-34
PBELLIOFS FRUITS.
I 'Independence of the American Colo
nies a Great Gain to
irTHE COMMERCE OP THE WORLD.
jA Sapid Increase in the Production of
Sugar and Cotton.
BOHE TEEI IXTEEESTING STATISTICS
rwmxra roE this sisri.TCB.1
HEBE can be
doubt that, at
no
the
time, the great mats
of the English people
believed that the suc
cess of the American
Revolution would be
a fatal blow to En
gland. As a conse
quence, when the war was over and it was
seen that not only was England not ruined
by the loss of the American colonies, but
that on tLe contrary there was a great gain
- to both countries, there came a universal
feeling of surprise.
The population of Great Britain (exclud
ing by this Ireland) wa about 9,250,000 on
the close of the war in 1783 so that out in
dependence meant the loss of about one
fourth of her English population, and it
meant about one-ninth of her commerce. It
, cannot be disputed that the sudden lopping
off of one-fourth the population and one
ninth oi the commerce of England was well
calculated to produce alarm; hut it was not
of that magnitude that would portend na
tional disaster it did not mead the destruc
tion of England's commercial position in
the world. But undoubtedly it did mean
lieavy loss to certain portions and classes of
the English people. To understand this it
' is only necessary to look at the way the
"Navigation System" was deranged.
GOOD CUSTOMERS.
All Europe at this time believed that
colonies were to be fostered simply as cus
tomers of the "mother" country, and in
this England was the most vigorous of all
probably because she was the most vigorous
colonizer. It was a system suited for a
nation of shopteepers. England had built
up a trade in this way the colonies raising
for her the material's of manufacture and
taking her manufactured goods in ex
change. Hitherto a triangular trade had existed
between England, the "West Indies and the
American colonies. The colonies had been
importing from England more than they
exported to her, which excess they paid by
way or trade with the "West Indies, with
whom England was in arrears from her
large purchases of sugar, cotton and trop
ical goods. This was mainly in fish, lum
ber and provision supplies generally, and
America bought sugar and molasses from
the islands.
But the American colonies were now free
and independent and had dropped out of the
circle of the navigation laws its provisions
Were now law against their trade with the
islands and other English colonies as much
as against the other independent powers.
The effect could not be1 other than disastrous.
To the West Indians, Americans were now
"foreigners." They might still import
from America, but only in English ships;
but as to their former large exports sent
direct, thev must now send to England in
English ships, and henceforth England
would be the only source of supply to
Americans.
LIMITED FEEE TEADE.
The laws were rigidly enforced against
the American trade at once, the popular ex
pectation being that Canada and Nova
Scotia would eoon fill the place of the
American colonies as a source of supply to
the English AVest Indies.
But as might have been expected this gap
in the supply was not filled by the Canadian
trade, because Canada was not in a position
to fill it and England could not. The re
sult was intense suffering in the British
cugar colonies in the necessaries of life. In
the period 1780-1787 there was excessive
mortality among the slave population of the
islands 15,000 died from the general in
sufficiency of ordinary necessaries. En
gland was compelled to relax the severity of
her laws, and she then began the practice of
allowing free trade at certain seasons of the
year by royal edict.
There was also a widespread notion that
the loss of the American colonics was a dis
tinct loss over and above the destruction of
trade and the navigation system. It is hard
to define just what this feeling was; but the.
essence of it was that a great part of the
empire had been struck off. England had
obtained no revenue from the colonies, no
military aid abroad or at home; but, on the
contrary, she had had to keep up a large
military and naval force. Even in the civil
government there was expense. England's
only profit was in the exchange of commodi
ties, entire and distinct from the naviga
tion laws such a gain as, is generally inci
dent to all trade without reterence to its
nationality. Tt teems clear the gain was
not because they were colonies, but the
pain was in useiul commodities independ
ent of their origin.
A PROFITABLE ACCEPXIOX.
The only exception to this rule was in the
sugar plantations of the West Indies, which
were largely run by English capitalists, and
the profits ot the production received at home.
But this was not the case on the American
continent there the people had their own
capital, kept and retained the profits.
But the public were alarmed at the dis
memberment of the empire and at what
Sublic men said of the navigation system!
he result was that England entered upon
a desperate struggle one which we cannot
appreciate so well because we are so used to
dealing with large figures in finances.
At the beginning of the war England's
debt was 127,000,000, a large and heavy
debt in those days. It was the size of the
debt which alarmed Hume in 1750, although
it was then much smaller. And Adam
Smith, at the beginning of the war, speaks
of England's enormous debt. During the
course of the war, England added 117,000,
000, or nearly doubled her debt. If one
counts subsequent "pensions," etc., which
are just as real a debt as any, she altogether
doubled it. The taxes, oppressive at the
beginning of the war, were largely in
creased, and we find England's poor tax a
largely growing expense. It was such an
efiort as she had never before made, and it
is doubtful if she has made such a one since.
At this time Arthur Young estimated the
amount of the annual English incomes atJ
a.iiu.wu,vw per year, wmie in j.Be, JSir.
Griffin, the eminent financier, estimated
them at 1,000,000,000. Here,-then, we may
compare the sacrifice.
A DISFBOPOBTIONATE ESCEEASE.
Incomes have certainly increased more
than tenfold, whereas population has
scarcely increased threelold. In other
- words, "it would be fair to say that her new
debt alone was equal as a burden to all
England's pi esent great debt, by a fair com
parison of the sources and abilities to meet
it But greatly as was England burdened
on the close of the war, within ten years
she was able to resume wars which lasted 22
years, and in which the expense of the
Revolutionary "War in figures was infantile
bv comparison. The explanation of this
ms always been a puzzle to students; but
the only explanation lies in the enormous
expansion of her industry, by which cheap
clothes, iron and military enpnlies could be
. furnished in abundance. The improve
ments in effect were equivalent to the addi
tion of thousands of men to her population,
f an increase in productive power. Thus it
v was she could spend and spend, and still
have more to spare than during the Revo
lutionary "War.
Very quickly certain influences in the
United States began to make themselves
i felt in the growth of wealth and population
L which would have acted but slightly or not
at all had they remained colonies. In the
first place, they gained from the,removal of
trade shackles gained a market with the
rest of the world. Under the old regime
their trade had been confined almost
wholly to England, the West Indies and
the African coast. They had little or no
trade with the rest of Europe the little
they, had being almost entirely of an ille
gal, smuggling kind.
