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THE pfcTSBURG 'DIATCH, DNDAY. I'EBRUART 7!' 1892.
'15
A?"l
RKSlZIiPEI
ORE DAY II JAPAN
Lafcadio Hearn Finds It a
Little World of Smiling,
- ; Gracious Elves.
EVERYTHING IS AETISTIC.
Different From the Machine-Hade
Civilization of the West
THE EESTFDL BLUE EVERYWHERE.
Delicate Art Perceptions Manifested in
Street Lettering'.
TIIE PLEASURES OF THE JlXEIKlSHA
fWEITTSN- rOK TIIE DISrATCH.
HE ecstasy cf the
first sunny day in this
Orien t s o long
dreamed of, eq much
read of, yet all un
known! the delicious
surprise of the first
journey through Jap
anese streets; unable
to make one's Kuru-ma-runner
compre
hend anything but
gestures, frantic ges
tures to roll on, any
where, everywhere,
since all is novel and
unspeakable pleasur
able; desiring only to
see and hear and ferl as much of this beauti
ful new world as possible!
Surely there is some charm in the very
air, cool with the coolness -of Japanese
spring, iu the month of cherry blossoms a
charm due perhaps to softest lucidity rather
than to any positive color an atmospheric
limpidity indescribable, with only a sug
gestion of bine in it, through which the
most distant objects appear focused with
amazing sharpness. The sun is pleasantly
warm, as in Mexico; the Kuruma (or
jinrikiiha) is the most cozy vehicle imagin
able, and the street vistas as seen above
the dancing, white mushroom-shaped hat of
your sandaled runner have a fantastic
allurement of which you are sure you can
never weary.
Itewlldrringly, Slnpifjingly Novel.
It is at first a deliciously odd confusion
onlv, as you look down one of them,
through an interminable flutter of flags and
swaying ot dark-blue drapery, all made
l.rautiful and mysterious with Japanese or
Chinese letterinc, For there are no im
mediate diccrnablc laws of construction or
decoration; each building seems to have a
fantastic prettines of its own nothing is
exactly like anything else, and nil is be
wiliienngly, stupityir.gly novel. But grad
ually, after some hours 'passed in the
quarter, the eye begins to recognize in a
vague war omc general plan in the con
struction of these low, light, qucerly-gablcd
s.oedcn hot-"!''s. mostly unnaintcd with
their firt stone all open to the street, and
thin ktrips ot rooting bleping above each
tliop trout, like an awning, back to the
pper-scrcened balconies of narrower min
iature second stories.
You begin to understand the common plan
or the delightful tiny shops, with matted
floor., raised Itighabotc the street leel
nail the general perpendicular arrangement
of sign lettering, undulating on silk or
colored cotton, or gleaming motionless on
gilded anil lacquered sign boards. And you
will also observe that blue, the sar-e rich
Lafcadio Hearn.
dark blue which dominates in popular
co-tunie, rules also in the color of shop
draperies, though there is a thin sprinkling
of black and white and brighter' blue and
wine color also (no greens or yellows). You
mua note that the frocks and robes of the
passing people not only harmonize niarvel
ously with the draperies but are likewise,
to tome extent, lettered with the same letter
ing. English Letters Tor Jap "Writing.
o arabesques ever invented could pro
duce so exquisite an effect; these ideographs
so moaified for decoratne purposes, have
a grace and speaking symmetry of lines,
which no design without a positive in can
ine could ever give. As they appear on the
back of a workman's frock pure white on
dark blue, and large enough to be read at
a. very considerable distance (indicating
some guild or company of which the wearer
is a member or employe), they make the
coarse material seem splendid as the attire
of a prince.
And, finally, there will come to you, sud
denly as a revelation, the conviction that
most of the amazing picturcsqueness of
these Japanese streets is simply due to the
profusion of Japanese characters in white,
black, blue, crimson or gold, decorating
everything even surfaces of door posts and
lintels and paper screens. Then, perhaps,
for one moment you will imagine the effect
cf English lettering substituted for these
magical characters; and the idea will give
to all your sesthetic sense, a strangely brutal
shock, and you will become, at once and
forever, as I have, become, a sworn enemy
of the Eomaji-Kai that Japanese society
founded for the suprcmelr ugly purpose o'f
introducing the use of English lettters in
writing Japanese.
An ideograph does not make upon the
Japanese brain any impression similar to
that created in the Occidental brain by a
letter or combination of letters dull, in
animated symbols of vocal sounds. To the
Japanese brain an ideograph is a vivid pict
ure; it lives; it speaks; it gesticulates. And
the whole space of a Japanese street is full
ot such living characters figures that cry
out to the eyes words that smile or grim
ace like physiognomies.
Beauty of the Japanese Letters.
"What such lettering is, compared with
our own lifeless types, can be understood
only by those who have lived in the further
East. Tor even the printed characters of
Japanese or Chinese imported texts give no
ingestion of the possible beauty of the
same characters as modified for decorative
inscriptions, for sculptural use, or for the
commonest advertising purposes. Ko rigid
convention fetters the fancyof the caii
crapher or designer; each strives to make
his characters more beautiful than any
others and generations upon generations of
artists have been toiling from time imme
morial with like emulation so that through
centuries and centuries of tireless effort and
wondrous patience of study, the primitive
r "SaiR few?;
6MXf
X7
JWWswaf.KllHW'jiiu.iltj -y. uMin.""'"" " ....... -r , n -J ' " w-
hieroglyph or Ideograph has been evolved
into a thing of beauty indescribable.
It consists only of a certain number of
brush strokes; but in each stroke there is an,
undiscoverablc secret art of grace, propor
tion, imperceptible curve, which actually
makes it se'em alive, and bears witness that
even during the lightning moment ot its
creation, the artist telt with his brush for
the ideal shape of the stroke equally along
its entire length, from head to taiL But
the art of the stroke is but a rudimentary
skill the art of their combination is that
which produces the enchantment oiten so
as to astonish the Japanese themselves. It
is sot surprising, indeed, considering the
strongly personal, animate, esoteric aspect
of Japanese lettering, that there should be
divers wonderful legends of caligraphy
relating how words written by holy experts
became incarnate, and descended from their
tablets to hold converse with mankind.
