrease the Total
What a Single Man tViutes.
'WRITTEN FOB THB DISrATCTI. J
An acquaintance of mine remarked to me
a short time since that he would like to
get married, but that a woman was so ex
pensive a creature that he was afraid to
chance it He is a bright, young fellow
earning, say 535 a week and saving none of
it. I took him to task for libeling the fair
sex.
Let ns figure a little, and presuming, of
course, that a mad is willing to do his part
bygiving up his idle, useless, expensive and
enervating habits, see if the experience of
many men will not bear nut my results
To say that woman is an expensive creat
ure is, in the abstract, untrue. She is nat
urally economical from the highest to the
lowest type. Man is the opposite. What
does it cost to keep a young lady, not in
the "Four Hundred," nor among the slums,
but the daughter of a well-to-do man who
moves in good society? Let Us see:
Two new dresses a year, one $30, one $25. .$ 75
THE UNJUST STEWARD
One of the Parables tlio Application
of Which Is Not Plain,
PROBABLY TO TEACH PRUDENCE.
The Wise. Father Overlooks Little Infraa
tions of His ilules.
SERMON M THE RET. GEORGE HODGES
fiwlS
Columtwt and Ills Father Combine Wool.
House Where Oo'umbus Wat Burn.
"T 1
sail all over the world and see
(. gc sichts. I'll discover new lands and
or t2 riches home with me. Genoa is
brauiitul and I love it," he added
rK, "but I'd die if I could not be a
of the sea."
passionate abandon he rushed into the
- " a id, with strong, sweeping stroke,
r a - tar out, as though he would begin his
vovasp then and there. The other
t "s Allowed their leader into the water,
a i tcia few moments there was a great
t. ashing and merry shouting. After a
dsev all came back to land again and
s Tidied themselves on the sand, so that
'. hot sun might dry their dripping gar
u.ptns. Then it was plain to see, from the
nav la which they gathered about their
cnipaniou that they had a great deal of ad
miration lor him and recognized him as a
n.aster spirit
There was as yet, however, little to fa
il i. -aie the great career that lay before this
t t No one guessed at that time that he
s to find a new world. But that was his
f ore, for the sturdy lad was Christopher
c i- abus. the discoverer of America.
i oung Christopher came of a family once
r -n aad noble. But now his people were
Lit The exact date of his birth is not
u"wn. He was probably born some time
ti-ween March, 144G, and' March, 1447, al
t cuyli it is asserted by some wriiers that
b- c. as born ten years earlier than that
T-i father, Domiuico Columbus, was a
. -.i comber; and liis mother, who, be-
re her marriage, was Susanna Fona--
a-'ossa, was a good woman of the
I clacs. The father owned a house in
-oa, and there Christopher was born.
V -j can see the house to this day if you go
i ooa. It is a tall, narrow stone build
in,, with an inscription over the door tell
i - or the event that made it famous. And
tl.p guide who takes you about the city will
" w you the very room where the baby
I - first opened his eyes, a small cheerless
a i-ient. with cold, brick floor, big oak
0 t d a little window, through which
;. .ai oflight struggle.
ii a- (jsimed Chrisloforo Columbo, as it
i w-.K-ii hi Italian. Later in life he
1 s'-u zcl tbe name into Columbus. When
i ;-. a.n lie ado;ited the original Jtoman
a-iie .' the Uiuiiy, Colonus, condensed to
i ion. ha in Spanish he is known as
( itnsioval Colon. His name Christopher
i-. derived from Christo-ferens, or Christ-
icarcr This significance always impressed
i sif stronglv upon Columbus, who
roghout his life considered that he was a
i j ei of Christ's word to the unknown
i ' 'jiyhood of Columbus was not difTer
r from that of other boys of his time and
'3. He went to school, he studied his
ii 'ns a: heme, he played with the other
l). i oi the town, lie he'lped his father at
;;rk. and he was faithful in attending
church. That made up his life until he was
You may imaginfi Christopher running
barefooted and barelegged a great deal of
the time. That was the custom of the coun
try and the boys delighted in it They
played ball up and down the narrow streets.
For exercise of lungs and legs they raced
along the streets, up and down the moun
tain side upon which much of the city was
built Some of these streets were so steep
that carriages could not be drawn up, and
even donkeys could scarcely hold their foot
ing. To run up until they dropped ex
hausted with breath all gone, and to Tun
down until they could no longer keep their
balance, but would pitch headlong forward
unless they stopped bv seizing hold of a
post or doorway was great sport
In quieter mood they would assemble in
the plaza or square in front of the cathedral
and play "morro." In this game one boy
called out sharply a certain numbersay
eight and at the same instant threw out
his hand from behind his back with several
fingers extended say four. The other boy
in the game was expected to call out imme
diately the number of fingers extended and
and himself show the same number. If he
made a mistake he paid a forfeit Unless
one was very quick-witted he was
apt to be confused and answer
with the number that he had
heard called instead oi giving the num
ber of fingers that he saw. The eye had to
be quicker than the ear, as you will find if
you try it. But the Genoese boys tlways
used to say: "You can't catch Oristoforo
very often." His coolness and quickness
of perception generally made him come out
winner. This game was so popular with
the people that it has survived to this day.
It is still played in the cities and towns of
Italy, and lias been introduced in this
country by the little Italian boys who come
over in the immigrant ships.
When "morro" became tiresome the bos
led by Columbus would wander about the
olive groves and underneath the orange
trees, which abounded in Genoa, where
they would pelt each other with oranges.