OBOWTH OF COMMEBCE.
It is clear there never could have been
any full development of trade or resources
under such conditions not until the colo
nies could buy and sell where they pleased.
So long as productions were small and the
wants ot the colonists few, they did not
leel the restrictions so much. But so soon
as they began to grow in population and in
varietv of wants, the trouble began. All
these burdens were lifted off them when
once they had become free. Trade at once,
with clastic bounds, sprung up with parts
of the world from which they pad hitherto
been excluded. Within two years after the
close of the war (1785) thev had established
a neutral trade with China and in the
China seas. The voyages were very long
ones "ventures" they were called not
simply voyages back and forth between two
settled and defined ports. Ihe ships traded
at many ports on the way back, and brought
home a great variety of goods.
The eflect of this freedom of trade was
shown at once in the great expansion both
in imports and exports, and especially in
the magnificent growth of our ship tonnage.
The following table explains itself the
imports and exports being in millions of
dollars:
tJSITED STATES.
Years.
1790
1795
ISOO
Exports. Imports.
20 23
4S 70
71 81
Tonnage.
274,000 tons
748,000 tons
972,000 tons
nfCEEASED TOXNAGE.
At a glance we see the great growth in
trade in the period of 1790-1800,and could go
back to 1786, the growth, bv comparison,
would be still larger; for in 1790 the country
had struck a great revival from a financial
depression previous. This continuous and
great increase follows along unabated until
1807, when. the Embargo'act began to pro
duce contraction. In 1808 the exports had
risen to 5108,000,000, and the imports to
5138,000,000, while the ship tonnage was
1,270,000 tons.
The United States was also a great
gainer in the possibilities of manufacture.
Previously she had been confined to the
production of raw products a policy which
England continued toward her other colo
nies alter the Revolution, even more strictly
than ever. But the United States found
she could manufacture what she pleased,
and very early business men began to ex
amine the possibilities and resources of the
country in these diiections. Hamilton's
Report on Manufactures in 1791 was very
complete. There is a certain broadness, and
a consciousness of power, running all
through it a peculiarity of this age, show
ing the whole people, in a vague way, ap
preciated their future greatness?
The gains, then, were a free commerce
and the freedom of manufacture. It is con
ceivable that these gains might have been
made had we remained English colonies,
but it is extremely improbable. It is not
likely England would have seen her true
interest so soon as the Revolution com
pelled her to accept it.
AS A XEUTBAI, FCHVEB.
But it was in the period of the European
wars that the United States made her great
gains. By her freedom from England she
was enabled to remain a neutral power dur
ing a large part of the great Napoleonic
wars. From 1790 to 1807 she floated almost
the only neutral flag on the seas. A-war in
the mother country always embroiled her
colonies more or less, cutting up their trade
and commerce. The United States was now
in a position to look on these quarrels with
indifference and make the most of a
"thrifty" position.
Shipping uuder the flags of the contend
ing powers was very dangerous, and, as bv
common consent and necessity, the West
India ports of nearly all the powers were
opened to us, their products were shipped
under the American flag to the United
States, whence they were re-shjpped to
foreign ports. The extent of this we can
trace in a comparison of the imports and
exports. The exports were classified into
"ioreign 'and "domestic, and as stated they
speak for themselves. The foreign goods
imported and re-exported were as tollows:
Tears. Values.
1793 J 2,000,000
1801 47,000.000
1S07 60,000,000
EABLT IMMIGBATIOX."
As regards immigration, the United
States was a large gainer, though as there
are no reliable figures, we have only esti
mates. Before the Revolution this force
had been felt and had caused some alarm in
England, owing to its extent. But it, now
largely increased and has gone on increas
ing from decade to decade until now it may
fairly be compared to the great tribal mi
grations of the past. Our necessities called
for a mixed race, unhampered by attach
ments and customs and prejudices of a
single clime and country. Here all races
met on a footing of common equality had
we remained colonies this bad not been to.
Our English population would have been
very large and other races would have
come here with the natural reluctance to
transferring allegiance to a foreign and
rival power. The Germans, French and
Irish would not have come in such num
bers. The secret lav in the flag we carried
it was a common flag to all men of freedom
and equality.
J.oere is another relation that is less clear
more speculative. As soon as commerce
began to grow it showed the effect ol the
growth of cotton in the South. Had.we re
mained colonies it is hard to say what would
have happened with this new featnre in pro
duction It is quite certain that England, ac
cording toherpolicy, would have encouraged
its growth; but it seems equally certain she
would have endeavored to keep a monopoly
in it. Previously the New England people
bad imported some little cotton for use in
their homespun goods.
PIEST COTTOIT SHIPMENT.
The first authenticated shipment of cotton
from this country was in 1781, when eight
bags were seized at Liverpool on the ground
that they could not have been grown in
America. The soil was known to be good
for cotton, but at first labor was too dear to
cleanse and pick it by hand, which pre
vented the expansion in production. But
in 1793 Eli Whitney produced his cotton
gin. It was a very simple device for pull
ing the cotton through a kind of comb,
leaving the seed behind. This allowed it to
be produced and collected for export at very
small cost, and yet with great profit, for
ingiana was an eager customer lor all we
could produce. The production grew very
fast, for this invention gave the United
States control of the cotton market of the
world. In Egypt and India, where the
picking and cleaning were done by Hand,
the production was much more expensive in
spite of their labor, and the cotton fiber in
ferior in quality to the American fiber. We
had good river communications both along
the .Mississippi and its tributaries add
along the coasts and the distance to Eng
land was short as compared to India, where
all facilities for gathering the cotton for
shipment were very poor.
No matter what the gain in dollars and
cents, though, this invention fastened sla
very on the United States for at least two
fenerations. Had we not have won our in
ependeace, it is hard to say what would
have resulted from growth in the cotton
production in the Mississippi valley.
John Dean Beown.
Attention, Companies nnd Societies.
We have a big lot of army muskets, car
bines, swords, sabers, etc., which must be
sold at anv price within 60 days.
J. H. Johnston, 621 Smithfield st
Lecture by Rev. Francis- McCarthy
(native of Pittsburg) in basement of Cathe
dral this evening at 7:30. Admission 25
cents.
Invalids call at 1102 Carson st, and be
cured free of charge.
the
A GOOD CONSCIENCE
Is largely a Matter of Surroundings,
Says Kev. George Hodges.
