,:
THE
nr&ow
DESPATCH, SUNDAY FEBRUARY Vi4, -189&V
17
!E FUBHPICniBt
iderfal Results Based Upon tho
Homely Discovery of an En
glish Photographer.
V IIE MADE HIS DRI PLATES.
an's KinetogTaph Would 5ot Have
Beta Tossille but for This Man,
!Cow Dinj in PoTerty.
T0GB1PEIXG PEOH THE CLOUDS.
aneEt fctentssts of the Field of the Microscope,
and I heir Use to Doctor.
tT-TWTTUr TOR THE DISrXTCH.1
i Dr. K. L. Maddox, of Sonthampton,
land, the art of photography owes" iti
t important step forward since the time
I'aguerre. It was in 1ST1 that he in--d
the gelatine dry plate, as the result
tjeriments intended to improve on the
xlioa process. His objections to that
ess were manifold. It was costly and
, the manufacture of the cotton was
blesouie, and the collodion vapor in
msly affected the photographer's health.
"r. Maddox's own opposition to the
?r was joined that of his household, as
tppressive odor pervaded every room in
house.
king paper and glass by turns, he be-
Exhausting the contents of his chem-
shelves, he proceeded to draw upon
resources of the laniily pantry. Lichen,
eed oil, quince seed, tapioca and wax
e, each in succession, combined with
ring proportions of silver salts and made
plates. At times one of the plates
Id give an encouraging result. Then
proportions of its ingredients would be
aged carefully, only to have success,
as it seemed within reach, slip away,
Krorted to Animal Compounds,
.nee vegetable substances failed him,
7 not try animal compounds? More
plex, they might be more unstable,
therefore more sensitive to light.
Maddox mixed white of egg with
eilrer, but in vain. He next employed
eye piece, an incandescent lamp affording
the needful light, the impression of wit
nessing rapid motion is reproduced perfect
ly. And the most 'surprising result is that
the appearance of relief, of solidity, is
united to that of continuous movement)
through the single eye-piece all the effect of
a stereoscope comes to the eye. In the
apparatus now being completed at Sir.
Edison's labaratory a series of views from
his blacksmith shop is presented. The three
workmen are seen successively striking the
bar of red-hot iron, and at proper intervals
assuaging their thirst In his first model
Mr. Edison took pictures half an inch
square, in the next he essayed dimensions an
inch square, and found his difficulties to be
Tery much greater than in the first case. In
me stereoptlcon the images can be enlarged
to life size and thrown upon a screen with
astonishing vividness.
Possibilities of the Instrument.
TEE BOOK OF ISAIAH.
Discussion -of the Arraignment
Against the Prophet's People.
DEFENSE, AND THE PUNISHMENT.
The Advantage of Reading the Bible in
Some Foreign language.
KIED OP RELIGION
Jills.
Dr. Zladdox.
finest isinglass, and so promising was the
t plate that he felt sure he was on the
Jit track. He was using iodide of silver,
1. as he bad been accustomed to combine
h collodion. Despite the most careful
ering, the isinglass failed to yield a
Eciently even surface. Then the happy
ught struck him: "Why not trr gelatine?
rtunatcly a packet of it happened to be
the house, and by dissolving it he se-
-ed a much better surface than he had
th the isinglass. Just then he had been
otographing some laurels, making a
ler poor picture. "What could improve
s imperfect plate? He remembered hav-
' beard that for foliage the bromides
re better suited than the iodides. To
. bromides, then, increasing the quantity
d lessening that of the iodides, he turned.
So marked, at that point, was the success,
it he settled on the use of bromide alone.
en the first effective dry plate saw the
'it of day. Dr. Maddox at once pub-
icd his experiments. To some of the
st ingenious minds in the ranks of pbo-
Taphy, professional and amateur, their
ime was as certain as dawn. Very soon
e gelatino-bromide plate, as we now know
was brought to perfection.
Kaislnr; a Subscription for Him.
ts the final improvements Dr. Maddox
:k no part, as hi health had broken
a and he was forbidden to work. In
2 a subscription, toward which American
otographers are making handsome contri
lions, is being raised for him because he
infirm and poor. Apart from the sub
iption, ttie man whose skill, fertility of
source, and perseverance led the way to so
nv triumphs of science and art has been
terly without reward.
Because pictures obtained with collodion
ates are the most delicate and beautiful
e camera can give, repeated attempts have
en made to increase their sensitiveness,
it so far without practical success. The
a:e we owe to Dr. Maddox continues to
Id its place as incomparably the most
jd and convenient the photographer can
i !oy.
Let us glance for a moment at some of
e revelations won through its exauisite
jMtivenets. In the hands of Muybridge,
Philadelphia, with exposures in extreme
es estimated at only one five-thousandth
a second, horses have been photographed
a'kine and galloping, athletes running and
.raping. Tnat and similar work has had
Hided effect on pictorial art Meissonier
d other artists of eminence have given us
presentations of animal motion revised in
s light of the camera's disclosures. In
itching the swiftest motion in an instan-
jieous phase the drv plate far excels the
inability ol the quickest eye.
feeein; Photographs In Motion.
That, however, is onlv one of the many
ays in which visual capacity falls below
urt of the dry plate. But if the eye, mo
at bj moment, cannot separate the
hases of motion, it can nevertheless follow
At motion in it3 contmuitv. Can pho
Sraphy reproduce such an impression? If
can, then it may boast not only much
ower that the eye has not, but also every
ower that it has. In its first attempt to
aoex this last outlying province to its
mpire the camera allied itself with a de
ice regarded, when first invented, as little
ore than a toy. In its familiar form the
trope, or wheel of life, consists of a
v.waer, eignt 10 ten incnes in width. It
open at the top, and around the lower
r!f of its interior is placed a series of pict--s
showing, let us sav, a horse in the suc-r-.sive
motions of a leap over a hurdle.
heFe pictures are looked at through narrow
Ttical slits in the cylinder, the apparatus
..ingr meantime revolved rapidly. Before
he image of the horse in its first attitude
as biftd time to fade from the retina, a sec
ad image showing the next phase of the
sap is received, and so on throughout the
nes. Through this effect of the persist
"v of vision, as it is termed, the impres
or.s .blend into continuity, so that one
m to be looking at a horse in quick mo-
on through the air.
