AlfffiESE EISIAECK.
i -
A.n Interview Willi Li Hung Chang,
the Great Viceroy of China, On
THE EXGLUSIOX OP THE CHINESE.
Bis Daughter's Wonderful Wedding and a
Family Jangle.
THE TICEEOI AS A SMOKER
tlTOM OCR TRAVELING COSIJIIBSIOKEI1.3
Tiemsij., China, November 30.
HAVE just had a most in
teresting interview with Li
Hung Chang, the great vice
roy ot China. Li Hung
Chang is by all "odds the
greatest man in the Chinese
Empire. He was called by
General Grant the Bismarck
of China, and in statesman
ship he ranks with the greatest minds of the
European nations. He is practically the
"Premier of the Imperial Government, is the
Chief Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and dur
ing the past few years has been the medium
ot communication between foreign nations
and the Celestials. It was he who was com
mander in chief of the Imperial forces dur
ing the great Taiping rebellion, which cost
China 10,000,000 lives and which resulted in
the overthrow of the rebels. It was he who
settled the difficulties with Bussia in 1881,
and it is he who is called in to advise the
Emperor when any crisis takes place in the
affairs of the nation.
Li Hung Chang carried on all the ne
gotiations with Mitkiewicz and granted the
charter to the Wharton Barker syndicate,
which fell throngh by Mitkiewicz's indis
cretion and bad character. It was he who
introduced the telegraph into China about
seven years ago, and it is he who is now
doing all in bis power to have China adopt
railroads and develop its material resources.
ii
Li Bung Cliaug.
Li Hung Chang is the viceroy of Chili, the
northern province ot China, uhich includes
Peking and Tientsin, and which has a popu
lation of 35,000,000, or nearly as many as
Great Britain. Over these people the
viceroy has more power than has the Queen
of Encland. He is also superintendent of
the northern trade of China, and it is said
thst the monev he receives yearly amounts
to over 53,000,000.
CHINESE CIVTX SERVICE.
In China office comes, in the first place,
from scholarship, and Li Hung Chang is
one of the most noted scholars of China.
He has passed three public examinations,
which means having been three times one
ot 200 ot the successful out of 15,000 com
petitors, and at the last one he received the
highei-t degree. He is a fellow of the Han
lin College, the most learned body of China,
and he is suph an important man in the
Chinese Government that when he wished
to retire from office about six years ago to
mourn on the account of the death of his
mother, the Empress refused to give him
more "than 100 days for griet. iShe thenre
called him to his post on the ground that he
was a necessity to China. He now lives
here at Tientsin ana his residence makes
this point almost as important in the eyes
ot the nations as Peking itself.
Tientsin is a city of nearly 1,000,000 people.
The foreign settlement where the leading
French and English merchants do their
business, and where the consuls have their
residences, is three miles from the native
citv. It is here that the ships land, and
here that the foreign hotels are located.
Between the two cities is a series of Chinese
villages so closely joined as to form a third
city, and it was through the narrow streets
of these that I was carried by four chair
bearers in uniform on my way to my ap
pointment with the Viceroy. No one walks,
it he be a foreigner, through the streets of
China. They are tuo narrow and the crowd
is too dense and too dirty, In paying cere
monial visits, one must go in state.ann I had
one ot the Chinese officials of our consulate
at Tientsin riding in front of my chair on a
white mongolian pony. He had a big round
black cap upon his head with its brim turned
upward and a gorgeous red tassel covering
its crown. His powerful bod v was covered
with a rich blue silk gown, down the back
of which hung his long, thick, black cue.
His legs were clad in pantaloons of wadded
silk and great fat boots with white soles an
inch thick covered his feet and ankles as he
rode.
TBAYELIXG XS STYLE.
Mv chair was a fine, sedan covered with a
rich navy blue cloth and lined with silk of
a delicate blue. It was swung oetween
poles about 25 leet long and the four men
who carried it walked in couples, two in
front and two behind between the shafts and
supported it by great bars of teak wood,
which, resting on the thoulders of the men,
-were fastened to the shafts and thus enabled
the men to move in single file. It took us
lalfanhour to make the journey between
fiie two cities. We were otten stopped by
long lines of wheelbarrows loaded with
merchandise and pushed and pulled by
coolies. The weather was bitterly cold and
I shivered In a heavy overcoat and under a
thick rug which was wrapped around my
knees. Still, many of the coolies were bare
to the waist, and I passed a beggar who, as
naked as Adam in the Garden ol Eden, was
crying and shivering under a piece of coffee
sacking which he had thrown about bis bare
skin. We crossed a stream, passing thou
sands of jinrikshas and going all the while
through the most crowded ot narrow streets
and at last came to a high wall, on the nut
side of which about two score of ponies were
standing tied.
This wall surrounded the Tamen, or the
gubernatorial residence of the great viceroy.
we passed throngh a great irate and came
into a court which was full ot the servants
and lackeys ot mandarins. We stopped for
a moment before a pair of large double
doors upon which were painted two hideous
figures which I was told were the gods of
war. A moment later we were conducted
pastthee into another court where was an
other retinue of lackeys all in pigtails and
gorgeous uniforms. Here my chair was
iet down lor a moment and the Chinese
official from the legatiou took my card, a
strip of red paper about eight inches long
and three inches wide, upon which were
painted in black the wo Chinese characters,
which indicated the translation of my name.
A moment later I was conducted into an
anfe-room, where the secretary of the viceroy,
Mr. Loh Feng Luh, who had arranged the
interview for me, received me.
WAITISC tTPON THE VICEBOT.
