srssr
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20
FLIES OE SUN,
Mighty Plashes That Beach
Upward Forty Times the
Earth's Diameter.
AX OCEAff OF LIYID FIEE
On Whose Breast Roll Waves Larger
Than Our Whole Planet
NATURE'S ONLY SOURCE OPPOWER
The Light and Beat Mostly Duo to the
Gradn&l Contraction.
ONE OF FLAMMARIOX'S POETIC PAPERS
tVTBITTEX FOB IHT DISPATCH.
The simple ideas that were inspired in
primitive times by the contemplation of the
spectacles of Nature have been generally
transformed, and sometimes completely
overthrown, by the scientific analysis of
phenomena. And very often also the pro
gressive movement of discovery, in its turn
modifying the classic theories, has led
men's minds back to the ancient opinions,
and has resuscitated the old ideas, giving
them a new life. This is true in the case of
the sun.
In onr age re have scarcely heard the
flames of the sun spoken of, save in poetry.
The expression had been pervaded by myth
ological perfume, now long evaporated by
the ages. Especially since the labors of
"William Herschel, that is, since the end of
WsS??M'' '&skrm,
' V--.T
Three Sdar Explosions.
the lat century, the orb of day seemed to
have lost his fires. It is kno rn that, for
theological reasons, Herschel believed the
sun to be habitable and inhabited. His
globe was considered by him, by "Wilson
and their cotemporaries as solid as the
earth, and, as it were, environed by a vast
atmosphere, crowned with an eternal dome
of resplendent clouds. Astronomers in the
first half ot our century admitted this
theory.
Other Curious Old Theories.
It is true that they had noticed during to
tal eclipses of the sun certain red projec
tions surrounding the moon and luminous
clouds of the same color apparently sus
pended around the central orb, but they
were not disposed to attribute these things
to the sun. A few theorizers, more royal
ist than the king, went so far as to sustain
that not only is the sun not blazing.butthat
he is a veritable block of ice, and that the
luminous heat which we receive from him
is a subjective phenomenon.
But now we behold the flames of the sun
rekindled and never again to be extin
guished. The qualification, flames, is even
more exactly appropriate to the nature of
tne phenomenon than are the words actually
employed, prominences, protuberances, ex
plosions or clouds, for it corresponds better
with the lightness and inconstancy of the
aspects observed, with the aerial, vapory,
chancing forms of light, with the calorific
condition oi the solar atmosphere in whose
bosom breathes forth and darts upward the
incandescent hydrogen. There are, even on
earth, flames and flames. "Without abusing
metaphor, do re not even sometimes see
cold flames? Has the ignis fatuus which
flits over graves at night ever bnrned any
thing but the wits of the bewildered spec
tator who meets it? Are not the rose-colored
lights ot the aurora borcalis as cold as the
atmosphere of the poles?
There Are Tlames and Fl times.
"What a contrast between these inoffensive
flames and those of the furnace pouring the
glowing metal io. streams of fire into the
sand with its dazzling ebullitions and filling
the forge with stifling heat! "What an abyss
between the gentle, silent flame which de
taches itself and flies away from the candle
as it is extinguished, and the blinding flash
of powder which explodes, scattering ruin
and death in its path! The variety, the
diversity of chemical and physical
phenomena expressed by this one word
amply justifies its general application to
the solar protuberances.
"We can see these flames of the sun (in the
spectroscope) standing out on the back
ground ot the sky only around the solar cir
cumference; we can distinguish them only
when they are presented thus in profile.
"We must in our mind regard the immense
globe of the sun as encompassed, bristling
at every point with flames shooting up into
his atmosphere and sometimes reaching
in sheets of fire out into the illuminated
heights.
The solar surface which we see. and which
outlines ior us the globe of that star, is
covered with a sheet of scarlet fire, from
which rise constantly a multitude of flames,
a veritable and peipetual conflagration.
The dazzling light of the orb of day ren
ders these flames invisible to us they are,
moreover, transparent as the stars are made
invisible to us.
JS'ot ainch Time for Observation. ,
Before the invention of the spectroscpe
they were seen only at the rare instanys of
total eclipse, when the lunar disk, iiter
posed between the sun and us, masked the
dazzle ot the sun and allowed us to distin
guish his surroundings. It isevidenthat
such observations, limited to a fef mo
ments in time, and diminishes in
clearness by the surprise and the sttrange
beauty of the phenomenon, Mere neces
sarily fugitive and imperfect! At
present they are made every dayj The
gaseous laver which envelops the sun, the
ocean of fire, measures in depth froii 4,000
to 5,000 miles. From this ocean dart gigantic
flames to a height of from about 6Q,OO0 to
250,000, and even 300,000 miles. On the 7th
of October, 18S0, Prof. Young observed a
flame which, at 1 o'clock, leapedto the
height of 350.000 miles, broke into filaments
and vanished. I
"When protuberances do not exceed in
height 7,5110 miles, or the thickness' of the
earth, astronomers make no noto pf them.
The earth ia Homes set on the edge of the
sun and seen from here would not be, or
would scarcely be, noticed. A quarter of
tfce protuberances observed surpass in height
25,000 miles. Those of 62,500 miles are not
rare. They present the most varied forms.
Some, more especially designated by the
term eruptions, dart up like explosions to
the tantastio elevations which we have Just
described.
Tne Clouds on the Son.
Others, designated by the name of clouds,
bear a perfect resemblance to the clouds
suspended in our atmosphere; at times they
appear heaped up on the dice of the sun
like a bank of clouds on the uorizon, but
commonly, when .they are seen in their
entire outline tp the bottom, it is marked
that they are connected with the chromo
sphere by slender columns. Sometimes
also, the lower surface of a cloud is hung
As Seen July tS. 1$7J.
with filaments directed toward the bottom,
reminding us of a shower of rain falling
from a heavy cloud.