THE CRUCIAL TEST OP A MAN'S LIFE
Codes
of Morality Peculiar
Professions.
to Different
SOME OP THE PLEASURES OP A CEIHINAL
fWRITTlty FOR THE DISPATCH".
HE Hebrews had in their
language no such word as
"conscience." When we
take the word conscience
to pieces, as a botanist
analyzes a flower, we
find in it a preposition
and a noun. "Con"
means with, and
"science" means knowl
edge. And so conscience
means that kind of knowledge which comes,
from putting one thing with another. .Thar
part of our mental and moral being which
at once associates with every act the princi
ple which determines the character of that
act, we call conscience. When the act of
theft is associated in a man's mind with the
divine law against stealing, or the tempta
tion to make an unkind comment on one's
neighbor is confronted by the divine prohi
bition of false witness, then ponscience
speaks. The man of impulse or of indul
gence knows very well that a certain act will
give him pleasure. He puts all other knowl
edge, so far as he can, out of his mind. The
man of conscience knows the pleasure as
keenly as the other, but he knows something
else, too; side by side with that knowledge
of pleasure he puts a knowledge of penalty.
He knows that that pleasant thing is pro
hibited; is a sin. The knowledge which
comes from this wise putting of one thing
with another is conscience.
But scholars say that there is no word in
Hebrew which denotes that kind of knowl
edge. The word for "conscience" in the
Old Testament is "heart" or "spirit" "A
wounded spirit who can bear?" That ex
presses the heaviness of the burden of an
offended conscience. "Keep thy heart with
all diligence, for out of it are the issues of
life." The writer counsels the keeping of
the conscience.
ANTOTSTAINED CONSCIENCE.
The most important thing about your life
is not the possession of a handsome liouse,
or the wearing of fine cloths; it is not the
elegance of your table or the smoothness of
your lawn; it is not the size of your bank
acconnt, or the number of your friends; it is
not strength, or beauty, or wisdom. These
are all good; they are all worth trying
after. But they lie only on the surface of
life; they are matters of a day or of a year.
They are not life just as your body is not
you. The most important thing about
your life is the possession of an unstained
conscience. The Hebrews chose a wise word
when they called conscience the "heart."
It is the heart; the heart of a man, and the
heart of a man's life.
There is at least one test which calls out
the trne ring of a man's life, and shows iust
how much that life is worth. It is the test
of death! How will my life look to me at
the end of it? And when you try life by
that test you will find, as I said, that the
only thing which gives life abiding value is
the testimony of a good conscience. Your
wealth, your friends, yonr place in the
world of commerce or society, will not make
you glad when you look back one dayupon
your life will not make you glad as the
possession of an unstained conscience will.
The best life which any man can live is a
good life.
Keep thy conscience with all diligence.
Keep it, so the meaning goes, above all
other keeping: better thayou keep your
money, better than you keep the favor of
your friends, better than you keep anything,
for out of it are the issues of life.
The problem, then, is how to keep the
conscience; that is, how to keep it true.
And this is no easy matter. It is a task
which needs "all diligence." Eor there are
many kinds of conscience some of them
very curious and questionable kinds.
There is the superstitious conscience.
That was the kind which the Pharisees had.
It was particularly strict in matters of mint,
anise and cummin. It pronounced it sin to
eat eggs which the hen had labored to lay
npon a Sabbath. It set down regulations
touching ceremonies to the number of 10,000.
But it was lax when the weightier matters
of the law mercy, judgment and truth
were concerned. This
SUPERSTITIOUS CONSCIENCE
is remarkable for its contradictions. It is
equally at home at einrer extreme. In En
gland, in the days of the VHth Henry, it
bowed the heads and hearts of men before
the images of smiling Madonnas, and be
fore weeping crucifixes, it sent men on
pilgrimages to the shrines of saints, it
lay at the bottom of the abuses which made
tne reiormation necessary; and then, in
CO years, it turned about and demolished
the fair shrines, burned the images and
whitewashed the pictures, broke down the
stately abbeys, attacked the carved work
with axes and hammers, and left as a legacy
to England those ivy-covered ruins, where
in the guidebook has supplanted the prayer
book. Mr. Ruskin has no desire to visit
this country, and would find life quite in
supportable here, because we have no ruins.
Thank Clod that we have no ruins to tell
such a tale of shame and sacrilege. There
they stand, the eloquent and warning
memorials of the work of a superstitious
conscience. "The superstition which had
paid an undue reverence to the symbols of
holy things was avenged by the superstition
of as blind a hatred." To-day this super
stitious conscience stands upon both sides of
the question of ritual. There is a foolish
and superstitious insistence upon forms and
ceremonies, and an equally loolish and an
equally superstitions objection to them.
Then, there is the partisan conscience,
which denies that the other side has any
case at all. Everybody who opposes the
possessor of this conscience is either igno
rant or malicious, either a fool or a knave.
This is the intolerant conscience, which for
bade the Jews to have-any dealings with the
Samaritans; which made Christians hate
heretics; which amused Certullian to laugh
ter, as he thought how the persecuting
heathen would one day be roasting in the
flames of hell. This conscience composed
the initial sentences of the Athanasian
creed; it sept a papal legate to lay a writ of
excommunication upon the altar of the
Cathedral Church of Constantinople: it
asked questions at the tribunal of the In
quisition, and tightened up the thumb
screws, and worked the ingenious machin
ery of the rack, and fetched faggots for the
bonfires of martyrs; it has presided over
ecclesiastical controversy; it persuaded the
Rev. Augustus Toplady to remark in his
discussion with the Rev. John Wesley, "If
such an opponent can be deemed an honest
man, where shall we find a knave?" And to
add, with a fine show of Christian serenity,
"Without the least beat or emotion, "I
plainly say, Mr. Wesley lies;" it turned the
Methodist societies out of the Church of
England; it sets the tone to-day in which
Protestants speak of Roman Catholics, and
Roman Catholics of Protestants; it is said to
be occasionally occupied, even still, in
EDITING RELIGIOUS NEWSPAPERS.
its voice is heard upon the floor of relig
ious assemblies; it stirred up one good
brother to remark when the question ot in
strumental music was under discussion in
these parts, "Brethren, I want to help the
home missions by contributing to them, but
I cannot do so so long as this corruption of
worship goes on. I want to contribute to
the extension of the Lord's kingdom on
earth, bnt I cannot do it when my con
science tells me that the Lord would disap
prove of it. I have no ill-will toward the
Assembly, but I dare not act when my God
tells me not," that is, when his conscience
told him not to, his good, honest, narrow
minded, partisan conscience. This kind of
'PrrrsfeuKG - dispatch,
consoience stands to-day as the one prevail
ing hindrance to Christian fellowship and
union.