The crowd in the ante-room and that in
which I was received made me think of the
"White House at the beginning of a new ad
ministration. There were hundreds of vel
lowfaced, almond-eyed men, who looked as
Jouirh they might be office seekers, in the
ante room, and the few who sat in the recep
tion room were evidently dignitaries f a
high degree. They wore long bluck silk
gowns lined with sable and other fine furs,
and their hats were decorated with the but
tons of hizh rank. One had a great pea
cock feather in his cap like that worn by
the Chinese Minister at "Washington, and
another was a mandarin of the red button.
i usijarot
The room itself was a shackley looking
affair about 20 feet square, and its walls
were covered with a cheap paper pasted
over bare boadrs. A wide divan covered with
red cloth, which, in China, means prosper
ity, ran around it,and upon this were placed
little tables about two feet square and about
six inches high. The mandarins seated
themselves one on each side of these tables,
and thus we'sat in couples about the room.
The servants brought in tea and we sipped
the choicest ol the Chinese liquid while we
waited. The mandarins smoke pipes, and
each had his servant beside him to fill his
pipe for him when it became empty and to
light it when it went out. Now and then
a new arrival would be ushered in. and then
all would arise, bow two or three times,
shake their own hands, which is the mode
of salutation in China, and smile all over
their fat yellow faces.
Mr. Loh Feng Luh, the Viceroy's Secre
tary, and also one of the great men of Tient
sin, speaks jsngnsn periecuy, ana una
him a man of broad reading and much
information. He discussed with tne during
the waiting some phase of the Spencerian
philosophy, told me how far he believed in
the theories of Huxley and Darwin, and,
speaking of the latter, said he lited to be
lieve in the survival of the fittest, but not
in the origin of species. He seemed pleased
when I told him I had read Confucius, and
had decided opinions upon Emerson and Car
lyle. He was for a long time connected
with the Chinese Legation at London, and
has also been stationed at Berlin. It was
he who accompanied me into the presence of
the Viceroy, and who acted as interpreterof
the conversation.
A CHILLT EECEPTIOJT.
"We went through I don't know how many
rooms and narrow passages. There aie, I
am told, many more than a hundred rooms
in the yamen, and a liveried official pre
ceded us, holding our red cards high' above
his head as he did so. The house seemed old
aud not very well furnished, and the ro m
into which we were at last led was carpeted
with a dingy brussels carpet which looked
as though it might have come from a "Wash
ington boarding house. It was the reception
room reserved for foreigners. It had foreign
chairs and lounges, and at one end there was
a raised platform lighted with a window at
the back and furnished with a divan, which
was covered with red silk. It hadatablealso
covered with red silk, and I suppose that
here it is the Viceroy sit when be receives
Chinamen. There was no fire in the room
and the cold made it seem almost barn-like.
The viceroy himself, who seemed to fill the
whole of it with his august presence, was
not warmer than his surroundings, and his
tall frame clad in a long gown with a short
seal skin cloak, in the long sleeves of which
his hands were clasped together as he salut
ed me iustatcly style upon my presentation,
was rather productive of chilliness. A cold
shiver ran down mv back as he motioned
kme to one seat and took another 15 leet dis
tant on the other side of the room. The
Secretary sat between us, and we conversed
through him, our words almost freezing as
they ricochetted through Mr. Loh from one
to the other.
It does not take more than two sentences
to show the person who talks with Li Hung
Chang that tie is in the presence of no ordi
nary man. His words come out quick and
sharp. He asks the most direct of ques
tions in tones which show that he expects
an answer, and while he demands all kinds
of information from you, he gives you just
about what he pleases in return. His figure
is a most impressive one, well formed, he
stands 6 feet 2 in his stockings, and his
long silk gown makes him look like a
giant, while his hat, which he wears at all
times, adds to his stature. His shoulders
are broad but slightly stooping. Still in
his 67th year, his step is springy, and his
only signs of age are in the gray of his hair
and whiskers. His yellow complexion
shows few wrinkles, and his twinkling
almond eyes look out through black spec
tacles. He shaves his head like all China
men, and his long cue is as white as the
driven snow. His sparce mustache and
his thin whiskers are also gray, but his
face is thin and he has nothing ot the round
fat appearance of the Chinamen of America.
Still, he is a pure Chinaman, with no Tartar
blood in his veins, and he comes from one
ot the old aristocratic families of the
country.
INTERESTED I2T HABRIS02T.
His first words to me were about General
Harrison. He wanted to know if I knew
him and I told him I did. He then asked
as to his profession and as to how he stood
in it. He was especially solicitous as to
President Harrison's views on the Chinese
question and he requested me to tell the
American people through my pen that he
did not at all approve of the exclusion of
the Chinese from the "United States. Said
he:
"The passage of the exclusion act is en
tirely contrary to the spirit of the treaty re
lations between the two countries. It is an
outrage and I hope it will be repealed, and
I wish you to tell the American people for
He that if it is not repealed, I propose to ad
Vise our Government to exclude the Ameri
cans from China, and I think it will be no
more than right if we do so. You may
amplify this as much as you please and I
trust that you will put it in so strong a light
that the American people will do justice to
our nation."
These were the words of the Secretary of
Foreign Affairs of the Chinese Empire. I
write them here not more than one halt
hour alter they were uttered. I do not
think it necessary to amplify them and it
seems to me that they are strong enough in
the words of the Viceroy himself.
The conversation next turned to railways
and the Viceroy asked me if I knew Mr.