It was a merry out-door life that they led
when away Irom school and away from
work.
There were more serious moments though
to most of them, and especially to young
Columbus. You probably know that the
people in those days were very religious,
and that the Iioman Catholic was the only
church. Then, as now in Italy, the cathe
drals were handsome buildings adorned
with beautiful statues, pictures and altars.
Columbus was early affected by religion.
He was pleased when he could" array him
self in his holiday dress of doublet and hose,
low buckle shoes, unic belted at the waist,
short jacket and jaunty turban cap, and
thus attired go to mass or attend some spe
cial church service. Nothing delighted
him more, unless it was to take part in some
of the many church processions that made
the life of the city in that period so bril
liant Marching at the head of the com
pany of boys, decked out in fine robes and
carrying a church banner or a cross, it is
not strange that he considered himself one
of God's chosen servants.
In after lite he alwavs declared his belief
that he was set apart by Divine favor for
the wonderful work that he accomplished.
Kis first object at all times was to help the
church to which he belonged, and bis voy
ages of discovery were made 'principally
through religious motives. He wanted to
discover new lands in order to secure
wealth with which to lead a crusade to res
cue the Holy Land from the infidels, and
also in order to carry the blessings of
Christ's religion to benighted heathens.
Ko places in Genoa were more popular
with those fifteenth century boys than the
docks and beaches where thcr saw the ships
sailing forth and coming back richly laden,
and listened to the stories of adventure told
by the sailors. Genoa was then one of the
important governments of Europe. Her lo
cation on the north shore of the Mediterra
nean, and the fine harbor formed by the
Genoese bay made her a great power on the
One outer coat and wrap. 35
Two pair of shoes 12
Sumninr dresses, linen, hose, cloves.etc. 25
Millinery and repairs of hats and bon
nets 20
Services of seamstress and incidentals... 13
Total $1S0
That is $15 per month. It looks small,
doesn't it? Ask some bright, honest young
lady to give you the figures from the actual
experience of a year, and see how far wrong
they are.
The Increase of FxpenR.
Now, suppose you get married. Let us
see how much vou increase your expenses.
You rent a small modern house for say $30
a month; your wife, if she has been raised
to "keep house," can pay a servant $15 a
month, and can furnish your table with bet
ter meals than you have been accustomed
to get at boarding houses for $35 a month.
I will uot go into the details of this item,
but it can be verified in the experience of
many. Your fuel, light and incidentals will
cost you the year round say 55 a month.
Now, what have we:
Rent for year $ SfiO
Servant 160
Table is
Fuel, etc 60
Tour wife" ISO
Total $1,200
The living I have figured on here )s com
paratively luxurious, better than is enjoved
by most people, and it presupposes a life
of ease and comfort and good cheer. It can
be modified very much, but I am figuring
on the voung man with 1,500 a year who
cannot aflord to get married.
Let us see what it costs him to live. It
seems a waste of time to go into figures, fo
at the end of the year it is easv for him to
tell you what it costs $1,500, possibly
more. "Nothing from nothing nothing
remains.
A Tannc Msn'a Xear'y Acconnt
Two suits of clothing a vear. one $50.
one $40 $
One overcoat a year, $60 one year, $40
another, average
Half dozen shirts $12: one dozen
collars, $2 60; hair dozen cuffa,
$2 50; scarfs', $6; hoso, $S: nnder
wrar, $11; handkerchiefs, ti: shoes.
$15
Laundry, $'50: shavini. $25; boot
Wack. $15: cigar-. $100; billiards,
$50; theaters, $:5; bar bill, $150;
incidentals, $50
Boarding at $7 a week
SO 00
50 00
55 00
465 03
S50 00
Total $ 1,010 00
I will not include any other figures. But,
young man, look these over and see how far
off they are! Your wife's expenses will not
be as great as I have put them after she is
married and your expenses will be greatly
lessened by her care of your wardrobe, your
saving in laundry bills and in useless ex
penditures which you will drop when you
have a home of your own. And at the end
ot the year you will have had comfort,
peace, happiness, good health, and you will
have money. Tak about women being ex
travagant ( ) why, a woman will go away
for a month's visit with a railroad ticket
and $5 and come home with money! A man
will go away for two days with $25 and come
home broke! John TBAUBEir.
FAITH IN TEE B0BTH STAB.
A Long as That Rrmained Fixed No Dan
cer XVrk to Bo Fpared.
The star showers of 1833 were very
alarming to all classes of people, for at that
time" the causes of the phenomenon were
little, If at all, understood, and most per
sons who witnessed the display felt sure
the world was coming to an end, says a
writer in the St Louis Qlobe-DemocraL
One old man in Georgia, not far from the
present city of Atlanta, owned a large num
ber of slaves, and the night of the most
gorgeous display was awakened by their
screams and prayers. On looking out, he
was almost as greatly frightened as they
were, for he thought the stars were really
falling. Determined, however, to get at
the truth, he fixed his eye on the North
Star, and through the showers of meteors
watched it intently.
"As long as it remained in its place," he
said, "I was hopeful, but if it had gone r
would have believed that the end had'
come." A great many devoutly believed
that the day of judgment had arrived, and
the amount of praying done that night by
both white and blacks in the South was un
precedented. The scare lasted lor some
time and took peculiar phases. In one
town iu Virginia the stock of Bibles held
by a local bookseller was all sold out before
9 o'clock the next day, while revival ser
vices began in hundreds of towns aud were
kept up for weeks. Men who had not for
years paid the preachers a cent came up
and subscribed liberally to the parson s
salary, and all the churches had a large in
crease in membership.