And there is the corporate conscience,
whose guidance has made it a proverb that
corporations have no souls a conscience
which permits a dozen men united in a
syndicate to do what not one ofthem wiuld
dream of doing by himself. This conscience
will bribe lawmakers; it will lie; it will
steal bread out'of poor men's houses. It is
doing its best to drive this country into an
industrial revolution. It lends color to the
bold saying that the "dangerous classes" of
this day are not the tramps, but the capi
talists. There is the commercial conscience, which
has a code of morality peculiar to itself;
which tolerates and encourages a "commer
cial honesty," which is very far indeed from
being the honesty of the eighth command
ment. This is the conscience which the
deac6n had in the fable, who called down to
his clerk, "John, have you sanded, the
sugar? and put the chicory in the coffee?
Well, then, come up to prayers!" "Thou
shalt not steal," declares this singular con
science. "Thou shalt not steal" a little.
You may steal a great deal, and give a long
name to your questionable transference of
funds, and be commercially honest. A re
spectable traveling salesman told me that he
was not ready yet tor confess himself a
Christian man, on account of certain
methods In his line of business which he
was not in a position to give up. A gentle
man, connected with a large business in this
city, gives a similar excuse. Now these
facts mean something, and the meaning is
not remarkably creditable. And the worst
of it is, not only that men such as these hold
back, but that other men do not hold back.
That is where this commercial conscience
comes in. It bliuds a man who is only
commercially honest, and makes him think
that he is an honest man all the way
through. ,
You see that there are a good many kinds
of conscience. I read tne other day, in one
of those curious stories which Mr. Julian
Hawthorne is manufacturing out of the
diaries of Mr. Inspector Byrnes, a discus
sion about the happiness of professional
criminals. One man thought that their
life must be entirely miserable. They have
no homes, they are hunted about by the
police, they spend a large part of their time
behind iron bars, and they have a heavy
and constantly increasing burden of sin
upon their consciences. But to this it was
replied that such a judgment was entirely
at iauic
THE PROFESSIONAL CBIMINAIi
lives a life of adventure, his chase by the
detectives he turns into a great game of
hide-and-seek, and as for his conscience
his conscience approves. He has a criminal
conscience. In his opinion, society is an
oppressor, an enemy; he is at war with
society a war in which all is fair. The
more he can harm society, the more he can
get out of the wealthier classes, so much
the more is he getting his iust due. His
conscience does not trouble him because
he has a peculiar variety of conscience.
Time would forbid "me to recount the
falsehoods of conscience. Saul's conscience
told him to persecute the Christians, and
compel them to blaspheme the conscience of
Simeon. Stylite's told him to perch himself
for several years upon the top of a lolty and
exceedingly uncomfortable pillar. Con
science said in Egypt, worship the .sacred
bull Apis; conscience said in Sparta, it is
no sin to steal; conscience in Mexico allows
bull fights for the benefit of the church;
conscience in this country discountenances
bull fights but allows lotteries and gambling
for the advancement of the cause of true re
ligion. Conscience forbade Bishop Hooper,
inthe days of the Puritans, to wear the
episcopal vestments, until over-persuaded
by the logic of imprisonment in the tower of
London. Conscience encouraged Archbishop
Laud tp force the Book of Common Prayer
upon me unwilling people oi ocotianu, ana
conscience inspired Jenny Geddes to throw
a kneeling-stool at the head of the first
clergyman who ventured to read the
service from it. Upon the 12th
day of this month an eminent dig
nitary of the Church of England will be
brought to court to answer the charge of
violation of the'English law of ritual; the
ritualistic bishop and the evangelical prose
cutors are alike inspired by conscience.
It has been said that a single degree of
latitude may change the whole code of
ethics, and remove the whole matter of
right and wrong. That is, conscience here
says this, and there .says that. It is also
true that a few generations may alter the
verdict of conscience. Conscience allowed
Abraham, the friend of God, to have several
wives.
It appears, then, that conscience is a most
uncertain guide. There are those who go so
far as to maintain that "there is not any
thing so capricious, so fluctuating and ut
terly absurd as conscience." And these
illustrations of its differing decisions would
seem to affirm this judgment. It is not
enough to follow the leadings of conscience.
This is the point which I desire to em
phasize. And with this I must stop to-day.
It is not enough to follow the leadings of
conscience. You may be right, or yon may
be wrong; you cannot infallibly tell. You
must pake sure, so far as you can, that your
conscience is leading you in the right di
rection. You must be sure that you are not
following a will-o'-the-wisp conscience,
which is persuading you into the mire.
You see that the wise man who wrote that
sentence: Keep thy conscience with all
diligence, knew very well what he was say
ing. The conscience must be "kept." But
how? Suppose we study that next Sunday.
Geobge Hodges.
G. W. SCHMIDT,
WInei, Liquors and Clears.
"With the increased facilities at my com
mand for doing business, and my steadily
increased sales, I am enabled to purchase in
greater quantities and direct from both im
porters and distillers, and by so doing I
place the goods on the market at the lowest
prices consistent with the quality. The
prices I guarantee in every instance, and
the stock I offer from which to select is one
of the largest. In my wine department I
am offering all the leading champagnes,
Brandenburg freres, clarets, Lauterne &
Sohn. Rheinish and Moselle; "B. Bruning
haus' " Burgundy, Brandenburg freres,
sauterne, Hungarian wines, also sherry,
port and Madeira wines; beer, ale and malt
extracts; natural mineral waters, olive oils;
olives in one gallon kegs; liqueurs and cor
dials, imported brandies, rum, ein and fhe
finest old Monongahela pure rye whiskies in
the market.
I also offer the largest assortment of the
finest imported Key West and domestic
cigars in tne city. Call and get a price list
of liquors and cigars.
Goods delivered to all parts of Pittsburg
and Allegheny.- G. "W. Schmidt,
ttfsu 95 and 97 Fifth ave. '
I "VTILI, remove my place of business to
the corner of Smithfield street and Seventh
avenue, Bissell block, on or about March 1.