IvriUon's Contribution to the Idea.
In the early davs of the zoetrope its
wtares were roughly executed wood cuts.
Vhen these nere replaced by a succession
f instantaneous photographs, much better
fTen were produced, Something, how-
- .r, was wanting. The photographs were
ai.en at too wide an interval of time for
i cir outlines to fuse with precision. That
vas the condition of affairs when Mr. Edison
tegsn work on the kinetograph. Eor the
reparation of its pictures he has invented
. machine which takes photographs on a
arrow continuous strip, at intervals of only
ne-forty-sixth of a second, the exposure
ssting one-sixtieth of a second. The images
ire developed by carefully timed machinery.
When the strip is moved swiftly under an
The kinetograph bestows a distinctly new
and most important gift on mankind. In as
far as nerve and muscle can be educatedby
imitating the dexterity of mechanic, chemist,
surgeon, or artist, its reproductions will be
invaluable. They repeat every movement
of the hand, not simply as one might ob
serve it at work, but as the eyes would see
it if they were quickened and sharpened
tenfold. A good deal might be learned by
watching in this way how an Australian
tnrows a boomerang, a Jjaccan weaves tne
tissue so delicate as to be called "woven
wind," and how the artists of Japan form
and decorate their pottery and bronzes.
For an example of the benefitswe may
expect to find bound up in this new acqui
sition, let us note its availability in teach
ing the dumb to speak. Deaf mutes learn
to interpret what is uttered by closely ob
serving the moving lips and facial muscles.
Let a speaker's lips be photographed,
in their series of motions, as he
says, "How are vou? In tbe resultant pict
ures placed in the kinetograph the learner
may observe the motions of articulation
until he has mastered them perfectly. An
artist who sees a quarrel, an embarkation, a
group of youngsters picking berries, finds
the groundwork for a popular canvas or
etching. His camera does not supersede
the pencil and brush, but simply frees him
from the drudgery of filling his sketch book
and portfolio. Later, pencil and brush do
their work in arrangement, in composition,
in the suppression and emphasis in which
so much of art consists.
'What a Camera Can Do.
! Not onlv can the photographer get pict
ures of inaccessible places with the camera
under his hand, he may on occasion send his
instrument to points where he cannot follow
it Lowered through a chink, into a quarry
rent with earthquake, it has been'the means
of rescuing a score of imprisoned
workmen. Sent to the depths of
tne sea it has brought up rec
ords of what it saw there. Attached to a
balloon, it has been floated over an enemy's
camp and returned with full intelligence of
his strength and distribution. In a photo
graph obtained 700 yards above Stamford
Hill, in the northern part of London, the
topographical features were so well defined
that, with the aid of a microscope, the
smallest objects could be recognized easily.
On ordinary ground having no extreme
distances of level, it is now practicable by
balloon photography to attain more accurate
plans than those ot ordinary surveying. For
that exacting kind of work lenses are de
manded having wide, flat fields, and giving
perspective with the utmost truth. To the
J. opticians who have made these lenses pho
tography owes a debt only second tc its ob
ligation to the chemists who have so much
enriched the resources of both the camera
and the various processes which lollow its
work. In a, recent combination by Dall
meyer, an instrument is at once telescope
and camera, a welcome simplification in tak
ing pictures at long range.
Combined With the Microscope.
As lenses have been refined and perfected,
photography has been applied to higher and
higher powers of the microscope, until now
we have prints exhibiting the sections of
leaf buds amplified more than 8,000 diame
ters resolving their threads into beautiful
beads. The best work of this kind in
England has been done by Dr. Maddox,
whose compeer in this country was the lat
Colonel "Woodward. Photo-micrography
now furnishes images of the bacteria whose
multiplication means diphtheria, typhoid
and other deadly diseases. It enables abnor
mal conditions of the blood and tissues to
be portrayed, as a basis for comparison in
the treatment of yellow fever and similar
ailments.
These are only a few of the benefits the
physician receives from the camera. It
photographs the larynx in.the act of utter
ance, and in both health and disease.
Obscure derangements or the eye and of
other parts of the bodv. difficult to observe
have been limned on the sensitive plate for
leisurely examination. On analysis of one
of the series of instantaneous photographs
taken by Mr. Muybridge, showing patients
with impeded or violently excited move
ments of the limbs, it was "found necessary
to correct former explanations ot the ner
vous and muscular derangements involved.
The same method of portraiture is now a-
pliedin France, with great instructiveness,
'to epileptic and hypnotic patients,
A Kew Exposure Meter.
In taking a picture in a dimly lighted
hospital ward or other obscure interior, or
out of doors under dense - foliage, the pho
tographer, especially if he be an amateur,
has trouble in deciding the time of expos
ure. "With frank recognition of the diffi
culties it expects to meet, a new English
exposure meter greatly reduces the chances
ot tating a poor picture.
As photography multiplies on every
hand its alliances with art and science, the
amateur is likely to become less and less
satisfied with random shots at anything and
everything. He sees how, by giving it
some definite airn and connection, he can
invest uu wors wun a iresn and vivid in
terest Perhaps a bridge is being construct
ed in the neighborhood. As the spans rise
from day to day he follows the process.some
insieht into the methods of modern en
gineering resulting. Last year while the
beautiful groined ceiling of the new public
library in Boston was being cemented a
series of photographs was taken revealing
the rare ingenuity of the Italian builder.
At times work of that sort rises to very
practical worth. The designer of the Ex
hibition grounds at Chicago, Mr. 3?. L. Olm
sted, receives photographs once a week in
Boston showing how the plans are taking
form. In such a report there can be noth
ing forgotten or glossed over.
Geoege Iles.
Block Signals on Railroads.
Jforth American Review.