The eruptive flames are not of long dura
tion. Thev" shoot up into the celestial
heights with incomprehensible rapidity,
falling back frequently upon themselves
like a shower of fireworks, and dropping in
a rain ot lire on tne blazing surtace, wnere
they vanish, spreading out like a rosy
smoke; it is at times as if we saw the flames
of a violent conflagration driven by the
wind. These cloudy protuberances last
for a long time, sometimes for several
days and sometimes for weeks. These
formidable explosions are often thrown up
ward with a velocity the more surprising
in that the surface of the sun, being neither
solid nor liquid, does not offer the resist
ance which would be met by volcanic erup
tions or by any projections whatsoever on
our planet. This leads us to believe, that
the surface of the sun is composed of a gas
extraordinarily condensed, even to a liquid
condition, or to the viscous consistency
of pitch. Velocities have been measured in
these eruptions of 300,000 and 400,000 yards
per second.
The Intense Heat of the San.
But what are all these flames in compari
son with the magnificence of the solar cor
ona, which constantly envelops the dazzling
orb in an aureola of glory and light, and
which darts its rays to distances exceeding
the entire diameter ot the sunt "What rays!
"What grandeur! "We are only beginning
to-day to possess the elements of the solu
tion and understanding of this important
problem.
Important it is, indeed, as is everything
which touches upon life. "The present
order of things," writes Young, "seems to
be limited, in the future as in the past, by
terminal catastrophies, which are veiled by
clouds which have so tar been impene
trable." It is, above all, the question of
tne soiar neat ana ot tne feeding ot these
flames which interests the most It is cer
tain that this temperature is so high that no
one of our chemical combinations is possible
there, and that the elements there remain
dissociated. It is a fire so hot that it no
longer burns. Its most probable thermo
metrical valuation is 10,000. A being who
should come forth from that temperature
and should lie down upon a sheet of iron
heated to whiteness, or on a stream of fused
metal, would think himself lying upon
snow. The rays of the sun concentrated In
the focus of a lens instantly melt platinum,
clay and the diamond; now, the tempera
ture thus obtained evidently cannot surpass
that ot its origin, the effect of the lens being
simply to virtually place the object nearer
the sun, at snch a distance that the solar
disk may appear on it equal to the lens itself
seen from its own focus. The most power
ful lens which has yet been constructed
thus virtually transposes an object which
is at its focus to within 250,000 miles, or
100,000 leagues of the solar surface.
IT the Sun Were the Moon.
"We conlnde thence with certainty that if
the sun should approach us to a distance
equal to that of the moon, the whole earth
would melt like a ball of wax and would in
great part become vaporized. It is most
happy tor us that the orb of day is so far re
moved. Far removed, indeed! Impressions
are transmitted by our nerves with the
rapidity of 30 yards per second. If we rould
imagine a child with en arm long enough to
touch the sun and be burned by it, this child
would never feel the burn. To travel from
his hand to his brain the nervous impres
sion would require not less than 150 Years.
The child would have become an old man
and died long before the pain could have
traveled lrom the end of his arm to his
brain.
At a constant speed of a kilometer of
a mile) a minute, an express train would
take 148,000,000 of minutes to travel lrom
here to the sun or 266 years a period of
seven human generations!
"Who could imagine, who could depict the
ardor of that celestial fire, intense enough
to bring to the boiling point in an hour,
1,362,500,000,000 cubic miles of water at
the temperature of ice, rich enough yet to
burn without a pause through 10,000,000 of
years! If we could approach it without
An Explosion of Curious Form.
being vaporized like a drop of water falling
upon a hot iron, without being blinded in
the furious glare, we would see
A Luminous Ocean, lFllhoat Shores,
an ocean of flames, whose agitated waves
are almost as high as the diameter of the
earth, in the midst of and above ivhich,
through blinding flashes of lightning,
tempests break upon each other in fury,
tear each other into pieces and spring up
anew, while mountains of flame as large as
our planet and far more voluminous dart
forth into the sky as if by the monstrous
hands of invisible Titans, spreading up into
the cooling atmosphere, expanding into
clouds ot light, or falling back again in a
rain of fire upon the ever burning
ocean! Immense rays of light
travel to the distance of millions
of miles, in all directions, sending out like
beacon lights their dazzling brightness into
space filled with whirling meteors. Superb
phenomena, in which heat, light, electricity,
magnetism, act in unison, with an energy so
fearful that our most violent hurricanes,
our volcanoes and our thunder storms are,
in comparison with them, but fleeting
smiles in the dream of a sleeping infant.
And how shall we measure, in addition to
all these giant forces, the magnetic reaction
which we feel from them at this distance,
over 37,000,000 of leagues away? And yet
this mvsterious connection is no longer to
he denied. How shall we refuse our interest
to the subject of this divine Sun? He it is
who makes us live, and all the destinies of
the earth are hung upon his rays. He is at
once the hand which sustains us in space,
the lamp which lights us, the fire which
warms us, the puissant source from which
all energies are derived. It was expressed
18 centuries ago by a happy metaphor of
Theon of Smyrna, ''He is veritably the
heat of the universal organism, since his
THE
palpitations spread all about him in space
the waves of planetary vitality."
The Source of Ufa and Power.
If he stopped for an instant, if he varied
in his brightness, if his calorifio energy be
came more violent, or if its emission were
suddenly paralyzed, all humanity wonld be
struck to the Heart, and all personal activ
ity ceasing, we would hopelessly await the
universal death agony. As certainly as
that power which moves the watch is de
rived from the hand whioh wound it, so cer
tain is it that every terrestrial force de
scends from the sun. It is he who main
tains the liquid condition of the profound
ocean, of the river which flows across the
plains, of the babbling brook and the mur
muring spring, for without him water
would be rock. To him we owe the wind
which blows, the cloud which passes, the
green grass, the forest, the flower with its
perfume and color. It is he who makesthe
world go round, who brings back the spring,
who raves in the tempest, who sings in the
unwearying throat of the nightingale. The
galloping horse moves only by means of
combustible material which he has re
ceived from the sun; the turning mill is
moved by the same beneficent orb. The
wood which warms us in winter is sunshine
in fragments. Every cubio inch, every
pound of wood, was built up by the heat of
the sun. And in thev darkness of night,
through rain or Enow, the noisy and blind
train which flies like a serpent, plunges be
neath mountains, goes whistling and flash
ing through the fog in the frozen nights of
winter, this artificial animal is'but another
child of the sun god, for the coal which
feeds it is again sunshine stored up through
millions of years in the geological forests
of the coal period. The sun comes to ns in
the form of heat, he leaves us in the form of
heat; but between his coming and his going
he has brought into existence all the vital
forces of our globe.