Previous to removal I will close out my
present stock at reduced prices.
Walter Anderson,
Merchant Tailor,
Cor. "Wood street and Sixth avenue,
Pittsburg.
There Is no comfort, night or day.
When teeth are suffering from decay,
And oh! the pain that we shall feel
When bitter hours at last reveal
That all our woe came grim and gaunt
From our neglect of Sozodont wrsu
The Pittsburg Beef Company Agents for
Swift's Chicago dressed beef sold at whole
sale during the week ending February 9,
1889, 133 carcasses beef, average weight 633
pounds per carcass; average price 6 60-100
cents per pound.
Valentines Wholesale and Retail.
The largest assortment in the city of the
latest novelties in valentines, such as
"Cupid's Telegram." "Messages of Love,"
booklets,cellutoid goods, etc. Alarge variety
ofcomics,fringed and lace valentinesalso on
hand atL. Breuninger & Co.'s, 535 Smith
field street, Pittsburg, Pa. Wholesale and
retail. 3,7,10,12
Cash paid for old gold and silver at
Hauch's, No. 295 Fifth avenue. WP3U
Sunday, eebruart
SOLONS OF THE PAST.
Serious and Amusing Questions That
Came Before the Legislature
WHEN PENNSYLVANIA WAS YOUNG
An Assemblyman in Jail and a Gpjernor
in a Tavern Kow. '
PE0HIBITI0N A TERT OLD ISSUE
WRITTEN FOB THB DISPATC1I.1
VERYBODY who
reads the newspapers
is of course familiar
with the questions
over which the legis
lators at Harrisburg
are puzzling their
brains. Matters of
great pith and mo
ment are before, them
continually, but hap
pily for the lawmak
ers there are some sub
jects, once deemed ot
the utmost importance to the public, upon
which the General Assembly is no longer
required to legislate. If, in addition to the
prohibition question, the Allegheny char
ter, the traction roads and the thousand and'
one separate interests for which laws are
asked, the Solons at Harrisburg were called
upen to devise ways and means for solving
the perplexing problems which occupied
the attention of their official predecessors of
a century or two ago it is highly probable
that there would be an early adjournment.
Ten dollars a day would not be sufficient in
ducement to keep enou&h legislators to
form a quorum in Harrisburg.
When the Legislature first met in Phila
delphia they hired a room and paid the ex
pense themselves. The country members
secured lodgings outside the city and walked
in, frequently bringing their dinners with
them, to attend the sessions. In 1683 the
Speaker ordered that members who absent
ed themselves without good cause should
pay a fine of 12 pence each. A few years
later a legislator sent in a most excellent
excuse for absence. His name was John
White, and his excuse was that
HE WAS IN JAIL.
This fact being communicated to the Leg
islature, White's release was at once or
dered. The member was liberated and took
his seat in the House; but the sheriff in
whoso custody he had been, incensed at the
usurpation of authority which belonged to
him, broke open the door of White's room
on the following night and carried him
back to durance vile.
July 9, 1695, the House of Assembly met
at Sarah Whitpain's house, where they had
secured a room. They each agreed to pay
their proportionate share ot the rent and
charge it to the counties which they repre
sented. Curious complaints claimed the at
tention of the Legislature in those days.
For instance, in 1706, the slaughter houses,
located in the very center of population of
Philadelphia, were voted a nuisance, and t
ordered removed. In the following year a
communication was sent to the House
stating that wolves had become so numerous
in the vicinity of Philadelphia that great
apprehension was felt that all the sheep
would be destroyed. In 1701 it was deter
mined to increase.the pay of jurors, making
their compensation 8 pence a day. Wit
nesses fared betted, being alio wed 2 shillings
each.
Philadelphia and the Indians seem to
have' required more legislation than the rest
of the inhabitants of the colony. The rec
ords of the early years abound in references
to both. City government was established
in "Philadelphia in 1701. In 1705, a city
constable named Cresson, going his rounds
at 1 o'clock a in the morning, discovered a
crowd of riotous persons in a tavern, and
ordered them to disperse. John Evans, the
Governor of the Province, happened to be
in the tavern, and calling Cresson in he
flopped him severely, and ordered him to he
imprisoned for two days. In 1712, the Assem
bly having been asked to declare freedom to
all negroes, resolved that "it was neither
just nor convenient to set them at liberty."
A message was sent to the Assembly from
the Goveruor in 1715, which was delivered
as follows:
A JOVTAIi GOVERNOR.
"The Governor has requested me to state
his regret that he has been unable to get the
council together, and will feel happy if the
Speaker and members will wait on h'im this
evening at Sarah RadclifTs and take a glass
of wine with him."
The House soon after adjourned, so the
chronicler avers, and met the Governor at
Sarah RadclifTs in the evening. This was
onet of the pleasant occasions ih which the
legislators took part. At other times there
were more exciting scenes. InJ.71G a man
armed with pistols attacked th" Speaker of
the House and tried to kill him, but was
prevented by members. In 1717 Assembly
men were paid four shillings and six pence
for each day they attended.
The prohibition question was discussed by
the legislatnres of our ancestors iust as it is
to-day. The doctrine of total abstinence
does not seem to have been especially popu
lar, however. In 1721 the project of pre
venting the sale of spirituous liquors
throughout the Province and encouraging
the sale of beer as a substitute was consid
ered. Proprietors of iron works asked for a
bill prohibiting any person from retailing
liquor except beer and cider near their es
tablishments. March 17, 1760. there was" no meeting of
the Assembly. The Speaker and a majority
of themembers were unable to get from their
lodgings to the State House. Snow had
fallen steadily during the night, and in
some places it was seven feet deep.
These and many others were the embarras
ing things which confronted members of the
Pennsylvania General Assembly,
In the good old colony times
When we lived under the king.
Barney.
A THIEF'S CLAIMS.
He Says He's a Lincoln nnd a Nopuetv of the
Famous Ex-President.
ISrECIAI. TELEGRAM TO THB DISFATCn.
Baltimore, January 9. Samuel W.
Lincoln, who says he is a nephew of ex
President Lincoln,was before United States
Commissioner Rogers to-day, charged with
abstracting money from a letter sent
through the mails addressed to Ryan
A. Gyles. Mr. Lincoln is from
Lacy's Springs, Ya., and claims to
be a temperance lecturer. His victim is a
medical student. Both boarded at the same
hoube, 681 West Lafayette street. A money
order for $25 came to Gyles, but Lincoln
captured it and had it cashed at' the post
office'on Saturday last.