Many railroad accidents would probably
be saved by block signals and interlocked
switches and signals. I would not say un
qualifiedly that every one of the roads on
which accidents happened last rear should
at once equip its tracks with block signals
and interlock all of its switches. There are
reasonable limits within which they must
work; but it may be said Mitout qualifica
tion that it is podr railroad economy to
operate a road having a heavy and fast traf
fic without block signals and interlocking
for the protection of switches. It can be
proved by the statistics of the cost of acci
dents that a judiciously-planned block sys
tem pavs in money, and generally on a
crowded road it actually facilitates the
movement of trains.
( WKlTTtlf TOBTHE DISPATCH. 1 f
It makes a great deal of difference how
one reads the Bible. Some parts of the
Bible are so familiar that we know the
words by heart The consequence is that
they make little impression upon us. Other
parts of the Bible are so difficult that we
cannot understand them. The Bible, ac
cordingly, is to many people, one of the
dullest books in the world. Leave a man
in a room alone with two books, one of them
a Bible, and the other any stupid book you
please, and see if he will not take the other
book. "The Bible is really the most inter
esting, the most uplifting, the most wonder
ful book that was ever written. But it has
to be read in the right way.
I talked once with a Kentucky farmer
who lived five miles from the Mammoth
Cave. He was aware that there was such a
cave in the neighborhood, and that people
came from long distances to see it, and that
wonderful things were said about it But
he had never explored it He informed
me, however, that he had ventured a con
siderable distance into a number of other
caves 1 Somehow, we too know a great deal
about a number of lesser books, while we
lack interest in the supreme book.
The Bible In a foreign Tongue.
Let me make some suggestions about
reading the Bible. If you know French or
German, let me advise you for a time to
read the Bible in those unfamiliar words.
You will be surprised at the new meanings
that will be discovered in it If you do not
know French or German, let me offer
another counsel. "We are not yet very far
from the beginning of the new year. There
is still opportunity for good resolutions.
This year do not read the Bible at all. In
stead of the Bible read these four books,
which follow along the lines of the Bible:
Stanley's "History of the Jewish Church,"
Edersheim's "Life and Times of Jesus, the
Messiah," Convbeare and Howson's "Life
of St Paul," and Farrar's "Early Days of
Christianity." You will find that you will
presently be reading the Bible in spiteof
yourself.
If, however, instead of accepting either
of these suggestions, you desire to read the
English Bible in the King James" Version,
you will find great help in a good com
mentary. The little Cambridge "Bible for
Schools," in quite a number of inexpensive
volumes, is the best general commentary I
know of.
I want to study to-day, the first five chap
ters of the book of "Isaiah. The first of
these five chapters can be set under four
headings; (1) the charge, (2) the defense,
(jj tne promise, (4) the punishment
, Tne Rebellions Children.
God makes the charges, and the defend
ants are the people of Judab and Jerusalem.
The charge is that they are rebellious chil
dren. That sums it all up. God is their
Father; He has brought them up, and cared
for them, and loved them, and they have
turned away from iiim.
And what is the people's defense? Why,
that the services in the temple are more
elaborate and beautiful than they have ever
been before, that sacrifices are daily offered,
prayer is hourly uttered, and all the holy
seasons reverently kept To which God
answers that ritual without righteousness is
abominable in His sight, that no magnificence
of ecclesiastical architecture, no beauty of
ornate service, no costliness of sacrifice,
can be of any value apart from genuine
obedience to His moral laws. "Wash you,
make you clean, put away the evil of your
doings from before Mine eyes. Cease to do
evil, learn to do well." Thus alone can man
expect to win the approbation of the righte
ous God Do justice to the fatherless, pro
tect the widow, help the poor.
That was more than 2,500 years ago! And
Jesus of Nazareth has lived in tne world
since the words were spoken, and brought
all the emphasis of His divine life into the
cause of true religion. And yet even to
day we
2?eed Tiro Sermons Every Snndaj
on this same old text Even to-day we un
derstand but dimly that theology and soci
ology go together, that Christ himself put
them together into two commandments
which He pronounced alike in their essen
tial value. And Lowell's poem, which, if
it had been written in Hebrew might have
been fitly set here among the sermons ot
Isaiah, needs to be read to-day.
"With Kates of silver and bars of gold
To have fenced my sheep from their
father's fold;
I have heard tho dropping of their tears
In heaven these eighteen hundred years.
"O Lord and Master, not ours the guilt,
We build but as our fathers built;
Behold Thine Images, how they stand
Sovereign and sole, through all our lan,d."
Then Christ sondit out an artisan,
A lon-browed, stunted, haggard man.
Ana a motherless girl, whoso fingers thin
Fusued from her faintly want and sin.
These set he in the midst of them,
And as they drew back theirgarment-hem.
For fear of defilement, "Lo, here," said He,
Tho images ye have made of me!"
The Promise of a Pardon.
" A Grateful Woman.
I am so thankful that Mrs. "Wymen told
her experience in your columns last month.
My husband has been sick and we have sev
eral sthall children and I had to do some
thing. Mrs. "Wymen's success with the
plater led me to believe that I conld inakc a
little money, too. J obtained a plater for f5
and have 6een plating for the last three
weeks, as I could find the time to leave the
house, and have made $36 0. I would not
have believed that it tiasso easy to make
money with the plating machine. Every
body has a little work they want done, and
I sold two plating machines and made $5
apiece on them to friehds who wanted them
for their children. Anyone can plate and
anybody can succeed, as 1 have done. There
is no experience needed. My husband says
when he gets well he is going into the
plating business. Anyone can obtain cir
culars by, addressing H. F. Delno & Co.,
Columbus, Ohio, where I got my machine.
Mes. Tokbt.
Nevertheless, there is a promise. "Who
ever turns back to God and seeks to do Him
service, offering to Him the acceptable sac
rifice of a just, and upright, and helpful life,
trying to serve God, not only in the temple,
but out of it also, at home, aud in the street,
and through the hours of business, God will
receive and forgive. Yet God knows that
the promise of pardon will not be heeded.
The chapter closes with a prophecy of pun
ishment And yet not a universal nor a
final punishment Some will turn and be
saved; and after punishment there will be
righteousness.
The next four chapters belong together.
