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16
THE PITTSBURG- DISPATCH SUNDAY, MAY 15, 1892.
TESLA'SJEW LIGHT,
Its Success Largely Due to a
New Product of "West
em Pennsylvania.
A EIYAL OF THE DIAMOND
That Withstands the Terrific Elec
trical Bombardment.
CAEBOX CRYSTALLIZED AT LAST.
It Makes a Lamp of Twentj Times
Efficiency Now Beached
the
AND EE TOLUTIOXIZES 3TAXT INDUSTRIES
of a coil, the carbon glowed with alight
the intensity of which varied with 'the
charaoter of the current. Teila found that
a lamp filament cannot withstand the ef
fects of currents of extreme frequener as it
does those of steady currents, assuming that
it be worked at the same luminous Inten
sity. This means that for rapidly alternat
ing currents the filament should be shorter
and thicker.
The xnoleoular bombardment that occurs
with currents of high frequency is so se
vere that Tesla had to go through a long
course of experiments in order to discover
a button of sufficient stability to stand the
strain. He says:
A W onderftil Ztew Material.
Ofall the bodies tried there were two
which withstood best diamond and carbor
undum. These two showed up about equally,
but the latter was preferable, for many
reasons. As it is more than likely that this
body is not generally known.I will venture to
call your attention to it. It has been recent-
-jggA ' lrsfe'Jggg
DeniiiW TTAerii.
rWHITTES TOR THE DISPATCH.!
. ONE of the prominent
y-CTS snres in the electrical
I V i yr0TiA to-day " Nikola
vances into new do
mains of electrical
science have excited
the marvel of the
world. Tesla holds that
a phosphorescent glow
is the light of the future, and he has already
given good earnest of his prophecy.
Last year he made a remarkable exposi
tion of his researches before the American
Institute of Electrical Engineers, nnrt
when, a few months ago, he repeated his
lecture, with many added features, before
one of the most brilliant scientific audiences
ever assembled, at the Royal Institution,
London, the undemonstrative English were
moved to a pitch of enthusiasm
which nothing but intense convic
tion and admiration could evoke.
This feeling was markedly reflected in the
criticisms of the English electrical papers,
one of which described the keen interest
Effect of Emery and Carborundum on Glast.
ly produced by Mr. E. O. Acheson.of Monon
jrahela City. Ta., TJ. S. A. It is Intended to
replace ordinary diamond powder for pol
ishing precious stones, etc.. and I have been
informed that it accomplishes this object
quite successfully. Carborundum can be ob
tained in two forms in the form of "crys
tals" and of powder. The former appear to
the naked eye dark colored, but are very
brilliant; the latter is of nearly the same
color as ordinary diamond powder, but very
much finer. When viewed under a micro
scope the samples of crystal civen me did
not appear to have any definite form, but
rather resembled pieces or broken up egg
coal of fine quality. The majority were
opaque, but there are some which are trans
parent and colored. The crystals are a kind
of carbon containing some Impurities; they
are extremely hard and withstand for a long
time even an oxygen blast. When the
blast is directed against them, tbey
at first form a cake of some
compactness, probably in consequence of
tho fusion of impurities they contain. Tho
mass withstands for a very long time tho
blast without further fusion; but a slow
carrying-oft or burning occurs, and finally,,
a small quantity of a glass-like residue Is
left, which, I suppose, is melted alumina.
When compressed strongly they conduct
verv well,but not as well as ordinary carbon.
The powder, which is obtained from, the
crystals In some way. Is practically non
conducting, it anoras a magnmcem poiua
ing material for stones.
Like Edison's Search for the Filament.
Te 'la's Xew Lamp; Section Shoving Button.
"with which Mr. Tesla was watched
throughout, as he adjusted his apparatus
quivering with lightning-like discharges,
and now lighted a vacuum tube by grasping
it in his hand, now brought to incandes
cence the filament of an ordinary lamp at
tached by a single wire, then rendering the
air in the interior of a large ring luminous
with flame, or sending streams of light
.. from wires stretched over the audience,
rT3P?rceJ fatinating ot all, after electrify
ing the whole space ol air between his table
and an iron plate above him, waving a
luminous tube in his hand totally uncon
nected to any wire whatever.
.America Is Just Learning the Truth.