Ths Camera Lnclda In Micrography.
An admirable method of simplifying the
practice of micrography has been devised by
Dr. Henry G. Pifiard, the eminent scientist
and electro-therapeutist Dr. FifTard's inven
tion involves the adaptation of the princi
ples employed in ordinary projection, as
used in connection with the optical lantern,
the projection microscope, photo-micrography,
etc, and consists in reflecting the
projected image onto a piece of drawing
paper fixed iu some convenient position.
A right-angled reflecting prism is mounted
with a short tube extending lrom one of its
square faces, the tube being of such a cali
ber that it can be inserted into the micro
scope in the place of the eye-piece. From
the other square face a similar short
tube extends, capable of receiving the ocu
lar aad holding it firmly. By. the use of
this device, after the object is placed on the
stage and duly focused and the light is
suitably disposed, if a piece of drawing pa
per be placed beneath the ocular and the
roo'm darkened, a brilliant image will be.
projected on the pnp!r, and its reproduc
tion with a pencil can be accomplished with
a maximum of rapidity and a minimum of
discomfort In guiding the pencil the
draughtsman uses both eyes, and his spec
tacles, if needed, and sits in vhitunr nni.
sea. Her ships sailed on every known I tion he finds most comfortable.
WniTTKK FOR TUB niSPATCIT.2
The unjust steward was commended.
"His lord commended the unjust steward
because he had done wisely." The lord of
the unjust steward seems also to be com
mended in the parable for his wise com
mendation. "For the sons of this world,"
Christ says, and he appears to be thinking
of the steward's master, "the sons of this
world are wiser for their own generation
than the. sons of the light" The unjust
steward and his master are both present for
our initiation. "Make to yourselves friends
by means of the mammon of unrighteous
ness; that, when it shall fail, they may re
ciive you into the eternal tabernacles."
The story, you will remember, is that the
steward of a certain rich man was accused
to his master that he was wasting his goods;
and the master, sending for the steward, de
manded of him an account of his steward
ship, which being presented He was to be
no longer steward. Exactly what was the
relation between the lord and steward in
the management of the Syrian estates, we
do not know. It seems likely, however,
that the steward had in his responsibilitv
the general conduct of his master's business.
He made the contracts, bought and sold ac
cording to his own judgment, and had for
his salary a percentage of the receipts.
The Steward Didn't Got Itlch.
The steward is, indeed, called "unjust"
in the narrative, but that is a word which
here means simply bad, in the sense of un
satisfactory. The accusation that he had
wasted the goods of his master may have
been true or false. It is made probable by
what follows that he had made no money
for himself out of his transactions. For at
once he says within himself, what shall I
do, seeing that my lord taketh away tho
stewardship from me? I have not strength
to dig, to beg I am ashamed. He must
make a choice, it seems, between these two
alternatives. He has no purse, filled with
the waste of his "master's property, to live
on. At the end of the parable, his master
evidently approves of him. The chances
are that the accusation was a false one.
Nevertheless, here is the steward on the
eve of dismissal, what shall he do? I am
resolved, he says, what to do, that when I
am put out of the- stewardship they may
receive me into meir uouies. .a.na ue senas
for certain of his lord's debtors and reduces
their bills. Toonewhoowes a bill of wheat
he gives a discount of 20 per cent; to an
other who owes a bill of oil he gives a larger
discount' than that, he divides the sum by
two. The steward probably had a right to
do that It was his business to make the
bargains. It is likely that he bad himself
set the first prices. He might reduce them
it he would.
The Iirsson That TM Intended.
This transaction the steward's lord ap
proved, ana uurisi appiauaea nis approval.
The lesson is that we should imitate the
steward. But how? What is the applica
tion of this Oriental story to onr modern
life? Nobody knows; that is, nobody knows
accurately and absolutely. Ther are plen
ty of answers to the question, and many of
them are very good and profitable answers.
But exactly What it was that Christ Him
self had iu His mind not the nicest com
mentator can say.
This, indeed, it is likely, is one.of the de
signed characteristics of' Christ's teaching
by parable. He desired that there should
be a wjde choice of explanation and of ap
plication. He wanted us to do our own
thinking. He stated truth in such words
that it could not be discovered without
thinking. And even when it was discovered
the discovery might not be a revelation of
all the truth. Some other thinker might
work the words over again and still find out
more of the truth in them. And thus the
aspiration to discover truth might be kept
alive in men's minds always. The "truth
as it is In Jesus" is so great and so deep
that no man and no generation of men may
say, We know it alL
Christ also recognized the fact of dif
ference. He perceived that we are not
alike, that by nature we look at truth from
various points of view. And' He so taught
truth that it should meet this condition of
our thinking. That is, He clothed His truth,
not so much in the drss of precept, as in
tne dress oi illustration.
The Precept and tho Parable.
Precept, by which I mean axiomatic state
ment, does not so easily allow of different
points of view as narrative, example, par
able. A parable is like a page of human
life; it possesses countless shades of mean
ing. Truth in parable is stated poetically,
that is, in its largest way. There is oppor
tunity for endless and boundless interpreta
tion. Think of the difference between a
great picture, and even the greatest artist's
explanation of if! How much there is in
the picture which even the wisest man
misses in bis commentary! That is the dif
ference between teachingiby common speech
and teaching by parable.