They were probably preached at the close of
the reign of Jotham, or at the beginning of
the reign of Ahaz. These chapters are all
one sermon. And they are different from
most other sermons in the Bible in that they
begiu witn a text, xue text, which was
also used by .Isaiah's potemporary, Micah,
is at the beginning of the second chapter.
Ifobody kuows who wrote it; probably some
older prophet than Isaiah or Micah, now
forgotten. It sets forth an ideal of the'
kingdom of God.
One day in Jerusalem the man who had
that call from God of which I spoke last
week stood up to preach. He was not an
ecclesiastic He was not a professional in
structor in religion. He was only a lay
man, a young man belonging to one of tne
prominent families of the city.
Not Every Preacher a Parson.
That is worth remembering. That the
greatest preacher of the "Old Testament was
not a clergyman at all. The idea that all
the preaching ought to be left to the par
sons, is one of the most mistaken ideas in
the world. Every layman, according to his
aoiiity, ougnt to speac every cnance tie
has for the cause of righteousness. The
two religious societies which have made the
most remarkable progress in the course of
recent history are the Methodist Church
aud the Salvation Army, and in both of
these emphasis is laid on the importance ot
lay preaching.
This young layman stood up somewhere
in the city, in a court ot the temple, in the
market, or on the curbstone' of some
crowded street and recited his text And
at once, as he uttered the words, his eyes
fell upon the people who were hindering
the fulfillment of God's ideal for hisfpeople.
Some were soothsayers, dealers' in magic,
devotees of false ana degrading religions;
some were rich people, riding by in hand
some carriages, decked out with gold and
silver and all manner of luxurious adorn
ment At once tbe -preacher flames out
against them. On account of such as these
the church and the state are alike in peril.
For their sins the lofty towers of the great
city shall be laid low.
The sermon which is contained in these
four chapters falls into three divisions:
(l)The ideal of the kingdom of God, (2)
the hindrances to .its fulfillment, and (3)
the sure punishment that awaits the hin-derers.
IX rOLlTIOS I Progressive Ideas or Jenoran.
r The Ideal of the kingdom is the absolute
reign over it of the God of Sion. It is the
God of Sion, ol the holy city, of" the tem
ple, God the father of His people; not the
God of Sinai, of the bleak desert, of the
law, the terror of the nation; who is to rule
over the ideal kingdom. All religion is
progressive. God changes nor, but our
ideal of God grows wider and higher and
truer, as we grow. Isaiah knew more of
God than Moses. "We Know more of God,
ought to know more of God, than Isaiah.
The God of Sion is to rule some day over
all the nations ot the earth. Isaiah looked
forward to that day; Jesus looked forward
to that day, and taught us to pray for it
"We are looking toward it still. John Flske,
speaking as the prophet of our most modern
philosophy, closes the pages of his paper on
"The Destiny of Man" with a look into the
future such as Isaiah dimly had in the old
time. It is this old chapter translated over
again, with all the wisdom of the ages since
brought into it
"It shall come to pass in the last days,"
says Isaiah, "that the mountain of the
Lord's house shall be established in the
top of the mountains and shall be exalted
above the hills; and all nations shall flow
into it . And many people shall go and
say, come re and let us go up to the mount-
lain of the Lord, to the house of the God of
Jacob; and He will teach us of His ways.and
we will walk in His paths; for out of Sion
shall go forth the law, and the word of the
Lord from Jerusalem. And He shall judge
among the nations, and shall rebuke many
people; and they Bhall beat their swords
Into, ploughshares, and their spears into
pruning hooks; nation shall not lift up
sword against nation, neither shall they
learn war any moie."
The Promise of tho Future.
"Ihe future," saysFiske, "is lighted for
us with the radiant colors of hope. Strife
and sorro w shall disappear. Peace and love
shall reign supreme. The dream of poets,
the lesson of priest and prophet.the inspira
tion'of the great musician, is confirmed in
the light of modern knowledge; and as we
yield ourselves up to the work of life, we
may look forward to the time when in.the
truest sense the kingdoms of the world shall
become the kingdom of Christ, and He
shall reign forever and ever, king of kings,
and lord of lords."
The realization of the Fatherhood of God,
as Isaiah faintly saw it, as Christ plainly
saw it. will be tho supreme cnarac-
teristic of the ideal kingdom. God is our
Father, the Father of the meanest, the
obscurest, the poorest, even the most de
praved of human kind, and all we are
brethern. Even now we are but beginning
to realize the blessedness, the desirability,
the supreme necessity of that old ideal.
Isaiah says that that dayof the Lord will
come not "by force, by conquest, by the
sword, not by insistance upon uniformity
nor by persecutions for heresy, not by
strikes nor by lockouts; no, by instruction,
by teaching, " by the persuasiveness of the
simple truth.
No War In Isaiah's Fntnre.
Isaiah says that when the dayof the Lord
comes all unbrotherliness will slink away
out of its glorious light And he singles
out for illustration that most unbrotherly
of all our institutions war. All disputes
will then be settled, he savs. br arbitration.
God will be the Judge; that is, all troubles
will be adjusted by reference to the eternal
laws of-God. The military establishments
which exist in the nations of Europewill
be exchanged for industrial conditions;
swords will be converted into ploughshares.
Nor will there ever be any further instruc
tion given in the art of war.
The two chief characteristics of the ideal
kingdom, then, are truth and love; truth in
doctrine, for God will be the teacher; and
love in conduct, for God will be the judge.
Now, in Isaiah's time, what hindered the
coming of this ideal kingdom? 'The
preacher, in his sermon, gives an abundance
of plain answers. In the second chapter,
he says that the hindrances are tbe sooth
sayers and the worshipers of idols, and
the possessors of inordinate riches. In the
third chapter he savs that the hindrances
are the elders and the princes who oppress
the poor,-and the aristocratic ladies who
think only of their fine apparel. In the
fifth chapter he describes the hindrances
under the headings of six woes: woe to the
great landlords, woe to the luxurious livers,
woe to. open sinners and sacrificing un
believers, woo to the teachers of a false
morality, who persuade people that stealing
and lying are all right when they are car
ried on upon a large scale in business, and
that murder is commendable when it is done
by a large army in war, woe to the self
conceited politicians who oppose reform.
woe to the unjust judges who oppress the
poor.