Everything on a Grand Scale.
"What wonderl "What power! What en
ergy! What splendor! The heat given
forth by the sun every seoond is equal to
that which would result from the combus
tion of eleven quadrillions, six hundred
thousand billions tons of coal burned to
gether! To estimate its temperature in de
grees is beyond imagination.
We call a flame of fire that which burns;
but the gases of the solar atmosphere are
raised to such a degree of heat that it is im
possible for them to burn. They are disso
ciated and cannot enter into combination.
We can distinguish the vapors of magne
sium, of iron and of the greater number of
the metals, impregnating the incandescent
hydrogen. If we call the superficial layer
ot the solar globe on ocean of fire, we must
reflect that it is an ocean hotter than the
hottest glowing furnace, and at the same
time deeper than the Atlantic is wide. If
we call hurricanes the movements observed
on the sun, we must remember that our own
hurricanes blow with a violence of 100
miles an hour, while there they may blow
with a violence ot 100 miles a second; our
most impetuous tempests are but the light
est breezes. Shall we compare the solar ex
plosions to our volcanio eruptions? Vesu
vius has swallowed up Herculaneum and
Prmpeii under her lavas. A solar eruption
rising instantaneously to a height of 62,500
miles would swallow up the entire earth
under its rain of flame, and in a few sec
onds would reduce all terrestrial life to
ashes! The fiery layer, these dazzling
particles, are descending on an ocean ot gas.
This granulated surfaoe is, properly speak
ing, neither solid nor liquid nor gaseous; it
is clondy, and rests upon the solar globe
which appears formed of gas incomparably
condensed. This immense solar globe is
1,280,000 times more voluminous than the
Flames 150,000 Mites in Height.
earth, and measures no less than 863,750
miles in diameter. It weighs alone as much
as 324,000 earths put together.
The Sources ot the Great Heat,
And now, how are this light and this
heat maintained? Three principal causes
appear to be in play: The contraction of
the solar globe, the falling of meteors upon
its surface and throwing ott of brat pro
duced by chemical combinations. The first
cause must be the most important Every
body which falls and which is arrested in
its fall produces a certain quantity of heat,
and the quantity ot heat produced is the
same, whether the body be suddenly ar
rested or its course gradually slackened by
resistance. If, as is probable, the solar
globe is the result of the condensation of an
immense nebula which originally extended
beyond the orbit of Neptune, the falling of
the molecules involved in the present condi
tion ot condensation has formed about
18,000,000 times as much heat as the
sun now gives yearlv. From this it would
result that the sun has only had 18,000,000
years existence. On the other hand,
suppose this to be the only source of
solar heat; this orb continuing to be con
densed will be reduced to one-half its pres
ent diameter in 5,000.000 of years at the
latest, and since, with this size, it would
have eight times its present density, it
would become liquid and its temperature
would begin to decrease, so that after 10,
000,000 of years its heat would no longer be
sufficient to supply a condition ot life
analogous to the present one. The entire
lite ot the solar system would not surpass,
according to this hypothesis, 30,000,000 of
years. The falling of meteorio matters
might increase it by so much as would bring
it up to 60,000,000 of years. It is prudent
to add that we are not acquainted with all
the resources of nature, and that probably
this prodigious giving forth of light and
heat is kept up by other additional causes.
However this may be, the physical con
struction of the sun is one of the most curi
ous and one of the most important subjects
of study which are offered to our attention,
and any mind which is interested in the af
fairs of nature cannot refrain from being
impressed by this greatness and attracted by
these problems, whose study doubles to us
the pleasure of life.
Camiixe Flasimabion.
A Pointer.
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precisely the same treatment as a very
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manent cure, while most other medicines in
common use for colds only give temporary
relief. Fifty cent bottles for sale by drug
gists, ttsu
Excursion to California.
A special excursion will leave Pittsburg
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been secured. Excursionists nave choclo of
two routes on letum trip. For mil informa
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nue, PIttsburs, Ta., or Georso W. Crow,
Uniontonn, Fa. ttsu
FcnarrnnE packed hauled and stored.
IIausk & Kxesxs, 33 Water street
wsu
Suarra will banish roaches, bedbugs, etc,
from youfuouse forever. 25 cents.
jgpjg;-i'jia1jin ;rqL.yviS"1"" frill
ifrLitglBsssHw'ltffij
FnjTSBUEP- DISPATCH,
TWO SIDES OF MEN,
One Is His Conduct Toward Society)
the Other Toward Himself.
A SERMON UPON THE UTTER SIDE,
Xeslization of the Creator, Hatred of Sin
and Lore of the Savior,
APPME IS CHRISTIAN CHARACTER
IWKITTEN FOB THK DISrATCH.
Sermon Mo. 1.
Men and women may be thought of either
individually or socially. Tne Christian
may be considered either in himself or in
society. If we desire, however, to see peo
ple as they really are, we must look at them
out of both eyes. It is not for nothing that
Godhos given us two eyes. It means that
the right way to look at the world is from
two points of view. And we ought to have
two eyes in our minds. We ought to study
truth .from more than one side. If we wish
to understand people we must look at them
from at least two points of view. We must
consider them not only individually, iq
themselves, but in their relations with other
people in society.
Ever since that great social and religious
crisis which we call the Reformation,' great
emphasis has been laid on individualism.
Before that, the individual was but little
accounted o In the pages even of the
New Testament, we read that not only
might a man be sold into slavery fo a debt,
but that his wife and his children might be
sold with him. The man's family was
thought of simply as a part of the man. Be
fore the Reformation, the individual was
subordinate in politics to the State, and in
religion to the Church. Every man, with
the fewest possible exceptions, had a mas
ter. The supreme human duty was obed
ience. The people had princes over them
to tell them what to do, and priests to tell
them what to think.