This parable ot the uniust steward is not
the only one which offers a wide variety of
application. Christ meant that all the
parables should be variously inteipreted,
according to the nerds ot men, according to
the clearness of our spiritual sight.
The most widely accepted explanation of
this parable is that it teaches prudence.
The unjust steward was mindful of the
future. He was aware that an hour of need
was coming, and he hastened to make wise
provision for it The moral is that we, who
ought to know as well as he did, that all
things cannot co on iust as thev are for-
.ever, but that sooner or later we too will be
required to give an account of our steward
ship we also ought to.be making ready.
Improving tbo Opportunity,
The children of this world are wiser than
the children of light Men show more sense
in business than they do in religion. Our
steward is the strength, the opportunity,
especially the money that we have. It is
our possession oi unngnteous mammon;
that is, of false riches as contrasted with
true riches, of treasure down here US' com
pared with treasure up above. This we
ouzht to use in such a manner that it will
bring us in a spiritual and eternal return.
The time when the account will be ren
dered is the Day of Judgment.
The moral is true enough, aud we all need
it badly enough. But that it 'fairly repre
sents the meaning of tho story, is not so
sure. The -disciples, to whom Christ spoke
the parable, had no money, and He never
expected them to have any. It does not
seem likely that He would preach a sermon
about money to that poor congregation.
It has lately been suggested that what our
Lord had In mind here was not the prudent
use of money, nor of wordly advantages
but of spiritual authority. The apostle
were presently going out Into the world to
be the preachers and the teachers of the new
religion, to be Christ's accredited repre
sentatives. And they needed counsel.
Christ's great purpose duriug the years of
his ministry was to train these 12 so that
they might do His work. This parable was
ouo of his lessons.
upon their own prerogative. Thoy alone
were to be the casfers-dut of devils. They'
had also desired .that fire might be called
down upon a Samaritan village which had
reluBed them hospitality. Thev were as
sailed by the temptation which lias proved
too strong for mnltitudes of their success
ors, the temptation to lord it over the herit
age of God.
They were jealous, so they thought, for
me iiora uoil. The personal element
seemed not to enter in at all. They felt
bound to hold the dignity of the apostolic
office, not that they themselves might be
the gainers, but that the office might be ex
alted. They felt that obligation was laid
upon them to insist upon acceptance of the
whole truth of God and the whole will of
God as it was taught by them. Any allow
ance of departure, or variation, or diminu
tion, would be treachery to their steward
ship. At least, enough of this spirit al
ready showed Itself in the conduct of the
apostles so that one who knew human
nature could readily see that it would pres
ently grow into this, and then into worse.
Good Ideas nnd Wrong Practices..
The best words in the world have been
the maxims again and again of the worst
cause. "For the greater glory of God."
What an inspiring motto to write upon a
banner! Yet it has been the watchword of
all theological bigotry, of all ecclesiastical
despotism. Men have accounted certain
formulas to be the adequate expression of
the entire truth of God. And, being in
authority, they have refused to abate even
a letter. Thus must all the rest of us be
lieve, whole and undefilcd, or else perish
everlastingly. Or certain customs have
been accepted, certain offices acknowledged,
ns of the Lord's ojvn appointment. And
these have been forced in their entirety
upon men's obedience, Tho authority of
the church must be maintained. Aud the
result, over and over, "has been discord,
persecution, spiritual loss. The troubles
which disfigure ecclesiastical history from
the beginning have arisen in great measure
from this insistance of the steward upon the
whole amount which he considers to be
owed his master.
Christ teaches in this parable the lesson
of wisdom. The steward is commended who
remits somewhat of his lord's bill. The
sons of the world are declared wiser than
the sons of the light The business man, for
example, knows better than to grasp always
after every penny that is due him. His
purpose Is, indeed, to make money; but he
knows that one good way to make money is
to make friends. Our Lord seems to mean
that the church and the truth will prosper
by the same procedure.
Ihe Triumph of iho Truth.
What we want is the triumph of the
truth. We want to bring all men into the
knowledge and the obedience of God. And
the lesson of the parable, according to this
interpretation, is that the triumph of the
truth will be won by gentleness rather than
by exacting severity. "Make to yourselves
inends by means ot tne mammon ot un
righteousness." The only unrighteous
mammom, that is, worldly treasure well
called "unrighteous" from the temptations
which it hrings with it the only unright
eous mammom which the apostles bad was
their position of authority as teachers and
leaders ot the church. This they had for
tbe good of men, that ther might exalt men
into "eternal tabernacles." And Jesus
teaches that if they are to be helpers they
must first be friends. He was. How pati
ent and gentle in all of his dealings with
the unbelief nnd the sin of the worldl Never
hard, never exacting, never severe except
with hyprocrites never tyrannical, willing
to accept a part where he would prefer .the
whole.
Certain it Is, that boys and girls do not
grow into the best men and women out of
homes where ithe domestic law is enforced
in every detail and with unceasing severity.
The wise father and mother overlook every
day a great many departures from the law.
Tbe bill reads a hundred measures of wheat,
but tbe debtor may write fourscore. The
bill reads a hundred measures of oil, but
the debter may write CO. That transaction,
translated into the language of morals, takes
place between tne parent ana tue cntia in
every well-conducted household -every day.
Trie Right Kales for the Child.
The steward knows that he might not get
quite so much wheat and oil, but he would
get just so much friendship, which is better.