The Boot of All Evil.
That is, the root of all real hindrance to
the coming of the ideal kingdom was the.
love of money. That is to be read between
the lines, and in the lines themselves, of
these stern chapters. The love ot money,
which even yet is not extinct
Then follo'ws the declaration of punish
ment Isaiah says two things about this
absolutely certain punishment. It is a
consequence. Really, we punish ourselves.
"We set in motion the great inevitable laws
which visit our transgressions on our own
heads: Sin is a cause which always has
punishment for a consequence. There is no
escape from punishment And punishment
is remedial. God has set this consequence
with this cause, not in anger, but in mercy,
for our good. Aupumshmentin this world,
and in the world to come must be remedial.
Or else, God is not as good as we are.
Finaily, it is worth noticing that in all
these utterances of Isaiah, he addresses not
the individual but the nation. "We need a
great increase of national religion. "We
need to bring the Creed, the Lord's Prayer,
and the Ten Commandments into our
national politics; especially, as recent in
stances remind us, into our dealings with
other nations. "We need to learn thatwhat
ever is wrong for an individual is wrong
also for a nation. Geoege Hodges.
OUR BOYS AND GIRLS.
are rather among the elegant accompani
ment of the chafing-dish cookery, in which
so many of society's swell bachelors are re
puted to be expert
HUNTING IN MONTANA.
How Army Men Kill Beer In 'Winter Snow
Shoeing In the Mountains llablts of the
., Pretty Animals Using a Carcass as a To
. boscan.
WKITTZN TOK Till PISPATCH.:
Jn 1879 the country in the northwestern
part of Montana was practically a wilder
ness. Fort Missoula, on the western .slope
of the Eocky Mountains, was the last out
post in this direction, and between it and
Lake Coeur d'Alene there were vast game
preserves untroubled by white men.
My regiment was stationed at Fort Mis
soula, and in company with one of the
officers, an ardent and accomplished sports
man, I spent most of my time in the moun
tains. The winter hunting was always best
after a fresh fall of snow. The old trails
made by the animals were partly filled up
nd the new trails could be followed easily.
Still, this advantage was about balanced
by the absence of foliage, and the conse
quent great distance at which the hunter
became visible; also the glistening white
surface of ihe snow lit up the recesses of
tbe thickest woods, and we had to take the
utmost care to avoid being discovered by
the game. Then, too, when thaw and frost
alternated the snow-crush became thick and
the sound made by walking through could
be heard long distances, even with snow
shoes. Sleeping; on Pine Uottrhs.
Tho hunting ground decided on, our first
care was to find a secure spot to pitch the
tent The thermometer often fell to 40
and 50 below zero, and a sheltered place,
near wood andawater, was a necessity. The
very best shelter was in thickets of "lodge
pole" pines, so called because the Indians
use them as poles for their "lodges" or
tents;they grow so close together that it is
often impossible to squeeze between them.
Growing tall and tree from branches, and
BEATriY IN CAHDLIU.GH1:
Nothlnz Sets Off a Woman's Face So Well
and the Sticks Are Ornaments.
Until pretty women go out of fashion
candles won't Nothing bring out all the
prettiness in a woman's face and suppresses
all that is unlovely, like the soft light at a
waxen taper. And tho candlestick is to
day, by all odds, the prettiest bit of bric-a
brae in the home.
There are candlesticks in glittering cut
glass and silver, with many pendants that
glitter like Mrs. Astor's diamonds, and cups
that curl Tip into translucent water lilies
or tulips. Then there are "pinky porce
lain trifles" in Dresden china, with shep
herdesses aud their swains wooing each
other under the curling arms of tbe
STUDYING TO BE A DOCTOR.
vrK7 r Qr J H
-TTIV4'
m -
The Wooing Eliepherdat.
- r
dLQ
A Novel Toboggan.
candelabra, or set singly to guard one of a
pair and left to cast languishing looks at
each other from opposite ends of the dinner
table. There is no more quietly artistic
ware in the market than the Kookwood pot
tery in its charming tints of olives and
bronze and yellow browns, shading out
sometimes into salmon pink aud cream
white. The Kookwood candlesticks are all
low and have trays, and the decorations are
sleepy lile children's faces or a nodding
old man.
The silver candlesticks are costly and
splendid, and the bronze ones are costly
and not splendid, but the real love of her
who loves candlesticks as she does chil
dren, for themselves alone, goes out toward
the curious old brass or silver-plated
A GBIDIK0N OF 6I1VEB.
Not for the Kitchen bnt Bather for the
Bachelor's Outfit.
It is not just the thing you would choose
to put in Bridget or Dinah's hands, but
all the same a wonderfully fetching bit of
kitchen furniture. It is full of dainty
tendriliy curves and shines as bravely
against its velvet background" as any
tankard or trophy of them all. There is a
suggestion of use, too, for all its white
splendor. The lignum-vitae handle sits
firm and steady enough to assure .you that
it will bear the weight of even a thick
porterhouse. It is unlikely though that it
will ever be put to so gross and material a
test Such jrrldirons do not go into even
the most luxurious kitchens proper. They
only two or three inches in diameter, a suf
ficient space could be easily cleared. Our
beds were made of the fragrant ends ot pino
and tamanic boughs, covered with buffalo
robes and blankets. Then the Sibley stove
lighted, we could defy wind and weather.
As soon as it was light in the morning we
cooked our breakfast and were off;
Our hunting suits consisted of heavy un
derwear, "prairie broadcloth" (canvas) coat
and trousers, moccasins or rubber boots, un
der which was worn several pairs of stock
ings, a flannel shirt and a close-fitting cap
that could be pulled down over most of the
head in case ot a blizzard. But such was the
violent exertion of those mountain climbs
the cap was never worn unless we had to
face a storm; it was habitually carried slung
to the belt and an ordinary white handker
cqief was tied around the head. Our ap
pearance with this headgear, and our faces
well blackened around the eyes with char
coal to lessen the effect of the light and pre
vent snowblindness, was anything but pre
possessing, but the comfort was unspeak
able. Habits or Deer In Cold Weather.
