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23
CHRISTMAS DOINGS.
The Celebration of the Day in Foreign
Lands Described by Ladies
of the Legations.
KO STOCKIKGS HOKG IK MEXICO.
The TVife of Sir Julian Panneefote
icribes the Way It is Obseired
in Old England.
De-
CEKESIOSIES OF THE FATHERLAXD.
Grand Grtdj's S4 Christcu With the ArcUs Ixplcr.
in Sens Tun Ago.
fCONtZSrOXDENCB Or THI DIsrATCH.1
"Washington, Dec 20. Washington
will celebrate Christmas in all its glory.
Santa Clans is alive and his "Washington
tour trill include every stocking from that
of Baby McKee in the White House to
those of the poorest darkey boys who swarm
by the thousands in our "Washington alleys.
Tons of turkeys, great crates of geese
and hundreds of fat possums are now in the
markets, and enough evergreen and holly
is shown to decorate the Capitol, the Wash
ington monument, the White House and all
of the big Government departments from
their tops to tneir bottoms.
The most interesting of the Christmas
celebrations, however, will be those of
the legations. Every Christian nation
keeps Christmas in its own way. and I
have to-day had a number of interesting
chats as to Christmas in other lands.
Madame Eomero, wife of the Mexican
Minister gives me a picture of the day
there. Said she:
XO SA2CTA CLATJS IS MEXICO.
"Christmas in Mexico is always more or
less a religious festival. It is in conse
quence of by no means so joyous an occasion
as in Europe and this country, where the ob
servances partake so largely ol a social
nature. Were a stranger to visit Mexico at
that time as the guest of an American fam
ily of residents there he would find the same
American Christmas customs observed. We,
for instance, would keep the day in the
same way; but you would find it different
among the pure Mexican families. They
know nothing of hanging up their stockings
on Christmas night, and the Mexican chil
dren look upon Uew Years and their birth
days as the times when they are to be made
mncii of and are sure to receive presents.
"Every one in Mexico is named for some
Saint and the favorite Saint is Guadelnpe.
Still there is a Saint fur every day in the
year, and the Saint days are the gift days. It
is customary to keep hanging on the looking
glass a calendar on which the list ot Siint
days is printed, and one has only to reler to
this to keep posted as to the birthdays of
her friends and relatives."
CERESIOXIES OF CHKIST3IAS.
"As to the Christmas ceremonies,"
Madam P.omero continued, "there is a
morning service in the churches Irom 5 un
til 11 o'clock, at which time the altars are
decorated with flowers. The holiday festiv
ities begin a week betore Christmas and the
Posados are observed by all iamilies whose
means will permit. In lornier limes the
Posados were a mixed social aud religious
festival. They began by a procession
headed by the Virgin, who asked to be re
ceived at each house auring the period of
her journev with Joseph previous to the
birth of Christ. f
"During the progress of the procession
theie is, ot course, considerable praying aud
singing, after which the religious features
ol the occasion are at an end, dancing be
gins and the merriment terminates in a
grand supper. The especial feature of this
least is the Christmas night salad, salada de
la noche buena, made of lettuce, beets, cel
ery and mayonnaise dressing. With this
is served boned turkey, jellies and bHck
coffee, the flavor of which in Mexico is
especially delicious. This supper imme
diately succeeds the misa de gallo, the im
pressive midnicht mass.
TJXIQUE CnElSTHAS EVE OBSERVANCE
"The eeverth day of the Posados falls on
Christmas eve, nr.en the uacimento takes
place. This curious custom portrays by
means ol dolls the various races and their
occupations, the puppets being carefully
dressed atter the manner of each country
represented. Where the wealth of a family
will admit nf such a thn.g individual ex
hibits are held. The whole is preserved in
tact lor weeks after Christmas and nightly
exhibited to relatives or specially invited
friends. At the present day the Posados
contain larlessof their religious character
than formerly and are retained almost ex
clusively as social gatherings."
Of all the noted travelers in Washington,
there is not one who has spent a sadder
Christmas than General Greely, the head of
the Siznal Service. I talked with hira last
night as to his Christmas of 18S3. It was
spent in the miserable little hut of ice and
btiow at Cape Sabine. Cape Sabine was
reached by the party of arcnc explorers in,
their southward search for succor iu Octo
herandonthe 20th of that month General
Greely and the men nnder his charge took
possession of the hut
CHRISTMAS IN THE ICE.
Although the scant supply of food showed
& steady decrease from this date, the men
ooe and all seemed by common consent to
buoy up their spirits looking forward to the
great Christmas festival as though it were
to prove even in that land of driltiug snow
and eternal ice, a time ot merrimentand re
joicing. All the wnile with the frightful
silence of the polar night about them, the
cruel ice king ever advancing nearer and
nearer with his li:e destroying touch, the
party ot exolorers were looking forward to
the winter solstice, the burst of suniight
through the gloom which should aunounce
the coming oi the Christmas child, the birth
day ol the Lord, the cradling of the infant
Jesus in Bethlehem.
At length the morning dawns for which
all have so long looked forward, and with
the barometer at 29.93, thermometer at 30.5
a breakfast is serted of thin soup of Deas
and carrots with a little blubber and some
spoonfuls of potatoes. This meal was eaten
at 6 o'clock, after which cloudberries were
served out tuo cans to each mess. At 1
o'clock came the grand event of the dav, the
Christmas dinner, in houor ot which a brave
show of lights was made in the hut.
GOT OSE SQUARE MEAL.
The cooks having been allotted an extra
pill of rum on that occasion, did their duty
biavely, notwithstanding the great
trouble tbey encountered Irom the
snake, there being very little wind.
The menu consisted ot a fine, rich
stew of all the seal meat with onions, a little
blubber, potatoes aud bread crumbs. Tnis
dish was enjoyed not only because of the
savory ingredients, but because in the diary
ofeachandall is chronicled the pathetic
fact, that the quantity for the once was
sufficient to satisiy hunger.
After the lapse of an hour, a dessert was
served of another stew, this time of raisins,
blubber aud milk. At 7 o'clock each man
was given a. cup or hot chocolate over
which they lingered long, exchanging re
miniscences of home, recalling luxuries of
every description and entering into a com
pact to pass the next Christmas together
should fate allow of them returning to civil
ization. Then followed singing, tbo various
songs taken from the .French, German,
Danish and Innuit So ended General
Greely's Christmas Day at the North Pole,
the last spent by him at Cape Sabine, and
to many ot his brave men the last ever spent
upon earth. The only mention made of any
thing in the nature of gifts that day, is in
regard to Kislingbury, who knowing that
many of the men were entirely oat of their
supply of tobicco, kindly made for each of
the party a cigarette.