"Wharton Barker and as to what was his
profession. I told him tbat I was not per
sonally acquainted with him, but that I
Knew mm to be a banker ot brgb standing
and great wealth. He then asked as to
Count Mitkiewicz, and upon my saying
that I had met the gentleman and had re
ported his story of the granting of the char
ter, to the New York World, he replied that
he did not like Mitkiewicz, and that "he
was no gentleman."
The scheme, however, I nnderstand, of
founding an American bank with the great
powers spoken of in the Mitkiewicz combi
nation, is by no means dead. It will prob
ably be revived acain with the Bussian
Count left out, and I happen to know that
the Viceroy is very anxious that Mr. Whar
ton Barker" should come to China, and also
that Mr. Barker has signified serious inten
tions of so doing at no distant date. The
Viceroy is anxious that American capital
should be brought here. He was disap
pointed when the other scheme fell through.
and he would like nothing better than to see
it put on a sound footing and to redeem him
self as having been the part of an enterprise
which failed.
In our conversation, however, there was
no such talk as this. I asked the Viceroy
as to whether the scheme was on again, but
he retorted bv asking mea hundred and one
questions which made my head boil in con
structing diplomatic answers to them which
should not implicate myself nor my friends,
and I wished a dozen times that I had never
mentioned the subject. The fact, however,
that the scheme is not dropped still stands.
CHIXA'S COMMERCIAL FUTURE.
I asked the Viceroy as to what he thought
of the future of railways in China and as to
their effect npon the country and the world.
He replied:
"Before half a centurv has passed China
will be covered with railways as with a net.
Its immense miueral resources will be de
veloped. It will have rolling mills and'fur
naces in many parts of the country, and it is
not impossible that it may do the manufact
uring for the world. It seems to me that
the most serious question which menaces
the working people of your country and
Europe lies here. The Chinese have shown
themselves to be as bkillful and as intelli
gent as any people in the world. They will
work hard and they can live cheaper than
your people, and when our country is open
to railways and it has turned its attention
to supplying the markets of the world, I be
lieve it can supply them better and cheaper
than you can. This is a question that yon
will have to face."
"I think so, too, your excellency" said L
"Then I wonder." replied the Viceroy,
"that you wish to have China come into
competition with you. So yon not consider
us dangerous competitors?"
"Yes." I replied, "we do. But if the
time ever comes when Chinese labor thus
rworking in China comes into competition
wild American labor we will buna a wan
of protection about the United States so
high that none of your products can come
in."
The Viceroy then asked me as to my tour
and as to my newspaper correspondence.
He asked me why I traveled and it seemed
to surprise him when I replied that it was
for the purpose of making money out of my
letters and of improving my mind by meet
ing such distinguished men as himself, and
by being able to write intelligently of them
thereafter to the American people. At this
moment a servant in livery brought us three
bubbling glasses of champagne and drink
ing this together, the interview was over.
The Viceroy offered me bis long finger
nailed hand, pushing it far out of his fur
cuff as he did so and he walked with me to
the door and down the hall of the yamen.
Our interview lasted fully half 'an hour and
after the ice was thawed it was a most
pleasant one. His excellency smoked dur
ing the whole of the interview and 1 was
furnished with a Turkish cigarette. The
Viceroy smoked a pipe which had a stem at
least four feet long and which was held to
his lips and lighted by a servant. It, was
a water pipe and the smoke was drawn
through the water with a bubbling sound as
we talked. About 10 whiffs consumed the
tobacco in the bowl and then the servant
had to slip out the metal bowl, blow out the
ashes, refill the pipe, relight it and put it
back into the Viceroy's lips. It was a curi
ous proceeding and it seemed a lazy one.
A HIGH-LIFE WEDDIX O.
All Tientsin isjnst now excited over'the
marriage of Li Hung Chang's daughter. It
took place this week and the three days'
wedding was the greatest event of the year.
I saw some of the flowers at the yamen as I
passed through, and I am told that the wed
ding gifts filled three rooms. Some of the
presents were of jade, pearls and precious
stones, and there was a great amount of silk
and velvets. Li Hung Chang is superin
tendent of trade for northern China, and all
of the great merchants made presents to the
bride. The manner ot sending the presents
was, in the case of small things, on trays
and some of the larger pieces came in carts.
Thetrays were covered with red silk, which
means luck in China, and a number
of presents were sent by each per
son, the idea being that the bride
would select the one which
pleased her most, and which according to
etiquette, ought to be the least valuable of
the lot. The Chinese at this wedding
showed their great love for foreign things.
They bought out the entire effects of a French
store in the foreign settlement, and one of
the noblemen took a fancy to a big-figured,
old-fashioned brussels carpet of a pattern
common in America a generation ago. This
carpet had been in the store for years and
none of the foreigners would buy it. The
Chineman's eyes lighted up as he took in
its gorgeous figures. He said: "I want that
for the Viceroy's daughter." He was of
course charged a good round price for it,
and it duly appeared at the wedding. The
bride was dressed in red, and her head, it is
said, was so heavily decked with jewels tbat
it had to be supported by others during a
part of the ceremony. She is 23 years old,
and is said to be rather pretty.
The Chinese gossip just as do their Amer
ican sisters, and the story cow afloat in the
high circles here is that the Conntess Li
Hung Chang, the Vicerov's wife, was de
cidedly opposed to the wedding. It is said
that she read the Viceroy a curtain lecture
in choice Chinese when he announced to her
that he was about to give his daughter to
Mr. Chang Pei-Lun, and said that the
groom was 20 years older than the bride,
and that be had no rank. The truth of it is
that the groom had a high position some
years ago, but he was disgraced on account
of his dealings in connection with the
French-Chinese war, and his rant: was taken
from him. To continue the gossip, it is
said that the Viceroy replied to the Countess
that his new son-in-law had really great
powers of mind, that he would be given an
other office, and that be would eventually
be even a greater man than himself.