Soon after leaving camp the coats would
follow the caps and be slung to the belts or
the light, strong rope that each carried
around the waist or over the shoulder. On
cold nights the deer leave the mountains
and come down to the valleys and take
shelter in the brush by the streams. "When
the day breaks they commence to climb the
mountains, feeding as thev go. This habit
gives the hunter who makes an early start
an opportunity to head them off and as they
are feeding it is easy to approach unseen.
On this particular hunt my friend and I
followed the spurs of the mountain and we
soon were walking along the first plateau
on an old deer trail well beaten in the deep
snow. Expecting to find a fresh trail any
minute we put on our snow-shoes and as it
was a little late turned off up the Bide of the
mountain. Soon the rising sun made it
sufficiently light to see distant objects, and
on the side of a little gulch we made out
lines of irregular, meandering trails, lead
ing from one good feeding ground to another.
The next moment we discovered that three
deer were above us. Unless they had seen
us we would be able to head them olTand
get a shot at them.
Three Animals Brought Down.
Ketracing our steps until we reached the
gulch adjoining this we silently snowshoed
rapidly up it. After ascending a half mile
we crossed back and approached carefully,
looked about for our game, but no deer were
to be seen. Continuing on upward we
reached an overhanging elm when we saw
our three deer emerging from the same
gulch we had so rapidly toiled up in order
to head them off; For some reason thev
had crossed over, too, and had leisurely fol
lowed up in our footsteps.
But they were pursuing a course that
soon would bring them within easy range.
Moving back from the edge of the cliff, we
made ourselves, comfqrtable and waited for
them. "When they got close we took posi
tions where we could see, but not be seen,
settled to who the first shot- belonged,
opened fire, and were fortunate enough to
get them all. '
Then came the prosaic part of hunting
large game butchering it My companion
and I had reduced this to a science. We
always hunted together, for the localities we
most freqnented were rugged and danger
ous, especially so in winter. One of our
brother officers had lost his life frozen to
death while hunting, and we found a de
cided comfort in beingtogether when danger
came upon us, as it often did; besides it
lightened our work.
Tobogganing on a Carcass.
"We always butchered our game, and in
winter dragged it into camp,-sometimes five
miles. In butchering we took the light'
ropes that we carried and swung the deer up
by his hind legs between two trees; this
made the work comparatively .light The
three deer thus disposed of, we made tea in
a tin quart cup, melting snow for water over
a Jittle fire. ' Lunch over, we tied the ropes
around the necks of the deer, a half hitch
being taken around their noses, and then
the homeward haul commenced.
Keeping along the xnoifhtaiu side we
finally gained a point nearly above our
camp. Then we put in practice alabor
saviug device that generally afforded us
much satisfaction. Selecting a slope free
from trees and brush, one of the deer was
let to slide down the declivity. The other
two, now frozen stiff) were arranged as to
boggans, their heads pointing down hill so
that they would slide with the grain of the
hair. Then sitting astride and holding on
to the forelegs, down over the thick crust
we flew. -Sometimes hauling, sometimes
sliding, we at last arrived at camp, where
the deer were hung up to lodge poles.
Then supper and an early bed.
F. P. Fbemojtt.
Lieutenant, U. S. A.
Tff , JL
'w&m 4 mm
JSB0'
Like a Great Cluster of Diamonds.
candlesticks she finds in the antique shops.
A few weeks ago a woman found an old
snuffer tray in a shop corner. It had lost
its family and was counted of no value
whatever. But this young woman had
grown wise in the way of spending a little
for a great deal- So she bought the snuffer
tray for 25 cents. Then she took it to a
man who repairs bric-a-brac and got him to
solder on to it an old candle cup that he
happened to have, on a pretty curved tube.
Then she polished the whole "'piece elabor
ately and hung it up against the wall in
her little drawing room. It was a delight
ful bit of brass, a sconce and a candlestick
in one, and bought as she delighted to ex
plain, out of a kerosene oil income.
HELEK "WATTEESOir.
ODDITIES IS TABLES.
Three Designs That Cannot Help but Please
the Female Mind.
Few bits of house-plenishing appeal so
strongly to the artistic' housewife as the
small irregular tables of the present fashion.
Here are a few noted at random the other
day in one of the swellest establishments
in New York. Amid s bewildering array
of glitteringibrass and onyx tables of all
sorts, sizes and conditions you lighted upon
one of the daintiest pink Humidian marble
cut to a three-cornered shape, with a sort of
clover-leaf rim projecting at each corner.
It was just big enough to hold comfortably
a tete a tete tea set, and just high enough to
8 1 Tables.
be comfortable when you sit in a lounging
chair beside it. Another low, dainty table
was of light maple, very highly polished,
and a double half-round shape, joined at
the end, that two might eat or work, or read
at it in convenient nearness, yet without
interference. Still another irr black and
gilt was oddly tall as high almost as your
waist with three legs holding together
three bulbous crescents, each so placed that
the indentation came near a leg, but not
under the reach in the shelf above. Filled
with odd or curious bits from all the world
over, it could not fall to be a strikingorna
ment, though it would never invite the all
prevailing libbon bow
, All Sorts and Conditions of Hen,
No matter how widely at variance on other
points, conceae to iiostetter's stomach. Jilt
to ra sovereign potency In cases of malatia.
the universal testimony fiom all
This Is the u
classes. Chills and fever, Intermittent,
dumb acue. and acne cake Invariably sno-
cutnb to It So do dyspepsia, la grippe, con-
An Old Practitioner's Advice to Boys The
MlitaVeof Being" Specialist Allopaths
and Homeopaths are Coming Together
Begard for the Code.
rWKITTEJT FOB THE DISPATCH.
A boy who is going to enter the medical
profession should bear in mind that the train
ing he will receive at the medical college is
only the ground-work of his education; to
borrow a phrase from tho photographers, it
is only the preparation of tbe sensitive
plate upon which the" impression" is after
ward received.
The young medical student's actual educa
tion begins when he "walks the hospitals."
There he gains experience, practical knowl
edge, from real cases.