Tiro-Sldei to Every Man.
But about the time when Columbus dis
covered that there are two sides to the At
lantic Ocean, there was made a still more
important discovery that there are two
sides to the nature of every man. It was
asserted that every human being stands not
only in a social relation to the State and
the Church, but that he stands also in an
individual relation to the Host High God.
It was declared that the meanest human
being that breathes possesses an immortal
soul, and that for the well-being of his soul
he is directly and personally responsible to
God. The laws of God must be obeyed,
and then the laws of man, afterward. And
every msn must test man's laws by God's
laws. No dogma nor decree, no act of Par
liament nor Article of Faith, no word of
prince or priest, is to be accepted save so
far as it commends itself to the instructed
conscience.
The effect of this new emphasis was won
derful. Old things began to pass away, all
things began to become new. The Reforma
tion was the dawn of liberty, equality and
fraternity. It meant free speech and free
thought It meant political liberty and
private judgment It nieant the spiritual
izing of religion.
The PHirrlm's ProsrMS Idea.
But these were not its only consequences.
The new emphasis had the defects of its
qualities. In general, men began to think
more about the rights ot men than about the
duties of man. In the religious world, one
result was the division of Christendom into
sects and parties. Every man insisted upon
doing his on n thinking; scant reverence was
paid to precedent, or position, or authority.
Another result was the turning of the at
tention.of the religious teachers in, rather
than out Supreme emphasis was set upon
the individual soul- To get that saved was
the pre-eminent purpose of human life.
The Church was regarded, as some one says,
as a great spiritual colonization society,
meant to muster emigrants who should
abandon earth and turn their faces toward
heaven. The hero of Pilgrim's Progress is
a good idea of the Reformation ideal of a
Christian. He finds himself in the City of
Destruction, and he never thinks of staying
there and trying his best to make a City of
God out of it He runs away. His whole
endeavor is to save his soul.
Thus a separation was set in man's mind
between the sacred and the secular. The
prayer that the will of God might be done
on earth as it is in heaven was prayed with
unheeding hearts. Religion was parted
from politics, from business, from soeiety.
The great doctrine of Christianity was
taken to be the doctrine of the atonement,
that Christ died for our sins. The other
great doctrine, of the incarnation, that
Christ lived to sanctify all our common life
and show us how to live it, was neglected.
The Religion of To-Day.
Now, to-day, there is again a turn in the
tide. More and more emphasis is laid on
the relations of men and women to the
world we live in. It is being taught, as
Ruskin said, that if religion is good for
anything it is good for everything. Chris
tianity is-being brought into a new contact
with all the institutions of our modern life.
The ministers to-day are shutting up the
old theologies and opening the new sociol
ogies. Religion is taken to mean the saving
of men, soul and body. Shoulder to shoul
der with the medern Church stands the
parish house, the center of all manner of
uplifting influences. The prophets who to
day are dreaming dreams and seeing visions
of the coming centurv predict a reign not of
individualism, but ot universal socialism.
Nevertheless, it is true, as I said at the
beginning, that the only right way to look
at people is out of two wide-open eyes.
Not much, after all, is gained when one
who has been looking only out of the left
eye, shuts that and looks only out of the
right The way to understand men and
women is to think of them both individually
and socially. We must look at them out of
both eyes, if we wish to sen them as they
are. Accordingly, I began this series of
studies, which will be concerned for the
most nart with the Christian in his relations
to others, with a consideration of the
Christian in himself.
What do I mean by the Christian in him
self? I mean the Christian spirit, the
Christian disposition.
Jesus laid more emphasis on disposition
than he did on conduct He was more de
sirous to get people to feel in a certain way
than to act in a certain way.
Principles in Place o't Rnles.
It is evident in the records of His life, by
instance after instance, how He absolutely
refused to lay down rules, but taught prin
ciples in place of them. That is, He would
not say, thus and thus must you behave,
but thus and thus must you feel in your
heart Take, fcr example, that time when
Peter asked Him for a rule about forgive
ness. "How oft shall my brother sin
against me and I forgive him?" Jesus, in
auswer, gave a parable, the point of which
is that tne essential thing is the spirit of
brotherly love.
Take again that case of the two brothers
who were disputing over the division of an
inheritance. They desired Jesus to act as
arbitrator. They wanted Him to look into
the will and thf deed and the title and the
accounts, and settle up the estate fairly.
But He refused. He laid down a great
eternal principle which, if they followed,
would enable them to decide their own dis
cussion. He knew well that without the
recognition and the acceptance of that prin
ciple, no deoision could really decide be
tween them. -Take heed," He said, "and
beware of covetousness." We know what
He did even with those laws which came
with the highest ot all sanctions, from the
judgment seat of Sinai. He emphasized not
the letter but the spirit Whoever has an
angry thought in his heart is a murderer.
Wnoever has an impure thought in his heart
is an adulterer.
Indeed, so exceedingly desirous was He to
have it understood that disposition is of
SUNDAY, APRIL U.
more account in religion even than conduct,
that He put his words of counsel into such
extreme forms that it might be plain that
what he asked was not literal but spiritual
obedience. Turn the other cheek, resist
not evil, give to him that asketh; these are
not regulations of outward conduct; they
teach the spirit of fraternity. Christ is em
phasizing not the act but the feeling.
xms auaonwg oi supreme importune a
disposition "was partly due, no doubt, tothe
fact that conduct, divorced from disposition,
has no moral value. God look at the heart
to see bow muoh is held out in the hand.
Wsthout charity that is, without a Chris
tian disposition nothing that we do is of
account Partly, also, Jesus had in mind
that a right disposition is sure to show itself
in a right conduct Like a wise physician
He prescribed not for the symptoms but for
the disease. Men and women cannot be set
right from the outside. Betterment must
begin at the heart Yon cannot regulate a
watch by moving the hands; you must set
the mainspring right
You see the importance, then, of a man'i
being a Christian in himself; that is, of the
possession of the Christian spirit What
sort of a Christian he will be in the family,
in business, in soeiety, in the parish, in the
'city, will depend upon what sort of a
Christian he is in himself.