Charms or a. Jinrikisha Man.
I have a jinrikisha man wearing a white
hat, which looks like the top of an enor
mous mushroom; a blue, wide-sleeved, loose,
short jacket; blue drawers, close-fitting as
theatrical "tights," which descend to his
ankles, and light straw sandals bound upon
his bare feet with cords of palm-fibre. I
think he typifies all the docility, swiftness,
tirelessness, patience, smiles, bobbings and
insidious coaxing powers of his race: His
name is "Cha." Cha has already mani
fested his power to make me give him more
than the law allows. Cha appeals with un
failing success to the emotional nature of
man.
Cha has already discovered by some fine
intuition that I do not bcioug to the foreign
commercial class, who hold this higher
quality in scorn, and never yield to appeals
based on the superstitious'existence of it.
AND CHA KUNS AT
Cha has already succeeded in winning my
affections. "Why? The first sensation of
having a human fieing for a horse trotting
between shafts like a horse, unwearingly
bobbing up and downbefere you for hours
is alone enough to fill the European heart
with compassion. And when the human
being, thus trotting between shafts with
all his hopes, memories, sentiments, .suSer
incs, happens to possess the kindliest im
aginable face; the gentlest smile,, and the
ability to return the smallest favor by a
look of infinite gratitude, this compassion
becomes transngured, becomes sympainy.
In my own case the feeling is that pity
which" is akin to love Drovoking unreason
able impulses to self-sacrifice for Cha's
sake. I think the perspiration must have
something to do with it the perspiration
of Cha. He is always mopping his face
with a little sky-blue towel, having fig
ures of flying sparrows upon it, which
towel he carries wrapped above his wrist as
he runs.
Like a "World or Elves.
Perhaps the supremely delightful im
pression of the first day is that of the gen
tleness of popular scrutiny. Everybody
looks at you curiously; but there is nothing
disagreeable or hostile in the gaze; most
often it is accompanied by a smile or half
smile; and the ultimate effect ot all thee
kindly, curious looks and pleasant smiles is
to make one think ot Fairyland. Note
well this observation is almost hackneyed;
many and many another writer describing,
the sensations of the first day in Japan has
spoken of the land as Fairyland, and of the
people a fairy folk. But there is a psycho
logical reason'for this singular unanimity
in this choice of terras to describe the'im
pression in this use of words signifying
conditions and creatures supernatural and
ideal. To find oneself suddenly in a world
.where everything is upon a smaller and
daintier plan than with us a world of
lesser and kindlier beings, all smiling at
you and seeming to wish you well a world
where movement is slow, soft, gentle a
world where sky, land, life, and all things
are totally diflerent from aught elsewhere
beheld must indeed realize, to any im
agination nourished with English folklore,
the old happy dream of a world of elves.
"Wherever" else I have seen a period of
change from a romantic past to a practical
present as in Louisiana, as in the "West
Indies I have been the decay of things
beautiful and the ugliness of things new.
"What of these I may yet see in Japan I
know not; but here in thee streets the old
and the new mingle so marvelously well
that the one seems only to set off the other.
An electric bell in some tea bouse, with a
Japanese inscription beside the ivory but
ton; a shop containing sewing machines
next to the shop of a merchant of Buddhist
images; the establishment of a photographer
IlAiiS
A PAINTER, FROM THE OBIGINAI. DEAWTNG BY HOKUSAI.
beside the establishment of a manufacturer
of sandals these display no discord of posi
tion. Everything Japanese Is Tosty.
Nothing, however odd, is repulsive or
ugly, nothing. All that is Japanese is del
icate, tasty even a pair of common wooden
chopsticks in a band with a delightful lit
tle drawing upon it; even a package of
toothpicks of oherry wood, bound with a
Saper wrapper elegantly lettered in three
iffcrent colors; even the little sky-blue
towel, with designs of flying sparrows upon
it, which the jinrikisha man uses to mop
his face. The bank bills, the commonest
copper coins, are things of beauty. Even
the piece of plaited colored string used by
the shopkeeper in tying up your last pur
chase" is a pretty curiosity. Curiosities and
dainty objects bewilder you by their very
multitnde; on either side of yon, wherever
you turn your eyes, are countless wonder
ful things as yet incomprehensible.
But it is perilous to look at them. Every
time yon dare to look something obliges you,
to buy it unless, as. may often happen, the
smiling vendor invites your inspection of
so many varieties of one article, each
specially and all unspeakably desirable,
that you cannot choose, and depart out of
mere terror at your own impulses. The
shopkeeper never asks you to buy; but his
wares are enchanted,.and if you once begin
buying you are lost. Cheapness means
nothing but a temptation to commit bank-
ruptcy. Ton want the shop and the shop
keeper, and streets of shops with their
draperies and their habitants the whole
city and the bay and the mountains begird
ing it and Fusiyama's white witchery
overhanging it in "the speckless sky all
Japan, in very truth, with its magical trees
and luminous atmosphere with all its cities
and towns and temples, and 35,000,000 of the
most lovable people in the universe.
Art In the Poorest Homes.
I once heard some one say on being told
of a great fire in Japan: "Oh, those people
can afford conflagrations; their homes are so
cheaply built!" It is true that the pretty
frail houses can be cheaply and quickly re
placed; but that which was within them to
make them beautiful cannot. Every object
in the poorest Japanese dwelling ig an ob
ject of art, even to the commonest article
of wood or baked clay; and every great fire
is an art tragedy. For this is the land of
infinite hand-made variety; machinery has
not yet been able to introduce sameness
and utilitarian ugliness in cheap production
(except in response to foreign demand for
bl taste to suit vulgar markets), and each
object made by the artist or artisan differs
still from all others, even ot his own mak
ine. And each time something beautiful
perishes by fire, it is a something represent
ing' an individual mood; it is an ideograph
of personality.