Then, if he has the means to do so, he
should go to Europe and study again in
Vienna, Paris and Berlin. It is sometimes
asked why tbe medical student should go
abroad to study his profession. The fact is
that European physicians are much more
learned than their brothers in this country.
On the other hand, they are not as success
ful as we are in the practice of the profes
sion. Their education is deeper and broader
than purs, but, in the direct art of healing
the sick", we achieve better results. They
know more about the etiology, or theory of
disease, than they do about the practical
application of remedies.
Why Foreign Doctor Stndy More.
"When you come to think of it, this con
dition of affairs is Tery natural. The aim
of the foreigner, more especially the French
man or the German, is to obtain "honors,"
or a position under the Government Official
appointments are held in much higher es
teem abroad than in this country. There
are more honors to be obtained over there
than here. There are all sorts of decora
tions which are coveted, confer distinction
upon their wearers and command respect
and homage. There are positions to reach
which men will strive for half a lifetime.
In the United States the young physician
is struggling, not so much for honor as for
the almighty dollar; doctors here aim to
produce results, the frnit of successful
practice, that will bring in a financial return.
it nas Deen asced why we have so many
doctors. Beyond doubt the ranks" of the
profession are overcrowded; overcrowded
beyond that of any other profession I can re
call. It would seem as if, when a young
man is good for nothing elan he is snnnnserl
to have an aptitude for physic. Iu other
words, doctors are too often made by tho
product of "exclusion," a word which de
fines a well-known medical process in diag
nosis. Winning a Faying Practice.
Alter the young physician has graduated
and served his time in the hospitals, and
returned from foreign study, it will take
three or four years to get a fair start from
the business point of view. How soon ha
will secure patients will depend very much
upon opportunity and upon the industry
with which he follows his vocation: for med
icine is probably the most arduous of all the
professions. Sometimes a doctor will ad
vance on account of having married a rich
wife. But neither wealth nor social posi
tion will avail him in the long run unless
he has real ability and skill, and, above all,
a certain amount of personal magnetism
that will inspire confidence on the part of
patients.
I have in mind a young man, who, in a
very short time, has secured a practice in
New York City of over f 50,000 a year.
Socially, he stood as high as it is possible
for any man to stand in New York, and he
had a certain amount of money himself
which enabled him to live in much better
style than the ordinary doctor. But he also
had ability.
An interesting fact in connection with the
medical profession is that it is being large
ly specialized. I think that the young man
who starts out with the idea of being a spe
cialist makes a great mistake. If he intends
to be a specialist he should rather permit
himself in the course of time to drift into
the specialty for which he seems to be
fitted. For, according to the French prov
erb, "That which a man loves to do he gen
erally does well."
When to Beoome a Specialist.
After a young man has become an active
practitioner and finds that the specialty
toward which he is drifting is in the direc
tion of his wishes, he is generally drifting
in the right direction. That is the tide that
will very likely bear him on to the greater
usefulness, to fame, and to fortune. But
the mistake of .most young physicians is in
adopting a specialty before they have had
sufficient experience in general practice;
they are not sufficiently well grounded in
.knowledge ot the whole subject
A specialist who is not a good general
practitioner falls into the error of ascribing
all the ailments that he comes in contact
with to his specialty. The maai who makes
a specialty of the eye will ascribe all nerv
ous disorders that he comes in contact with
to disease of the eye. The man who makes
a specialty Of diseases of women will as
cribe all the diseases that he meets with in
women to disorders peculiar to the sex. I
have frequently known throat and lung
specialists to ascribe diseases which are,
perhaps, purely nervous aud functional, and
which come from a disordeted digestion, to
obstruction in the air passages.
In cue sense the specializing of medicine
is beneficial. The study of physic is a vast
uieme. it is so great mat a is uimcuic, yes,
impossible, for a man to grasp it all.
There is so much to be memorized that a
man can not carry in his mind the particu
lars of every branch. And it may be said
that a specialism that is based upon study
and experience is the highest form of medi
cal training.
The Homeopath or the Allopath
It should be interesting to a young per
son contemplating the study and practice of
medicine to note that the two branches of
the profession the homeopathic and the so
called allopathic have had quite a whole-
' some effect, the one upon the other. They
have been distinct and apart from each
other, but now they are becoming less and
less so every year. I doubt if to-day there
is a single homeopath who practices exclu
sively the Hahnemann theory as promul
gated by its discoverer.
There is a better personal feeling between
the physicians of the two schools. Some
time since in the New York Academy of
Medicine an interesting question of medical
ethics was vigorously discussed, whether a
physician should be governed by a code
which laid down definite rules and laws,
or whether he should be governed by his
sense of duty and honor. It was a fight
between the advocates of a code and the
advocates of no code. So far as I can under
stand tbe question' was whether an allo
pathic physician should be at liberty to
consult with homeopaths and others, or
whether he should be restricted by the code
from so doing, his violation of the code rule
to be followed by a loss of standing in the
profession.
The anti-code people won the victory on
the occasion referred to, and it may be said
that the tendency of the profession in re
gard to this matter is in the liberal direc
tion. Cyeus Edsoit, M. D.
EEPP GLASS TUBES
That Tell Us Whether to Wear a
Heavy Cloak or Carry a Fan.
HOW THERMOMETERS ARE MADE.
Tie Freezing Point Is Jlaried bj Means of
a Eath in the Snow.
HICH15IC1L HE1NS OP GEADUATI02T
Mrs. Burnett's Uterary Progress.
Mrs; Frances Hodgson Burnett, two of
whose short stories have recently delighted
readers of The Dispatch, is anchored to
London. Her latest dramatic venture has
been very well received by the London
public, though, of course, it is hardly to be
expected that she will repeat her success
with "Little Lord Fauntleroy." She evi
dently has faith in the drawing powers of
"The Showman's Daughter," as she has
leased the Boyalty Theater and engaged her
own company, assuming the entire financial
risk.
TTtt.t. 11 An vein with anmnla nd Aiv
ttlpation. biliousness, rheumatism and kid- I ;, ..iimntM on Tfnrnltnra rninhn1trr
ney trouble. Emigrants to and sojourner n,V!ir?? fe WrSSv Vi Wt,r ..
in malarious regions should provide them- J BATJGH ivTiTiyAK, 43 water street
selves with this genial means of protection. an
tWEirrxs roa Tins msrATcn.