Congressman C. F. O'Ferrall, from the
Seventh district, Virginia, -a personal
friend of the defendant, appeared in the lat
ter's behalf and secured a postponement of
the case until to-morrow, and it is probable
a compromise will be effected. Lincoln is
positively identified as the thief, and makes
no denial of his guilt. Mr. Gyles is from
South Carolina.
Snvcd From a Boycott.
Detroit Free Press.
"So you are married!" exclaimed
one as
they met in front of the postoffice.
"Yes."
"And to Mr. Blank?"
"Yes."
"But I thought von broke vbnr enia?e-
ment with him?"
"I did almost, but he threatened to have
me boycotted and X thought it best to marry
him." , "
10, 1889.
THE FIRESIDE SPHINX
A Collection of EnismatiGal Nuts for
Address communications for this department
to E. R. ttLAVEOVRX.Lewtilon, Maine.
170 AT SAMOA.
--S7.a4
jy, j
The upper portion of the cut represents a
question asked of the captain of a vessel; the
lower part stands for the captain's reply.
471 TO BK PBESERVED -WITH CARE.
I'm in the dark gray vault around.
And in the earth and sea.
In darkness I am ever found,
The crave embraccth me.
But lose me and day seems to die
You sigh with all you say;
And each gay friend becomes a guy
Whose heart is hurt alway,
Bnt on the road you'r fare Is free.
Though there your wrongs begin.
The dimes you spare will make a spree.
Your gain is changed for gin, S.
472 ANAGRAM.
"ME., I NEED CASH." said I
To one who would on credit buy;
I wish to pay the debts I owe.
My "goods" aTe offered very low,
And best of bargains can be made
By those who come with me to trade.
Nklsonian.
473 two pictuee3.
On a wild and stormy night a boy sat in a.
lighthouse alone. His father, the keeper of
the lighthouse, had gone away in the afternoon,
expecting to retnrn before night, but a storm
had arisen, and the boy knew that it would be
impossible for his father to return before the
next day. "I must take my father's place,"
said he, "or vessels will bo wrecked." He stood
nobly at his post all through that stormy night,
and no vessels were lost.
On the outskirts of a village in a small cot
tage sat Abel S. and Mary J. one evening.
Abel had been courting Mary for a long time,
buf was too bashf nl to ask her to be his wife.
But on this evening he summoned up some
courage, and at last said, "Mary, do you think
you could make up your mind to have met"
Mary blushed, but did not answer, and Abel
asked her again, and said, IMary, 1 want you
to ten me.- aiary smiieu, looxeu up ana
Why was she like the boy in the lighthouse?
MoBNiNo glory.
474 ADDITION- EXTBAOBDHTAEY.
Five hundred and five hundred,
Now add them if you please.
And only have "five hundred"
Which you can do with ease.
Undine.
275 the woeld's wat.
"Here is my two"' said two; "now pay
The full amount you owe;
I cinnot wait another day.
Nor further favor show."
"1 must admit' the other said,
"That what I owe is one.
And though I know it must be paid,
Yet it must longer ran:
The very best that I can do,
In my financial strait.
Is to present you my one two,
And ask you still to wait."
Nelsoniah.
476 stae.
L In "scratch." 2. A verb. 3. Came together.
4. Wood-nymphs. 5. Ordinary. 6. English
novelist died 18S2. 7. Called. S. A barbarous
word which had various significations among
the ancients, and arid (two words). 9. Certain
fossil, ganoid fishes of the seas. 10. Part of a
sleigh. 11. Three-fifths of the S. W. part of
Arabia. 12. The svmbol dt one of the chemical
elements. 13. In "scratch." Q. Beds.
477 METAGEAM.
I may with truth and brilliance glow,
Though mute and bidden I may be;
Or I may make a senseless show
Of some poor tool's stupidity.
Each man thinks his surpasses all
The very wisest, strongest, best;
But be is one of wisdom small
Who cannot calmly each one test.
Behead me and I'll quickly rise
With joyous, airy song-bird's light,
Although a captured culprit tries
To burst me in securing flight.
The half of what I am is seen
In ceaseless numbers near you thronging;
In polished, shining forms we gleam,
lo hold secure some frail belonging.
And what is left describes a god.
Whose mother once this son disowned;
His name bespeaks his.native sod.
The land where he was once enthroned.
Sea.
478 a mysteet.
Of all the names the greatest be
Five letters, told in only three;
Although its presence always near,
Whoever could it see or heart
It lives and works in ev'rv nlace.
Is not confined by time nor space.
XTne nn tllut.nlHi. (inn n rmi
na:
No science can it comDrehend.
Not in a sculptor's works of stone,
In symbols only be it shown.
J.B.
ANSWEES.
462 Sunshine.
483 "The music of the spheres."
4&J On the yard-stick she measured off 23
inches by means of the small stick. She then
laid off the difference (13 inches) on the small
stick. This gave a length of 10 inches, which
she deducted from the 13 inches on the yard
stick. She now had a length of 3 inches, which
she laid off twice on the short stick, thus ob
taining the required length of i inches.
465Sad-iron.
466 Pop(u)lar.
467 S
E I
SESSILE
I S E R I N
IRATE
L I T O R N
E N E R Q I O
N I
O
468 Gay, fay. ray, bay. hay. May, gay.
469-M1X: IX-XiI; ix-f2k.
CAfl?47X9
WolffsACMEeiacking
BEATS the World. It Is the Best
HARNESS DBESSIHG
The BEST for Men's Boots
" Ladies' a
Children's"
AJBSOZVTET.Y WATERPROOF.
SOFTENS and PRESERVES the Leather
One a weekor men's ioott and cnee a invn&for
noaenU is ampl forperfttt result. It nukes the
handsomest and most durable polish yon ever saw.
You don't hava to groan and aveafi vnth a buck
ing: brush- Bs wire and try tt. Becasse yonr
grandfather worked hard la so reason yon should
sot spars yourself this vorse than caeleos labor.
Sold by Grocers, Druggists, and Shoe Sealers.
