vti
THE PITTSBURG DISPATCH, SUNDAY, APRIL 27, 1890.
22
i
THE PARES OF PARIS.
Beauty Spots Just Bow Blushing
With Spring-Time Flowers.
TRIUMPHS OP GAhDENERS ARTS.
fiftjrnle'i Pencil Outlines the Broad El jsinms
and Grand Avenues.
ACIKG AT THE B0I8 DE BOULOGNE
rOOBSZKFOXSEKCX OT THX XtISrATCH.1
Paris, April 11.
THIS delightful
weather, I wish
readers of The
Dispatch could
see Paris now,
when she is, so 10
SDeak. in her
il YV s spring toilet
f fsiSfEil Sf There is not anoth-
er city m the world,
that I know or,
which has so many
promenades, Each
a number of public squares, parks and gar
dens as this same capital, and already her
plants are in fnll flower and her trees are
covered with the preen leaves that come with
the sun of spring. "Within a fortnight
nearly 500,000 plants were cot ready in the
city's nurseries and then 600 gardeners and
their assistants placed them all over Paris.
Add to these plants and flowers the 200,000
trees that line the boulevards and broad
avenues aud perhaps yon can have some
idea of how Paris looks now that she is
dressed in her "best suit of clothes."
I do not know that I ought to say her
best, either, for summer has yet to come,
and there are thousands and thousands of
lovely flowers that will only bloom here
when the sun is very warm, that is to say,
in July and August; and after that Pans
has also a fresh toilet to put on for the
autumn. It loots now as if Paris was
always beautiful, but it was only about 35
years ago wnen tier gardens, parks and
promenades were laid out as they are to-day,
and when the town really began to be beau
tified. A HUNDRED BBEATHING PLACES.
The first two places thus adorned were the
little square of the Tour Saint Jacques and
that about the old Temple; now there are
more than a hundred snch ''breathing
places" in the city, and their extent is more
considerable than you would suppose. The
Bois de Vincenncs, which stretches its
woods and open pLces, its lakes aud streams
along the eastern edge of the capital, has
2,200 acres and is a very popular
resort lor the lower and middle
classes. In the West, twixt town and river
Seine, is the Bois de Boulogne, with its
2,000 acres, its CO miles of carriage rides and
bridle paths, its 45 odd miles ot lakes and
20 of running waters,, and its famous
restaurants, as for instance, the Pavilion
d'Armanonville and the Cafe Madrid,
though, truth to say, this latter is not
within the boundaries of the park. Mid
way between these two splendid forests we
have the Tuileries Gardens and the famous
Champs Elysees, not to mention other
splendid grounds like those of the Luxem
bourg, Montsouris, Buttes Chauniont,
Batignolles and lovely Moncean.
All these open places are under the di
rection of a chief gardener who has about
400 men under his instructions. The total
number of -lants employed lor the toilette
of Paris ts about 2,000,000, and the nurser
ies which produce them are sitnated in
various parts ot the city. In the Bois de
Boulogne, near the race course of Long
champs, are the nursery grounds of trees
with caducous leaves. a
CULTIVATING TREES.
At Aatenil. on the borders of the Bou
logne route, in a sandy soil, excellent for
their propagation, are placed a collection of
resinous trees, plants with persistent leaves
and heath-mold plants; on the bants of
the river Marne, at a village called Petit
Buy, the trees that are planted along the
boulevards are cultivated, and, finally, ont
at Vincennes, near the Reuilly
"'"" j"" ucjuuu iub loruncations, a
large assignment of land is reserved lor the
ornamental plants. Ihe central establish-
Wont vham a !..!.. I 1 . I
. ..,.,,. .us V.U1U1UUUU oi luxurious j
UJlrMh,
wm
THE TUH.EEIES GARDEN.
plants takes place is oat at Passy. This
great horticultural laboratory is, I believe,
one ot thr most considerable in the world.
It has 30 conservatories, several of which
are colossal. Immense cellars lit by gas
form the depository of tubercular plants
during the winter, and there are special hot
houses lor larger species of plants. One
large greeD house is set aside for palm trees;
others are plants with abundant foliage.
No doubt all this costs a great deal, but
what is the expense compared with the ser
vice rendered to pnblic health by such
plantations? They are indispensable in
order to purify the poisonous air of a great
city, as they absorb the carbonic acid that
they decompose and transform into oxygen.
They procure the necessary shade for that
numerous public who move to and fro in
the large thoroughfares of Paris, and they
contribute enormously to the appearance of
the capital Parisians have only their pub
lic gardens to remind them that elsewhere
there exist space and air.
A WONDERFUL SQUARE.
The Tour Saint Jacques' Square was one
ef the first ever thus embellished. This
tower, originally part of an old church, and
in the midst of tall houses, is now one of
the most striking objects of Paris. No
gardens contain more beautifnl or diverse
obje'ets than are in this square, and it is a
source of much pleasure to the poor people
in this central neighborhood. There are
plots of fresh grass, and between them iso
lated trees to give shade and dignity to the
place, and in nearly every case the stems
and trunks of these are clothed with climb
ing via. Between the walk and the tower
is a little lawn, and in one bay of its green
carpet is a specimen of the noblest of fine
leaved plants, the Abyssinian Musa. There
is a groundwork of mignonette near the
base of the famous old tower, and at every
step the square presents a jew charm.
There are two very pretty little garden
spots in a narrow open space between those
wings of the Louvre that are ocenpied on
one side by the Minister of Finances and on,
the other by the National Gallery. I love
to look at them. On the Ielt is the bare
Place du Carrousel with its small triumphal
arch at its further edge, and then, close by
ns. the Gambetta monument; in front, back
and to the right ot us the grand walls and
finished facades of the Louvre. On the one
nana there is a space as devoid of vegeta
tion as the African desert; on the other,
sculptures in stone and the lines of great
buildings are relieved by the living grace
of plants and flowers in pretty gardens that
cover space which otherwise would be mo
nopolized by paving stones. These gardens
are small, simple in plan a circle of grass,
a walk and a belt of hardy trees and
shrubs around the whole, with an edging of
ivy and all is green and quiet
GAEDENS OF THE TUILEKIE3.