HE making of a ther
mometermay be either
a delicate scientific!
operation, or one of
the simplest tasks of
the skilled mechanic,
according to the sort
of thermometer made.
"With the extremely
sensitive and minutely'
accurate instrumental
designed for scientific'
uses great care i
taken, and they are
kept in stock for "
months, sometimes for
years, to be compared
and re-compared with
instruments that are
known to be trust
worthy. But so much time
cannot be spent over
the comparatively
cheap thermometers
in common use, and these are made rapidly,
though always carefully. The method of
manufacture has been so systematized with
in a few years that the very cheapest ther
mometer should not vary more than a'frac
tion of a degree from the correct point
"Whether the thermometer is to be charged
with mercury or alcohol; whether it is to ba
mounted in a frame of wood, pressed tin or
brass, the process is substantially the same.
Mercury is generally used for scientific in
struments, but most makers prefer alcohol,
because it is much cheaper. The alcohol is
colored red with an aniline dye which doej
not fade. -
Work of the Glassblower.
The thermometer maker buys his glass
tnbes in Ions strips from the glais factories;
J-he glassblower on the premises cuts thes
.3 iu iue proper lengths, and with his
gas let and blowpipe makes the bulb on
the lower end. The bulbs are then filled with
colored a'lcohol, and the tubes stand for 24
hours. On the following day another work
man holds each bulb in tarn over a gas jet
? i th;coi0"d fluid, by its expansion, en
tirely fills the tube. It then goes back into
the hands of the glassblower. He closes tho
upper endf and turns the tip backward to
make the little glass hook which will help
keep the tube in place in the frame.
The tubes now rest until some hundred
of them, perhaps thousands, are ready.
Then the process of gauging begins. Thera
are no marks whatever upon the tube,
nothing to show the temperature of the
atmosphere, and the first guide mark to db
made is the freezing point, 32 degrees
Fahrenheit This is found by plunging tha
bulbs into melting snow. No other ther
mometer is needed hprn fni- t. o-nM. .
melting snow gives invariably tho exact
freezing point This Is an unfailing test for
any thermometer whose accuracy may ba
suspected. But melting snow is not always
to be had, and a little machine resembling
a sausage grinder is brought into use. This
machine shaves a block of ice into fleecy,
snow-like particles, which answer the pur
pose as well as snow.
Getting tho Freezing Point
"When the bulbs have been long enough
in the melting snow a workman takes them,
one by one from their icy bath, seizing each
one so that his thumb nail marks the exac
spot to which the fluid has fallen. Here ha
makes a scarcely perceptible mark upon tha
glass with a fine file, and goes on to tha
next
The tubes, with the freezingpoint marked
upon each, now go into the hands of another
workman, who plunges them, bulb down,
into a vessel niiea witn water, Kept con
stantly at 61 degrees. A standard thermom
eter attached to the inside of this vessel
ahows that the temperature of the water is
correct Another tiny scratch is put at 64.
Then a third workman plunges the bulbs
Into another vessel of water, kept constantly
at OS. This is marked like the others, and
the tube is now supplied with these guide
marks, each 32 degrees from the next A
small tab is then attached to each tubs, on
which its number is written, for owing to
unavoidable variations in the bore of tha
tube each one varies slightly from the other.
"With its individuality thus established
the tube now goe3 into the hands of a
marker, who fits its bulb and hook into tha
frame it is to occupy, and makes slight
scratches on the frame, corresponding to 32,
64 and 96 degree marks on the tube. Tha
frame is given a number corresponding'
with the number of the tube, and the tube!
is laid away in a rack: amid thousands of
others.
Marking Off the Degrees.
The frame, whether it be wood, tin or
brass, goes to the gauging room, where it is
laid upon a steeply-sloping table, exactly in
the position marked for a thermometer of
that size. The 32, 64 and 06 degree marks
must correspond with the marks upou tha
table; if they do not the error in marking is
instantly detected, and the frame is sent
back for correction.
A long, straight bar of wood or metal ex
tends diagonally across the table, from tha
lower right-hand corner to the upper left
hand corner. On the right this works upou
a pivot, and on the left it rests in a rachet,
which lets it ascend or descend only ona
notch at a time. That notch marks the exact
distance of two degrees. With the three
scratches already made for a basis tha
marker could hardly make a mistake in tha
degrees if he tried.
The marks made upon the frame or case
are all made by hand with a geometric pea
and India ink if the frame is Of wood, and
with steel dies if it is of metal.
The tube bearing the corresponding num
ber is next attached to the frame, and tha
thermometer is ready for the market with
out further testing. Some makers use only
two guide marks but the best makers use
three.
In the process of manufacture the ordin
ary thermometer goes through the hands of
19 workmen, half of whom are often girls
and women.
Some of the larger concerns in and near
New York produce several hundred thou
sand instruments annually, and on every
one of them the purchaser may see, if ha
looks closely, the tiny file scratch on tha
glass at 32, 64 and 96 degree marks or
somewhere near them, as different makers
use different points.
"WlIXIASl DET3DALX.
THE SOUND OF A LETTEK.
It Made a Great Deal or Difference With
Musical Society.
Pearson's Weekly.
Twenty years ago the energetic Prof.
Schwarz was conducting a musical society.
They were studying Mendelssohn's "Elijah"
and had reached the chorus, "Hear us, Baal;
hear, mighty gcd."
The men's voices were booming out sonor
ously, when the conductor cried out: "Nol
Not de dreadful vowel! Don't say B-a-l-e,
soften a leetle give de more musical sound,
Bal "
"Whereupon the chorus took up the strain
again: "Hear us Bawl hear us Bawl"' but
they qnickly realized the peculiar fitness of
the'sentiment, and broke down in laughter,
to the great amazement of the little Ger
man, who never saw the joke, but who re
turned reluctantly to the old pronunciation.
J - ',j ,,.-.., i
uf imv&4iiiaafi3S-
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