The mother knows that she may not get
quite so much actual obedience as if she
were more strict, but she will get more love.
And love is always better than obedience,
for it Includes obedience. What the mother
wants is to gain not so much the outward
act ot obedience to her authority, as the al
legiance of the heart. And she gains that
by a wise gentleness, by a judicious com
promise, by shutting her eyes and ears a
good deal of the time.
This is just as needful in the larger fam
ily, the church. The purpose of the church
is to win men to Christ, to get them to be
lieve in Him, and know Him, and obey
Him, and love Him. And the church, for
the sake of that good purpose, and the bet
ter to get it accomplished, must be content
to make all allowances, must be patient
with Imperfection.
Here is tbe complete sum of obedience
which we account to be due our Master.
Let us not excommunicate all who fail to pay
the whole of it, else we may excommuni
cate, first of all, ourselves. Let us not try
to make the church into a club of saints.
Let us not set down a great many elaborate
rules ef conduct and say that we will pun
ish every act of disobedience. We will dis
courage people. Take 20 per cent off from
tbe bill.
Patient With Imperfections.
Here is the complete amount of theologi
cal faith which we believe to bo due our
Lord. We will not do well to insist upon
the prompt and entire payment of every
part of it by every Christian. It is remark
able how patient God is with the imperfec
tions of human belief. A large proportion
of the race is still ignorant of Christian
truth, and vet God does not seem unwilling
to accept tnem; ne uoes not nesitate to love
them. Let us not try to draw the lines of
faith too narrowly. There ought to be room
in the'great church of God for all the hon
est heretics. Faith must grow. And we
may be snre that it will never grow in the
warmth of tbe fires that are kindled by the
zeal of persecution;- it needs the warmth of
love. Christ won people into believing in
Him not by abusing them for laok of faith,
but by taking them with whatever scanty
faith they had and making them His
friends. Take SO per cent off from the bill
of faith. George Hodges.
OMDCKLEBERRYHILL
The Only Spot in Potter County
Where the Juicy Berry Grows.
RATTLESNAKES ARE THERE, TOO.
Dead Ones fold at a Dollar Apiece and
f cmetimes Even l'ore.
A VANITY FAIR IN TUB WILDERNESS
tCOBBZSrONDXWCE 07 TTIH PISPATCTt.
JlOULTlTTE, PA., August 13.
HEN the first set-
tiers came into
this part of Penn.
sylvania, or into
that division of it
which Is Potter
county, they found
bears in plenty and
panthers and herds
of deer and elk,
but no huokle-'
berries. There were
endless forests of
pine and hemlock
and of sugar
maple, beech and
oak, but no huckle
berries. There were
overtopping moun
tains nnd delight
ful sweeps of vir
gin valley, through
which crystal
Has Its Annoyances. streams coursed
sweet and swift, but no huckleberries.
To the pioneer families who came here
from Northeastern Pennsylvania, and New
England, and the hills of New York State,
where this toothsome wild fruit was found
in abundance, and who knew the importance
of a huckleberry crop ns a factor in the do
mestic economy, where for many long
months food supplies must come entirely
from the natural products of the woods, the
1 1 A YfflRfeS'
IIP
(lliffiftk
Eattlesnaket at a Dol'ar Each.
WORK FOB Y0USG EXPL0EEH3.
Tbe 4buB of Authority.
The apostles had already shown that ten
dency which naturally accompanies every
kind of authority even spiritual authority
tbe tendency toward an exaltation o'f
their office. Unfortunately, this exaltation
means some some sort of abasement and
humiliation of others. The apostles, for
example, had forbidden the man whom they
had found encroaching, as they thought,
A. Tast Field Tet TJndidOoverrdln Uio Amer
ican Continent.
Youth's Companion, i
People are accustomed to think that all
the world has now been explored except
Central Africa and the polar regions. As
a matter of fact, there are portions of the
American continent which are as com
pletely unknown to science as any part of
equatorial Africa. Within tho last ten
years a young American naturalist has won
renown by his explorations in the basin of
the Amazon in Brazil, and a vacation expe
dition of college students in Labrador has
resulted in important additions ,to geo
graphical Knowledge.
Lieutenant Schwatkn's explorations in
Alaska and his visit to hitherto unknown
tripes of cave-dwellers in Northern MeXr
ico, revealed the fact that fields are still
open on this continent in which young men
with a serious purpose, a scientific educa
tion and a strong body may distinguish
themselves in geographical and ethnological
research.
In 1890 two large rivers, hitherto un
known, tributaries ot the Amazon, were
discovered by naturalists. A sreat part ot
Guiana, and a still greater part of the vast
region immediately to the eastward of the
Andes, extending from the frontier of Ven
ezuela to tbe Argentine Republic, remain
unknown lands, so far as eertain knowledge
is concerned.
Should it all be gone over and accurately
mapped, there would still remain to be
learned many facts about it, as well as
about the regions already known, which
are ot the highest scientific interest, and in
the study ot which distinction might be
gained, '
utter absence of this great bounty was not
only a surprise, but a bitter disappointment
But, knowing that in the huckleberry coun
tries they had left the bushes bearing this
fruit invariably came into existence where
pine timber had been cleared away and the'
ground burned over, they lived in. the as
surance that they would see the familiar
foliage springing from the soil after they
had cleared their mountain land and put It
to the fire.
ncaclwnter of thn Allegheny.