In the Tuileries gardens are orange trees
in tubs, gigantic water basins, broad
stretches of gravel, green trees, and no grass
anywhere. The wide saharas of gravel, and
the meaningless water baiins, are denounced
by some people as "-uglier than the tubs of
orange bushes. Well, I myself do not see
the use of these basins, but it is a real pleas
ure not to see snch offensive reminders as
"Please keep off the grass" in the play
ground. There is a new part to the Jardin des
Tuileries which few of my readers have yet
seen, for it was constructed only last ye'ar,
aud covers the ground where once stood the
lamous palace. A modern magician by the
name of Alphand has made it very prettv.
And there are times, for instance, in
the evening, when the sunset brightens
the sky with its last rays, or
late at night, when the moon sheds its sil
very light over everything, that I feel as if
there was not another city in the world that
presents such a pretty sketch of garden plot
as this new one. One side, the Louvre and
the two tiny gardens already described; on
the other, seen through trees, basins and
fountains, an immense perspective slowly
rising, and gloriously terminating with the
Arc de Triomphe. The details are ravish-
AVENUE DE BOIS
ing, the ensemble is ot unequalled grace
and gradenr. Sacrilegiousn hands burned
the Tuileries, but they thus unconsciously
added beauty to the spectacle and gave a
resplendent consecration to this part of the
town.
AVENUE AND GARDEN.
West of the Jardin des Tnileries is the
grand open space known as the Place de la
Concorde, and alter that come the Champs
Elysees. These Elysian fields happily com
bine grand avenue and public garden; the
wide belts of varied shrubs are enrircled
with choicest flowers; the grass spreads out
widely here and there and great clumps of
rhododendrons and trees shroud the build
ings that are occupied as cafe concerts,
restaurants and dioramas.
It was only in 1860 that the Champs
Elysees were thus laid ont, yet they look as
if much longer established. The gardens
finish at the Bond Point, a circular
open space in which there are large
beds of flowers, lonntains, etc, and
from which radiate seven streets
and avenues. From the Bond Point to the
Place de l'Etoile, where all is breadth.
dignity and airiness, the Avenues des
Champs Elysees is solidly built up with
" . .
private residences, tnougn Here and there
come a grocery, a carriage storeroom, or a
cafe which have crept in to mar its
aristocracy. Beyond the Arc de Tricomphe
is the Avenue de Bois de Bologne that
leads to the park of that name. It is a
thoroughfare tbat grandly shows to what
beauty avenne gardening is capable. It
was made entirely through private lands,
half the expense being borne by the State,
under the conditions
tbat an iron railing of uniform design was
to be constructed along the whole length of
the road, that a strip of about 40 feet in
breadth be left lor a garden between this
railing and the houses, and further, that no
kind of trade or manufacture should be
carried on in any of the buildings adjoining.
Its total length is 1,350 yards, and its
width is'130.
It consits of a central roadway 80 feet
wide, ot two large side-walks each 40 feet
wide, of a "Botton Bow" for riders, of two
long pieces of gardens with grass, shrubs
and bowers, and of two bordering roads for
public vehicles. Some of the most mag
nificent private mansions in Paris face on
the avenue.
A VAXE, A STREAM, A LAKE.
The Square des Batignolles is one of the
largest in Paris-and-the general-scheme is
that of a little vale, down which meanders
a streamlet, ending in a small round piece
of water. The rich grassy sides of the
streamlet slope uptill tbey end ia dense
plantations, so well planted and watered
that tbey look, as fresh as if growing far
from a large city. The plane trees have
honeysuckles trained np their stems, and
there is a variety of shrubs, all being edged
with flowers. ,
The Pare Monceau is fall of variety,
beanty of form and refreshing verdure.
Lovers of nature msy derive an indefinable
joy from the charms of this fair garden, for
it is a scene delightfully varied, in all its
parts, and in it monotony, is wholly im
k'nown. Pretty results have been produced
by carpeting tfie ground beneath masses of
tender subtropical plants with quick grow
ing ornamental annuals and bedding plants,
which always bloom before the large sub
jects have put forth their strength and beauty
of lea'. If ail interested had opportunity of
seeing the charming effects produced in the
Pare Monceau by judiciously intermingling
fine-leaved plants with brilliant flowers
there would be immediate improvement in
American flower gardening. Verdant grace
and beauty of lorm would be retained, while
all the brilliancy of color that conld be de
sired might be introduced at the same time.
IMPROVING ON NATURE.
There are those who look on the Buttes
Chaumont as the most distinct and interest
ing park in Paris. It has peaks and valleys,
immense masses of rock, open lawns with
tastelul fringes ot shrubs and groups of
trees, and everywhere an airiness that is
admirable. The spot was once old quarries
surrounded by acres of rubbish, but the
ground on three sides of these enormous
stone quarries was cut away, soil was' laid
down and trees and flowers were planted.
Now it is very picturesque. There are
hardy plants, shrubs and trees, an extensive
cliff surrounded by an artificial lake, with
large stalactite caves hard by ..that are 60
feet in height from floor to ceiling, and
through the top of one of them a stream
dashes in, and as its course as it tumbles
down the steep is gracefully planted the
effect is pretty. Enormous curtains of ivy
drape the great rock walls tit all seasons
with verdure, and here and there toward the
base of these ivv-clad rocks the Japan pear
and the Forsythia, now that real spring has
come, are in sparkling blossom.
As for the Bois de Boulogne, it is in most
respects a park such as a great Capital like
Paris should possess, and I know of no other
that equals it A noble system of roads,
ample space, and fine sheets of water con
tribute to render it deserving of a visit from
all persons within the walls of this beautiful
city. As a combination of wild wood, noble
pleasure garden and lovely drives, the Bois
is simply magnificent. In some spots it has
more beauty and finish than any American
DE BOULOGNE.
park I know of, while in other large spaces
ar covered with a thick scrublike wood in
which there is a growth of wild flowers such
as we never see in prim Central Park or on
Boston Common. There are plenty of cow
slips dotted about even over the best parts of
it, and almost everywhere it is more natural
than it is artificial. In the artificial lakes
are islands, and if yon take a boat and go on
them yon can stroll in a varied collection of
fine shrubs and trees.
THE RACE TRACKS NEARBV.