Happily tne art impulse itself, In this
country of conflagrations, has a ghostly vi
tality which survives each generation of art
ists, and defies the flame that changes their
labor to ashes or melts it to shapeiessness.
The idea whose symbol has perished will
surely reappear again in other creations
perhaps after the passing of a century
modified, indeed, yet recognizably of kiu to
the thought of the past. And every art-
THE TOP OF HIS S1T.EP.
ist is a ghostly worker. Not by years of
groping and pain and sacrifice does he
find his highest expression, the sacrificial
past is within him; his art is an inherit
ance, given with his soul; his fingers are
guided by the dead in the delineation of a
flying bird, of the vapors of mountains,- of
the colors of the morning and evening, of
the shape of branches and the spring-burst
of flowers; generations of skilled workmen
have given him their fancy, their cun
ning, and revive in the wonder of his draw
ing. "What was conscious effort in the be
ginning became unconscious in later centu
ries becomes almost automatic in the liv
ing man; and thus alone the f'anltless in
stinct of his art is comprehensible. And
thus one water-color print by Hokusai or
Hieroshige, sold for a cent, has more art in
it than many a Western painting stored in
historic galleries and valued at the price
of a province.
Feet Fashioned by Natnre.
And how beautiful are the feet of the
people? "Whether brown nude statuesque
feet of laborers in straw sandals, or' blue
feet 0 swift runners in digitated stockings,
or feet of children so plnkly pretty that
thev somehow suggest the' transformation
of flowers into flesh, or feet of girls in
snowy tnbi, having the cleft grace of the
feet of beings mythological faunesses,
satyresses. Never has the Japanese foot
been subjected to that infamous style of
foot-gear which has distorted and made
hideous the feet of Occidentals; it has re
mained natural, supple, expensive, its
every pose is comely, it has the symmetry
of a Japanese character.
Of every pair of Japanese wooden clogs,
one makes in walking a slightly different
sound from the other, as kring to krang, so
that the echo of the walker's steps has an
alternate rhythm of tones. On a pavement
the Eound obtains immense sonority; and a
crowd will often intentionallyfall into step,
with the drollest conceivable result of
drawling wooden noise.
Tcra e yukt! I have been obliged to
return to the European hotel, not because
ot the noon meal, as I really begrudge my
self the time necessary to eat "it, but be
cause I canuot make Cha understand that I
want to visit a Buddhist temple. Now
Cha understands; my landlord has uttered
the magical words, Tcra e yvke!
A Peak ol White in n Sen or Bine.
I turn a moment to look back through the
glorious light. Sea and sky mingle in the
same beautiful pale clear blue. Below me
the vast billowimr of bluish roofs reaches to
the verge ot the deep green hills surround
ing the city on two sides. And in the back
ground, beyond the wooden green hills, rise
high serrated cool-blue mountains; and
enormously lofty above the range oi them
towers an apparition indescribably lovely,
one solitary snowy cone, so filmlly exquis-
itef so spiritually white, that but for its im
memoriallyfamiliar'outlineonewouldsurely deem it a shape of cloud. Invisible its base
remains, being the same delicious tint as the
sky; only above the eternal snow-line Its
dreamy cone appears, seeming to hang, the
ghost of a peak, between the luminous land
and the luminous heaven the sacred and
peerless mountain, Fuji-yama,
And suddculv a singular sensation comes
upon me as i stand before the weirdly
sculptured portals a sensation of dream
and doubt I know that less than a season
ago the" faith of the Buddha existed for me
in records only, in texts translated out of
old dead tongues, as a something astronomi
cally remote from my own existence. And
now, with the sudden consciousness of hav
ing thus swiftly traversed, as if by super
natural power, the space of 20 centuries,
there comes to me in a new, strange way
the knowledge of my own ghostliness, and
a thrill, exquisite, indescribable, as though
some viewless, infinite, tender Presence
were wrapping me about the Soul ot the
East Lafcadio Hearn.
Getting Even With Each Other.
"You have so much address I can hardly
be expected to compete with you," said the
letter to the envelope.
"Now, don't get excited," replied the,
envelope,' "becauso you know you can't con
tain yourself."
CATCHING SUNBEAMS.
The Science of Photography on the
Verge of Great Development."
SOON TO HAVE COLOR PICTURES.
Conquests of the fky and Its Alliance
With the Printing Press.
THE UTILITY OP FUGITIVE DIES
WJIITTTN POH TOE DISPATCH.
"When an ordinary man finds a defect in
the quality of a thine he works with he
bud ply casts it aside and thinks no more
about it. To an inventive mind the defect
may suggest a new use for which the thing,
faulty in its first application, may be ex
actly fit; and the new use may be much
more important than the old one. "When
dyes from coal tar, oils, and Peruvian bark
were first made they had a provoking way
of fading out of their fabrics in a few days,
or even in a few hours. Usually, too, the
more brilliant the tints the more fugitive
they were. That defect has, iu large meas
ure, been overcome, but before it yielded to
the resources of the laboratory a remarkable
series of experiments took place.
It was in 1873 that Dr. H. "W. Ypgel, of
Berlin, observed that certain photographic
plates of his bad much more than ordinary
sensitiveness to rays of green light. Search
ing for the reason' he noticed that the plates
were of somewhat reddish color. Could it
be possible that the mere accident ot color
had conferred a new quality of sensitive
ness upon the films? He determined to
pnt the question to the test of experiment
forthwith, aud at once procured some chlno
Hne andpyrodine dyes red, violet and blue
beautiful in tint, but fleeting and worth
ies?. As he looked on these fiue colors his
reflections did not take the direction of seek
ing some method ot making them enduring.
Bad In One Way Good In Another.
Thought he, this evanscence is certainly
very bad when we wish to give color to a
cloth, but, after all, it only means extreme
sensitiveness to light, and that may be a
very valuable peculiarity. Indeed, it is
just such a property which gives the com
pounds of silver 'their importance in photo
graphy. And a noteworthy point about
these dyes is that they are impressible by
the red and yellow rays which scarcely
affect the silver salts at all. Perhaps ff
they were applied to a photographic plate
they would make it sensitive in a new and
most useful way.