Conscious of th Blessed Presence.
We come, accordingly, to the considera
tion of the characteristics of the Christian
in himself. One characteristic of the
Christian in himself, is that the Christian
realizes God. How different that is from a
mere intellectual conviotion of the exist
ence of a Great First Cause, of an Infinite
and Eternal Energy from which all things
proceed! How different from a mere rote
recitation of a church creed, in which the
lips speak while the heart iB silent! The
Christian realizes God. The Christian is
conscious ot the blessed presence of God.
For Christianity is human life made the
most of, lived in the largest and highest
way. Life, the men ot science tell us, is
harmony wieh environment It is propor
tioned to the relation between that which
is without and that which is within. An
animal lives a larger and higher life than
the plant, because it is responsive to a
larger circle ot environment It is capable
ot companionship. It has some idea of
freedom, ot fidelity, of love, of duty, And
a man lives a larger and higher life than
the animal, because he is responsive to a
still wider circle of environment He is
capable of intellectual pleasures of whioh
the animal is ignorant And among men
he lives the largest and highest life who is
responsive to the widest circle of environ
ment Getting the Most Oat of Life.
One man delights in little beyond the
pleasures of the grosser appetites. He eats,
and drinks, and sleeps. Another is culti
vated to enjoy books and music and art and
science. It is evident that there is a vast
difference between these two in the matter
of making the most of life. But here is an
other who can appreciate thoughts that are
higher still. He is responsive to his spir
itual environment. He hears the whispers
ot conscience. He sees visions of benefi
cent duty. He knows the joy of prayer and
adoratiou. He realizes God. This man is
perfectly alive. He alone, of all the chil
dren of God, makes the most of life.
The Christian realizes God; realizes, that
is, the abiding presence of God. God is here.
Every thought of my heart and your heart
is audible to Him. Wherever we go, what
ever we say or do, God is with us, knowing
all. And the Christian knows who God is.
To the Christian, God is the Father. This
constant presence is not the hateful presence
of a Dmae despot; it is not the intrusivo
Ereseuce of a Divine taskmaster; the Father
i with us, who made us, who is interested
in us, who cares for us, who loves us. The
Christian realizes this protecting, helpful,
blessed presence. The Christian lives in
the presence of God as a young boy lives in
the sight of his father whom he reveres, or
as a young girl lives in the sight of her
mother whom she loves. The presence is
a perpetual uplifting influence, inspiration,
Denediction.
Every Man Desires to Be B-ttor.
Another characteristic of the Christian in
Himself is that the Christian hates sin. He
longs to be free from all sin. Here again,
Christianity takes in all that is best in the
aspirations of men. I have a friend who is
an ethical lecturer in St. Louis. He made
an address the other day, in which he
summed up the results of live years of ob
servation and experience in the endeavor to
uplift men. He said that he was now con
firmed in the conclusion that every man de
sires to be better, and that the best way to
help people is to begin by taking that for
granted. We have tried too long, he said,
to get men to do right by teaching them to
believe right Let us now try to get them
to believa right by helping them to do
right
But this is not a new discovery. Jesus
Christ always ministered to men upon this
principle. 'He always took it for granted
that even the meanest man wishes to be
better. And as for the precedence of con
duct before creed, that is what he taught
beyond a doubt If any man will know the
truth of God, let him begin by doing the
will of God. All this that my friend has
arrived at after five years of study is right
here in the Christian Scriptures.
Herbert Speucer, in his "Data of Ethics,"
sums up the conclusions of a whole lifetime
of hard study, and the end of the whole
matter is this: That the only right conduct
is that which is based upon the principle of
altruism. And altruism, when we come to
look into it, is nothing in the world but
Christ's own commandment, "Thou shalt
love thy neighbor as thyself." This which
Mr. Spencer has worke'd out, using all the
resources of his splendid genius, is only
what every humblest Christian knew al
ready. Plenty of Satisfying Religion.
These people are like the crew of that old
ship which was sailing along the coast of
South America and ran out of water. And
the scorching sun shone down upon them,
and the great ocean seemed to mock them
with its delusive waves, and, one after an
other, the men began to die in the agonies
of thirst And one day they sighted a ship,
and they set the signals of distress. They
said, we" are dying here for lack of water.
And the other ship vesiel answered, why
don't you dip your buckets down? This is
the mouth of the great Amazon. There is
good water all about you. The religion of
Jesus Christ, if men would but take that,
has satisfaction in it for all the hunger and
thirst of all humanity.
The Christian bates sin. And this, not
with a passive and indefinite hatred, but
with the spirit of one who fights against an
enemy. The Christian has a passionate
longing to be free from every taint of sin.
He watches his words and his actions. He
keeps guard over his lips and eyes, and
hands. He knows that Christianity means
character and that the only way to be a
good Christian is to be a good Christian.
Tlio Third Great Principle.
Another characteristic of the Christian in
himself is that the Christian loves Christ
The Christian has a great love for Jesus
Christ See how this takes these other
characteristics of Christianity and empha
sizes them. How it deepens the realization
of God! Because it reveals the nature of
God. Christ is the manifestation of God.
We think the truest thoughts of God when
we think of God as being like Christ And
how it deepens the hatred of sin!
Because it shows the fearful sin
fulness of sin. The Christian looks
at sin from the side of the cross. The Chris
tian is really the only person in the world
who knows what sin is. Because he i ens
ures right and wrong by the one accurate
and ideal standard of the character of
Christ He tests life by the approbation of
Jesus Christy Never to do anything that e
would not like to have Jesus Christ see us
do; never to say anything that we would not
like to have Jesus Christ hear us say, Is the
purpose of the Christian.
Do not think that Christianity is a church
or a ritual. Do not think that it is a creed
or a theology. The Christian spirit is the
spirit of Cnrist Christ is Christianity.
To realize God, to hate sin, and to love
Christ is what it means to be a Christian.
George Hodoes.
Till May 1 special low prices on silver
ware, Kogers' spoons, knives, etc Ten per
cent discount for cash ac II. G. Cohen's, 36
Filth avenue.