The full text of this lecture has just been
received in this country, and the wonders
that it unfolds are simply amazing. One
cannot help the reflection while reading it
that, had Tesla lived a hundred years ago,
when the distinction between science and
necromacy was not so well appreciated as it
is to-day, the warmth with which his views
have been received would be of a more ma
terial form than that exhibited by his Lon
don audiences. He speaks with the utmost
confidence of the near approach of the time
when lamps and motors will be run not only
with one wire, but with no wire at all, and
&t now incredible distances; there will
eventually be no need to transmit power, as
mere is an inexhaustible store 01 it, the
ability to utilize which will have been
developed at every point of the universe.
He maintains that we have as yet but a
very slight conception of the possibilities.
01 ariinctai iigut production; he believes
that at least 20 times the efficiency of our
present incandescent lamp can be obtained,
and he calmly looks forward to obtaining
light effects without the use of any vessel
whatsoever, with air at ordinary pressure.
To him the distribution of 100,000 volts to
any distance within a thousand miles is "an
easy matter." He speaks of a svstem in
which the metal pipes are the insulators
and the gas in them the conductors, and de
scribes a cable with which telephoning
across the Atlantic may became possible, if
more advanced modes of transmitting in
telligence shall not have rendered it un
necessary. Ills Talk Sounds Extravagant.
He speaks in the most matter of fact way
of employing currents of a frequency of
several millions per second, and takes 100,
000 volts through his body without mani
festing the slightest inconvenience. But
this modern necromancer knows just what
lie is about and has the strong laith in his
opinions which compels success. This is
shown by his reply to a London electrician
who asked how he came to dare to take such
enormous currents through his body, con
sidering that 1,500 to 2,000 volts are re
garded as more than sufficient for the pur
poses of the executioner. He said it was
the result of a long debate in his mind.
Reason and calculation showed him that
such currents should not be dangerous to
life any more than the vibrations of light
are dangerous. The self-induction and
irequeucy of alternation should be too great
for any current to pass, and for a current to
be dangerous a certain quantity must pass.
He referred, as an illustration, to a thin
diaphragm in a water pipe. "With to and
fro piston strokes of considerable amplitude
the diaphragm will be ruptured at once.
With reduced strokes ot the same total
energy the diapbrajrm will be less liable to
rupture. Thus, said Tesla, it is with, vibra
tory current, and he stretched forth his
hand to the electrodes. Even fortified with
this seductive logic the man who can thus
plunje into dark and unknown depths un
certain whether he will return, must be
possessed of qualities which the world is
apt to rate at a higher value than mere
scientific faith.
A Product or Local Importance.
Such a brilliant record of invention as
Tesla's lecture appeals alike to the scientist
and the layman, but it bas a special interest
to the readers of The Dispatcii, from the
iact that it draws attention to the value of a
new product, the development of which
promises to be of great local importance.
One characteristic form of the lamps with
which JIr. Tesla illustrated his remarks
was a bulb inclosing a button of carbon rest
ing on the end oi a w ire or a filament The
wire was screened by beine surrounded by a
tube of aluminum, which forces the
radiation to follow it to the but
ton and not stream ofi sidewavs. "When
the single conductor, which this lamp
contained, was connected to one terminal I
Having found carborundum, Tesla pro
ceeded to test it with the same tenacity of
purpose and hopefulness that Edison
brought to bear on his experiments with
the bamboo fiber that eventually gave the
ideal filament for his incandescent lamp.
After various tests with the crystals he
turned his attention to the powder, which
he made into a thick paint with tar.
Through this he passed a lamp filament,
rubbing ofi" most of the mixture afterward
with a piece of chamois leather. He then
held it over a hot plate until the tar evap
orated and the coating became firm. This
process was repeated until a certain thick
ness of coating was obtained, and on the
point of the coated filament he formed the
button in the same manner. He is of opin
ion that such a button of carborundum,
properly prepared under great pressure,
will withstand the effect of the bombard
ment fully as well as anything heretofore
known.
The only difficulty is that the binding
material gives wav, and the carborundum
is slowly thrown off alter some time. This
single objection, however, is likely to be
soon overcome. Finding that it did not
blacken the globe in the least Tesla sug
gested its use for coating the filaments of
ordinary incandescent lamps, and he thinks
it even possible to produce thin threads or
sticks of carborundum which will replace
the ordinary filaments in an incandescent
lamp. He found the carborundum coating
more durable than other coatings, not onl y
because the carborundum can withstand
high degrees of heat, but also because it
teemato unite with the carbon better than
any other material yet tried. A coating of
lroonift or any other oxide, for initanoe, It
far more quickly destroyed.