Jutt nbw the scene is animated by the
cheerful flush of bloom of the many shrubs
that burst into blossom with the'strength
ening sun of soring, the oaks are leaving,
and the swollen buds of the magnolias are
already conspicuous at long distance. Fine
roads and avenues intersect the Bois, and
the woods are dense, but here and there are
open airy spaces where children play, and
where boys and men indulge in outdoor
games. Along outside of it is the Jardin
d'Acclimatation, on another side is the race
course of Longchamps, and then, not far
from the once suburban town of Antenil, is
another turf track where gentlemen and
Jockeys are constantly riding over hurdles
and steeplechases.
Some writers condemn the Paris authori
ties tor having ever formed these two race
courses in the Bois, and say that "France is
large enough to accommodate her racing
men in the way usual in other countries."
One English writer says: "Imagine the
best part of Eegenfs Park, London, or Cen
tral Park.TNew York, prostituted to the
purposes of suburban race meetings."
Much he knows about it, the growler.
These race courses do no harm to the Bois
whatever, and it is because of their nearness
to the town that the races are so very popu
lar. It is no uncommon sight to see all the
way from 20,000 to 100,000 spectators at
Longchamps or at Anteuil on racing days;
and when the Grand Prix is run next June
there will be close on to half a million spec
tators go to see it of a Sunday afternoon.
Henry Hatnie.
CARVING A T0EEEI.
Tbere Are Several Wan of Doing It That
Are In Very Good Form.
Henry Haynle's Paris Lettc r.l
The first turkey cock ever seen in France
was served up at Mezieres, on the 26th of
November, 1570, on the occasion, of the
marriage of Charles IX. and Elizabeth of
Austria. There are more ways than one of
carving a turkey. One way is to cut from
the breast square slices and proceed in the
same vay for all the fleshy parts of the bird.
Though this is an easy way for the carver,
it has the drawback of allowing all the
natural gravy to escape and to leave the
most delicate morsels clinging to the car
cass. Or, you may remove the legs separ
ately,place them to one side and then do the
same for the wings, but cut. them ut in
pieces of suitable size; next cut off the white
meat as close to the carcass as possible, and
lastly, break up the carcass.
A third way, after the wings have been
removed, is to break the carcass above the
crupper, which remains attached to the
legs and form a sort of hood, vulgarly
called the "bishop's cup." This is a good
way to carve when there are only a few per
sons at the table; if the guests are numer
ous, the second way is the better one.
NOBLE OLD IRONSIDES.
Very Utile Now Left edlte Original Frigate
Constitution.
New York Herald.l
The Constitution is one of the six frigates
built to protect American commerce from
the depredations of the North African pi
rates. Her keel was laid in 1794 at Hart's
shipyard in Boston. She was victorious in
every battle, and took the Guerriere, the
Java, the Cyaneand-the Levant.- Of the
original ship tbere remains only a small
part of the deck and two iron stanehions.
She was repaired frequently, bnt in 1848 she
had become a mere hulk and it was proposed
to break her up.
The proposition called forth Dr. Oliver
Wendell Holmes' poem, which caused an
outbreak of popular feeling, and thc'glorious
old veteran was rebuilt in 1850 at more than
i her first cost, by Hart, the son of the
'original bnilder. In 1876 she was again re
built at Philadelphia by the grandson of
Hart, for there was always much sentiment
associated with the old shin. She never had
steam power, but always remained the
frigate Constitution.
Her last duty was. transporting goods to
the French Exposition of 1878, since when
she has been in honorable retirement as a
L receiving ship at Portsmouth.
WHAT BLAINE WANTS
The -Vast Trade ot South America
That Now Goes to Europe.
FIGURES THAT ARE SURPRISING.
How This Country Suffers From Triangular
Steamship Routes.
A BAD LESSON IN OUR EXPERIENCE
CWMTTBirrOBTHB DISPATCH. 1
The present output of the larger manu
factories in the United States is more than
adequate to satisfy the conditions ot the
home market. The continual mutations in
the scale of wages and the expedients con
trived to regulate production are palpable
expressions of the power of supply over de
mand at home and the instability and rela
tive infirmity of our markets abroad. In
the early times of the Republic the Gov
ernment recognized the importance ot es
tablishing foreign commerce on a basis com
mensurate with the natural wealth of the
Republic, bnt its successors, less provident,
permitted the genins of other nations to so
cripple and demean its power that from our
ships carrying in 1860 84 per cent Jof
our commerce it has now fallen so
low as 14. The importance of the Re
public's controlling its own carrying trade
is but very imperfectly expressed when we
say that in 1889 upward of $150,000,000 were
paid other nations for the transport of our
commodities, furnishing' work to thousands
of foreigners in a pursuit which specially
appertains to home labor.
"While the conduct of such a large pro
portion of our commercial trade is in the
bands of foreign nations, its growth will be
retarded by the obstructions and machina
tions of rivalry, aud its full benefits weak
ened by hireling service. As early as 1825
an attempt was made to hold an Interna
tional American Congress, but no basis of
commercial reciprocity was formulated than
what is implied in treaties of friendship.
ABSORBED BT THE TARIFF.
Curing many subsequent years our Gov
ernment was so preoccupied with the crea
tion and adjustment of the tariff to meet
the jealous rivalries of the North and
South, that she permitted other nations to
forestall her in a trade our country
is ; pre-eminently adapted to control.
In 1850, Great Britain contracted for two
lines of steamships, one to do business with
the ports of the West Indies, the others
with the harbors of the South American
Continent. The former, the Royal mail
steam packet, was paid a yearly subsidy ot
$i,3ou,uuu, tne latter, trie .Faciuc steam
Navigation Company, receiving 5225,000,
thus furnishing them the means of entering
into a snccesslnl competition with all rivals
and of maintaining a lucrative trade with
States, which events have proved to be
highly productive in agricultural.and min
eral wealth.
The United States Government first took
into serious consideration the importance of
developing our Central and South American
commerce in 1884, and in order that its re
quirements might be definitely ascertained
a "commission" was deputed to visit the
several seats of Government and to make
report of the most feasible means of estab
lishing harmonious commercial relations
with these countries. The report was made,
discussed and approved. Its currency
awoke considerable enthusiasm among
the people but the apparent indecision and
temerity of the Government in supplying
the first requisite for such traffic suitable
transport showed the invincibility of a
conservatism which to-day threatens to set
contracted limits to the progress of the Re
public. Something was done, however, to
repair the disorganized condition of our ves
sels, but the great disparity between it and
what remained to be accomplished rendered
the work scarcely perceptible in oar com
merce. SOME STARTLING FIGURES.