1892;
TOPICS OF THE TIME,
The Difficult Hole Amelia 6. Edwards
Essayed With Success,
A COUNTESS AS A SKIRT DANCER,
Queen "Victoria Had a Court Jester Who
Died Only the Other Day.
THE W01IB5 TEACHERS OP NEWHHAM
rwjtiTTW ron tub risrjiicH.J
Egyptology and novel writing at first sight
are not a team that awoman would be likely
to find easy to drive,
but Miss Amelia B.
Edwards, the En.
glish writer who died
A few days ago,
showed how well it
could be done. Lat
terly American read
ers have known her
best as the historian
of the discoveries
made in Egypt under
the auspices of the
Egyptian Explora
Amelia B. Edwards.
tion Fund, of which she was the founder.
She has done more to popularize the study
of Egyptian hieroglyphics and antiquities
generally than any other writer of her time.
In a recent American magazine article she
paid a very pretty tribute to the Americans
who had furnished the Egyptian Explora
tion Fund with the sinews of war.
But a generation ago almost Miss Ed
wards won a large audience in this country
by the graphic pictures she gave of running
the blockade into Charleston harbor during
the war. For truthful details of that ex
citing business recourse can ba had to no
better anthority than Miss Edwards' novel
"Debenham's Vow' Her preliminary
study for this book, of charts and original
records she interviewed blockade runners
by the dozen and took a special course in
seamanship was characteristic of her thor
oughness in all things. Her fiction is a
mosaic of facts.
The Saturday Jievkv of London once had
the temerity to poke fun at what it called
her "woman's seamanship" in "Debenham's
Vow," and an Admiral of the royal navy
came to her rescue with an indorsement of
all her nautical statements. She was one of
your systematlo workers; dividing the day
into set periods for different work, walking
a measured half mile in the garden of her
home near Bristol before breakfast and an
other half mile after, and so on. Her plan
in novel writing was amusingly precise.
First she sketched the plot chapter by
chapter, going deeply into details. This
finished she would start afresh, and evolve
as she wrote an entirely new plot
The Democratic Spirit in England,
The revival of the interest in the affairs of
the Guelph family by the adjustment of the
difficulty between the Duke ot Cumberland
and the German Government, as to the dis
position of the so-called Guelph fund, has
taken the fo'rm of a controversy iu the En
glish newspapers as to what the surname of
the reigning family in England really is.
The general acceptance of Guelph as the
family name is disputed by some. It is
pointed out that accepting the family tree
as printed in Burke's Peerage and other
standard authorities, it is clear that mora
than 800 years ago Cnnegunda, a daughter
of Guelph, Dukeot Nether Bavaria, married
Azo the Second, Marquis of Este, and her
son succeeded to his uncle's estates upon the
latter s death, Theretore it is claimed tne
family name should then have been changed
to D'Este. But it does not seem to have
been, although the name D'Este has ap
parently continued to be regarded as a sort
of second name by the family.
When Frederick-Augustus, sixth son of
George IIL. aud commonly known by his
title of Duke of Sussex, married Lady Au
gusta D.e Ameland, daughter of the Earl of
Dunmore, it was considered a breach oi the
royal marriage act, and the courts, although
the marriage had been regular, declared it
null and void. But a son and daughter
were born and both took the name of
D'Este, showing that their father recog
nized that as a family name. One writer
suggests that the English royal family
mignt just as well take the name of Plan
tagenetor Stuart, for they have just as
much of the blood of those royal lines in
their veins as of the Guelphs. it is signifi
cant of the progress of democratio ideas in
England that the contributors to this con
troversy handle the subject without gloves,
and talk of the Guelphs and other royal
personages fully as flippantly as if they
were plain Smith, Jones or Brown.
A Conntess in a Ballerinas Skirts.
The debut of Countess Russell as a skirt
dancer on the London stage lost week is
quite in keeping with
the exploits of the
family from which
she comes. Though
she is the first ot her
blood, in recent times
at all events, to lit
erally kick propriety
out of sight, with her
clinging black lace
skirts and daring
dance, her mother
has the reputation of
having made London
howl in her time.
Thv latter is Lady
Lady RuiaelL
Scott, whose husband, Sir Claud Scott, ran
away with herwhen she waj a pretty school
girl. She has long been a leader in one of
the fastest sets m the West End of London,
and has been the heroine of more than one
social sensation. Lady Russell's sister, the
wife of Major Russell, who appeared at
the Royalty Theater the other night as a
skirt dancer, is known to fashionables of
the rapid sort bv the
nickname of "Gid."
Lady Scott and her
two daughters, Mabel
and Lena, have not a
little beauty and
brains between them,
and their photo
graphs, singly or
grouped, are to be
seen often in the Lon
don shop windows.
The most beautiful
daughter, and the eld
est ot the three, Flor
ence, died some years
ago.
It is hardly likely
:,.,z"") ji-a
fJJS 'I
4 ydr
Mrs. Dieh'RusstH
that Lady Russell will stick to the stage
steadily. She is an impulsive, hysterical
woman her wedding almost killed her, and
for weeks after it she was confined to her
bed and her friends think that her exploit
in a ballerine's skirts is merely a freak of
the moment and chiefly aimed to annoy
Earl Russell, from whom'she recently tailed
to obtain a divorce
Cholera Oatbrrab at Bnrdwnr.
The outbreak ot cholera at Hurdwar has
called attention once more to the danger of
these great pilgrimages, which still form a
part of the national religion in the East
Every twelfth year the pilgrimage, which at
any time means a crowded city, fairly
swamps the local accommodations, and
thousands are compelled to camp in the
open air on the unhealthy flats around
Hurdwar. This year, for instance, between
one and two millions of pious natives are
expected to visit Hurdwar, and that ancient j
'.WW
IWEfEB
f'v
city of 6,000 inhabitants Is no better pre
pared to receive them than usual.
Hurdwar is a place of prodigious poneity.