Such a result did follow down on tho
Sinnemahoning and other waters flowing
into the Susquehanna, but Dowhere on the
watershed of the Allegheny river, embrac
ing the greater part of Potter county, did
the eagerly awaited 'huckleberry bushes
push their heads above the soil tbe ax and
brush fire had opened to the sun; nor, with
the exception ot an inconsiderable tract in
the northwest corner of the county, have
they ever appeared anywhere in the county
where the headsprings of the Allegheny
drain the land. Why this should have been
no one has as yet given any satisfactory ex
planation.
But the early settlers solaced themselves
that if thcr had been bereft of huckleber
ries they were at the same time spared the
annoyance and danger of rattlesnakes, ac
cepting a true the apparent fact that
wherever there are huckleberries there will
rattlesnakes be found as well. There is not
now, nor has there ever been, a rattlesnake
along the Allegheny waters in Potter
county, while over the dividing ridges,
along tbe Susquehanna waters, that venom
ous reptile seems to find congenial and pro
lific homes.
It is now a quarter of a century since the
last of the great pine forests of Potter
county disappeared, and among the last of
them to fall was the vast tract that lay be
tween Pine creek on the south and south
west, the Genesee Fork on the west and
Phccnlx creek on the east, in Pike town
ship. This forest crowned the steep mount
ain that rises in that broad area, its summit
being a table land many thousand acres in
extent.
Drvolopmrnt of a ITnokleberryTatoli.
The great canons of Pine Creek are on one
side, and the deep defiles of Phceni: Creek
on the other. This mountain has an eleva
tion of 1,500 feot above tide. When these
primitive pines had gone tho way of all
their giant fellows, a second growth of pines
grew rapidly in their places, but of an en
tirely uiiiercni variety. j.ney were Known
as jack pines, and were so full of pitch that
they uere cut aud converted Into tar, hun
dreds of tar kilus being erected on the sum
mit, the ruins of many of which are to-day
found among the brakes and rocks. 'AVlth
the disappearance of the jack pines this
great mountain became a treeless,
barren, a deserted waste, a prey
for bush fires that no one cared to
control. Then tho discovery was made,
after one of these early spring fires had
swept over tho barren, "that huckleberry
bushes had come up through the black ashes
the pine had left on the stony soil the low
bushes of the genuine, rich pulped, full
flavored early blue huckleberry; thousands
upon thousands of acres of them, growing
as thickly as timothy stalks In a meadow.
This would have been a matter for no sur
prise In tbe adjoining counties of Clinton
and Cameron. The surprising thing iu
those counties would have" been, rather, the
non-appearance of huckleberry bushes on
th&burned pine barrens. But in Potter
county, where tho berries had persistently
refused to grow before, this sudden appear
ance of the bushes on the great pine bar
rens of the Pine creek waters was as sur
prising as if oil hod been struck on tho
isolated summit, after the drill had failed
to find it elsewhere in the country.
Known us nncltlnberry Hill.
The crop of berries that ripened on those
original bushes was enormous, and in no
season since then has the huckleberry crop
on the great hill failed. The rock-ribbed
mountain soon received the name of Huckle
berry Hill, and as such it is known- to-dav,
standing unique in its isolation, a3 the only
spot between tbe far-off waters of the Sinne
mahoning on the South and the great spread
of the Genesee on the north, and between
the Allegheny portage watershed on the
west and the Chemung valley en the east,
where the huckleberry grows and ripens as
it does in all the surrounding counties out
side those boundary lines.
The anuual pilgrimage ot this furnace
like hill top is now 'at its height for this
season. The berry crop was never larger,
and every day thus far the barren has been
one great, busy, frolicking, boistreous,
sweating camp, In which there have been at
no time less than 800 people of all sorts and
sizes, while on Sundays the gathering has
been increased to more than 1,500. The
scores of tents that whiten the sun-burned
barren liken the scene to come great gather
ing of gipsies, or to a big military en
campment A large portion of the campers
is made up of family and social groups, who
remain two or three days on the ground,
picking berries-for their own domes
tic uses, and the rest are professional pick
ers, picking for the market and living on
the barren until the season is over. These
pickers frequently consist of entire fami
lies, from the gray-haired grandfather down
to the toddler just big enough to pick td
elert enough to keep an eye out for rattle
snakes. Tents are struck by the dozen
every day by parties breaking camp, but
other campers are continually arriving to
take their places; and thus while the scene
is always changing it still remains tbe same
from tne beginning to the end of the
season.
The Ijmv ot the Eight of Wav.
There is but one way by which the sum
mit of Huckleberry Hill can be reached
with teams and that is by the old road that
the lumbermen cut in the side of the hill
yean ago to get the pine logs down to tbe
Pine Greek valley. This road is a mile in
length, in which distance it climbs to an
elevation of 800 feet. On one side the steep
escarpment of the mountain pitches down
into the valley, with bat a foot or two be
tween it and the outer edge of the road.
The other side is the crowding front of tbe
mountain that lifts itself above tbe road.
This thoroughfare is so narrow that it is im
possible for teams to pass one another, and
as conveyances of all kinds are constantly
arriving from all directions, laden with
berrypickers with their boxes, baskets,
barrels and pails, and seeking passage from
the valley up the great hill, and as other
conveyances that have come before and
secured their loads of berries are just as
constantly seeking passage down the hill to
the valky, not much progress could be
made by either going or returning caravans
if it were not for a peculiar law ot right ot
way wnicn has been established. During a
certain hour teams going up the hill have
the right of way, and teams headed for
home must wait until that hour is up
before they may start down. A man
at the bottom regulates the up
ward train of wagons, while a man at the
top of the hill holds the downward teams
in check. When the hour is up no wagon
is permitted to start up the hill, no matter
how many may be waiting at the bottom.