When the phenomenal growth of this Re
public is considered how since 1870 the
population has increased over 26,000,000,
manufactures 4,000,000,000 and natural
wealth 526,000.000,000 it is surprising to
learn that iu 1888 our commerce with Latin
America amounted to only $244,219,000, or
less than one-fiith its total foreign trade,
and that our exports contributed but $68,
990,000 to the grand total of $483,695,100 im
ported into these States. Wherever we have
proper transportation facilities our com
merce is in no languishing condition, and if
its progress therebe not sure and rapid, our
manufacturers' indifference to the quality
and kind of goods shipped is to blame. A
comparison between our trade with Ven
ezuela and the Argentine Republic will
furnish an apt illustration of the truth of
this.
Our exports to "Venezuela have increased
oyer 300 per cent since steamship communi
cation was established, and in 1888 our total
trade with tbat State amounted to $13,089,
000 or nearly one-half its foreign business.
The red "D" line of vessels which ply be
tween our ports and hers comprise six
steamers, with an average gross tonnage of
1,846. We cannot say tbat these vessels are
subsidized since tbev scarcely received up to
1888 14,000 i rom the United States Gov
ernment, while there are eight other sub
sidized lines and three without subsidy, car
rying only cargoes, calling at the same ports
with European goods in regular competi
tion. When we consider that the cost of
building vessels is fully 15 per cent more
here than in Europe and the expense of run
ning them from 30 to 35 per cent more, the
disadvantage of this line without any regu
lar Government stipend in competition with
the European lines heavily subsidized and
of fully ten times its tonnage is only too
manifest.
SUPERIORITY OF AMERICAN GOODS.
The ascendency of our trade here can
only be ascribed to the superiority of our
goods; in fact, with the single exception of
flour, this is universally admitted by all
these States. The English exports to that
country are chieflv cotton goods and railway
iron. The iron trade is the consequence of
the large investments of English capital in
the construction of railroads and her pre
eminence in the cotton trade in comparison
with onrs, was primarily dne to the effects
of the war on its production here, and is
now due to the indifference of our manu
facturers in meeting the requirements ot the
trade. However, our cotton trade with
"Venezuela since 1880 shows an increase of
over 1,100 bales each year, and with proper
judgment in meeting the demands of the
market and increased facilities for trans
portation the relative amounts of the En
glish and United States trade in cotton may
easily be reversed within the next 15 years.
The country abounds in iron ores, offering
to the genius of American industry and cap
ital a rich harvest. A treaty of reciprocity
by which they would admit our bread stuffs,
petroleum and lumber iree in exchange lor
the free admission ot her sugar in our ports,
would greatly increase our commerce with
her and would give u strong impulse to her
sugar industry.
In 1888 the Argentine Republic's total
commerce reached the amouut of $280,690,-
000, of which $16,602,000 represents theA
share of the United States. The cause of
the impoverished condition of our trude is
apparent. In 1887 not one steamer bearing
the "Starsand Stnpes"entered ator departed
Irom tbe ports oi the Argentine Republic,
while there were 23 different European
lines, comprising 6,007 steamers, or about 18
arrivals per day. Our comnierceTwas car
ried on by a few slow sailing vessels and
seven "tramp" steamers.
MIGHT HAVE TWO-THIRDS OF IT.
Regular lines of steamships, proper bank
ing facilities with extended credit, and the
establishment of business houses, such as
European commerce enjoys, with mutnal
concessions in tariff, would bring two-thirds
of this Republic's wool trade into our
ports for manuiacture and open tbere
a steady market for our lumber, iron, elec
tric products, petroleum and agricultural
implements. The Argentine Eepubjio
anxious to find a suitable mart for the
growth of wool from its 100,000,000 sheen,
has frequently offered to pay half the
amount necessary to subsidize lines of
steamers between its ports and New York,
bnt the apparentindifference of our Govern
ment to such proposals has not only de
feated its object but provoked the present
commercial estrangement.
Our foreign mails give a yearly profit of
$735,000 and over to the Government, thus
affording it the means desired of materially
assisting our commerce without the need of
taxation. If the $150,000,000 we pay in one
year to foreign vessels in our carrying
trade, were discreetly expended in sub
sidizing American vessels, a commercial
navy with an aggregate tonnage of over
6,000,000 in excess of Great Britain's, could
with the steady co-operation of business cap
ital float our products to every land.
BOLIVIA WANTS TO TRADE.
The imports of Bolivia are chiefly cotton
goods, machinery, small hardwares and
canned provisions, amounting in all to
about $10,000,000. Bolivia is anxious to
trade with us and has offered concessions in
tariff, but the limited credit our merchants
extend to them and onr system of putting
up goods in immense packages, leave this
commerce almost wholly to European
powers. As the principal part of our busi
ness with the Republic of Colombia is car
ried on with onr own ships, we enjoy a fair
share of its trade, but the unsuitableness of
our cotton goods and of our system of pack
ing, gives a maximum of that trade to En
gland. It is a regular system with English
vessels to bring the products of these States
into our ports, load up with raw cotton and
start for home. They bring on their next
voyage to thsm cotton goods specially made
for tbe trade and again repeat their former
voyage. Thus while we may be able to get
the products of these Southern States here,
it is a far more difficult matter to send ours
there. The result is they buy their goods,
with our purchase money, in Europe.
That the Brazilian Government is favor
able to increased commerce with this country
is shown by her subsidizing a steamship
line to New York, to which our Government
would pay nothing. Our imports from
Brazil are nearly twice that of England's,
while our exports fall below one-filth of hers.
In the last 30 years, owing to this, we have
indirectly paid British merchants $798,510,
000, besides freight amounting to $24,464,
380, and exchange at three-fourths ot 1 per
cent, $7,610,550.
THE TRIANGULAR COURSE.
The cause for this is the triangular course
of European commerce. In our trade with
Brazil at least eight times as many steamers
come from Rio de Janeiro to New York as
sail from New York to Rio de Janeiro. Of
the engines used in her railway traffic 213
out of 252 in use are of American manufac
ture. This is very significant.