Making th Bubstanc Phosphorescent.
Buttoni of diamond dust were next pre
pared la the same way as those of carbor
undum, which they approached very nearly
in the matter of durability; but their bind
ing piste gave way comparatively soon,
owing, possibly to the size and irregularity
oi the grains of the diamonds. Tesla then
passes on to the consideration of an impor
tant point in the determination of the future
utilization of the material of whose possi
bilities he has formed such a high estimate,
its phosphorescing qualities. But, he first
asks the question: Can a conductor phos
phoresce What is there in sucn a body as
a metal, for instance, that would deprive It
of the quality of phosphorescence, nnless it
is that property which oharaoterizes it as a
conductor? For it is a fact that most of the
phosphorescent bodies lose that quality
when they are sufficiently heated to become
more or less conducting. Then, if a metal
be in a large measure, or perhaps entirely,
deprived of that property, it should be
capable of phosphorescence.
"Therefore," ne says, and investigations
made subsequent to the expression of the
surmise indicate that he was guided by a
true prophetic instinct, "it is quite possible
that at some extremely high frequenoy,
when behaving practically as a non-conductor,
a metal or any other conductor
might exhibit the quality of phosphor
escence, even though it be entirely incapa
ble of phosphorescing under the impact of a
low-frequency discharge."
The Great Secret He Has Uncorered.
In connection with this Tesla offers a
passing glimpse of a kaleidoscope, in which
the characteristics of alternate currents or
electrical impulses make fascinating and be
wildering changes and combinations. He
says: "By their help we may cause a body
to emit more light, while at a certain mean
temperature than it would emit if brought
to that temperature by a steady supply;
and, again, we may bring a body to a point
of fusion and cause It to emit less light than
when fused by the application of energy in
ordinary ways. It all depends on how we
supply the energy, and what kind of vibra
tions we set up. In one case the vibrations
are more, in the other less, adapted to affect
our sense of vision." One cannot but be
struck with the modesty of the distinguished
inventor; be speaks of his discoveries as if
they were mere matters of passing interest,
instead of facts pregnant with a century of
progress.
Keverting to the tests for phosphores
cence in carborundum, Tesla states that
when a single electrode consisting ot a
metal disc is covered with carborundum
crystals, tne electrode is covered with an
intense film of the whiteness of snow. This
was found to be merely an effect of the
bright surface of the crystals, for when an
aluminum electrode was highly polished it
exhibited more or less the same phenomenon.
Tesla's Surmises Prove Correct.
He says his experiments with the sam
ples of crystals obtained were made "prin
cipally because it would have been of
special interest to find that they are capa
ble of phosphorescence, on account of their
being conducting. I could not produce
pnosphorescence distinctly, but I must re
mark that a decisive opinion cannot be
formed until other experimenters have gone
over the same ground."
He speaks with the same degree of reserva
tion of the tests with the powder. He found
it would not phosphoresce, but says: "Still
the tests with the powder are not conclu
sive, because powdered carborundum proba
bly does not behave like a phosphorescent
sulphide, for example, which could be finely
powdered without impairing the phosphor
escence, but rather like powdered ruby or
diamond; and, therefore, it would be neces
sary, in order to make a decisive test, to
obtain it in a large lump and polish up the
surface."
Here again he shows the prescient instinct
of the true scientist. As a matter of fact,
the phosphorescence of the later forms of
carborundum, i. e., those manufactured
some months after Tesla's samples, is now
beyond question. The discovery of a ma
terial which meets the requirements on
which such Important and far-reaching Is
sues depend Is destined to mark an epoch In
the history of electrio lighting.
Tho Qualities of Carborundum.
Thus, muoh of the electrical utilization of
the new product to which universal atten
tion has been drawn by the distinction con
ferred upon it by Tesla's investigation into
the nature and qualities of this interesting
material lead to the belief that eventually
its greatest utilization will be in industries
other than electrical. Its later form has
the appearance of a greenish-yellow,glIsten-ing
clndery mass. Under the microscope
the crystals are found to be transparent,
some are green, others yellow, blue or blaok,
and the refractive power of the whole is so
freat that the substance is of dazzling
eauty. Its general formation is somewhat
irregular, more or less resembling bort, or
diamond powder, and the facets of its
crystals are, as a rule, convex.
its characteristics are extreme hardness,
refractive power, insolubility and infusibll
ity, and especially its high abrasive power.