There is a foot-print of the great Vishnu to
be seen in the stone at the elmt or public
bath, and thither pious Buddhists throng
from all over the East Cleanliness being
anything but next to the godliness of these
devotees, epidemics are often the result of
their congregation. Now the cholera has
broken out and the pilgrims are scattering
to the four winds, carrying the contagion of
cholera with them. The Indian Govern
ment fears a plague of tremendous propor
tions is at haqd and it powerless ta stop It
Talking of the cholera on officer of the
English army in India once told the writer
that a natural warning of the plague's pres
ence may always be noticed in th,p atmos
phere. In the early morning and again at
sunset a peculiar bluish haze is be seen
hanzing over the place where the cholera is
raging. So invariable was this phenomenon
that the soldiers on the march looked out
for it, and chose their camping ground accordingly.
"Work for the Britlsn Army.
The wild tribes of the northeastern
frontier of India continue to furnish work
for the British army. Last week the cables
announced that the Lushais had attacked
the British camps no less than three times
within four days, repeated repulses seeming
to have no effect on their fighting ardor,
Tne Lushais, or Kukis, as they are some
times called, belong to a numerous family
of nomadic tribes Inhabiting the Lushai
hills, a range that extends into the heart of
the unexplored mountains of Upper Bur
mah. It will be observed that in the bat
tles mentioned the natives were in each
case the attacking party. It would be sup-
fiosed that they would hesitate to take the
initiative against a force much superior
to their own, both, in numbers and equip
ment, hut, if the opinions of travelers go
for anything, the Lushais have really no
alternative as they are being pressed for
ward by a still stronger people, the Soktis,
from the interior of Burmah.
There is good reason to believe this is
true, as the Lushais have been raiding the
British lines since the earliest occupation of
the territory. These forays are also thought to
be instigated by a desire to obtain human
heads, wnich they use in their peculiar re
ligious ceremonies as propitiatory sacrifices
to the gods of the mountain. In the war
fare that has continued for more than a cen
tury the native tribes have had, a a rule,
the best of it, although the British forces
have been victorious in the recent engage
ments,' Principal dough's Successor.
The girl undergraduates of Newnham
College, Cambridge, are greatly pleased, we
are told, at the ap
pointment of Mrs.
Henry Sldgwick as
Principal in succes
sion to the lamented
Miss Clough. Mrs.
Sidgwick has been
associated with
Newnham for many
years as a Professor
of Mathematics and
as Treasurer, so that
she is in thorough
sympathy with the
Mrs. Sidgwick.
policy which has
made this college for girls an institution en
tirely worthy of a place beside the older
houses of classio Cambridge. It is a little
unusual to find that so successful an educa
tor and woman of affairs as Mrs. Sidgwick
has not contemned man altogether. Her
husband is Henry Sidgwick, Professor of
Moral Philosophy at Cambridge.
The families of the Premier of England
and of his arch opponent are, singularly
enough, both- represented in the faculty of
Newnham, for Mrs. Sidgwick is a niece of
Lord Salisbury, and one of the professors is
Miss Helen Gladstone, a daughter of the
Grand Od Man, and one of the brightest
women in England.
Qaeen Victoria's Court Jester.
Who knew that Queen Victoria hod a
court jester? Jocularity, official or other
wise, has been out of fashion at the Court of
St James for many years, and the an
nouncement of the death of William Wal
lett, Conrt Jester, has a very strange sound.
The office must have been a sinecure,- and is
hardly likely to be filled again under the
scrutiny of the watchful Radicals in Parlia
ment What a change came over
the office in the lapse of only
three centuries, for down to the time of
Queen Elizabeth in England the court
jester continued to be a personage of some
importance. In fact, fools were a port of
the kindlv retinue until George L came
over to England. In France the official
mlrthmaker to royalty lasted longer, and
we find as late as Lo'uis XVIIL's time a
certain Coulon filling the double office of
court jester and physician, and his jokes
must have been better than his medicines,'
for the fame of them has survived him.
The court fool in earlier times was mu
nificently rewarded, witness the endowment
of Berdic, William the Conqueror's fool,
with three towns and much land in Glou
cestershire. One famous fool stands immor
talized in a monstrous statue of wood in
front of the celebrated tun in Heidelberg,
and in Rome the effigy of Pasquino still ex
ists to remind us of the origin of the pas
quinade.
W. G. Kaotsiahn;
Electric Cars Without Conductors.
The electric cars in Halle, Germany, carry
no conductors, and this facts Tenders the
wages account remarkably low, the entire
working expenses coming to only about 5
cents per car per mile, or 55.5 per cent of
the gross revenue. In this, however, no al
lowance' has been made for depreciation,
whieh would add nearly 2 cents more to the
expenses account An incident of special
Interest in connection with this line is that
the German Government stopped the run
ning of the electric cars immediately after
the opening ceremony, because they inter
fered with the proper working of the tele
grams and telephones. The cose came be
fore the law courts, and the judges decided
in favor of the railroad company, stating at
the same time that the streets of a city were
intended tor general traffic, and that their
course could not be altered, but that the
postal authorities could easily make any
necessary deviation in the line of the tele
graph and telephone wires so as to place
them bevond the influence of the electric
lines, which use the rails and earth for the
return circuit.
Slaslo Pram Electricity.
The public is becoming accustomed to the
sound of organs whose mechanism is actu
ated by electricity; but the idea of a
musical instrument, in which the electric
current produces the musical tones by no
other means than the conductor itself, is
startling as well as puzzling. In the ex
periments of Von Lepel, in Germany, a
disk of glass or paper rubbed with paraffine,
placed between the terminals of the con
ductors (small copper wires) from a strong
induction machine, have thrown out with
great rapidity tiny balls of fire, whioh dis
appeared with a faint whistling sound. A
more definite and practical instrument has
been constructed, consisting chiefly of coils
ot wire ot various sizes and lengths. On
passing through the electric current a dis
tinct musical sound of peculiar quality is
given out
Mr stock is too large and must bo reduced
betoi e Ma v 1. To that cno we have marked
all goods down and In addition will allow
10 per cent cash dUoount- You wiUsavo
money by making your purchases of dla
niond. watches, jen elry, silverware, clocks,
bronzes, etc., o M. G. Cohen, Diamond Ex
pert and Jeweler, 3U Fifth u enue.