"Then," responded the Countess, who,
though she dictates to the Viceroy, really
admires him, "he will have to be the Em
peror himself, for there is now no greater
man in'China than my husband."
And so, in the words of a fairy story,
"they were married, and it is to be hoped
they willlive happy ever afterward."
Frank G. Carpenter.
WHAT DREAMS ARE MADE OP.
Some Interesting Experiment That Pro to
They Go bj Contraries.
Tne Argosy. J
From time immemorial, dreams have
been the wonderland of waking hours.
Hope and fear have wrought them into their
own fabric Superstition has seized upon
them and worked up a curious ritual of
"dreams that go by contraries," of "'dreams
of the morning light," of dreams with sig
nificances, some of which seem natural
enough, while to a few of those apparently
most arbitrary, science herself has offered
a certain amount of explanation.
Dreaming is an experience which may be
called common to humanity, though it
varies so widely in different individuals
that, in a few exceptional cases, it is abso
lutely unknown. A French physiologist
caused many curious experiments to be
made on himself during sleep. These ex
periments took the form of trifling physical
sensations, which produced almost invaria
bly a wonderfully exaggerated effect on the
sleeping mind. Thus a leather tickling the
lips was converted into the horrible punish
ment of a mask of pitch being applied to
the face. Abottleofcau.de cologne heid
to his nose sent him into a dream of a per
fumer's shop in Cairo. A pinch on the neck
recalled the days of his boyhood and the
old family physician applying a blister to
that region. Scientific writers admit that
there is a type of dream in which coming
physical disease or disaster is shadowed
forth some bodily sensation, perhaps too
slight to be noticed by the subject when
awake, yet contriving to impress itself in
some symbolic form on the sleeping mind.
The more striking instances of this sort
may serve to explain how, in some lesser de
gree, certain Bymbols are likely to attach
themselves to certain painful sensations or
conditions, until at last they are finally ac
cepted as mysterious presages ot evil.
. Conrad Gesner, the eminent naturalist,
dreamed tbat he was bitten on the left side
by a venomous serpent. In a short time a
severe carbuncle appeared on the very spot
terminating his Hie in the space of three
days. It is a most singular fact that under
certain combined conditions of fatigue, dis
comfort and malaria, whole bodies of men
such as companies of soldiers have been
seized by the same terrific dream, and have
awakened simultaneously, shrieking with
terror. Such an instance is related bv
Laurent, when after a forced march, 800
French soldiers were packed in a ruined
Calabrian monastery which could ill ac
commodate hall' tbat number. At midnight
frightful cries issued from every corner of
the building as frightened men rushed
from it, each declaring that it was the
abode of the evil one that thev had seen
him, in tne form of a big black dog, who
threw himself upon their breasts lor an
instant and then disappeared. The men
were persuaded to return to the same
shelter on the next night, their officers
promising to keep watch beside them.
Shortly after midnight the same scene was
re-enacted the same cries, the same flight,
as the soldiers rushed forth in a body to
escape the suffocating embrace of the black
dog. The wakeful officers had seen noth
ing. Inharmonious.
Chicago Tribune.:
George That is a beautiful piece, Laura,
and you have played it most soulfully.
But what is that rumbling noise I nave
been hearing nearly all the time since I
came in?
Laura It must be the wind. Excuse me
a moment (Goes into the kitchen.)
Mother.'can't you take that washtub into
the back basement? It doesn't chord with
the piano.
HOW TO MEET PEOPLE
A Few Eules for General Deportment
in Everyday life.
THE GALLANT PAT MEN OF FIFTY
Who Desire to be Modeled Into Fashionable
Men of Society.
HOW TO GREET A LADY Off THE STREET
1
tWMTTEN FOB THK DISPATCH.
"There is nothing so commonplace in all
the world as the meeting of people every
day, and yet there is nothing so really un
common and rare
as the man who
knows just how to
conduct himself
under these cir
cumstances." This was the
dictum of the man
ager of a dancing
academy. He has
made the study
not only of ball
etiquette, but gen.
e ra 1 deportment
the specialty of
nis life, and has
devoted so much
conscientious at
tention to it that
he is regarded as
an authority upon
the nice points of
conduct by all
who know.
An Old Style Bow. "The high art
of being a gentleman cannot, of course, be
acquired by mere training. There are es
sential to the completeness of the character
some inborn traits, and yet it is quite possi
ble for men who do not possess them to pass
for gentlemen because they have mastered
the rules of deportment."
"Are the rules of deportment set down in
the text books?"
"No. There are books on etiquette, but
the matters I refer to are seldom to be found
in them, at least, with any adequate treat
ment. I usually give my instruction by
word of mouth or by example."
TEACHING DEPORTMENT.
"Do you ever have pupils who come to
you for the express purpose of learning de
portment?" "Very many, and they vary in age from
little children of 6 years up to fat men of 60.
It is by no means uncommon that a man
past middle age comes to me to take his first
lesson in dancing to learn how to carry him-
The Present Proper Mode.
self in the street or in the car. It is a cu
rious speculation as to what leads them at
that time of life take up this study. It
would seem as if anybody who was inclined
to attend to it at all would surely have done
so in his younger days, and I really suspect
that my middle-aged pupils are parvenus.
I do not mean to use the word in the disa
greeable sense, and in fact, I think it is
very commendable that a man who has sud
denly acquired wealth or had gained some
years of leisure by hard labor, should un
dertake to fit himself as well as may be for
his new position in the world."