The ensuing hour belongs to the down com
ing teams, and so they go and. come every
other hour. As many as 30 teams have been
passed up the hill in an hour. Some of
these come from the farthest boundaries of
the country and from over the New York
State border, many of them traveling all
through the night' to reach the spot in good
season. During the recent insufferably
hot days, when most people were melting
in the coolest places they could find, hun
dreds of men, women and children were
eagerly hastening to tbe summit of Huckle
berry Hill to pick berries in the full glare
oi tne broiling sun and among close grow
ing bushes that glow like a furnace.
The Gay Scenes on Sunday.
On Sundays this great huckleberry camp
becomes a veritable Vanity Fair in the wil
derness. Then hundreds of people go to
Huckleberry Hill as they would to a circus
or a county fair, or other gathering where
curious things are to be seen or pleasure ex
pected. The facir with bis wares; tbe
wheel of fortune man and the shell- game
sharper; the rustle swain and his radiant
sweetheart, with her inevitable white San
day dress and red and green ribbons; tli4
smart town fellow with his smarter girl;
the brawny log-chopper, boisterous and
rough; the swaggering bark peeler, not only
ready but looking for a fight tbe town, the
farm, the backwoods flock to the huckle
berry barren of Pine creek on Sunday.
Here is a dancing platform and a blaring
band. Yonder in a tent as big as a circus
tent, where can be obtained what no other
place in Potter county may supply
whisky, g!n,Jbeer,'Tr; what tipple you may
name for Potfer" is a Prohibition county,
and not a eingle glass ef beer has been le
gally sold within its boundaries for more
than SO years. But Huckleberry Hill is a
law unto" itself It keeps and sells its
spirituous wares ostensibly as antidotes
for snake bites, but a careful man,
viewing the effects of the liqnor on nearly
all who te.t it, might well prefer the
quality of the rattlesnake poison to that of
the venom in the tipple. But to the sound
ABEEWITMOSTJM.
Remarkable Results Outlined From 4
Variety of Cross Breeding.
HONEY SUPPLY OF THE COUKTRY.
Wide Colnmns in Boots and Xewspiptrf t
Are Hard on the Ejts.
THE SCIENCE IS EYERY-DAT UPH
27ie Rustic Swatn and Ills Radiant Sweetheart.
. .
rwniTTEs- roa rnx dispatch.! i
In an 'article on the desirability' of pro
ducing a larger race of bees, J. Edward
Giles proposes to cross over present races
of bees with the giant bees of India and
obtain a race with long proboscis and per
haps increased size. This improved race
should be crossed with the South American
stingless bee, and thus a race would bo
secured with all the good points of the
Italian bee, with lengthened proboscis and.
stingless; such a bee, In fact, as it would ba
difficult to improve. It might be found
desirable to breed out the swarming
instinct, for there appears to be no reason
why the swarming instinct cannot be bred
out of tbe bees as thoroughly as the sitting
instinct has been bredont of certain races of
domestic fowls; but now that swarming
can be so completely controlled by tbe use
of queen traps and automatic hivers, tbis is
a point of minor importance.
Mr. Giles is of opinion that the improve
ment of our bees is of sufficient importance,
and the prospect of success sufficiently' '
great, to justify the Agricultural Depart
ment of the United States in undertaking
the cost of the necessary experiments. 3Ir.
Giles quotes the honey crop for 1879 as 25,
000,000 pounds, or about half a pound for
the year to each inhabitant of the United
States. At an average of 10 cents per
pound, tbe value of the honey crop for that
year woufd be abont 52,500,000, not
reckoning the value of 2,250,000 pounds
of wax, the amount that would be secreted
in the production of the qusntity of honey
named. If we had a race of stingless bees
there is good reason to believe that the
value of ihe crop would soon be doubled, for '
many would be induced to go into the busi
ness of bee keeping who are now deterred
by tear of the stings or who live in thickly
settled villages, and hesitate to keep bees
for fear their neighbors will consider their
pets a nuisance. Even in the oldest and
most thickly settled States the number of
bees could easily be doubled without ex
hausting the honey supply, and there is
practically no limit to the amount of honey
which could be produced by planting spe
cial crops in suitable places.
Mr. Giles differs from those who think
that an increased supply of honey would
lower the prices and gluttbe market, as ex
perience shows that a the supply of any
article of food increases the demand always
grows. As an illustration he quotes the
case of a farmer with whom he compared -notes
on the price of farm produce. The
farmer was at the time preparing a load of
tomatoes for market, and he remarked that
it was easier to sell a wagon load of toma
toes then than it was to sell a peck when he
first began to raise them. The reason it is -difficult
to sell honey is that people have
not learned to use it When its many
wholesome qualities are understood it will
take a prominent place as a daily food, and
nothing will bring this about more quickly
than the proposed new departure in bee
culture.
Tlacttria on Bank X6t.
Some singular facts concerning the dan
ger of Infection by paper money have been
educed by a bacteriological analysis of tho
bank notes of the Spanish bank of Havana
in general circulation. Attention was
drawn to the subject by the fact that circu
lation increased the weight of the netes in
consequence of their acquiring foreign mat
ter. The examinatjn-iBadejhowed onths,
notes in use for some time aconsfderaEle ""
number of microbes, and on some notes as
many as 10,000 microbes were detected.