WOLFF A RANDOLPH. PHILADELPHIA
KWTSU
532&823tttU. T
Y'ilB'r"agl"' WW
U 3 1 V JC !- L-lsliy-
fSSfp
f
NEW ADVERTISEMENTS
DAH2IGEE'&
-SUCCESSORS T0-
MORRIS H. DANZIGER.
Our entire business to be reorganized. t Many new departments to
be added. Foremost among all will be our immense
DRY GOODS and HQUSEFURNISHING DEPARTMENTS.
Our builder will take charge in the next few daya He must hava
room to aocomplish his task. We must move the goods out of his way,
and this is how we mean to do it, create a
Gigantic Forced Sale,
-TO BEGIN-
MONDAY MOMHG, FEBRUARY 11,
i
And name the lowest prices ever attempted in this or any other city in
America. We have no time to waste, so here goes for
FORCED SALE PRICES:
Forced Sale Bargains in Ladies' Muslin Underwear.
65 dozen Ladies' Lace-trimmed Chemise, former price 39c, tate them now at 25c
, 35 dozen Plain and Trimmed Corset Covers, with embroidery, former pries 39c, now 25c.
20 dozen Ladies' Embroidered and Lace-trimmed Chemise, former price 75c, now 19c.
27 dozen Ladies' Night Gowns, "Lace-trimmed." former price 75c, no w at 49c
SI dozen Ladies' Skirts, Tucked and Cambric Flonnce. former nrice 75c, now 49c
15 dozen Ladies' Corset Covers, Tacked and Trimmed, with Embroidery, former price 75c,
now 49c
44 dozen Ladies' Drawers, Clustered Tucks and Torchon Ruffle former price $1, now 74c
39 dozen Ladies' Chemise, elegantly trimmed in Embroidery and Torchon Lace, former price
SI, now 74c
60 dozen Ladies' Night Gowns, Tucked and Insertion, with Cambric Bnffle, former price $1,
now 74c
60 dozen Ladies' Night Gowns, Mother Hubbard style, former price SL now 74c
25 dozen Ladies' Nieht Gowns, Cluster Tucks and Cambric Ruffle, former price 89c now 69c
10 dozen Ladies' Skirts, Tucked and two Ruffles, former price 89c, now 69c
35 dozen Ladles' Night Gowns, elaborately trimmed, Mother Hubbard style, former price.
Jl 25, now 99c
0 dozen Ladies' Skirts, with Tuck and Deep Embroidered Raffle, former price 81 50, now 99c
Forced Sale Bargains in Men, Women and Children's Underwear,'
The Quantity of All These is Not Large, so Come Quickly If You Want Them.
90c for Men's Scotch Wool Shirts or Drawera, former price $1 25.
60c for Men's Red All-Wool Shirts or Drawers, former price 99c
- 29c for Ladies Gray Merino Vests or Pants, former price 49c
16c for Ladies' Swiss Vests, former price 25c
33c for Ladies' Fine Vests, former price 49c
59e for Men's Fancy Merino Shirts or Drawer, former price 75c
51 each for a Small lot of odd sizes in Men's Fore Wool Scarlet Shirts or Drawers, former
price $150.
Lots of natural strictly pure wool health underwear for men, women
and the little folks. All go at forced prices in this sale.
19c for Gents' Fine Silk Scarfs, former price 39c and 24c.
15c for Silk Windsor Scarfs, former price 24c
48c for a Splendid Unlanndried Shirt.
79c for the very best Unlanndried Shirt, former price 99c
5 Lots of These Children's Elegant Embroidered Dresses,
N SLIGHTLY SOILED.
Lot 1110 White Dresses, former prices SI 24 and 99c, yonr pick now 49c
Lot 2212 White Dresse3, former prices $1 49 and $1 69, your pick now at 74c.
Lot 3171 White Embroidered Dresses, former prices SI 49, Jl 74, SI 99, $2 49, S2 74, $3 99, you
pick now 99c
Lot 4100 White Embroidered Dresses, former prices S2 74 to S4 49, Tour pick now at 11 50.
Lot 5108 White Embroidered Dresses, former prices $4 49 to 6 24, yonr pick S2 50.
FORCED SALE BARGAINS IN LADIES' JERSEYS.
330 Ladies' Jersey, former prices SI 62, S2 24, S2 74, now your choice at 9Sc
600 dozen Ladies' Fancy Bordered Handkerchiefs, former price 9of-now your pick at 4c
430 pairs Children's Cotton and Silk Hose, former prices 25c, 39c 49c, 69c yourpick at 25c a pair.
155 pairs Boys' and Misses' Hose, former prices 59c, 69c and 74c, your pick now at 39c a pair.
220 pairs Ladies' Pure Silk and Lisle Hose, former prices S224, SI 99, $174, SI 49, yourpick
now at SI a nair.
110 pair Children's Pare Lisle Hose, former prices 74c and S9c, price now, your pick at 69c a
pair.
1,000 pairs Men's Half Hose at 7c and 8c a pair.
Forced Sale Bargains in White Goods, Table Linens, Napkins, Muslins,
Towels, Blankets, Comforts, Table Scarfe, Turkish Towels.
100 dozen Turkish Bath Towels, f ormer price 12c, now at 9c
60 dozen Turkish Batn Towels, former price 16c, now at 12c
33 dozen Turkish Bath Towels, former price 18c, now 14c
36 Full Size Comforts, former price Sh now 73c
45 Large Size Comforts, former price $1 39, now 95c.
30 Fine Large Comforts, former price $2 99. now $1 99. .
60 Splendid Large Comforts, former price S2 24, now SI 69.
eu uray uianKets, tormer price s, now i id.
75 Fine Gray Blankets, former price $2 49, now $1 89.
60 pairs Strictly Pure Wool White Blankets, now at $4 39 per pair.
300 Pure Linen Hack Towels, large size, now at 21c per pair.
200 dozen Unbleached Linen Crash Towels, now at 7c each.
1,000 Wash Rags, "large size," two for 5c
45 pieces Fancy Madras for Curtains, now at 10c yard. -
100 pieces Forfar Crash Toweling, now at 6c yard.
100 pieces Linen Crash Toweling at be yard.
100 pieces Flax Glass Toweling, fine quality at lie yard.
CO pieces Linen Table Damask, 60-inch power loom, now at 9c yard.
25 dozen line quality Cream Damask Bordered Napkins, now at 99c per dozen,
25 dozen White'Fringed Napkins, all linen, 89c, Si 49, SI 99 per dozen.