"How do you go to work to teach an old
man these matters?"
"Just as I do with children. I teach
them first to walk. As a rule, men walk
best when they walk naturally, but when
they come to pay particular attention to
matters of gait and carriage, they are almost
always inclined to some eccentricities of
movement which haveto be corrected. It is
always the case, too, that men who come to
me wish to learn to -dance, and I put them
through the initial lessons with a view to
cultivating two things, grace of carriage,
which includes an easy, unconscious control
of the limbs, and the technical figures of the
dance. As the lessons progress, of course, I
teach the pupil the etiquette of the ball
room, and it will generally follow that who
ever behaves in good form in the ballroom
will not go amiss elsewhere."
HOW TO BOW.
"Is there a recognized mode of bowing?"
"Yes, there are two. One style, that has
really passed out of recognition, is still seen
in the case of gentlemen of the old school,
as we term them. Their method of bowing
is a relic of the minuet, and if you have
ever seen that beautiful dance, you will re-
An Introduction.
member it. The gentleman places his right
hand upon his heart, and bends over verv
low, and, as I say, only gentlemen of the
old school or person's who do not know any
better and try to ape matters with which
they are not familiar, adopt this method.
The proper bow of to-day is a far less con
spicuous movement. The hands should be
kept at the side with the arms straight.
People who are conscious of their arms and
hands probably will never learn to bow cor
rectly, and those who have become self
possessed in matters of carriage can usually
keep their arms at their sides without their
appearing to be stiff or in the way. "With
the arms at the sides, the bow of to-day
should be made by a slight inclination of
the head. There should be just enough of
this forward movement to be perceptible
and no more, for then there would be danger
of a burlesque of the form of recognition."
"Is this method of bowing the right one
to be used when being presented to a lady
either in the ballroom or in a parlor?"
"Yes; there is only one form. When you
are presented to a ladv, you should make
this respectful inclination and make no ad
vance whatever unless she gives the cue to
fWSm
111
mm
.jggreggg
H 'A
i5iV t
111
ffiW f ' nU
it. The custom of shaking hands is not by
any means reprehensible, but it is not con
sidered the proper thing for a gentleman to
offer his hand to a lady unless she makes it
evident that she is willing to receive that
greeting. Those who are well trained in
deportment can meet each other ina formal
way and shake hands without anyembar
rassiug pause or hitch, so quietly do they
see what is the proper thing to do. The
ladydoes not bow in the ceremony of intro
duction. Her greeting is entirely with the
expression of her face unless she "chooses to
shake hands. There is no rule to say
whether she shall do so or not excepting
that at very formal receptions that feature
is to be avoided. When there are a great
number of persons to be Introduced to,
unless the guest is a distinguished person,
it is better to avoid the fatigue and annoy
ance that results from shaking hands. But
in a private introduction there is no reason
of etiquette why she should not grant that
favor to any gentleman whom she meets tor
the first time."
WHEN YOU MEET A LADY, r-
"Is there no recognized form of greeting
a lady upon the street?"
"Yes. Your well-trained centleman will
" a: w liV A4&
il& If J4i1a
VWmSm
m I MM
Street Salutation.
always lift his hat. If you were to go out
upon a public promenade and watch the
people as they pass, you may probably see a
hundred different ways by which, the gen
tlemen in the throng ereet their lady frieuds.
Some men simply bow,(Qome make an off
hand salutation with the arm without
touching the hat, others put their fingers to
the rims of their hats, others tip the hat a
little forward over their eyes without really
removing it from their heads, aud from this
there' are all degrees tojthat absurd practice
that prevailed a few years ago of takiue the
hat off and rapping the chest with it. That
was a silly fad and is happily entirely gone
out of style.
"The proper form consists in taking the
hat by the forward part of the rim and lifting-it
entirely clear of the head but not
away from it. It may be swung forward
verv slightly in order that there may be no
stiffness in the salutation, but a good rule
to follow would be to carry the hat forward
from the head until the back part of the rim
is just above the forehead, no further than
that. The hat should be immediately re
placed and the arm allowed to drop to the
side, aud this salutation should be accom
panied, as far as possible, by the bow which
I spoke of before. One rule which many
men who salute very grace "ully do not un
derstand or forget is this: you should al
ways lift the hat with the hand that is
away from the lady.
SHOW TOUE FACE.
Mi is a recognized law of all deportment,
whether in the ballroom, the parlor, the
street, or on the stage, that no gesture
should be made in such a way as to hide the
face behind the arm or hand. Therefore, if
the ladv approach you upon your right
hand side, you should lift the hat with the
left hand. Some men seem to have the idea
that it is very bad form to salute with the
left hand. As a tact, it is much worse to
put up the right and thus conceal your face
or partially hide it from the party whom
you meet.
"There is another matter about this recog
nizing of ladies and friends upon the street.
"Wnen you are upon a public promenade
where you are liable to meet your friends
several times in the course of a walk pass
ing back and forward, it is not necessary to
raise the hat to them more than once. If
you tip the hat every time you meet the
lady in the same day it becomes an exag-
Ifo Place for Sis Sands and Feet.
gerated recognition, so that its respectful
quality is lost. Raising the hat the first
time you meet your friend is like passing
the time of day, and after that it is much
better simply to bow ulightly or even to
smile."
"Do you ever have to teach men the
proper method of sitting in chairs?"
"Yes; that is an important matter and one
that displays a man's bad breeding about as
quickly as anything. The worst you can do
when seated is to cross your legs in an un
gainly fashion. A general rule to follow
in such a matter as this is to avoid making
the legs conspicuous. It is much the best
plan, therefore, to sit with your both feet
squarely npon the floor and close together.