Tr.r a bottle of Bugine and yon will be con
vinced that it is the best and Quickest Inject
exterminator known. 25 cents.
FuBsrrtrR3, china, ornaments and pictures
packed, hauled, stored and shipped.
Hauoh & Kmra-sjr, 33 Water street
wsu
CLEARING UP FOGS.
Results of Electrical Experiments at
Sandy Hook and Boston.
A NEW STILE OP CASH EEGISTEK.
The Telephone In Hawaii Hai Made tht
ladies Fatter Thaa Ever.
NEW APPLICATIONS OP THE CURBE5T
IWBITTEt POB THE DISFATCH.1
Various reports, none of them nnfortu.
nately authoritative, have been published
of the recent trials at Sandy Hook and in
Boston harbor with the view of dissipating
fog electrically. So far as can be gathered
from the meager details made public, it
would appear that the effect of the current
is directly proportional to the intensity of
the fog; L e., the denser the fog the more
easily it is affected by the discharge, and
consequently the larger the area that can ba
cleared with the same amount of energy.
No detonation or explosion accompanies the
discharge. The largest area cleared by one
discharge is said to have been nearly two
acres, or, approximately, a radius of 150
feet from the point of application. It is
claimed that with more powerful machinery
much greater areas could be cleared. The
fog is described as falling in the form of
rain, and the atmosphere after the process
as being clear as after a summer rain storm.
The surrounding fog, however, closes in
over the cleared space in a few minutes, and
it would require discharges mode at inter
vals of two minutes to keep the air practi
cally clear.
The subject of fog clearing bjr electricity
is not by any means new, and it is so certain
to engage serious attention before long in
consequence of the important issues which
it would inevitably affect that it is to bs
hoped the results of the recent tests will be
given to the public officially.
A Useful Cash Register.
The nnmber of storekeeper and others
who have had sad experience of the fallibil
ity of patent cash registers is legion, and
such will welcome the advent of a new cash
register that promises to pay for itself very
quickly. One of its advantages is its sim
plicity, which materially lessees the liabil
ity to get out of order with which so many
devices of the kind seem to ba afHicted.
The new register will keep anv number of
accounts, either at the point of sale or at a
distance. For instance the sales made in
the store can be recorded in the proprietor's
house, whether it be above the store or at a
distance. The proprietor can thus know
what the day's receipts are up to any given
moment without coming near the store.
The cash drawer is opened automatically
by the action of the leve- which registerii
the sale. The drawer can be opened and
change made without registering, but every
time it is opened a record is mode of the
fact In other words, if the drawer is
opened simply to moke change, no record is
made of a sale, but a record is made of the
fact that the drawer has been opened for the
purpose of making cfianee. A strong point
of the invention is that there is no known
way of "beating" It If any attempt is
made to tamper with it the bell rings. Fur
thermore, the bell rings whenever anything
gets out of order, and continues to do so
until the fault has been attended to. No
money can be taken from the drawer with
out detection. The device is worked elec
trically, and the battery which supplies tha
current will last 16 months without re
charging, which can be done at slight ex
pense. The Telephone in Genial Hawaii.
A celebrated engineer who some time ago
spoke at an Important meeting of electri
cians in New York told his audience that
the inhabitants of Hawaii, from which ha
had just returned, were the best natured
people on the face of the earth. He stated,
moreover, that the climate was sultry and
that the principle on which business was
conducted was never to walk if you could
ride, and never to ride it you could sit still.
Under such conditions it was only natural
that the Hawaiian should look upon the
telephone as the greatest invention of tha
age, and it came instantly into universal
use. The ladies especially were in high
glee at being able to do their minor shop
ping while sitting at home, and to such an
extent did they forego their wanted exer
cise that an increase in the average weight
of the female section of the community was
distinctly apparent This was told not as
a joke, but in sober earnest, and a letter
which goes far to confirm the account has
been received from the superintendent of
the Honolulu Exchange, who says: "Hon
olulu has the most wonderful telephone
system in the world. You can get any num
ber you want as soon as you ask for it, and
can hear perfectly a great distance. Tha
people ot Hawaii use the telephone much
more than do the people in any part of the
United States that I was ever in." If a man
wants to know what time it is, instead of
getting out of his seat to look at the clock
he rings up the operator and finds out"
Electric launches In England.
An English company has 18 pleasure
launches plying on the Thames, all worked
by electricity, and charging stations have
been built at various points on the banks of
the river, so that if a pleasure party is de
layed or chooses to extend its excursion, all
it has to do is to put into the bank and re
charge its batteries. The large fleet of elec
tric launches now on the Thames includes
manv private boats. A line electric launch
has "just been built for the Earl of Dysart,
which measures 55 feet in lensth and 8 feet
6 inches in beam. With her full equipment
on board she will draw 2 feet 6 inches of
water, and her speed will be 8J to 9 miles
an hour for seven hours. She is built of
mahogany and teak, with omnibus seating
on the roof of her capacious saloon.
Xablne rnosphorn'i by Electricity.
The application of electricity to the man
ufacture of phosphorus is expected to revo
lutionize the industry. The phosphorus is
extracted from the usual niaterials by being
intensely heated with carbon in an electrio
furnace. It is thus vaporized and is after
ward collected in copper condensers. Tha
latest pattern of furnace produces daily
about 150 pounds of very poor phosphorus,
with a loss of about 14 per cent of the
total quantity of the raw material. The
effect of this new development will be that
a single building which has been erected
for the purpose in England will soon ba
turning out about half as much as tha
world's present consumption.
. ................. .Af.A..A.A.J
RHEUMATIC
FAINS
Step anointing,
and apply to the
spot that aches
WOOD'S
PENETRATING Vctl
continuously. Its
r LHO 1 -r dilate the pores,
penetrate deeply and step pain, rendtrs
it far superior to ordinary porous
plasters.
Or PRUCGIST3
i N.Y.Depot,92WaiamSt
vivvynryyv'y'T'T'V'T'
"
ii ro
ES