7SUX FEAST OF THE ESQUIMAUX.
When asked whether the season was
celebrated iu any sense -as a religious
festival among tile Esquimaux, General
Greely said that while the race were by no
means a heathen people, yet their celebra
tion of Christmas so far from being in
accordance with the Christian significance is
distinctly traceable to the ancient celebra
tion of the sun feast. This is. in reality the
hyemal or winter solstice which falls about
December 22, and is kept as a period of
rejoicing at the return of the sun, which to
the Esquimaux means 'not only an end of
the long, dreary night, but is the return of
weather propitious for good hunting and
fishing.
Interesting accounts of this sun feast,
chronicled by a Moravian priest, earlv in
1700, state that the people, haviug assembled
in large parties Irom alIo,-er the country,
amuse themselves with sports of an athletic
nature and treat one another to the best fare
their larder nrovides. After gorging them
selves, the Esquimaux rise up to play and
dance. There n as no danger of intoxication
on these early celebrations of the sun feast,
since water was the only beverage known,
AK ODD MUSICAIi INSTRUMENT.
The one musical instrument of the people
is a drum formed of a wooden or whalebone
hoop, two fingers in breadth, which on one
side is covered with a tbiu vellum, or the
skin of a whale's tongue. This drum,
slightly oval, has a long handle by which
the Greenlandcr holds it in his right hand,
sinking it the while upon the underside
with his lelt hand. At every stroke he gives
a grotesque little hop, swaying his head and
body to the time, two strokes falling in
every crotchet. The song of a recitative
nature accompanying this music extols the
noble deed of his ancestors, the honor of
seal catching, and expresses joy at the re
turn of the sun to the hemisphere. Every
stanza is accompanied by the auditory irom
whose lips tne oft repeated chorus "Anna
ajab, ajah, ah-hul" forms a complete can
tata, thus:
The welcome sun returns again,
Amna, ajah, ajan. ah-tm.
And brings us weather fine and fair,
Amna ajah, ajah, ah-hu.
This sort of thing lasts for several days
and nights, either until the entire stock of
provisions is exhausted or the people are too
exhausted to sing or move. Whoever has
succeeded in making the greatest number of
droll contortions of the body bears there
after the proud distinction of master musi
cian. When the mooh shines they play at
ball in a manner similar to that followed in
this country.
AMONG THE ARCTIC DANES.
Though liquor is strictly forbidden by
law throughout the Danish "Provinces, yet
on the notable occasion of Christmas Day it
is customary for the person in authority to
give to each man a small measure of
schnapps, which is relished accordingly.
Early in the morning the young people,
headed by the catechist, go for a round oi
the neighborhood, stopping at each house to
sins a psalm. This custom likewise pre
vails at Easter.
Such a thing as the giving of presents on
Christmas Diy, or indeed on any occasion,
among the Esquimaux is wholly unknown.
Strangely enough they are, as a race,
absolutely lacking in gratitude even in the
definition of a "lively sense ol benefits to
come." On Christmas Day, or any time,
any one, friend or stranger, may enter a
native hut; thuugh no salutation is vouch
sated nor hospitality proffered, it is gen
erally understood that one is welcome to
whatever the place affords, however much
may be required or to whatever length the
stay may be prolonged. No protest will be
offered, but when the guest leaves, in the
event of his being a European, the host calls
out: "Don't hurt thy head," (that is against
the ceiling of the doorway.)
CHRISTMAS IN OLD ENGLAND.
"Christmas of to-day in England," said
Lady Pauncclote, "is kept up with all the
good old customs even to the turkey and
plum pudding, which on that day reign
supreme."
"Koast bee'?"
"Yes, certainly; wc have that as well,
though it is by no means the important
feature of the table which Americans gen
erally imagine to be the case. With us it is
as customary to serve roast beef some time
during the course of the day as it is to havj
tea at 5 o'clock. Many of the servants in
England are so superstitious that tbey will
not remain in a house where beef is not
served every day, lor they consider a day
without it would mean day of disaster to the
establishment.
"For many weeks before Christmas every
one is busy in the preparation of their gifts,
lor the interchange of snch things is very
general, though I think, save in the families
of wealth, it is customary to select for this
occasion things of a useful nature. Wlieie
there are children in the family the
dressing o' the tree is a very important
operation, but in this I think the American
plan by ft; the best. We have a stupid
lashion iu England, when we have a tree,
of putting everything on instead of placing
the thinzs beneath it or on a table near by.
After the distribution of presents games are
introduced, the favorite being snap drason.
A large bowl of brandy is carried into a
dark room, lighted and every one then in
turn tries his success at picking from the
sheet of blue flame one or more raisins which
plentifully bestrew its sur.'ace.
AN ENGLISH CHRISTMAS DINNER.
"Dinner is a more ceremonious meal,
served at 7 or 8 o'clock, and partaken of by
a large company, for invariably where the
owner of a country house has no wide circle
of guests to invite down for the holidays,
the invitations are sent far aud near to
friends. During the fortnight beginning
with Christmas eve and ending with the 6th
of January Twelfth Nizht when the holi
days end and the young people of the party
return to school. For each evening there is
somethin; marked off on the programme,
games, dancing, charades and tableaux.with
a ball as a grand windup. Turkey is the
great dish for Christmas dinner in England
as in America, with plum pudding for des
sert. This is brouzht in aflame, crowned
I with a sprig ot Holly, which is everywhere
used in the decorations, intertwined with
mistletoe.
"Strictly speaking, the presence of the
latter," Lidy Panneefote continued, "is
seldom taken advantage of in our best
houses, though it Droves ths subject of num
berless jests and laughter. Twelith Night
is the grand finale, the evening on which
the holidays come to a close, and in conse
quence is always marked br some entertain
ment. An immense cake is always prepared
especially for that time.and occupying the en
tire centerof the table, is covered'with icing
and ornamented with a fignre which holds
in its hands a mysterious little Dox or basket
in which are contained presents of jewelry.
Slips of paper are arranged, and the guests
then draw in turn for the presents."