Your hands may be occupied according to
circumstances, and if you are listening and
merely waiting, they had better be laid
upon the lap without being folded."
THREAD SPOOLS.
Where and now They are Made nnd
Polished Shoe Peas by the Bushel.
American Analyst.
Among the peculiar industries which
flourish in western Maine is the making of
thread spools. They are cut from smooth,
white birch timber a wood which works
easily by various kinds of improved
machines. There are numerous mills
throughout the lumbering region, where the
birch is sawed into strips about four feet
lng and from one or two inches in width
and thickness. These strips then go to the
spool factories, to be converted into spools.
Ihe processes they are put through are num
erous,and one or them, the method of polish
ing them, is quite interesting. A barrel is
filled nearly lull of them and then revolved
by means of machinery and belting until
the spools are worn smooth by rubbing one
against another. Spool manufacturing is
the most important industry in several vil
lages of Oxford county, and will doubtless
continue so until the supply of white birch
timber is exhausted. The "manufacture of
shoe pegs is another peculiar Maine indus
try, though shared in to some extent by
other New England States. These are cut
from maple and white birch by machinery,
and are worth at the factory from 35 to 95
centsla bushel. Tbe'compressing of sawdnst
is also a flourishing business in Bangor in
that State. There is a firm there styling
itself a "Compress company," who convert
sawdust and shavings into solid bales by
compression, which find ready sale in the
large Eastern cities.. .
8
THE STORT OF IRON.
India the First'tountry to v Utilize
This Gift of Mure.
PEIHITIYE MODE OF SMELTING.
Mineral Coal Used in the Manufacture of
Iron as Early as 1619.
WONDERFDLSTRIDESMADEIIf AMERICA
CWBirnw Ton tite dispatch. 1
NDOTJBTEDLY iron
is one of the most im
portant agents in
man's civilization. It
is also one of the most
widely distributed of
metals. It is never
found in a pure state
save in meteorites, and
in its common form of
ore it is only separable from its impurities
by the application of a high degree of heat
so high, indeed, as to be obtainable only by
some artificial blast. Save bronze only, it is
the oldest of metals' in use, and, being so
widely distributed, so universally known, it
would probaoly have been first used but for
the difficulties incident to its separation
from the impurities of the ore.
At what time iron was first made.ijwe are
unable to discover, though it was certainly
first produced in India. From Egyptian
monuments we learn that it was in use in
Egypt certainly as much as 4,000 years ago.
The industry is very ancient in the South
and "West of England where the traces of
the old Boman period are found in the
ashes of their works.
The primitive mode of smelting in Asia
and India was very crude, consisting simply
of a hole dug in a bank, or mass of clay,
with a small opening at the bottom for the
introduction of a weak blast, which, was
made with a goatskin bellows. The hole was
partially filled with charcoal and "iron
sand" (oxide of iron of 72 per cent purity
being required) placed' on top. By this
means sufficient heat could he made to re
duce the mass the oxygen being consumed
and leaving the iron to sink to the bottom
of the pit. Of course theiron contained a
considerable amount of impurities, yet it
was tolerably dear. By renewing the'ehar
coal and sand alternately from 5 to 200
Itounds could be made, depending on the
eDgth of the blast.
A CBUDE FBOCESS.
Iron ore could not be nsed successfully in
this process because lime to a considerable
quantity must be introduced tbat the refuse
may be made fusible, though in rich ores
but a small amount is required. The iron
was removed from the pit while still hot and
hammered, and then reheated and ham
mered again until most of the cinder was
removed and tolerably good iron obtained.
This rehammering in later times being
usually done by water power, tended to
locate the industry where such power was
obtainable.
This cnide and simple process was prac
ticed by barbarous and civilized nations
alike down to the eighteenth century,
though of course with some improvements
in the instruments. In the mountains of
Spain as early as 1293. a cylindrical hearth
about 11 inches deep was introduced into
the bottom of the "furnace," which gave a
considerable increase in the productive
power making about 140 pounds in five
hours. Yet the principle was the same and
charcoal the only fuel. To this day very
large amounts of iron are made by this
prin.itive method in Sweden and the
United States, and it is the sole process
among thclesscivilizedpeoples.In the United
States about 70,000 tons are so produced an
nually from the .rich sands of the western
shore of Lake Chnmplain, and large quali
ties are made in "New Jersey, Pennslvania
and Tennessee comprising in 1882 about
one-ninth of our production. The charcoal
iron being malleable is especially valuable
for many purposes,producing most excellent
steel. Even among barbarous nations trav
elers are frequently, impressed with the
excellent quality of their iron and steel.
In the "Middle Ages" Damascus steel was
famous throughout the world, and the
famous Swedish iron is almost entirely made
from charcoal. Bnt the process is rapidly
dying out from natural causes. It is at
tended with enormous consumption of wood
and soon exhausts the forests. As much as
300 years ago, in. Elizabeth's time (1574)
the English Parliament, alarmed at the de
struction of the forests, forbade the estab
lishing of new iron works within a certain
distance of London and the Biver Thames,
and about 100 years later some British
crown works in the southwest of England
were ciosea up to save tne wood lor naval
purposes. Beforp the eighteenth century
the English manufactnre seemed to be dying
out, and had ceased altogether in many
localities. In 1740 the total production
reached but 17,000 tons, about the same as
the present State of Connecticut. In Wales
the present great fields seemed to begetting
useless. In 1750 this brought forth an act
of Parliament admitting American colonial
iron free of duty. The whole feature of the
progress of that day was that the industry
was pushing ahea'd into the uncivilized
wilderness. "Under such a state of affairs
the present modern manufacture was clearly
impossible. "
THE ADVENT OF COAI..