Its manufacture is in such an early stage
that it is impossible yet to say where its
greatest use will be found. It will unques
tionably, however, oe in demand by diamond
cutters, lapidaries and jewelers, dentists,
valvegrinders, and for brass and optical
work; in lact in all industries where abrad
ers are used in the form of either diamond
powder or emery. The cost of its produc
tion is so low that the manufacturing in
dustries will find themselves supplied with
an abrasive material of the hardness of dia
mond powder, and the general adaptability
of emery powder, at a price relatively but
little higher than that of emery, and practi
cally much less.
It Beats Emery Easily.
A very interesting and conclusive test of
its relative abrading power was made before
the writer. On the end of one of two strips
of class, about 1 inch wide by 214 inches
long, was placed a quantity of fine emery
powder, which had been moistened with
water. The second piece of glass was then
superposed on the first and at a given signal
the two were vigorously rubbed together
under pressure for 15 seconds. The emery
was then washed off, and a corresponding
quantity of carborundum powder of the
same degree of fineness was placed on the
other end of the glass, and the test was re
peated for the same space of time. The dif
ference in the sound of the action of the
record of the respective work on the class.
this impression wan more than verified: the
emery had made a slight irregular cloudiness
on the glass, but the carborundum had ren
dered it opaque and had cut a well-defined
path across it. The cut only hints at the
effect produced.
The crystals of carborundum are so hard
that it is found impossible to reduce them
to a powder by any grinding process, so a
crushing force, such as is obtained in a
stamping, mill is resorted to. To grade off
the powder in the different degrees of fine
ness, the crushed product is mixed with
water and permitted to float for any re
quired length of time, and then run off and
allowed to settle in tanks. The coarseness
or fineness of the powder is determined by
the length of time allowed before running
off.
Will Supplant the Emery 'Wheels.
In this way the grading can be most ac
curately effeoted. The time allowed varies
from four minutes in the coarse grades to
two hours for the exceedingly fine ones.
The crude material is made directly into
wheels for machine shops. The abrading
power of these wheels, judging bv tests
lately made, will bring them immediately
into active competition with emery wheels.
One of our prominent manufacturers, in
discussing recently the chances of success
ful rivalry with emery said: "The field is
large, Pittsburg alone uses 550,000 of emery
wheels yearly, and the annual consumption
of these wheels throughout the United
States is at least 52,500,000."
The economy of carborundum will be seen
in the fact that it will do 25 per cent more
work in the same length of time, and the
class of labor employed In the use of these
wheels is very expensive, running up to $4
a day. The saving, therefore, will he three
fold, in labor, time and efficiency. In all
probability the finer grades of carborundum
will be used with cloth and paper, as emery
powder now is. A short time ago some car
borundum was submitted to a plate glass
manufacturer. Testing the material In his
office he decided it was too soft, but he
afterward found when trying it in the
factory that it was too hard, and ior this
reason:
Too Hard on Plate Glass.
The finishing process of plate glass is
started with sand, and then a coarse grade
of emery powder is used. In the course of
pressure and abrasion the emery particles
break down, and become so reduced as to
leave the glass in a high state of finish. The
carborundum would not break down, but
left the glass finished in a degree represent
ed only by its original fineness, and the
conservative glass finisher declined to
countenance such a sweeping innovation,
even though promised a powder of any
degree of fineness he wished.
In the grinding of valves and cocks' the
present practice of using a coarse emery
powder to begin with causes grooves to be
left in the metal, and these have to be taken
out by a second process. The actual cost ot
the emery Is a small part of the total ex
pense of the process. A man receiving 53 a
day will scarcely use a pound of emery in
two weeks. 'With carborundum this pro
cess can be carried out at the first intention,
and with an efficiency of 50 per cent in ex
cess of the old process. Beyond this, it en
ables the manufacturer to turn out a class of
work, the cost of producing which by the
ordinary emery method would be prohibi
tive. Equal the Dentist's Diamond Wheels.