If we advert to our commerce with Chili
the same obstructions are relevant. Her
commerce in 1888 amounted to $128,000,000,
in which traffic $4,650,000 indicates our part
about equally divided between exports
and imports. Of the total exports ot this
state about two-thirds are raw materials,
mostly nitrate, copper and silver. Of this
important trade England enjoys fullv one
half. Owing to a contract for the building of
750 miles or railroad at a cost of $15,000,000
awarded last year to American contractors
our exports are likely to receive a vigorous
impetus. Chili already suppliesPeru,Ecua
dor and Bolivia with breadstuff's, and, un
less in the near future we can offer cheaper
freight rates, California millers will lose
their largest and most lucrative market.
The imports of Mexico and Central Amer
ica come chiefly from the United States,
with the exception of cotton goods. They
require a cheaner grade of drillings, sheet
ing and other fabrics than our home markets
demand, and consequently purchase in En
gland where tne manufacturers pander to
the trade. It is anticipated tbat before
many years tbe custom honses along the Bio
Grande will be abolished, and with them
tbe petty restrictions and annoyances which
now embarrass and restrict our trade.
WHAT "WE PAT TO BANKERS.
The importance of proper banking facili
ties relative to onr Central and South
American commerce cannot be overesti
mated. As $136,000,000 ot our yearly im
ports from these States is paid with 90-days
drafts on North American mercbants upon
London banks, which charge per cent, we
not only give them practically the use ot the
money for tbe time these drafts are drawn,
hut actually pay $1,000,000 per year toll as a
forfeit for our stupidity.
Our sugar trade with Central and South
America has long formed one of tbe most
important factors in our commerce. In 1888
out of the total import of 2,700,248,157
ponnds there was received from these Span-lsh-Americin
countries 2,103,678,668 pounds
valued at $56,139,239. Our exports of refined
sugar for the same vear to these States
amounted to 12,000,000 pounds valued at
about $800,000,which isthelowest since 1882.
In 1888 our export of refined sugar to the
Argentine Republic was 584 pounds, valued
at $38; in 1879 it amounted to 5.632,623
pounds, valued at 481,000 and in Uruguay
it has declined from $224,740 in 1881 to
merely nothing in 1889. This great change
has been wrought by the now extensive man
ufacture of the beet sugar of Europe, which
threatens to crush the sugar-cane entirely
out of commerce, unless something be done
quickly and reciprocally by the Govern
ments of the two Americas to protect it
against European beet sugar.
WOOL WE SHOULD HAVE.
The Argentine Republic ranks second
among the coarse wool producing countries,
yet so imperfect are our transport facilities
with her that we buy there less than 10,000,-
000 pounds in our total yearly purchase of
70,000,000 pounds. In 1858, when Ameri
can vessels carried 71 per cent of all
our exports, the Collins Line of
steamers asked for mail pay at tbe
rate of $385,000 per annum. It was re
fused aud tbe Collins Line collapsed.
In the same year England increased the pay
of the Cunard line Irom $785,000 to about
successfully compete with tbe Collins
line, to which our Government de
cided to give nothing than the
"sea and inland" postage for the trans
$900,000 per annum that it might the more
port of her mails. This example explains
the disparity in the amount ot commerce in
the two countries serving as a universal
instance of the conduct of the two govern
ments. Only when the wealth of an Amer
ican private citizen shall equal the wealth
01 a subject of the English crown, backed by
the treasury of the United Kingdom, may
we, in pursuance with our present policy,
justly hope to enter into that competition in
commerce, tbat our natural resources, me
chanical skill and proud empire demand.
J. A. McDonald.
REPORTED DEAD, IET ALITE.
Cases In History Recalled by the Story of
Wilkes Hoolh's Siveeihearr.
Apropos of the story of Lonise Worcester
that J. Wilkes Booth was not shot in Gar
rett's barn as popularly believed, the Birm
ingham Age-Herald recalls similar cases in
history. One of the mot notable, probably,
was that of the French Dauphin, son of
Louis XVL, who, according to official ac
counts, died in the arms of his jailer, June
9, 1795. No lessjhan five pretenders have
since claimed to be the' prince. It has al
ways been thought by some too, that Mar
shal Ney was never shot, and a mysterious
Frenchman, who taught a school in North
Carolina, has been supposed to have been
no les3 a person than Napoleon's great
lientenant.
Then there is tbe remarkable story of
Pcrfcin Worbeck, who claimed to be the
Duke Ot York, one of the princes whom his
tory teaches was murdered in the tower. He
was acknowledged by the Kings of France
and Scotland as the genuine heir to tbe En
glish throne, and tbe Duchess of Burgundy
reoognized him as her nephew and openly
received and maintained him as such. Num
bers of the English nobility and thousands
of the English people espoused his cause,
and many heads were cut off by Henry VII
on that account.
These incidents furnish problems that no
one will ever be able to solve, and the al
leged death oi Wilkes Booth is another of
,the same kind. - ,
ORDER AND DESIGN.
Two Important Facts That Enter
l Into the Argument for God.
REASONS ON THE SIDE OF NATURE.
Lair
and Evolution Only Explain the
Manner of the Creation.
HARYEL8 IN THE PLUMAGE OF A BIRD
rwBITTSX FOB TUX DISPATCH. 1
The argument for God begins with the
fact of canse. Cause is a mental fact, being
one of the essential conditions of thought.
There is only one cause which adequately
corresponds to this mental necessity, and
that is an uncansed cause, or, as we say, a
first cause. If there is no first canse, itself
uncaused, then there is no snch fact as cause
at all. And if there is no snch fact as cause,
we may as well stop thinking, for the de
nial of this mental tact is intellectual sui
cide. The nature of the first cause, whether it
is mind or matter, is to be learned from its
effects. These are of two kinds, nature and
man. We begin with nature.
Nobody can stndy the world about us very
long without discovering two facts abont it
First, that it is a world of nnitormity, and,
second, that it is a world of adjustment.
There are two kinds of things in this world,
things with life and things without life, and
in the realm of things without life tbere is a
singnlar uniformity, and in the realm of
things with life there is a wonderful adjust
ment. The common name for uniformity is
order, and for adjustment is design.