Acting on tljose ideas, Dr. Vogel began a
course ot experiments which issued in his
giving photography a fidelity to nature
which it had never before enjoyed. To his
delight he found that many fugitive dves
entered into chemical combinations with
the salts of silver, conferring npon his films
their own peculiar susceptibility to certain
ravs of light Anybody who has ever de
veloped an ordinary photographic negative
knows that the only light safe to employ
for the purpose is what little sifts its way
through panes of red or canary glass, be
cause red or yellow rays have no influence
whatever on the plate's silver coating.
Hence arises a serious want of truth in the
picture; a red rose or a red gown comes ont
as it black, and so does a yellow aster or a
mass of yellow foliage. ,
Photos of Many Colored Flowers.
"With the orthochromatic plates that we
owe to Dr. "Vocel and the chemists who
have followed his lead, that falsity in color
values ceases. It is accomplished by their
bringing visual intensity and photographic
intensity to harmony. A plate tinned with
cyanin, a beautiful blue substance, has sur
passing sensitiveness to orange rays; stained
with erythrosin, a preparation red in color,
it takes on in addition a high impressibility
to yellow light. Armed with such a plate a
photographer, with close approach to truth
ot effect, can take a picture of a varigated
flower bed, of autumn woods, of a lady in
richly colored costume. Despite the plate's
improvement blue and violet rays may con
tinue to impress it in an undue degree.
To remedy that a screen of glass or film of
gelatine, stained yellow, cut off the over
active rays during part of theexposurejthen
for a moment the screen or film is with
drawn and the blue aud violet rays are per
mitted to imprint themselves.
To the dyes for which we are indebted to
Dr. "Vogel many additions have been made
year by year. The garden as well as the
laboratory has been laid under contribu
tion, chiefly for chlorophyll, the green col
oring matter of leaves. Solutions of it de
rived from the plantain, blue myrtle and
many other plants have been added to the
photographic film with results always inter
esting! it only rarely of practical value.
Taking Pictures by Gaslight.
Orthochromy has shared in the impetus
received by every brancn ot photography
since the introduction of bromide-gelatine
plates, and were orthochromatic plates as
quickly impressed aud as easily developed
as common plates their use would be much
more general. Because they are acted upon
oy tne ren ana yeiiow rays 01 gasiignt ana
oillight they can be employed at night, and
although the exposure must be longer than
by daylight it is by no means tedious.
Orthochromatic plates have especial value
in the reproduction of oil paintings, whioh
they render Into monochrome with a per
fection unimaginable - in the days before
silver of salts and dyes were brought
together.
Beyond every other achievement of the
camera must rank the marvels it reveals
when directed to the orbs of heaven, and in
this noble field'of work the new plates en
large the instrument's powers In a very won
derful way. Every chemical element, when
it reaches glowing heat, gives out light of
characteristic color. "When we have once
seen the yellow flame of sodium, or the red
beams shot forth by strontium, we can al
ways detect the presence of these substances
in a pyrotechnic display. It is by an ex
tension of this principle that the story of
the spectroscope is spelled out. The pio
neer in this remarkable field of research
was Dr. Henry Draper, of New York, who
first secured a well-defined star spectrum in
the camera. Since his death in 1852, and
through the liberal endowment of Mrs.
Draper, his work has been continued by
Prof. E. G Pickering of the Harvard Ob
servatory. A New Uleans of Exploration.
Photographs of stellar spectra are now
taken in Peru as well as at Cambridge, and
by staining the plates with erythrosin the
impressions include thoseof the green and
yellow rays which exert no action on an or
dinary film. Varied as these experiments
are, they are far from exhausting the pos
sibilities of the camera. Beyond the violet
rays'of the spectrum's rainbow extend vi
brations which, though invisible to the eye,
have since the very early days of photog
raphy been caught and detained on its
plates. At the other end of the spectrum,
beyond the red, are other invisible radia
tions, detected easily by a delicate ther
mometer, which until 1887 eluded capture.
In that year. Captain Abney secured an
image from them on a bromide of silver
plate.
He maintains that here, and in the use of
plates sensitive to ultra-violet rays, astron
omers have a new means of exploration,
with which they arc free to enter npon a
fresh chain of discoveries. To the stars
already known it is within their power to
add a new class stars newly born or newly
dead, whose temperatures rise above the
range of visibility or fall below it Thus
does the science of to-day probe the utter
most recesses of space and compel into' our
view one order of heavenly bodies yafter an
other. If the task of bringing them out of
their concealment cannot be accomplished
directly, then the astronomer presses medi
ation and artifice into bis service.
Similarity of llght and Sound.
"When we consider how ingeniously forms
of motion which affect none of our senses
are made visible and palpable in the cam
era, the qnestion suggests itself, why may
not the broad, blank interval between light
and sound be spanned in the. same way? It
would be hardly more surprising than the
process by which a bar ot warmed Iron
paints its portrait in a dark room, or a
chemical rav registers itself beyond the
verge of visible" color sent forth by incan
descent metal. Just here it is worth re
membering how mechanical pressure may
directly produce visible chemical change.
"Where a stylus has sharply indented a bit
of silvered paper an image $an be developed
exactly such as light itself might have im
printed. The master problem of photography ii
the seizure of color as well asof form in
the camera. In approaching this problem
experimenters have availed themselves of
the sensitiveness of various dyes to red,
ereen,and violetrays. Although six orsevon
leading distinctions of color can bo discrimi
nated by the eye, It is held that red, green
nnd violet underlie them all. In thisprocess
ofhelioohromy, as It fs termed, three nlates
are exposed, eaoh of which has been sensi
tized for one of the elemental colon. Having
obtained positives of corresponding tints,
their Images are superposed on a screen,
producing a picture with colors much re
sembling those of nature.
The Qnestion of Permanency.