Down to this time coal had been used for
domestic purposes, and to some extent by
smiths. It had been used probably as early
as the ninth century, and certainly not later
than the twelfth, though not to any great
extent. It was probably thought to be un
healthy, for with sucn resources it is hard
to account for its limited use on any other
supposition. It seems reasonably certain
that as early as 1619 one named Dud Dudley
smelted iron by the use of mineral coal. He
carried on the industry successfully for sev
eral years, making iron at a greatly reduced
cost and of good quality. He was much
persecuted by rival manufacturers, who
excited the popular prejudice against
him. His milt was much damaged by a
flood, and was eventually destroyed by a
mob in 1640. Overcome by continuous mis
fortune, he eventually succumbed and died
a pauper, carrying his secret with him
'to the grave. Though numerous experi
ments were tried, the next that gave prom
ise of success was that ot Abraham Darby,
who first submitted the coal to the process
wood undergoes in being converted into
charcoal making a sort of coke. In 1757
coke was first 'successfully applied to iron.
Then in Cheshire it was discovered that coal
could be used. The manufacture at once
began to grow, but it still seemedthat peo
ple had no idea of the possibilities of the
industry. As late as 1755 a district in tne
mountains of Wales of the finest coal and
iron lands, eight miles long and five miles
wide, from which many (Jreat fortunes have
since been made, and which is now one of
the great seats of the modern manufacture,
was leased for 99years for the sum of 200,
and neither party at the time realized the
good bargain the lessee had made.
In the early stages of the manufacture the
use of coal communicated many impurities
to the iron it was much inferior to char
coal iron. But the process of converting
pig iron into bar iron was soon discovered.
In this operation the iron is brought in con
tact with the flame only. The effect of these
discoveries was wonderful. Prom 17,000
tons in 1740 the'production rase in 1788 to
60,000 tons. In 179G it was 125,000; in 1806
is was 250,000, and in 1882 it was 8,400,000
toni, an inconceivable amount, and a five
hundred fold increase in less than a century
and a half.
WATT'S rMPEOVEMENTS.
Ofcourse this'shows the effects of more
than the improvement mentioned; but these
and the application of steam power to the
industry lie at the root. Watt made im
provements that increased the blast by
steam power which of course Increased the
smelting powers of a furnace. His improve
ments were felt about the period 1788-1790.
Up to this time the increase in the manu
facture had been large. But from this time
on, to draw a comparison, the increase was
in a geometrical as distinguished from an
arithmetical ratio.
It had long been noticed that better iron
was made in winter than in summer, from
which fact it was reasoned that an arti
ficially cold blast was the best. But a
shrewd Scotchman named Neilson thought
differently. He reasoned that a hot blast
would save immensely4n the fuel required.
But it was only after the most discouraging
efforts that he found one willing to change
his furnace to try an experiment so contrary
to accepted belief. Neilson eventually took
out a patent in 1828. The success was
great, the result being the immediate saving
of from one-third to one-half the fuel re
quired in smelting. The improvementgave
Scottish iron an immense impetus, but it
was soon adopted in England and the
United States.
Down to the middle of the eighteenth
century cast iron was unused; but with the
introduction of mineral coal it became a
great feature in the manufacture. Its pro
duction naturally involved the making and
handling of great castings, which in turn
reacted on the manufacture and stimulated
inventions for handling great masses of iron,
steam power being the great agent.
The history of the industry in the United
States is equally wonderful. In 1838 the
first furnace was built in Eastern Pennsyl
vania. It was 21 feet high and made two
tons of iron per day. The furnaces now are
from 60 to 70 leet high, and 'produce from
120 to 140 tons per day. The magnitude of
the growth is best shown by a few figures:
United States.
Production.
Tons.
1823 130.000
1RJ8 303,000
I860 800.000
1870 1.200,000
1882 4,200,000
Imports.
Tons.
47.210
83,900
GOO.000
In 1882 the United States consumed in the
manutacture:
7,200,000 tons of coal and coke.
3,200,000 tons of lime.
8,600,000 bushels of charcoal.
Yef, this is but one-fifth of the world's pro
duction. In 1882 the world's production
was 20,000,600 tons, of which Great Britain
produced 8,400,000 tons, and the United
States 4.200,000.
THE AGE OF SOFT STEEL.
Malleability in iron is of great use in
many ways, and this gave charcoal iron
peculiar value; "puddling" iron is a
process to make it malleable without its
being taken directly from the ore. In 1882
out of 4,200,000 tons produced in the United
States 2,500,000 were puddled. But pud
dling is rapidly declining since the intro
duction and use of solt steel. Steel was
very anciently made in India. It was first
introduced into Europe in the thirteenth
century, but being very costly its use was
limited to special purposes. The immense
developments in the steel industry are
the history of to-day. By the
Bessemer process, with a simple
blast, from 5 to 10 ton of steel are con
verted in from 10 to 15 minutes, without use
of fuel and at a very little additional cost
over iron. The magnitude of this change is
seen from the fact that in 1887 the total
product of steel was 2.400,000 tons, while in
1882 it was 6.200,000 tons. In 1872 only 4
per cent of our iron was made into steel,
while in 1882 33J per cent was converted.
The finest steel, however, such as goes into
razors, needles, surgical instruments, etc.,
is still made by the old crucible process.