A REALM OF OEDEK.
The reign of order in the world is jnst as
plain a fact as the existence of the world
itself. The uniformity of natnre is one of
the conditions of our thinking. Tbat the
same cause, under the same circumstances,
will always produce the same effect, that
fire will burn and ice will chill, that there
will be four seasons eyery year, and one of
them will be seed time and another harvest;
that the stars will keep on moving in their
courses; that the sun will rise to-morrow
morning, we take for granted. And these
commonplaces are simply expressions of our
recognition by the fact that the world is a
realm of order.
Tbe whole purpose of science, from the
beginning, has been to bring everything in
the world into intelligible relations with
this realm of order. Science takes order for
its initial fact. It does not recognize the
possibility of the unordered. Century "by
century, and more and more, the extraordi
nary is found to be bound by law. The
comets are discovered to be as regnlar in
their movements as the stars. Science, with
all its telescopes and microscopes and spec
troscopes, has not yet found anything too
large or too small to belelt outside the realm
oi law.
ON MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES.
The prevalence of law is emphasized by
the discovery tbat all organic nature is con
stituted on mathematical principles, and is
capable of expression in symbols and figures.
Crystals are petrified geometry. Minerals
show always the same proportion of chem
ical elements. H2 0 invariably signifies
water. Attraction and repulsion are gov
erned by unvarying laws. "Every particle
ot matter in the universe attracts every other
particle directly as its mass and inversely
as the square of its distance." So tbat it is
affirmed tbat if one little atom on the sur
face of the star Sirius should miss its calcu
lation and take a cube tor a square, the
whole universe would go to pieces. Such is
the prevalence of order. All this is illus
trated by the doctrine of the persistance of
force, light passing into heat, heat into
motion, all inseparably bound together. Thus
the world is not only a world of order, bnt
of law, and of an all-embracing system of
law.
Law is no more evident in the inorganio
world than is design in that part of the
world which grows and lives. Design is
that fitting of several quite different things
together in snch a war that by union they
work out a result which conld not be other
wise accomplished. The glass of a watch
crystal, taken by itself, might mean only
law; but the whole watch, to take the well-
worn illustration of raiey, with its wheels
and screws, its hands and face, would be an
example of adjustment, of design.
DESIGN IMPLIES A DESIGNEE.
And even if the watch were shown to
have grown into its wonderful shape and
motion from the unpromising beginning
as a modern philosopher suggests of a re
volving barrel, still the tact of adjust
ment would remain. And if the simile
of the watch be replaced, as Prof.
Fiske advises, by the simile of the
flower still in seed, and stalk, and leaf, and
bud, and bloom, tbere will be evidence of
adjustment. Tbe word design, which we
commonly use, is a begging of the question.
Design implies an intelligent designer.
Even the word adjustment is not entirely
free from the same logical defect. Bnt this
very difficulty of finding words by which to
describe the phenomena of the organic
world without ascribing them to a mind
behind them shows the almost irresistible
impression which nature makes on the un
biased judgment.
The world is lull of adaptation, contri
vance, adjustment, such as we are common
ly in the habit of associating with purpose,
with design. The hand of man, so marvel
ously formed to pull, to push, to point, to
strike, to grasp; the wings ol the birds, so
singularly adapted by underlapping feath
ers to push against the air on the down
stroke, and let the air through, and so min
imize resistance on the up-stroke, and the
pointing of all feathers away Irom tbe direc
tion of flight, so that the 'flexible part be
hind makes a spring, which helps the bird
onward; these are but more apparent exam
ples of a condition of things which pervades
all parts of the two kingdoms, vegetable and
animal. The most cunning and intricate
machine .which the genius or man can in
vent is outdone every day by the first cause
which works in nature.
LATV AND EVOLUTION.
Here, then, are two facts about the world
around us, the fact of uniformity and the
fact of adjustment; the fact of order and the
fact of design. What kind of cause is sun
ported by these tacts? Is it matter or is it
mind? Is it force or is it will?
The question is not answered by saying
tbat behind the order of the world is law,
and behind the design in nature is evolu
tion. Some people talk as it there were two
twin deities sitting somewhere on gold
thrones j'ist out of sight, beyond the circle
of our horizon, one named law and the other
named evolution, directing all that goes on
about us and within us. But this is nothing
but nineteenth century, mythology.
To sav that order is caused by law is like
saying that the duty of an a,rchdeacon, ac
cording to the famous definition, is to per
form archdeaconal functions, the answer is
only the question over again. Law is
simply an affirmation ot the fact of order,
the first cause works orderly; that is what
law means.
Evolution is simply an affirmation tbat
the adjustments of nature came about
slowly, gradually and by a process to which
it gives the name oi natural selection. The
eye was not manufactured part bypart, and
nut .together like a camera; the eye grew.
Bnt this is description, not explanation.
Like law, it is an assertion as to tbe manner
irvwhich the first cause works gradually.
That is what evolution says. All that law
tells u all that evolution tells ns, is how.
What is this first cause which works so
regularly and orderly, that we can depend
upon is uniformity of action as to call its
working law? What is this first canse
which has brought into existence and slowly
guided and molded a world which has grown
through millenium upon millenium, ont of
a nebnlous cloud into what we see about us?
Is it matter or is it mind?
AN INTELLIGENT 'WILL.
The answer is that order and lair mean
mind, and that adjustment and design,
whether they have been wrought out by
special and sudden creation or by gradual
evolution, mean will. And tbat behind all
that we see about u is an intelligent will.
We look up, as Napoleon did, into the
starsand say, who made all these? We
look around, as the Arab did in the desert,
to whom tbey said: "How do you know
that God ma'de the world?" and who an
swered, "just as I know, tbat a man passed
there along the plain by the mark of his
footprints."
When Franklin's skeptical friend came
into his room and saw an orrery on his table
and asked: "'Where did that come from?"