By an Ingenious application of methods
similar to those of phromo-lithojrra-
phy, an artist can produce permanent pos
itives of great beauty. -That la certainly
roundabout way of making the rainbow
paint Itself, but rio other attempt is either
so satisfactory or so promising. Thus It
wonld seem that the germs of success In
catching color, as well as form. In the cam
era may lie in the same gift from Dr. Vogel,
whioh was made the message of light
from the heavens fuller and mere legible,
and given new tmtn and bennty to every
photographic transcript from nature. When
certain German chemists souzbt a few years
ago to dyo some yards of silk and woolen
cloth with artificial colors, was 16 not a
piece of rare good fortune that they failed.
In its early days photosrapliio printing
was restricted to stow and costly chemical
methods. A negative, as now In ordinary
portraiture, imprinted its positive, and had
to take Its course through a serlos of toning,
fixing and oleanlng baths. Was there not
some feasible way by which lissht could give
a picture in relief for use in a common print
ing press, where it could Impress Itself as
speedily as type and in ink: both cheap and
permanent? Niepce's process, ono of tho
very first In photographic art. Rave a hint
as to bow the task might be accomplished.
Its plates were eoated with bitumen, and
that was rendered insoluble by the solar
ray.
A Property of Gelatine.
Asnbstanoe much ensier to use and pos
sessed of the snmo property was found to be
the very gelatine to which In other appli
cations photography is so much indebted.
Combined with bichromate o't potash a
luminous beam renders It Insoluble In water,
upon which simple fact turns a wide variety
of photo-mechanical processes. These fn
their last refinements give us reproductions
hardly Inferior to originals and compositions
with all the mezzotint's delicacy of tone.
In the simplest processes a sketch in pen
and ink, or a line enitraving, i9 placed face
downward upon a sheet of sensitized gela
tine. After a few minutes' action of sun
light tho gelatine can be washed out of
every part of the film protected from the
solar beam by the black lines. By stereotypy
or electrotypy the gelatine used as a mold
yields a relief plate in metal which can bo
printed from In an ordinary press. In
another process the unhardened gelatine Is
not washed oat, but swollen with water, and
from the resulting projections a metallic
Impression Is taken. A third plan is to
cover a plate of zlno or copper with a film of
gelatine or other similar material. Alter
exposure the film 15 washed away, except In
the lines or Its picture. At all points unpror
tected by the film the plate Is then etched
or bitten in by an acid bath. A recent
adaptation of the sand blast has produced,
exceedingly good wort: on such a plate. The
sand blase is preferable to the action of an
acid, In that it does not burrow nt the sides
of the thin -walls beueath the lines of a
picture.
The Half-Tone Processes.
The simplest of these 'processes renders
only euch lines as those of an architect's
plan of a line engraving or of a pen-and-ink
sketch. How can the difficulty of express
ing half tone, of graduated shadow, be over
come? Usually by interposing between the
gelatino and the picture to be copied, a net
work or fine lines ruieci cioseiy togetner,
with the result that, If inspection be not too
dote, a faithful transcript in dots is con
veyed to the plate. The half-tone process
devised by Jir. F. E. Ives, of Philadelphia,
follows an entirely different principle in a
very ingenious way. Prom a gelatine relief
plate he takes a cast in plaster. An inked
pad, or film, of olastlo T-shaped lines or dots
Is pressed against the plaster until the lines
or dots are completely flattened ont where
they meet the highest parts of the cast.
When the cast is removed there remains im
presssed upon it an ink pioture having the
appeaianee ofa photograph, but made up
ot sharply defined lines and dots, graduated
in size like those of u wood engraving. That
can be photo-engraved as if it were a draw
ing, or transferred to tine or copper and
etched Into relief.
The finest issue of the marriage of the
camera with the printing press is tho photo
gravure. Its delicate grain is derived from
the carbon, blended with tho gelatine or Its
plate. . To confer Jnk-holdlng power upon
the copper it is dusted while hot with finely
powdeied resin. It is probable that in the
sear futuro we shall bavo one or two of the
processes still further simplified, which will
mean to the amateur almost as valuable a
gift as that of the gelatlno-bromide plate.
Gxoitos iLia.
C0HB0LATI0K FOB '0FJOBS.
The Chaplain Wasn't, at Hand, 80 the
Orderly Took Tip Bis Bole.
rWBITTXS FOB HI DI8M.TCH.1
Po' 'Opkins was sick in a hospital. In
the morning the Orderly said to the Chap
lain: "Sir, po' 'Opkins is dead."
"Why did you not call me, I should like
to have given him a few words of consola
tion?" "I did not think it worth while, so I con
soles 'im myself"
""What did you say to him?"
" 'Opkins,' says I, 'you're mortal sick.'
" TTes,' says 'e. ' 'Opkins,' says I, 'yon
can't-'ope to get well.'
" 1 don't suppose I can,' says 'e.
" 'Opkins,' says I, you're got to die.'
'"I suppose so,' says 'e.
" ' 'Opkins,' says I, 'you can't ope to go
to heaven.'
'"I don't suppose I can,' says 'e.
" ' 'Opkins,' says I, 'you'll go to the other
place.'
" "I suppose so,' says 'e.
" ' 'Opkins,' says I, 'you ought to feel
wery grateful that you're pnrwided for
that you 'ave somever to go to,' and 'a
turned his face to the wall, and went 'ome
'appy.'"
A HOVEL CALL BELL.
It Is Made ot Silver and Two Little Mon
teys Make the Noise.
Among the novelties in a New York resi
dence is a combination call bell made of
silver. There are really two bells, with
??
The Obliging MimXeyt.
hinged monkeys above them. "When the
bell is shaken these monkeys bob up and
down, striking the bells. They are in har
mony and the music is very pretty.
Trrs AlUlts steeped free by Dr. Kline's Great
Nerve Restorer. Ho fits after first (Jay's use. Mar
velous cures. Treatlje and 13 00 trial bottle free to
Fit cases. Dr.' Kline, Set Arch it., Phua., Pa. Bu
THE mm OF PARIS.
t
For Over Thirty Years M. Alphaud
Knew Ko Law But His Own Will.