CHRISTMAS IN GERMANY.
Christmas in the Fatherland, with all its
attendant ceremonies and pretty little cus
toms is thus graphically described by Frau
Itin Kotzenberg, of the British Legation.
"Christmas in Germany is children's day,
when with gifts and kind words we seek to
make merry the hearts of the young people.
In orthodox families there, is a beautiful
custom of building the cradle in one corner
ol the room, where, in moss ol different col
ors, are represented the' plains oh which the
shepherds watched their flocks by night.
The little wooly sheep, the dogs, the wise
men Irom afar, are all represented and
above the cradle where the Christkind lies
comes down the light of the wondrous star
in the East. On bended knee the wise men
show their adoration of the Child.
"The building of this moss cradle and the
whole, scene is done by the mother and
father, though sometimes the children are
allowed to take part. The tree is usually
placed on a large table covered with a fresh
white cloth and set in the middle of the
room, and in the dressing of this only the
parents are present Then on Christmas
eve when it is dark the children are all as
sembled, awaiting in joyous expectation the
sound of the bell which will be a signal that
the tree is ready. At last it comes and with
happy hearts the children enter as the doors
are thrown open. Beneath the tree heaped
on the table in little piles are the. useful
presents.
"The children form iu line about the tree,
the oldest first, carrying the baby, and last
of all the little one just walking. At the
piano sits the mother, who strikes a chord,
and the oldest then goes slowly round the
table to discover which of the gifts is hers.
If she pauses before the heap intended for
the music is very soft and slow; then as she
gradually nears it there comes a great crash
of sound and the excitement is intense.
This goes on until each in turn have discov
ered their presents, when the ftther calls
them to him and taking oo his kneeone
child at a time has them repeat the little
verse or sing the song prepared for this oc
sasiou. Before goodnight is said the chil
dren cluster round the mother at the piano
and join their voices with her own.,
"On Christmas Day there is roast goose
or venison for dinner and plum pudding for
dessert, with big slices ol cake made by the
bakers only at this season. These cakes
baked iu squares, nearly three feet long, and
plentifully stuffed with raisins, currants
and citron, do not resemble the dark fruit
cake of England and America. The stuffing
of the goose is prepared in the same manner
as mince meat, and is quite sweet. Around
the rim of the dish are placed boiled chest
nuts, which, in Germanv, are served as a
vegetable." Miss Grundy, Jr.
THE EEALM OF BHYME.
tOAKKEHED TOB TTIE CISrATCB.
Christmas.
That ChriBtmas time had come again was very
plain to see,
'Twas glassed in every face you passed and
written leg:bly
In restless, dancing, morry glance of romping
girls and uojs;
It was seen in the show windows crammed full
of pretty toys.
ion conld feel it in collapsing pursej'twas pres
ent cverj where.
Could fancy that you heard the hum of "Christ
mas" in the air,
And e'en the ancient Christmas fowl (of com
ing doom well wot
Picturing bimselt with legs upraised) now
dropped his usual strut.
In whisperings and furtive looks abundant
proof there was;
The prevailing epidemic was due to Santa
Glaus.
Seated beside the dying fire alone on Christmas
eve,
I sought from busy cares of life to get a brief
reprieve;
With tbo help of a Havana a passing joy to
win. . ,
In shadowy castles reared of smoke oy chasing
hopes therein.
Wife and the sleepy children had long since
gone to bed.
The rosiest visions swimming m each trustful
urchin's head, ...
Of what upon the morrow their stockings would
reveal;
Beside the hre they hnng, a-row, to my purse
a mute appeal.
I was nufflog; reminiscent of the bygone merry
tiavs.
And picturing myself at last among the silver
crays,"
And sequence natural to tho case) at last I
fell asleep
A sort of "cat-nap," waking doze; when brain
doth vlnl keep
While it speeds in course erratic through the
lotus land nf slumber.
And tangles aru and woof of sense in visions
without mimtier.
Perhaps 1 dreamed (be this as may), but there,
before mv eyes
Appeared a being robed in white, as If from
Paradise,
And yet not ail ethereal; of fair proportions
she.
Of gemle mien and pleasing glance of eyes she
turned to me.
Her hair in waves hnng down her back 'twas
long and beautiful.
Environing la softest folds her neck, as would
a frill.
A world of Inve beamed in thote eyes of the
serenest licut,
AdJ Iwas sure an an angel was revealed unto
my sight.
An aneel very practical, as presently she
proved
(Thoueh wanting wings); she straight toward
the children's stockings moved.
In either band she bore a load of prettiest of
tojs:
She seemed to know precisely what would suit
my girl and boys.
But how she crammed those toys all In the
stocking. I don't know.
Yet In thev went with great dispatch a quite
inviting show.
Now, 'tis certain that Saint Nicholas is the
onl proper source
Whence cuildron get their Christmas things
he was quite old. of conrse.
(He was known in the Justinian age; hun
dreds ot vears ago).
The "rheumatics" must "distress" him in the
zone of Ice and snow.
As it is hard to get about, he presents gives by
proxy;
And this ance) was his dopnty; to doubt were
heterodoxy.
Thus logically I reasoned; when to me that
angel said.
As she tapped me on the dexter cheek, "Come,
John; do go to bed."
Helen Sunt Jackson.
When the New Wears Oft
He was a yontb. and she, a maid,
Both happy, young and cay.
They loved and life to them was fair
As one continuous May.
The croakers saw this happiness,
And said, "Ah, love is olind:
You're happy now, but care will come.
When the new wears off, you'll find."
They married, and then their life grew rich
With calmer, riper joj;
They were as man ana wife more fond
Than when as sirl and boy.
Their "friends" could not endure the sight.
And said, w ith wordly w r,
"It will Dot be so brighr and fine
When the new wears off a bit."
Ah, well, the new wore off, of conrse,
And then, what did they find?
An crtdness which was better far,.
For love is not so blind
As selfish Care: and loving hearts
New joys will always un-pt.
So. when the new wears off, they'll find
Old love the more complete,
Myrtle JCoon Chcrryman.
Ture Gold.
The angels were weaving crowns
Golden crowns for the heads of men,
Last night when I tappedat the door
In my wonderful dream. And when
I asked them a crown for you.
Brother mine, for yonr golden year,
Tbey sang: "Only they who have sown
Seeds of gold have a crown waiting here."