One of the most effective uses of car
borundum will be in the construction of
points for dental engines for the excavation
and grinding down of teeth. These points
are already made in various sizes, and are
commended by dentists with enthusiasm,
and declared to be, when properly bound,
equal in every respect to diamond wheels.
The diamond wheel is a disc of copper
charged with diamond powder, and when
used it has to be kept continually wet.
Another disadvantage is that as the fineness
of polish produced on a tooth increases, the
effectiveness of the abrading surface de
creases, and the expenditure of additional
time and labor becomes necessary.
HOMES
We fit them up in elegant
style for
LITTLE MONEY.
WE CONTINUE
To test THE DISPATCH as an advertising medium, and offer this fins
OAK PARLOR STAND
nIT1 IR, IE E
To all purchasers of gio or more of FURNITURE or CARPETS.
FAMILY REFFIfCERATORS
-AND
ICE CHESTS.
We are Sole Agents in Pittsburg for the celebrated
GURNEY PATENT HARDWOOD REFRIGERATORS.
BABY CARRIAGES.
The largest line in the city. Dainty and durable.
Best Goods. Lowest Prices.
ference in the sound of the action of the l.The difference between the ordinary and
two powders was at once apparent, the car- Tthe carborundnm point was shown recently
Dorunuuia seeming to nave at least twice
tne grip ot the emery, on looting at the
in a dentist's parlor in New York, where
the dentist quietly substituted the latter for
the former. The patient instantly noticed
the change, and described it as the difference
between "clean-cutting and jagged-sawing."
Host people have had their share of bad
quarter-of-au-hours with the dentist, and
have a vivid recollection ot the sickeninc
vibration of the cutting wheel. It is comfort
ing to know that this form of martyrdom can
now be banished. As showing to what ex
tent small units grow into big industries, it
may be stated here that there are 25,000
dentists in this country, each of whom uses
on an average $10 worth of wheels a year,
representing an expenditure of 5250,000.
Other Oses of the Wonderful Material.
For the cutting of rock crystals for
lenses tests have shown carborundum to be
especially effective, and for this purpose it
is likely to completely supersede emery,
which is now used. A singular character
istic of carborundum is that its abrasive
power is increased in proportion to the
hardness of the material operated upon.
For instance, while in lead plate cutting it
would show n6 higher in efficiency than
emery, in treating chilled iron or steel its
superiority would be markedly manifest.
Of course, the main interest of carborun
dum to the scientist will be centered on its
newly-found adaptability to the purposes of
a wonderful discovery, and more especially
will this be the case when crystals large
enough to form an entire button are pro
duced, which is easily conceivable. But
enough has been said to justify its claim to
be considered one of the most remarkable
commercial products of recent years, and
one which will eflect a revolution in a large
number of industrial fields.
Geoegb Hem Guy.
CARPETS.
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In order to get the table FREE you must bring
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VSOT9 ?lrtWi aa mrrr1nt r4 nnp mvV
And USA vniTV tnflnpnr in PPrififi(nt fntnro nnfrM. Tij
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apio 23-su
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Of suits for business and
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We don't care what you
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tt tt
pIIJ 111
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llil
mm Mill
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l DRESS IT
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This is a question that num
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A fine assortment for the little ones from 6c to $1.98.
Extra values in Men's Straws at 49c, 74c and 98c.
' t'l TV 's)' li1 '' y1"1' "'
THIN SUMMER
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Of these we have an immense
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Linens and Pongees. From the
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SUITS.
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200 dozen Men's fancy striped Shirts or
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On MONDAY, TUESDAY and
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sAVE INVITE ALL THE LADIESIS-
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.& Tnifif cnroc rnnr nrp nprrot
can t be made, shoes that cost
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extra values in Calf Shoes for
Men, Boys and Youths as
follows:
Men's Calf Bals and Congress $7.48
Boys' Calf in Button, Bals and.Congress. $1.48
Youths' Calf in Button, Bals and Congress. SJ.24
T - , T - g- You'll need a pair of Ox
I A 8 J I l- 7k fords for the summer. Come
MmrVlmJ 1 1 iJ this week early and get a
pair of Dongola Oxfords, lace at 50 CENTS
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GUSKYS
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IN CHILDREN'S SUITS
We are showing the most lovely assortment
we ever had. Many styles here not to be seen
in any other store in town. Hilts, Zouaves,
Juniors, Sailors, etc. - $J6
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