HE MADE THE GITI BEAUTIFUL.
ill Pn'Wic Works Above and Beloir Ground
Under II is Control.
0KB HAIT POWER WITHOUT ABUSES
rcoyRisroansci ot thi dispatch.i
Pabis, Jan. 28. "The greatest funeral;
since Victoi Hugo's," was what all Paris
said when on December 11 it followed to
the grave the remains of its late "king,"
Monsieur Alphaud, the man ' who in the
last 37 years has transformed the city, until
by general consent it is the mbst bcantiful
in the world. Paris was his kingdom. He
gave her his life. "For 37 years," declared
one of his eulogists, "he worked without
losing a day, to increase the beautifulness
and beauty of the city."
In return she became his obedient mis
tress. She promoted him until he held in
his hand all departments of public works.
Streets, parks, squares and gardens were
under his control. He decided where they
should be made, how they should be dec
orated, when they should be cleaned. He
looked after the lighting of the city. Ho
controlled tho sewers and water works. He
was tho final authority on all matters of
municipal architecture. He was the pro
jector and executor of the numerous historic
and arttstio undertakings, which add to"
the interest and beauty of Paris. Nearly
C,000men were in his service. His word was
their Jaw, and, most remarkable, It was a
law honoied and loved by all.
One Secret or Bis.Powar.
He was allowed to keep his position he
cause all the rest of the Parisian world was
embroiled by exciting politics or by war
and was glad enough to find somobody who
would take care of the city without mixing
with the general turmoil. Born at Grenoble
s--s
An JJncrotcnei King.
in Southeastern France In (1817. he was edu
cated at the Ecole Polytecntqne and the
Kcole des Fonts et Chaussees. When Napo
leon II L and Baron Haussmaun decided
that Paris should be transformed, tbey
worked out an ambitious plan, and Baron
Haussmaun called II. Alphaud to Paris as
diiector of streets and parks.
The task which SI. Alphaud was asked to
undertake was tomakethemotmagnlflcene
city in the world from a town with all the
faults of the middle ages, with cramped
streets, sans light, sans air. To accomplish
it he must tear down the city, relay and re
build it, and all without seriously inter
rupting traffic. He put himself to the work
with tremendous energy.
From 1854 to 1S71, the end of the empire; be
condncted the Bois de Boulogne and the
Bois do Vlncennes, those beautiful parks to
the west and east of the city, into either of
which all Paris can pour itself in a half
hour at a cost o'r 3 or i sous. Within the city
limits he utilized waste lands to irmko the
charmingparks ofMonceau, ilontsourtsand
Buttes-Chaumont, and be constructed some
of the finest of tho great boulevards and
avenues. The works were not only splendid
feats of engineering, they were works of
art. Says one of M. Alphaud's admirers: "It
required a poet to conceive them. Ho
handled not rhymes but trees, not syllables
but flowers. His epics were great parks, bis
sonnets little squares." In this period 31.
AlDhaud" established a fine system of
nurseries and hot-houses, from which the
city is supplied with trees and the parks and
squares aie ornamented the year around
with a profusion of flowers and shrubbery.
All Paris tfnder His Control.
Xn 1S71 the empire fell, but 21. Alphaud had
become an indispensable man. Now he was
made director of publio works. By 1S73
everything pertaining to above-ground Paris
was In his hands. Three years later, on the
death of the engineer of water works and
sewers, under-ground Paris was addeu.
All the ehanges made by 31. Alphaud have
teen handled with a profound regard for
historic associations. But It has not been
the rebuilding of Paris alone which has
made if. Alphaud the idol of the Parisian
populace. SI. Alphaud was the prince of
fete and exposition makers. The success of
the expositions of 1E07 and 1878 was largely
credited to him. His crowning piece of ex
position making as well as the crowning work
of his life, was the exposition of 18S9.
M. Alphaud wos 70 years old In 1877. The
French law requires that Its servants retiie
at that age. The director went to the Min
ister and announced his ago, at the same
tlmebeggingthatbebe allowed to remain
in office. "I know," he said to the Minister,
"that if you conform to the rules you will
compel me to retire; that is, you will
kill. I am accustomed to work. Inactivity
would be death to me. Besides I want to
manage the Exposition." The Minister
bioke the rule and JL Alphaud made the
Exposition to tne ueiignt not omyoi trance,
4)ut of the world.
"Why Be Succeeded So Well.
The faculty for direotlng a great num
ber of things at once characterized all
his work. His tact in handling men was
rare, but his appearance no doubt contrib
uted to his power. He was tall and broad
shouldered, with piercing eyes and a kindly
face almost benignant Indeed of late years,
because of his white beard. The knowledge
of the disinterestedness of his service made
all who came In contact with him more obe
dient to bis wishes. No one believed that
M. Alphaud encouraged "jobs'' or enriched
himself from the publio purse. No one ever
hinted that be made more money from his
office than the $5,000 he received yearly as
salary.
Nor did he ever seek power other than
that of his office. He had bis honors, Cow
ever. ,After the Exposition of 18S9 he was
given the grand cross or the Legion of
Honor the only engineer to whom it was
ever given. And after tne death of Baron
Haussmann he was made a member of the
Academy of Fine Arts. The greatest public
recognition he ever received was the mag
nificent funeral the city of Paris gavo him.
And who will take M. Alphaud's place?
Nobody probably. He was an absolute mon
arch, and bo was jealous to a childish decree
of any interference with his power- Those
who worked under him were expected to
obey implicitly. Ho would nordlvfdo power
or even attempt to fit men to work inde
pendently in the departments. His kingdom
falls to pieces without him. He has estab
lished no dynasty. It is as well that he did
not. One-man power does not exist without
abuses, They crept into M. Alphaud's ad
ministration, and the municipality loved
him too well to attempt reform white be
lived. The press and most thoughtful peo
ple bclieyed that such concentration of
power as existed in his case was a mistake,
but wero silent because it was M. Alphaud.