"Loot! here all the caskets lie.
Little sisters, their clasps cannot part.
Till one who has known him can speak
The word that would open bis heart.
For ont of life's golden crain
The key of the heart doth grow.
And if infullfltty jeara
No one mav the tallyman know.
Then better the heai t and the crown
Be left in their caskets, alone.
For worthless alike to man
Are crowns of or hearts of stone."
Amazed, helpless, hopeless. I heard,
For what all alone could I do?
And prostrate 1 fell in depair.
And cried out in anguish for you,
"I need thee, my brother, come, help"
When lo! something touched jmyjiand,
Ai. angel, the brightest and best
In all of that aliiterinsr baud;
And quickly she gave me thy crown.
And sweetly she said: "With good cheer
And long live thy brother to sow
Golden grain for tnis many a year."
With rantnre.1 bring it to thee
All set with rich apples of gold.
The tears thou bast stayed, its pearls.
Its pattern thy soul's mystic mold.
All proudly I wish thee ung life
Aud joy beyond measure and yet and yet,
Through my gladness cmues stealing anon,
Ono little false chord of recret,
Why other than mine the power
Those heaven-land caskets to partf
Why other than mine the hand
That held the gold key of thv heart?
Mrs. Walker, in Inter-Ocean,
The Iron Pipe Age.
The present is what might be called "the
iron pipe age," and its patron saint should
be called "Tubular Cain." There is no
article so generally used in the construction
of everything that is built as tubular iron.
Solid castings are no longer in use for hun
dreds of purposes as was the case formerly.
Columns, pillows, railways, architectural
iron, in fact, most everything where strength
Is required, are now not made of cast-iron,
but ot hollow wrought-iron tubing, greater
strength and less weight being the qualities
gained. '
THE PITTSBUBG- glSPATGH. SUNDAY. , DECEMBER 21, 1890.
LAND GRANT OF '62.
No Measure Disposing of tho Public
"Domain Resulted Better.
IT IS EDUCATIKG THE FARMERS.
Forty-Eight Solid Agricultural Colleges
Doing a Great Work.
THE THREE NBAEKST TO P1TTSBDKQ
I WMTTEX VOn TltE DISrATCS.
The recent organization of an agricultural
experiment station in each State by the
Government has established a close relation
between scientific men and the farmers. The
annual appropriation of $750,000 for the sup
port of these stations is an indication of the
growing' importance of agricultural science,
and although hampered by serious obstacles
it is fast becoming the leading industry of
the nation.
It is estimated that the farming lands,
farm implements and live stock ol this
country have a money value of $12,000,000,
000, and that one-half of the population are
directly dependent upon agriculture for
their support These farm workers are
everywhere organized for mutual benefit
and support, and their influence upon the
legislation and rj Hies of the nation can no
longer he questioned. The establishment
of the agricultural colleges in the several
States, during and after the war, was one of
the most important enterprises ever under
taken by theGovernment, and through these
colleges agriculture has been given a place
in the educational system of the country
commensurate with its dignity and import
ance. THE EARLY EFFORTS FOILED.
Before the passage of the land grant act of
1862, attempts had been made in different
parts of the country to establish agricultural
schools, but the funds being limited, and the
support being meager, these attempts were
mostly unsuccesslul. In 1809 a bill having
the education of the farming classes in view
was passed in Congress, but it was vetoed by
President Buchanan. Three years later the
bill was again presented, aud under the
leadership oi the Hon. Justin S. Morrill, of
Vermont, it was passed, and was subse
quently approved by President Lincoln.
Then, agricultural education in the United
States was placed on a permanent basis, and,
henceforth, farmers' sons were to have an
opportunity to fit themselves for their special
pursuit in life. By the provisions of the act
scrip to the amount of 30,000 acres for each
Senator and Representative in Congress was
appropriated, and the money realized Irom
the sale of these lands was to be used for the
endowment of colleges for the benefit ot
agriculture and the mechanic arts. Iu some
States the grant was used in the endow
ment of a single institution, while in
others it was divided between two
or three. In 13 States the grant
served to augment the courses in uuiversi
ties or colleges already in existence, or to
establish courses in agriculture and applied
science iu the same, while iu the remaining
States the lunds served as a basis upon
which new institutions were founded.
THIRTY MILLIONS INVESTED.
The total number of acres of land granted
was 17,430,000, aud the money obtained
from the sale of this land amounted to
57,545,405. This fund has, from time to
time, been increased by State and indi
vidual donations, so that the entire property
of these institutions is variously estimated
at from $23,000,000 to $30,000,000. In one
conspicuous instance the grant wis so
wisely managed that it was augmented by
many hundred thousands of dollars, and
Cornell University was the direct outgrowth
of the grant, an institution whose name is
well known on both sides of the Atlantic,
and which to-day is doing a splendid work
in aid of agricultural and industrial educa
tion. So extensive is the organization of
this institution that at present no less than
21 pro'essors, instructors and students take
part in the instruction of those agricultural
students who enter lor the full course.
In Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Vir
ginia institutions were established, and
these are now in successlul operation.
The Pennsylvania .State College, located
about 12 miles southwest of Bellefonte, in
Center county, began originally in 1859, as
the Farmers' High School. After receiving
the proceeds of theactot 1862 its organiza
tion was enlarged, and its present laculty
consists of 13 regular professors and 9
assistant professors and instructors.
OHIO "WELL TO THE FRONT.
The Ohio State University at Columbus is
one of the most extensive public institu
tions iu the country, and has a faculty of 19
professors and 18 assistant professors, in
structors and assistants. The West Vir
ginia State University, located at Morgan
town, which is now more prosperous than
ever be. ore, has a faculty of 12 professors
and 6 assistant professors and instructors,
and, like the institution above named, is
the outgrowth of the land grant act or lb62.
Thus these three institutions, located within
eisy distance ot Pittsburg, were fouuded espe
cially in the interests ot the Jarmers and tne
industrial classes, and at the present time
employ no less than 44 regular prolessors
and 33 assistant profrs-or; and instructors.
The salaries ot these officials are paid partly
by the interest on the eudowment funds and
partly by lunds appropriated by the Legis
latures of these States.