Thousands of White and Colored Bed Spreads, all marked at forced prices during this Sals.
Thousands of liemnants in Fine Wliite, Fancy and Checked Lawns
Marked Away JDown.
100 pairs Cream Fancy Curtain nets. 44 inches in width, 7c yard.
Lots of White. Fancy and Checked Lawns at 9c, He, 123c yard. . i v
Lots of Nainsooks and Cambric at 10c to 14c yard.
Lots of Prussian Linen and Victoria Lawns all at Forced Sals prices.
Lots or fancy Turkish Tidies. 12c, 14c 19c, 24c and 29c each.
Lots of fancy Turkish Table Scarfs at 49c and 69c.
Lots of White Piques at 12Kc to 19c yard now.
100 pieces Lonsdale Muslin at TJJc a yard.
100 pieces Chapman Muslin at 6e a yard.
"Forced Sale Bargains in Embroideries and Torchon Laces."
10,000 yards Embroideries at 2c, 3c 4c. 5c, 6c, Sc, 9c, He 12c, 14c, 16c and upward now.
Lots of Fine Embroideries and Matched Patterns; also lovely new designs in Baby Edgings;
20,000 yards Real Torchon Laces at 3c. 4c, 5c, 6c 7c, 8c, 9e, lie, 14c, 17c, 19c, 21c, 24c a yard now.
Also new designs in Smyrna Laces, suitable for infants' and cnlldren's wear.
''Useful Remnants in Embroideries and Laces."
800 pairs 5-Hook Lacin? Kid Gloves, former price 74e, now 33c
600 pairs 4-button Kid Gloves, former price 89c, now 30c pair.
2C0 pair Gent's Kid Gloves, former price $1, now 69c pair.
"See Our Apron Bargains During This Forced Sale."
"Forced Sale Prices on Reliable Corsets."
110 dozen perfect-fitting Corsets, all sizes, now 44c pair.
96 dozen French Woven Corsets, all sizes, now 56c pair.
60 dozen of the R. and G. celebrated Corsets, now at 75e pair.
60 dozen of the P. N. Strengthening Corsets, now at 89c.
25 dozen of Dr. Shilling's Health Corsets, now at S9C pair
90 dozen fine French Woven Corsets, former price SI, to 75c
Forced Sale Prices in Toilet
1000 boxes Tetlow's Swansdown Face Powder.each box containing K-oz. bottle fine perfume ,
now 13 cents box.
600 boxes Tetlow's Gossamer Face Powder, now 19 cents box.
60 boxes Potter Drug Company's Cuticura Soap, now IS cents cake.
21 cents for Colgate's Cashmere Bouquet Soap.
6 cents for Colgate's Glycerine Soap.
9 cents for Colgate's Pansy Soap.
6 cents for Colgate's Honey Soap. - .
6 cents for Colgate's Windsor Soap.
10 cents for Pears' Unscented Soap.
14 cents for Pears' Perfumed Glycerine Soap. . . v i -
69 cents for Dr. Holland's Imported German Cologne. , .....i&J&Sb-
22 and 39 cents for Oakley's best Florida Waters. ' ,T
14. 24 and S9 cents for Oakley's fine Imported Bay Rmn. "
10, 20, 25. 40, 50 cents for Chamois Skins.
24 and 69 cents for Colgate's Cashmere Bonqnet Extracts.
69 cents for De Mott's line French Extracts.
62 cents for the genuine Latin's Extract.
11 cents for Major Cements.
8 cents for Royal Glue.
6 cents for a big cake of fine soap.
Full lite of Colgate's toilet waters.
6, 14. 25 cents for good bath sponges.
FORCED SAXiE BARGAINS ON. GLASSWARE!
800 Individual Salt Sellers now at 2 cents each.
1,600 plain Glass Goblets now at 4 centi each. '
2,000 Glass Tumblers, cut glass design, now 5 cents each.
1,000 Glass Tumblers handsomely engraved, now 11 cents each.
600 Glass Spoon Holders now at 9 and 12 cents each.
600 Glass Celery Holders now at 16 and 24 cents each. '
150 Glass Boats now at 19 cents each.
1,000 Glass Molasses Jugs now at 24 cents each.
1.000 Glass Vinegar and Oil Crnetts now at 24 cents each,
600 Glass Cat3up Bottles now at 31 cents each.
1,000 CMass Castors, with nickel frame, now at 24 cents each.
1.000 Glass NaDDies now at 2 to 7 cents each.
1.000 Glass Fruit Dishes now at 14 cents each. -
600 Glass Fruit Dishes now at 34 cents each. s.
600 Glass Fruit Dishes now at 39 cents each. i,
150 Glass Orange Bowls now at 49 and 74 cents each.
1,600 Glass Fickle Dishes at 6 cents, 17 cents, 24 cents now.
600 Glass Breakfast Sets, consisting of Butter Dish, Sugar Bowl, Spoon Holder and Creamer,
now at 24 cents and upward the set.
800 Glass Lemonade Sets now aft 74c. 99c SI 24, SI 49 full set.
1,000 Parisian Cream Pitchers, very pretty, now a; 10 cents each.
FORCED SALE LADIES'. WRAP BARGAINS;
20 Ladles' cloth Newmarkets, former price SH, now $6 99.
31 Ladies' cloth Newmarkets, former price 817, now $8 49.
29 Ladies' cloth Raglans, former price S19 60, now $9 75. fe
25 Ladies' cloth Jackets, "tailor made," former price $6 50, now S3 34.
15 Ladies' cloth Jackets, "tailor made," former price S10, now S4 98. y jt
17 Ladies' cloth Jackets, "tailor made," former price $20, now S9 99. - ?
10 Ladies' cloth Modjeskas, former price S15. now $7 49. ' ' J .
19 Ladies' Stockinette Jackets now at $3 98. $4 24, Jo 491 " "
Balance of all our Plush Coats and Modjeskas will be offered in this gigantic forcedjule at
prices that will Induce you to buy for next winter. -vTl
108 Misses' and Children's Coats, former price S3 50 to $3 50. your pick now of the entire lot " 2
at SI 50 each. J -V
DANZIGER
4M-46-M-S2 Silt! SL
f8
SHOENBERG,
Articles, Soaps and Perfumery.
SHOENBERG
638-540-542 Fan Are,
MttiMiW