But the King is dead. He will remain a
solitary figure in the history of the Paris
without predecessors, without successors.
Ida. M. Tabseix.
lie Could Ha of Some Use.
Pearson's Weekly.
Theatrical Manager Hie, therel What
are you doing with that pistol?
Disconsolate Lover Going to kill my
self. (
Theatrical Manager Hold on a minute.
If you're bound to do it won't you be good
enough to leave a bote saying you'did it for
love -of Hiss Starr, our leading lady? It'a
a dull season and every. little helps.' '
f-czi
WEITTEN FOR THE DISPATCH
BY MARK TWAIN,
Author of "Innocents Abroad," 'Tom Sawyer, '
Etc., Etc.
SYNOPSIS OF PKKTIOCS CUAPTEIi
The story opens with n scene between Lord Berkelev, Earl of Bossmore, and his son
Viscount Berkeley, in Chalmondeley Castle, England. The young man bos studied the
claims to the estate made by Simon Leathers, of America, and become convinced thathe Is
the rlghttul beir and his "father nnd himself usurpers, no announces his intention to
change places with Leathers, whereupon the old lord pronounces him stajb mad. A letter
arrives trom Colonel Mulberry Sellers, of Washington, announcing that, by the death of
Simon Leathers and hi brother at a log-rolling in Cherokee Strip, he has become the Earl
of Bossmore and richtful heir to Chalmondeley Castle ana the vast estate. Colonel Seller
and bis contented old wife Hvo In an ancient frame house before which hangs a sign announc
ing that he is an attorney at law, claim agent, hypnotist, mtnd-cnre specialist, etc, eto.
His old friend, Washington nawklns, arrives. He has been elected delegate to Congress
from Cheroke Strip. The Colonel. has Invented a pnzzle which he calls Phrs-ln-Clover.
Persuaded by Hawkins ho applies for a patent and accidentally runs across a Yankee who
agrees to give him 5 cents royalty on each one sold. Then the news comes that Simon
Leathers is dead and the Colonel lays his plans. First he establishes tho usages of nobility
In his home, Thich he calls Uossniore Towers. Sally Sellers, now Lady Gwendolen, is noti
fied nt her college, and proceeds to lord it over those shoddy aristocrats who hithertobavo
considered her a plebeian. The Colonel and the Majorlay apian to cantnro One-Avmett
Pete, for whom there is a big reward. Tboy locate him at the Gadiby HotoL Toung Lord
Berkeley lias arrived meanwhile and stops at the Gadsby. Jnst as the Colonel's plans are
about to be consummated the hotel burns. Lord Berkeley escapes, finding One-Armed
Pete'j cowbov clothes In the hall. Ha pnts these on and proceeds to hide his identity-One-Armed
Peto Is supposed to havo been burned alive. The newspapers also report Lord
Berkeley burned. This Just suits tho yonng man's plans. The Colonel nnd the Ma)or go to
the hotel and, being convinced that nono of the bodies found can be that of the young
lord, reverently gather up threo baskotsful of ashes and take them home. They get a
British flag and hang up ornato hatchments, for they must mourn in style. The Colonel
proposes to send the three baskets one at a time to the father across the sea, but his
wife dissuades him. Meanwhile, the young lord deposits the cowboy's money in bant
and cables his father that he was not burned In tho hotel. He assnmes the name of How
ard Traoey and proceeds to find employment. He tries for a clerkship and then lower
place', all without success. His expenses are too high, so he goes to a typical cheap board
ing house, which tries his will power more than anything else he has yet suffered.
CHAPTEP. XIII.
HE hat exchange accom
plished, the two new
friends started to walk
back leisurely to the
boarding house. Bar
row's mind was fall of
curiosity about this
young fellow. He said:
"You've never been
to tlje Kocky Moun
tains?" "Xo."
"You've never been out on the plains?"
"No."
"How long have you been in this coun
try?" "Only a few. days."
"You've never been in America before?"
"No."
Then Barrow communed with himself.
"Now what odd shapes tho notions of ro
mantic people take. Here's a young fellow
who's read in England about cowboys aud
adventures on the plains. He comes here
and buys a cowboy's suit. Thinks he can
"play himseif on folk for a cowboy, all inex
perienced as he is. Now the minute he's
caught in this poor little game, he's
ashamed of it and ready to retire from it.
It is that exchange that he has put up as an
explanation. It's rather thin, too thin al
together. "Well, he's young never been
anywhere, knows nothing about the world,
sentimental, no doubt Perhaps it was the
natural thing for him to do, but it was a
most singular choice, curious freak, alto-
8Botn men were busy with their thoughts
for a time; then Tracy heaved a sigh and
"Mr. Barrow, the case of that young fel
low troubles me."
"You mean Nat Brady?"
"Yes, Brady, or Baxter, or whatever it
was. The old landlord called him several
dlfferentnames." "
"Oh, yes, he has been very liberal with
names for Brady, since Brady fell into,
arrears for his board. "Well, that's one of
his sarcasms; the old man thinks he's great
on sarcasm."
"Well, what is Brady's difficulty? "What
is Brady? "Who is he?
"Brady is a tinner. He's ayonngjourney
man tinner who was getting along all right
till he fell sick and lost hisjob. He was
very popular before he lost his job; every
body in the house liked Brady. The old
.v
RuWA '
Sis Thoughts TTere -for Away.
man was rather especially fond of him, but
you know that when a man loses his job
and loses his ability to support himself, and
to pay his way as he goes, it makes a great
difference in the way people look at him
and feel about him."
"Is that so? Is it so?"
Barrow looked at Tracy in apuzzled way.
"Why, of course it's so. "Wouldn't you
know that naturally? Don't yon know
that the wounded deer is always attacked
and killed by its companions and friends?"
Tracy said to himself, while a chilly and
boding discomfort spread itself through his
system, "in a republic of deer and men,
where all are free and equal, misfortune is
a crime, and the prosperous gore the un
fortunate to death." Then he said aloud,
"Here in tho boarding house, if one wonld
have friends and be popular instead of hav
ing the cold, shoulder turne'd upon him, he
must be prosperous."