Franklin answered: "Nowhere." And
when his friend, somewhat taken aback,
said: "Franklin, I don't think you under
stand me. Who made this?" Franklin
said: "Nobody'." And" when his friend
said: "Franklin, you must take me for a
fooll" that wise philosopher replied, with
some emphasis: "Yes, I do take you for a
fool: Here is this little toy, with its brass
balls for suns and moons, and you turn it
abont and watch its motion and say this
came from somewjiere, and somebody made
it, and then you look up into the great
universe of real' suns and real moons, of
whichtbis is but a childish imitation, and
say this come from nowhere and nobody
made it. I do take you for a fool, indeedl"
Did certain atoms of matter, driven by
blind force, somehow "fortuitously" drift
together into a seeing eye, into a thinking
brain? If yon leave your room some morn
ing in disorder and come back in an honr
and find all things in their places, do you
say, "Surely, the wind must have got in
here and blown things into order?" Can
the unthinking wind set things in order?
George Hodges.
ADVANCES IN ASTR0N0MI.
New Wonders Open Up Before the Main IA-
cent Instruments Xjately Produced
New York Star.I
"The wonderful discoveries," said Prof.
Bees, of Colnmbia, yesterday, "that have
been made of late by larger, finer and more
powerful telescopes by the spectroscope,
and, above all, by the application of the
photographic camera, have aroused enthu
siasm in both Eurone and America. The
last named process enables us to see and
study stars which would be invisible to a
telescope five times as large as that of the
Lick Observatory. No less than three
monster telescopes are now in process of
construction for Western universities, and
twenty for colleges and private owners.
"At the present rate of progress the year
1900 will find it necessary to rewrite all
tbe old standard textbooks and replace the
former volume of 300 pages with one four
times as large. The astronomer of the
future, odd to relate, will have to be more
of a mathematician than at present. He
will have to be, besides, a chemist, physicist
and a good photographer."
GlYrl THE BABIES WATER.
Often Iks Little Folks Get Choked Up on
Too Itlnch Solid Food.
New York Ledger.!
A distinguished children's doctor be
lieves, from his practice, tbat infants gen
erally, whether bronght up at tbe breast or
artificially, are not supplied with sufficient
water, the fluid portion of their food being
qnickly taken up and leaving the solid too
thick to be easily digested. In warm, dry
weather, healtby Tabics will take water
every hour with advantage, and their, fre
quent fretfulness and rise of tempera'ture
are often directly due to their not having it.
A free supply of water and restricting
the frequency of nursing have been found at
tbe nursery to be a most effectual check in
cases of incipient feyer, a diminished rate
of mortality and marked reduction in tbe
number of gastric and intestinal complaints
being attributed to this cause. In teeth
cutting, water soothes tbe gums, and fre
quently stops the fretting and restlessness
universal in children at this period.
MILLIONAIRE! QUAKERESSES.
The City of Brotherly Loto Has a Beore of
Six-Cipher Ladles.
Philadelphia l'resi.
Philadelphia has within her limits prob
ably from 20 to 25 women who are worth a
million or more. She has twice that many
women who are worth more tban half a mill
ion dollars, and there are hundreds of
women in the city whose possessions range
from $20,000 to 5100,000 each.
The wealthiest woman "iwFhiladelphia is
believed to be Mrs. Anna' lj. Powers, widow
of Thomas H. Powers, who was during his
lifetime the head of the firm of Powers &
Weightman. Mrs. Powers' possessions are
variously estimated from $8,000,000 to $12,
000,000, and the latter sum is believed to be.
nearer her actual wealth than the former.
She lives very quietly in a handsome man
sion at 1618 Walnut street. Much of her
wealth is invested in real estate, and she
owns row after row of houses in different
sections of the city.
GO FASTER OP &TKEAST.
A Paradox a to Dllsulanlppi Steamboat
That Is Ensilr Explained.
The question is sometimes asked: "Can a
steamboat run faster going up stream than
going down stream?" All long-trade boats
in the Mississippi, below St. Louis, and in
the dhio and Mississippi rivers, below Cin
cinnati, consume more time in making their
downward trips tban tbey do in their up
stream voyages. The Anchor line boats
consume seven days in going from St. Louis
to New Orleans, and six days in returning.
The boats from St. Louis to Natchez make
the trip in six days and return in five.
Tbe reason simplr is tbat they carry
larger loads going down than tney do com
ing up, and tbey stop to unload goods at
many places going down, whereas they do
not Rave to stop more tban once in 20 trips
on their way up. A boat always runs faster
going down stream than going up, as she is
lavored by the current. Tbere is a differ
ence of from 2J4 to 3J miles an hour in
favor of the down-stream boats.
POINTS FOR COFFEE L0YERS.
The &avory Decoction Lessens tho Acidity
of tbe stomneh Jnlcas.
From the New York Herald.
Caffeine, the active principle of coffee, at
the dose of twenty centigrammes, has the
property of lessening tbe acidity ot the con
tents of the stomach and of restricting the
prodnction of -peptones, which is one stage
of the transformations that albuminous sub
stances undergo- before they can be assimi
lated. Consequently, coffee after meals should
be forbidden in cases or dyspepsia tbat are
caused by a lacicoi acid. On the other hand
coffee should be prescribed when hydrochlo
ric acid is produced in too large quantities,
which condition forms a second aod com
mon variety of dyspepsia.
THE EFFECT VE luBaCCO.
Smoking; is n Good Thine in Certain Condi-
tons of the Mlomncb.
New York Herald.
Nicotine, the alkaloid of tobacco, given
at the very small dose of one milligramme,
stimulates the secretion of the gastric juice;
but if tbe dose be increased or repeated tbe
sensitiveness of tbe stomach (and thereby its
secretory lunction) hecomes.deadened in the
majority of cases.
Consequently it will be fonnd useful to
smoke alter meals when a person's gastric
juice is not sufficiently acid; but this smok
ing should not be carried very far. or else
tbe sensitiveness of the stomach will be di
minished. When, on the other hand, tbe
acid secretions ot the stomach are increased,
all smoking should be forbidden.
Precocious Robert Drowning-.
Bobert Browning la said to have made up
scraps of verse when he was a small child,
and .to have done something in the way of
translating Horace when but 8 years old.
v i
STRAUSS' ORCHESTRA.
The Famons Organization That Yisits
Pittsburg This Summer.
ST0RT OP THE STRAUSS FAMILY.
Eduard's Katnral Inclinations Spoiled Hlj
Diplomatic Career.