These institutions, as well as those in the
other States, are couducted ou a broad and
liberal basis, and furnish opportunities for
acquiring an advauced scientific and agri
cultural education, not surpassed by the
older and wealthier institutions of the coun
try. Their leading object is, without ex
cluding other scientific and classical studies,
to teach such branches as are related to ag
riculture and the mechanic arts, in order to
promote the liberal and practical education
of their students in the several pursuits and
prolcsstons of life. Iu the founding of
these institutions, thereiore, theie has becu
provided instructions in the English
branches and classics, while in the sciences
two great lines of education have been
marked out, one embracing chemistry,
botany, phvsics and other natural and phy
sical sciences, and the other the mathemati
cal, the laws ot which underlie the prob
lems of modern industrial life.
IT tVAS A "WISE STEP.
In the entire country there are no less
thau 48 agricultural colleges which are the
direct outgrowth of the land grant act of
18C2, and, in some of the States, several
preparatory schools are directly connected
with these higher institutions. So complete
is the organization of these institution, and
so thorough are the courses prescribed that
at the present time about 500 regular pro
fessors and about 400 assistant pro.eisors
and instructors are iouud enrolled in their
various catalogues, aud many thousand
students are iu daily attendance.
Thus it will be seen that the proceeds
from the sale of a part of the public domain
have been wisely applied, aud a measure
conceived 30 years ago in the broadest
spirit of statesmanship and public policy
has resulted in the establishment of these
hisher institutions of learning for a wise
ano beneficent purpose. The influence of
these schools on the national character has
long since been widely felt, and the nation
has trained thousands of young men for
use.ul public service by contributing a
slender portion of its wealfii for the promo
tion ot au efficient system of higher educa
tion. A. R. WHITEHILL.
Remarkable Hello of Ober-Ammergau.
A lady who was traveling in Europe in 1880
picked up a small pebble near the cross, by
the village of Ober-Ammergau, to preserve.
as a memento. Eight years later, in rela
beling this fragment of limestone irom the
Tillage of Passion Play fame, she chanced
to turn the pebble so that the light lell in a
certain angle, and was astonished to find
that in that view a wonderfully sorrowful
face like that of the Christ showed itself,
TEE EATS WON THE DAT.
Story of Pioneer Times Which Gave a Sheet
of Water a Name.
Lewis ton Journal.
The question is frequently asked, whence
the name of Thomson Pond, a sheet of water
in Western Maine, extending through four
towns and lying partly in three counties.
Tradition says it was named from the first
settler, Joe Thomson. During his sojourn
be was seriously troubled, by rats. Be first
provided himself with a s'tout leather bag of
the capacity of four bushels. He then
placed au empty hogshead in his log hovel
leaving the bunghole open, through .which
he dropped a small quantity of meat scraps
and'erumbs of bread.
Ba; in baud he retired outside to watch
pioceedmgs, peeking through a small cre
vice between the logs. Presently he espied
an old gray veteran approaching the bung
hole. Ho'takes a necp, theu sniffs, looks
cautiously about and then enters. He soon
emerges Irom the hogshead and quickly dis
appears. In a trice he returns followed by
a drove amounting" to hundreds, which, one
by one, disappear tnrough the bung-hole.
"Now," chuckled Joe, "is my fun," as he
skipped nimbly through the door and ad
justed the open mouth of the bag to the
small aperture, at the same time rapping
the hogshead with the toe othis boot, which
produced a loud ringing sound. With loud
squeals and fierce straggles the frightened
rats began to scramble through the bung
hole, all landing in the bottom of the bag.
His first thought was to drown them by
sinking the bag in the pond, but being in a
rather gamesome mood, as was often the
case, he concluded to put the bag in his
boat, and after rowing to a-goad distance
irom the shore, then release them, and
with his ox-goad have a good time knocking
tnem in the head.
Bowing out several rods from the shore,
and being iu high glee at the thought of
wreaking vengeance on the "varmints"
'which had given so much trouble, he, with
out hesitation, untied the bag expecting to
see the frightened creatures at once leap
into the water, but he quickly found him
self mistaken.
Instead ot fleeing, or even retreating, the
rats charged in a body, and with teeth
and claws so severely lacerated bis face,
neck and bands, as to cause him to leap
from the boat and swim for the shore, leav
ing the craft in the possession of his one
time victims.
KOI TO BE VANQUISHED.
How a Maine Lunatlo Stopped a Train
With a Hasty Sword.
Levrlston Journal.
The first appearance of a railway train in
the city of Portland was a source of great
wonderment to most of the country people
who used to visit the place for the purpose
of marketing their produce. Large crowds
used to gather about the time lor the incom
ing train. Among those who used to lounge
about the depot was an elderly man who for
several years had been an inmate of the
poorhouse.
His tall, manly form, erect carriage and
finely cut face, plainly indicated a good in
tellect originally, aud a man who had seen
better days. It was said that he once held
au office of high rank iu the State militia,
but insanity had brought him to grief and
want. He used to travel the city through
out, each day, arrayed iu his regimentals.
with a dilapidated cocked bat, a pair of
rusty epaulettes and high topped boots,
armed with a long rusty sword and waving
a tattered flag. For many years he was
known as "General Warren."
One day an uncommonly great crowd
stood iu and about the depot awaiting the
morning train. Soon the rattle of the cars
was heard in the, distance. The General
was seen to dart from among the crowd and
rush along the track waving his flag and
gesticulating violently with his sword at the
same time iu a loud and peremptory tone
ordering a halt. The engineer thinking
some obstruction was on the track, whistled
down brake"!, aud quickly, as if in obe
dience to the General's order, came to a
stop.
The General stood his ground withdut
tittering a word.
' "What's the matter?" inquired the engi
neer, as soon as he cams wituin hailing dis
tance. "Why," coollv replied the General, "I
have fought and vanquished lions, bears,
tigers. Yea, men. Do you suppose I am
going to turn back for a cook stove ou
trucks?"
A QTAEHEL OF GREAT LIGHTS.
How Tolstoi and Turgenieff Fell Out While
Over Their Coffee.
"In the morning, at our usual time, 9
o'clock, our guests came to the dining room,
where my wife sat by the samovar, and I, in
expectation of coffee, sat at the other end of
the table," says a writer in a foreign ex
change. "Turgenieff sat on my wile's
right hand and Tolstoi on the lefw Know
ing the importance Turgenieff at that time
ascribed to the education of his daughter,
my wife asked him whether be was satisfied
with his Euglish governess. Turgenieff
began to sing her praises, and among other
things said that the governess bad asked
him, with English exactitude, how much
his daughter might spend in charity. 'Now,'
said Turgenieff, 'she wants my daughter to
collect the ragged clothes of the poor and
mend them.'