"Yes," Barrow said, "that is so. It's
their nature: They do turn against Brady,
now that he is unfortunate, and they don't
like him as well as they did before;'but it
isn't because of any lack in Brady he's
just as he was before, has the same nature
and the same impulses, but they well.
Brady is a thorn in their consciences, you
see. They know they ought to help him
and they're too stingy to do it, and they're
ashamed of themselves for that, and they
ought also to hate themselves on that ac
count, bnt instead of that they bate Brady
because be makes them ashamed of them
selves. X y thaf s human natnre; that
occurs everywhere; this boarding house is
merely the world in little; it's the case all
over they're .all alike.. In prosperity we
-
'Huckleberry Finn,"
are popular; popularity comes easy in t.tst
case, bnt, when the other thing comes, our
friends are pretty likely to turn against
us."
Tracy's noble theories and high purposes
were beginning to feel pretty damp and
clammy. He wondered if by anv possi
bility he had made a mistake in throwing
his own prosperity to the winds and taking
up the cross of other people's nnprosperity.
But he wouldn't listen to that sort of thing;
he cast it out of his mind, and resolved to
go ahead resolutely along the course he had
mapped out for himself.
Extracts from his diary:
I have now spent several days in this sin
gular hive. I don't know quite what to
make out of these people. They bavo merits
nnd virtues, but they have some other qual
ities, and some ways that are hard to get
along with. I can't enjoy them. The mo
ment I appeared in a hat of the period I no
ticed a change. Tbe respeot which bad been
paid me before passed suddenly away, and
the people became friendly: more than that,
they became familiar, and I'm not used to
familiarity, and can't take to it right off. I
find that out. These people's familiarity
amounts to impudence, sometimes. I sup-,
pose it's all right; no doubt I can get used to
it, but it's not a sattsfactory'process at all. I
have accomplished my dearest wish. I am a
man among men. on an equal footing with
Tom, Diclc and Harry, and yet it isn't juss
exactly what I thought it was going to be. I
I miss home. Am obliged to say I am
homesick. Another thing, and this 1
a confession, a reluctant one, but I
will make it, the thing I miss moss
and most severely. Is the respect, tho
deference, with which I was treated all my
life in England, and which seems to be
somehow necessary tome. I get along very
well without the luxury and the wealth ana
the sort of society I've been accustomed to,
but I do miss the respect, and can't seem to
get reconciled to tbe absence of it. Tnere is
deference here, but it doesn't fall to mv
share. It is lavished on two men. One of
them is a portly mau of middle age, who is a
retired plumber.
Everybody is pleased to havo that man's
notice. He 3 full ot porno and circumstance
and self-complacency and bad grammar,
and at the table he Is Sir Oracle, aud when
he opens his mouth not any dog In the ken
nel bants. Tho other person is a policeman
at the Capitol building. He represents the
Government. Tbe deference paid to these
two men is not so very far short of that
which Is paid to an carl in England, thongh
the method of it differs. Not so mnch court
liness, but the deference is all there. Yes,
and there Is obsequiousness, too. It does -rather
look as if in the republic, where all
are free and equal, prosperity and position,
constitute rank.
The days drifted bv, and they grew ever
more dreary. Por Barrow's efforts to find
work for Tracy were unavailing. Always
the first question asked was: ""What union
do you belong to?" Tracy was obliged to
reply that he didn't belong to any trade
union.
"Very wetl, then, it is impossible to em
ploy you. Mv men wouldn't stay wdth me
if I "should employ a "scab" or' 'rat" or
whatever the phrase was.
"Finally, Tracy had a happy thought. He
said: "Why, the thing for me to do, of
course, is to" join a trade union."
"Yes," Barrow said, "that is the thing
for you to do if you can."
"If I can? Is it difficult?"
"Well, yes," Barrow said, "It's some
times difficult in fact, very difficult. But
you can try, and of course it will be best to
try."
Therefore Tracy tried, but he did not suc
ceed. He was refused admission with a good
deal of promptness, and was advised to go
back home, where he belonged, not coma
here taking honest men's bread out of their
mouths. Tracy began to realize that the
situation was desperate, and the thought
made him cold to the marrow. He said to
himself: "So there is an aristocracy of
position here, and an aristocraey of pros
perity, and apparently there is also an
aristocracy of the ins as opposed to the
outs, and I am with the outs. So the ranks
grow daily here.
Plainly there are all kinds of castes her,
and only one that I belong to, the out
casts." But he couldn't even smile at his small
joke, although he was obliged to confess
that he bad a rather good opinion of it. Ha
was feeling so defeated and miserable by
this time that he could no longer look with
philosophical complacency on the horseplay
of the young fellows in tne upper rooms at
night. At first it had been pleasant to see
them unbend and have a good time after
haying so well earned it by the labors of the
dav, but now it all rasped npon his feelings
and his dignity. He lost patience with the
spectacle.
When they were feeling jyod they
shouted, they scuffled, they sang songs,
they romped about the place like cattle,
and tbey generally wound up with a pillow
fight, in which they banged each other over
the bead and threw the pillows in all direc
tions, and every now and then he got a buf
fet himself; and they were always inviting .
him to join in. They called him "Johnny
Bull," and invited him with excessive
familiarity to take a hand.
At first he had endured all this with good
natnre, but latterly he had shown by his
manner that it was distinctly distasteful ta
him, and very soon he saw a change in the
manner of these young people toward him.
They were souring on nim, as they would "l
have expressed it in their language. Ha
had never been what might be called popu
lar. That was hardly the phrase for it; he had
merely been liked, but sow dislike for him
was growing. His case was not helped bv
the fact that he was out of luck, conldn'l- '
get wefrk, didn't belong to a union, and
couldn't gain admission to one. He got a",
good many slights'cf that small, ill-defined
sort that you can't quite put your finger(oa,
and it was manifest that there was only one
m
M
M
"