TALK OP THE C0STRACT LABOR LAW
The famons Strauss Orchestra, which will
delight musicalPittsbnrgthis summer under
tbe auspices of tbe Exposition Society, is
getting ready to leave Vienna. The Ameri
can tour will occupy six months, beginning
at Boston on May 14. Five concerts are to
be given in that city, after which a brief
preliminary tour of some of the leading
cities will be begun. This tonr will include
Philadelphia, Baltimore, Pittsburg, Cincin
nati, Chicago, Cleveland, Buffalo and Al
bany. Edward Strauss, theleader, is a son ot tha
celebrated Johann Strauss, the original
Strauss who bronght the name of the family
into prominence in tbe world of music. And
a remarkable family it is indeed, for its
name has become known throughont the
civilized world more widely perhaps than
any other in the entire annals of music for
the simple reason that dance music, in
which form the Strauss family has chiefly
labored, is more universally understood and
appreciated than any other kind of musical
composition. Comparatively few really
understand and appreciate symphony, for
example, but he who cannot enjoy and in
some measure at least understand a good
waltz must, indeed, be wholly wanting ia
musical development in fact, mnst be one
of those unfortunates they can be called
by no other name to whom Shakespeare re
ferred when he said:
He that bath not music In his soul
Is lit for treason, stratagems and spoils.
Bnt it must not be inferred that tbe musio
of tbe Strauss family is ot alow order of
merit. Far from it. It is, on the contrary,
among the best and highest, artistically, of
its kind. And it is at least open to question
whether the composer of a splendid waltz
may not be entitled to a greater amount of
credit for his work than the composer of a
poor symphony.
THE STEAUSS FAMILY.
Johann Strauss the elder was born in
Vienna March 14, 1804. He was the
founder of the famous orchestra which bears
his name, which was organized in 1823 in
Vienna 67 years ago and of which he was
tbe conductor from 1823 to 1849. The fame
of this orchestra rests chiefly upon its re
markable interpretations of dance music,
and its skill has received acknowledgment
from many of the most famous musicians
and composers of modern times, including
no less authorities thau Richard "Wagner
and Meyerbeer, who were not chary ot ex
pressing theiradmiration. Nor is the work
of the orchestra wholly confined to the
lighter and more brilliant class of musical
composition. "Works of a more serions or
der are also to be found in its repertoire,and
to the interpretation of these it is said to
bring the same admirable qualities by
which its performance of other works has
long been characterized.
The elder Strauss had three sons, each of
whom has distinguished himself in the same
field of work as the father. Johann the
yonnger, composer of the popular operettas
"Fledermaus," "The Merry "War," "Gipsy
Baron," etc., besides the "Beautiful Blue
Danube" and many other waltzes, con
ducted the orchestra 'for a time, but event
ually gave up conducting in favor oi com
posing, which latter has occupied his time
and thoughts for nearly 30 years.
Josef, the second son, in his earlier years
possessed an amotion in the direction of
engineering, to which he demoted himself
for a time, but eventually the fascinations
of music succeeded in drawing him away
from that profession, and in ISSi he took up
tne baton, which be wielded in alternation
with the present director (bis brother
E'luard) until his death, which occurred la
1870.
WANTED TO BE A DIPLOMAT.
Eduard, the youngest son of this gifted
family, early conceived a fancy for the
career of a diplomatist, and as the first step
toward what seemed to him at that time
such a desirable consummation he entered
upon his studies at the gymnasium, but did
not finally carry out his intention. In his
case, too, the charms of music were far too
great to be successfully resisted forany great
length of time, so be gravitated in the
direction for which his natural tastes had
eminently fitted him.
His first public appearance after leaving
the university was as a harp virtuoso, and
in 1863 he conducted the Strauss orchestra
for tne first time, thereafter alternating with
his brother Joiet as its leader. Since the
death of Josef, Ednard has been tbe sole
conductor. In the course of his career
Ednard Strauss ha been tbe recipient of
many tokens of appreciations of bis serv
ices from the Emperor ot Austria and
other European sovereigns, such as
orders ot knighthood and personal
decorations. Since 1871 he has borne tha
title of Music Director of the court balls of
the Emperor of Austria. Accompanied by
bis orchestra be has undertaken numerous
tours through Europe, also visiting En
gland, and everywhere winning the most
enthusiastic praise and the warmest appre
ciation of the efforts put forth for the enter
tainment of the people by himself and the
orchestra over which he presides. The visit
of this celebrated band of performers to this
conntry will nndoubtedly be an event ot
exceptional musical interest to all admirers
of the beautiful art.
THE CGNTRACT LABOS LA"W.
Since the announcement of tbe projected
tour in this country an effort has been made
in certain quarters to have the landing of
tbe orcbestra loroiaden unaer tne provisions
of the contract labor law. The principal ob
jectors are the musicians unions of New
Xbrk. The Strauss orchestra does not come
to this country with any intention of re
maining here and thus coming into compe
tition with the musicians at present domi
ciled in this country. Such an idea as a
settlement in America is altogether too ab
surd to be entertained for a moment.
The landing of the d'Oyly Carte Company,
imported for the especial purpose of present
ing the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, would
seem to have been fully as much a violation
of the contract labor law as the engagement
of the Strauss Orchestra, only and bere is
where the shoe pinche they were not or
chestral players and consequently the local
musicians felt but little it any interest in tbe
matter. The best sentiment of the Ameri
can people demands that the orchestra shall
be admitted, and there seems no reason to
doubt that that sentiment will be respected
by those whose duty it is to decide the ques
tion. KINE COSGRfcSSMEN DEAD.
The Record of the Present House Has Never
Been Lq laled.
The memorial exercises in honor of
the late Samuel S. Cox recalls the fact that
there have been nine deaths in tbe present
Honse. This is tbe largest number on
record. Congressman O'Neill says in the
Philadelphia Times: "The most striking
thing, too, is the prominence of tbe men,
Randall, Cox and Kelley three men tha
like of whom no Congress has ever had
in it.
They knew so well the work of Congress,
and their death is a serious loss. Then the
others that died were nearly all men who
had attracted the country to them by their
abilities. Of the others that have died,
Townshecd, of Illinois, was a very active
member, and from his entrance into Con
gress took a very prominent part. Another
was Laird, of Nebraska. He was a valua
ble man on the Bepublican side of tha
House. Then there were "Wilbur, of New
York; Gay, of Louisiana, and Nutting, of
New-York."