Eight pathogenic species were encountered,
including those of diphtheria and tubercu
losis. The result of the examination was
that a general warning was issued to tho
public against this active source of danger.
Tbe use of bank notes is at all times at-.
tended with a certain degree of risk, and
especially in Havana, where children have
the habit of carrying paper money in their
mouths, and are thus very liable to swallow
the germs of some mortal disease.
Action of Cliersa on Nicks'.
A singular fact with regard to. an un
suspected property of cheese, which has been
accidentally discovered, is interesting to
chemists aside from its hygienic bearings.
It appears that nickel-plated ware, which is
deservedly in favor with housekeepers on
account of its durability, its handsome ap-
pearance and the ease with which it is
cleaned, is attacked more energetically by
cneese than even by vinegar or lactic acid.
All. kinds of cheese are found to produce
this effect in the same degree; even when
dry, any of them will eat into a nickel
plated salver in less than 12 hours. Since
ordinary cheese shows a decidedly neutral
reaction when treated with litmus paper, it
was supposed that the trifling amount of
baldrianic acid which it contains would ba
insufficient to account for the phenomenon.
This assumption, however, turns out to bo
erroneous, for as the result of direct experi
ment it is found that nickel is speedily
corroded by baldrianic acid.
of music, and the shouts of dancers, and the
noisy and perpetual clink and clatter of
classes, and the not infrequent yells of
drunken bushwhackers In free and pro
miscuous rough-and-tumble, tbe berry pick
ers keep busily at their work in the blaz
ing, scorching rays of the sun, the heat in
tensified and cast back in tbe faces of the
sweating toilers by the drv. stonv soil, the
gleaming fronds of 1,000,000 brakes and the
glistening foliage of acres of heat-conduct
ing bushes. It ib doubtful if anywhere else
in this broad land may be found "another
such camp as this.
Many times a day from among the huckle
berry pickers, especially the female portion,
a lond, shrill shriek of terror will arise,
and a berry picker, white-faced and with
frightened eyes, will be seen fleeing away
from the spot where he or she had been
picking. Everyone within hearing knows
what that cry means, and from a dozen
mouths the anxious cry comes:
"Are yon bit?"
The answer is usually "No; but there's
one there!"
Then someone gets a clnb and goes oVer
"there" and smashes that "one's" head,
and the picking is resumed as if nothing
had occurred to interrupt it Onlv one
picker has been reported bitten by a rattle
snake on Huckleberry Mill g this season a
woman, name unknown, who was hurried
down to Galeton, four miles away, to a
doctor's. Her home was 20 miles away, and
she was sent thither. It is not known on
tbe bill whether the bite was fatal or not.
Between 0,000 and 7,000 bushels of huckle
berries will be picked on this lone, wild,
banen plantation this season. Those who
pick them to sell get 10 cents a quart for
all they can supply without taking them off
the ground. One man and his wile have
picked and sold 100 quyts every day thus
far tbis season. Ed Mott.
Tho Sons of the Thrnh.
The marvclonsly sweet son of the hermit
thrash is heard at this season in such bits
of woodland In Westchester county as have
been spared by the growth of population.
The shy songster is seldom seen, but his
clear, trilling notes, unlmitable by the
human throat, and having a curiously sweet
yet metallic tone, are carried for hundreds
ot yards through the woodland.
A Ntir Artificial Stonv.
The production of artificial stone, especial
ly for pavements, is largely on the increase.
The basis of this product is crushed granite,
which is incorporated with Portland cement,'
tbe water in the process being automatical
Ir ganged. After these materials are well
blended the concrete is laid in slab molds
lined with zinc. When the slabs are set
they are turned out of the molds and , .
steeped for about ten days in a solution of
silicate of soda, by which process they be'
come indurated. Tbe silicate of soda solu
tion is made by boiling a special kind of
stone with 70 per cent caustic soda, previ
ously macie into a solution with water; tbe
silica of the stone dissolves and the solution
is diluted for use to the required strength.
The slabs are taken out of the solution,
sconred with water aud stacked in yards
where they are kept for months before be
ing sent away from the works.
TVIfle Colnmnsaml the Er'sighr.
Eye experts Insist that people who wish
to preserve their eyesight will do well to
confine their reading as far as possible to
round, fat-faced type, and to avoid that
which is tall and thin. It was the shape of
the type of the tiny edition of Daute pro
duced at the French Exposition almost as
much as its minuteness which blinded some
of the persons engaged in correcting the
sheets. Another imriortant noint is to
avoid too wide a column, or the eye is
strained. The only way to neutralize the
tendency to such strain is to turn the heafl
irom side to side, after the manner ot short
sighted people. The width of a column of
reading matter ought not to exceed at the
outside two inches, because that is about
the natural range of the eye when the heal
is kept motionless.
Milk as a Dressing for Wounds.
Milk has been found to possess remark
able healing qualities if applied to wounds
in an early stage, and excellent results have
been obtained by its use in the dressing of
burns. Compresses are soaked in milk and
laid on the burn, to be removed night and
morning. An extensive burn has in this
way been reduced in three days to one
quarter of its original ize. Another burn,
which had been treated tor eight days with
olive oil .and oxide of zinc, healed rapidly
under a milk dressing.
.! - ,-"',. ,-, ' ' "' ' ' ' ' '
j&afrfik ,v