" 'And do you consider that to be good?'
asked Tolstoi.
"'Of course! it brings the charitable per
son closer to the poor.' replied Turgenieff.
" 'And I think,' said Tolstoi, 'that a well
dressed girl who takes the dirty rags in her
lap acts an insincere and theatric il part.'
' 'I request you not to sy sol' said Tur
genicO", with quivering nostrils.
" 'Why should I not say what I am con
vinced oi?' answered Tolstoi.
"I had no time to interpose," continued
the writer, "when Turgenieff" said, pale
with anger: 'Then I will force you to
silence by an lnsultl' With the-e words he
rose from the table; then suddenly clasped
his hands excitedly over his face and left
the room. After a momeqt he came back
and said, addressing my wife:
" 'I beseech you to forgive my rudeness;
I am deenly sorry lor it.' Then he with
drew. Understanding that the two late
friends could no longer remain together, I
ordered separate carriages for them."
EALAHATJA AT A BANQUET.
When the WIno Sparkled He Didn't Care
Whether School Kept or Not.
St. Louis tilobe-Democrat.
The arrival of King Kalakaua in San
Francisco recalls an incident which
occurred in Jefferson City at the time his
dusky Highness was traveling through the
United States several years ago. The good
people up at the capital decided to give
Kalakaua a royal reception, and it certainly
was one ot the most hospitable accorded the
monarch during his tour. Wine flowed
like water and, as a matter of course, a
good part of it wandered . down the royal
throat The more the King drank the more
satisfied he became with the general con
dition of mundane affairs, and. was fast com
ing to the conclusion that Jefferson City was
the best place in the world to live in.
But his stay at the capital was limited
by a cold, bard railroad time-table. A few
minutes be'ore the train was due the master
ot ceremonies, a well-known Democratic
politician, approached Kalakaua and in
lormed him that the train was about due,
and "the committee, it such were his royal
pleasure, would now escort him to the
depot." The monarch stared at the speaker
and remarked in very good English: ""ApIi
all rite: le' me "lonel" The master of cere
monies was embarrassed, but still he per
sisted. "S'more champagnel commanded
the King in his most majestic tone. Just
then the train whistled. In despair the
mister of ceremonies seized Kalakaua
by the collar. "Darn it, King, the train's
comin' and you'll get left," he said, and the
committee gathered about the tottering
monarch, carried him to the depot and
started him toward St, Louis,
GOLD ON THE OCEAN.
Modern Treasure Ship3 That Ply
Between Enrone and America.
HOW SHIPMENTS ARE EFFECTED.
Worn English Sovereigns are Bought by
Weight and Uelted Here.
TWENTI-TWO MILLIONS IS BRICKS.
Tales of golden freighted galleons sweep
ing through the Spanish main, stories of
the millions that were
wrested from the Incas or
from the splendid temples
of Yucatan, fabled cargoes
of bullion from El Dorado
all that romance has told
the world ol riches of gold
and silver seems like a
savage's dream of plenty
when compared to the
wealth which is carried to
and fro by the Atlantic
liners of to-day without
"even arousing a passing
comment
Of course, such things as conditions of ex
change vary the great quantities ot specie
which commerce or the financial conditions
of the world of trade command to go upon
the ocean from week to week, but the
amount of sovereigns or of the beautilul
double eagles of our own country which pass
from England to this country or back to
England again in a single week nowadays
would represent the total spoils of a Pizziro
and a Cortez combined. Tourists voyage
upon steamships which carry upon their
decks sufficient gold to plate the dome of
St. Peter's au inch thick or would buy a
principality without mortgages.
THE MAJESTIC'S GOLDEJT BT7BDEN.
For nearly a month past, says the New
York Herald, the whole banking and com-
Sacking Gold Bricks.
mercial community ot this city has bezn de
manding gold, but because of elements of
uncertainty in trade in England and on the
Continent, our bankers could not get a sur
ficient quantity to supply the demand.
Though great efforts were made to obtain
from England a large amount, such were
the drains upon the B ink of England on ac
count of the embarrassment of the Barings
and the anxiety which prevailed because of
it that that creat arbiter of finance declined
to permit any of its fine bars or the Ameri
can double eagles which it constantly keeps
in store to pass from its possession.
With an additional supply from the Bank
of France, however, there became available
the more or less worn sovereigns in the Bank
of England's vaults, and at once a number
of foreign baukers iu this city began to se
cure them for shipment to tb'is citv. The
result is that the big steamship Majestic,
which sailed from the other side Wednes
day, DecemberlO, is a veritable treasure ship,
laden with millions of gold, to ease-the fear
of our merchants that there will be not
enough current money to accommodate the
exigencies of trade. Of course these ship
ments on the Majestic are exceptional. But
they illustrate how promptly a great quan
tity of treasure may be accumulated in case
of necessity. For it must be remembered
that these millions were pledged within not
more than two or three business days the
first amount, ($250,000) being secured Satur
day, December 6, by the Messrs. Seligmau.
THEY DON'T ISIPOET FOB FUN.
Bankers, while wonderfully good fellows,
are not in business merely as philanthropists.
They don't bring gold over here simply be
cause you or I may want to buy Christmas
presents. They do it all to make money,
and lor no other purpose under the sun. So
when you hear of a great shipment of gold
from the other side, depend upon it that
someone is making ail the way from one-
A Steamer Specie Hoom.
quarter of one per cent to one-half of one
per cent on every dollar that is landed on
these comparatively prosperous shores.
According to the present rates of exchange,
the bankers mnke about 550,000 on every
81,000,000 worth ot the precious metal which
is shipped to this cily. This, too, is upon
the mere rates of exchange. Besides tbey
make a very comfortable sort of profit ou
the loan of this money to those who are in
ueed oi it. In the first place, when the
rates of exchange are very low on this side,
as they are at present, the banker sends
word to his correspondent on the other side
to ship bim so many hundreds of thousands
of dollars worth of gold, just as a wholesale
importer of silk would request his agent on
the other side to ship him a hundred pieces
of Lyons silk. The visit on this order is
taken to Threadneedle street by the cor
respondent, and the requisite amount of the
precious metal is ordered either by drafts or
upon the presentation of Bank ot England
bills for the amount
WEIGHING ENGLISH SOVEBEIGNS.
If the gold can be secured in either fine
cold bars or in American double eagles, the
transaction, so far as the bank is concerned,
is done. But il the bank declines to part
with any of these, then the demand is made
for the payment ot the ordet or bills iu sov
ereigns. It is here that some of the com
plication of details comes in. For, notwith
standing the general impression that En
glish sovereigns are always new and beauti
ful, many of those in the great vaults which
are available for .shipment are neither, for
circulation wears the English coin quite as
much as it does ours. So instead of receiv
o n
o
I ' 'L-
i If
yPiifOj" iiiiiiiiT Lg
uiLyiu J (E33ZZ fs53BKRI KSHatn
FJttKB
and at the same time extend our business and CRAYON PORTRAITS
make new cu'.tomers.we have decided to make this special ofJer. Send us a Cabinet Picture, Photograph, Tin Type, Ambrotypa
or Daguerrotype, o yourself or any member o! your family, living or dead, and we will make you a LUTE SIZB CRAYON
PORTRAIT FREES OP CHARGE, provided you exhibit It to your friends as a sample of our work, and use your influence
in securing us future oiders. Place name and address on back of picture and it will be returned in perfect order. We males
any change in picture yoa wish, not interfering with the likeness. Refer to any bank in New York. Address all mall to
PACIFIC PORTRAIT HOUSE, BROADWAY THEATER BUILDING, NEW YORK.
3PHF3ABE BE
ing the number of sovereigns in sovereigns
that the demand is made for the old sover
eigns are dumped into a big scale and
weighed like so much sugar. Then when
the amount in what Mr. Swinburne calls
"the ruddy red gold" is measured out the
correspondent puts himself in communica
tion with the New York banker and says
that so much gold at such and such a price
is held subject to his instructions. It doesn't
take long ;or a cablegram to get across to
order a prompt shipment, and over the
specie comes ou the next big mail steamer.
Here again the similarity of shipment to
that of ordinary merchandise is evident
The gold is taktn from the bank in canvas
bags to the broker's' or banker's office and
repacked in small iron-bound kegs. A visit
is made then to au insurance company's
office, and the coutents of the little kegs is
insured nt a rate of about one-eighth ot 1
per cent A couple of bills of lading are
secured, and one of these -is shipped with
the cold, and the duplicate is put in an
envelope with the insurauce policy and sent
across by a mail steamship which sails about
the same time.
PEECATJTIONS TJPON PRECAUTIONS.
Of course, there is a big object iu doing
this, because if by some mishap the steamer
$ll2iti,
-- .
Weighing the Gold.
carrying the specie should go down the in
surance policy would still be all right, and
the un'ortunate insurance company would
still be responsible; besides, the duplicate
bill of lading will furnish indubitable proof
that the gold was shipped. Thus there is
very little risk attendant upon the shipmeut
of the specie. Alter .all these precautions
against loss have been taken, the gold is
carted by a truckman who makes a specialty
of this sort of business to the railway station
for shipment to Southampton. The gold is
placed in the mail car with a special guard
and as there are no road agents of surpassing
pluck in England, the gold is about as cer
tain to get to the steamer as the hours are
to come around. Besides, the robber who
has the bad judgment to try to run off with
a keg of gold would tire out before he got
very far with his booty.
Upon the arrival of the treasure at South
ampton or Liverpool, as the case may be,thc
gold is put aboard the steamer and carried
below to the iron or steel inclosed apart
ment known as the mallroom. Just as soon
as the specie gets aboard the steamer's
purser takes charge of it, and thenceforth
until it is landed .the steamship company is
responsible for it to the consignor aud the
purser is responsible for it to the company.
A STEAMER'S STBONG BOX.
This mailroom differs in size ou the vari
ous steamers, but they are all about as
strong as iron or steel can make them in
fact, they are veritable safes built into the
steamer, s-nd may be opened only by the
purser. So you see there is no divided re
sponsibility here, for the purser is the only
one who has the keys, and he usually knows
how to keep tbem pretty safely. All steam
ships which carry the mails also carry gold,
and as the transportation ot it is extremely
profitable, the rates even now, despite very
vigorous competition, beinz one-eighth of
one per cent, the bankers have little else to
do than to select the first steamer which
leaves port By means of cablegrams the
consignee is informed at what time to expect
the treasure to arrive and h. has his truck
man down on the pier ready to receive it as I
soon as it arrives.
Every banker and broker in Wall street
knows that there is only one man who does
this exceedingly responsible work. He is
John Barclay, whose trucks have carried
from the steamers to the bankers' offices
enough gold and silver to have paid off the
national debt. HriiosJn't always go to the
bankers' offices, though, for iu the majority
of cases he takes his precious load according
to instructionstdirect to the Assay Office in
Wall street There the entrance is made
through the big gates at the west of the
building between the Assay Office and the
Sub-Treasury. The gates clang to again,
and that lot of gold goes in never to come
out azain in exactly tba same form.
TBANSFOKMED INTO DOLLARS.
The gold, still in kegs, is rolled into the
Assay Office on queer little trucks and goes
into the' big room on the first floor, where
Mr. Graham has presided with power for
so many years. Then it actually becomes
the property of the Treasury Departments
the United; Stales Government. For it
must not be supposed that it is put upon the
money market In either sovereigns or in our
own specie when it arrives.
On the contrary, in whatever form it
comes to the Assay office, it is taken and
dumped on the pretty brass scales which
tower behind Mr. Graham's desk and' care
fully weighed. These scales are worthy of
a visit. While they are not especially im
prsive in appearance, they are capable of
doing a big lot of work. They can accommo
date very nearly 1,000 pound's, and will also
indicate to a hair when there is only a
grain on their plates. When the banker
or his properly accredited representative
calls at the Assay Office he presents his ad
vices and the gold is weighed on Mr.
Graham's scales. The banker is given a
check upon the Sub-Treasury next door in
amount to represent three-quarters of the
value of the gold in ounces, the remainder
payable after the gold has been assayed.
This is done for the convenience of the
banker, who may wish to use the money
right away, and-for the protection of the
Government Upon the presentation of his
check to the Sub-Treasury he receives his
money in nice new gold certificates, in gold
coin or however else he may choose.
TWENTY-TWO MILLIONS IN PUKE GOLD.
At the Assay Office the gold received is
taken to the smelting room and there tossed
into the big crucibles, where the purifica
tion by fire take's palace in a mighty short
space of time. Then the molten metal, re
lieved of all alloy or other extraneous mat
ter, is run into.lorms, producing whencooled
pretty yellow blocks of gold about three
inches wide by fire inches long and two-
thirds of an inch thick. These bricks, valued
at about G, COO each, are stowed away in
small oakeu boxes with heavy iron handles
and placed in the vaults of the Assay Office,
where there is just at present something like
22,000,000 in refined gold.
The method of reshipping gold to England
nnd the Continent is practically the same.
The demand is mide upon the Sub-Treasury
and an order is issued from the Sub-Treasurer
for the amount in fine gold bars. This
is taken in next door, presented and
treasure handed out and carted away. It i
in tilt' way that the jewelers are supplied
with fine gold, and it is this ease with which
foreign countries can secure pure gold in
bricks from us that is just now making the
bankers of this city angry at the refusal of
the Bank of England to part with similar
gold. By the first of next month or a little
later the tide of gold will turn, it is thought,
and flow the other way. Then the rates of
exchange will be low on the other side and
the accumulation of the precious metal will
begin there.
FOR 20 3DJL"Z"S
From date of this paper. Wishing to introduce our
8UBE TO MENTION THIS PAFEB.
OF A GLASS OF CIDER.
Suggestive Pointers Concerning Sac
charine Apple Juice.
IT'S WORTH HUGE THAN YINE6AE.
Old-Time Cider Kills Being Kapldlj
Snpplanted by Kew Ones.
IT STILL GOES WITH PDHPKKI PIB
The sight of a keg of sweet cider on the
counter is more frequent in city res
taurants nowadays than it was a dozen yean
ago. A piece of pumpkin pie and a glass of
saccharine apple juice doubtless appeal to
the couutry-bred tastes of many a grizzled
merchant and busy clerk and call up recol
lections of rude old country cider mills and
the great vats of amber liquor into which
they once inserted the potent rye straw. Or
possibly the pretty girl washing glasses at
the counter reminds tbem ot some country
Pomona such as John Keats drew in hii
poem of "Autumo," who loved to sit beside
a cider press "and watch the last slow ooz
ings, hour by hour."
The cider business has got to be an exten
sive one, and grows largely every year, pro
viding there is a good crop of apples. This
year, however, there is only about one-third
of a yield from the cider mill',-owing to tba
light apple crop. The price of cider does
not seem to fluctuate with the supply. It is
always served out by the retailer at 5 cents
a glass, and may be bought by the keg at
from 30 to 40 cents a gallon.
PBOFIT IN CIDEB SIAKINO.
As a rule, the flush year of the appla
orchards furnishes a vinegar supply for two
years. Good cider is worth more than vine
gar this year, so that the crop will mostly
be used iu its fresh state. Kot a few cider
manufacturers own more than one mill; soma
half a dozen, and they make a hand
some profit Supposing that they pav a
farmer 50 cents a barrel for apples. A bar
rel of apples will make nine gallons of
cider, which will bring them 20 cents a gal
lon, or 51 80 for the yield of 50 cents worth
of apples. There is, of course, some outlay
for machinery, labor, barrels, etc Second
hand whisky barrels are generally used, and
they cost about $1 25 apiece. Old red-nosed
cider connoisseurs szy that a quart or two of
whisky left in the barrel does not hurt tha
cider.
The cost of makiug cider is from 2 to 3
cents a gallon, and the farmers olteu prefer
to pay this and market their own cider.
But here tbey are at a disadvantage front
not being known to the trade. A Connecti
cut cider firm 'made a bid the- other dav to
supply 300 barrels of cider at 18 cents a gal
lon. Such large orders would daze the aver
age farmer, of course.
DIFFEBENT KINDS OF MILLS.
The romantic old-time cider mill is heing
rapidly supplanted by the more thorough
and trustworthy modern sort. In the old
one the apples were often ground bv horse
power. But most frequently the cider mill,
was pitched beside a small stream, tha
power of which, half-wasted ou a great
"overshot" wheel was made to do the grind
ing. Ollen the supply ot water would fail,
or the dam or other contrivances give way,
and then there was a great temptation to
water the cider to make up lor lost time
while waiting for the dam to fill up. Tba
pressing was done generally by an upright
screw into which iron bars were thrust and
pushed around by brawny arms. Thewriter
has seen a broad-backed Dutch woman help
ins her husband at this arduous work.
The modern cider mill, however, shows
by the puff3o( steam that it does not depend
on dams. To be sure, there may be a dam a
foot high in the neighboring ravine, a fall
ot water enough to work a hydraulic ram
and ieed the boiler. The grinder revolves
at a rate which makes the bnilding hum.
The ground apple, or pulp, falls down
through the floor into canvas sacks, which
are hastily closed and laid in a tier of a1
dozen ou the platform of the hydraulio
press. Then down comes the cover with
irresistible power and the essence of tba
apple gurgles into the vat. From here a
pump, also propelled by steam, forces the
liquid up into a large vat, from which.it cart
be drawn into barrels by turning a spigot
In old times the loading of a barrel of cider,
weighing over 400 pounds, occupied tha
close attention of several brawny men as
they rolled it up a pair of "skids" with a
concert of "heave-ohs." But now a pair
of barrel tongs, a rope thrown over a wind
lass having a large Kneel for the hand rope,
and the muscle of one man lifts the barrel
and strings it into the wagon.
THE BEST CIDEB HADE.
It is a strong argument for the sweet-cider
drinker that the pomace left alter pressing
is absolutely worthless as a food for any
thing or as. a fertilizer. The virtue of tha
apple must therefore go with the juice.
The best cider is that made late in the sea
son from the best matured truit Cold
weather also conduces to its keepin? well.
Busset apples make about the finest cider in
market, and it will bring an extra price.
Some other varieties, Newtown pippins or
crab apples make very fine thick cider. It
properly worked, cleared of pomace and
kept air-tigbt in new clean barrels it will
keep all winter as rich and pleasant as a
sherry wine, while of course less alcoholic
and so less harmless.
The pleasure of "sucking cider through ft
straw" is not always attainable, as straws
are not everywhere convenient at hand. An,
excellent substitute for the straw is a stick
of macaroni.
T
s i.ooo
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