The fact that the richest ores are found in
the oldest deposits, geologically speaking,
while coal is of the later "carboniferous"
age, has tended to locate the modern iron
manufacture away from the ore fields. It
has always been more advantageous to trans
port the ore to the fuel than vice versa a
great natural advantage to England and
Pennsylvania. But the course ot modern
improvement has tended constantly to re
duce the amount of fuel required and is
rapidly reducing their advantage. Georgia
and Alabama are the most favored districts
in the world the coal and ore lying side by
side. When we realize that transportation
enters into the cost of production in Penn
sylvania to the extent of $5 every ton, we
see the extent of this advantage and the
possibilities of the future changes.
From the enormous consumption the
English ores are rapidly giving out. Large
amounts of ore are already imported into
England from Spain, Germany, Sweden and
Algeria, and large amounts ot English cap
ital have been invested already in opening
up these ore fields by railroads.
The great revolution seen in the iron in
dustry differs from the changes seen in the
cotton and woolen industries, in that it
shows itself more in thequantity and cheap
ness of the iron production made possible
ratner tnan any great or material cbange in
qualities, and the world-wide distribution
of the manufacture.
The production of iron is now practically
unlimited in amount and in its area of pro
duction. The manufacture is no longer
confined to wooded wilds, but is world-wide.
Any monopoly of the iron manufacture has
become impossible. It is true that some
particular countries have advantages in the
essential elements of manufacture, but they
are slight. Every great nation has sufficient
production for necessary uses and defenses,
and at but a slight increase in cost. It is
an industry in which the world has shared,
and in which other countries have as bright
prospects as England has ever had.
John Dean Beown.
RELIGIOUS SDMMART.
THE Queen of Madagascar has presented
Mrs. Mary Clement Leavitt with a gift of $100
as an expression of ber interest in the total
abstinence wort.
The receipts ot the Congregational Union
the last year were 134,725, an increase of $7,800
over last year. Forty-one parsonages and 104
churches were aided in the last 12 months.
Thetce are 40 prosperous Congregational
Churches In Southern California and half as
many more preaching stations soon to become
churches. There are on the field already as
many ministers as the charges demand.
The will of the late Joseph B. Hoyt, of
Stamford, Conn., bequeaths 55O.0OO to the
American Home Missionary Society, one-half
to be used in the enrrent work ot the society
and the other half as an endowment fund. A
like sum is given to the American Baptist Mis
sionary Society to be used under similar condi
tions. Three thousand out of the four thousand
people on the Island of Mase, of the Loyalty
group, in the South Pacific,aro now Christians,
and they are well clothed and comfortably
boused, and are remarkable for their industry
and thrift. By this industry they are not only
able to support all their churches, schools, and
other institutions, but also to send a goodly
sum to the Society in London. Spirit of Mis
sions. The Congregational Union of "Victoria
has Inaugurated a jubilee fund of
$500,000. Ono layman of the church, Mr.
G. W. Taylor, proposed to contribute
$150,000, at the rate of $50,000 per annum for
three years, if the Congregationalism of the
colonies would raisa a similar sum; or he would
make it $10,000 a year for five years it they
would raise another $50,000. The latter chal
lenge has been accepted with great enthusl-
Lasm. The money is to be largely used in lnund-
mcatneoiogicai seminary. jyasnetue vnrist
fan Advocate.
In the last full fiscal year the total amount
given to foreign missions through the Church
of England societies was $2,300,000, In round
numbers; tbronch Nonconformist societies in
England and "Wales, $1,800,000: throngh Joint
societies of Nonconformists and Episcopalians,
$000.UO0; throngh Scotch and Irish Presbyte
rian societies, $1,000,000: throngh Roman Cath
olic societies, JoO.OU). The Presbyterians and
the Nonconformists, as a 'whole, are making
long leaps toward the front in the work of
evangelizing the world. The Interior.
Give the people the facts and get them to
praying over missions and we will win j great
victory thl year. Prayer under a haystack at
Williams College started fureicn missions in
America. A great wave of prayer has lifted
the cause'in every crisis into new triumph. For
weeks this "burden" has been on my heart to
beseech the church to pray for missions as
never before. We must have revival in zeal
for the salvation of the world. Prayer Is the
power tbat will secure it. "To your tent, O
Israel!" Rev. J. O. Peck, D. D., in New Totk
Christian Advocate.
"Wab or no war I Dr. Bull's Conch Sttud
must be included i every army's supplies, j
LOTE AND MADNESS:-
A Strange Story of a Pieclnse Whose
life Was Made Miserable
BT FATE'S LNSCRDTABLE DECBEE.
Why a German of Aristocratic Birth Left
Fortune and Friends
TO WORE FOR A L1T1XG U PITTSBURG
iwiima TOR TUB DISPATCn.l
K" AGED German,
living alone in a
small three-roomed
house on a quiet
street in one of the
outlying, thinly
populated districts
of Pittsburg, is a
man with an un
usually strange
and interesting his
tory. He is quiet "
and unassuming.
with a kindly face and dark, intelligent
eyes. His countenance bears the unmis
takable traces of past suffering and
present sorrow patiently borne. He must
have been a fine-looking man when young,
and even now there is something strikingly
handsome in his wrinkled face. In his
habits he is almost a perfect recluse, and
though hundreds of people know his name
and have a 'speaking acquaintance with
him, probably there are not five persons in
the whole city who ever talked to him on
other than business topics or even heard
from his lips any words except those of
ordinary civility. His manners are those
of a perfect gentleman, yet so reserved that
it is perfectly plain to all that he neither
invites confidence nor desires to be on terms
of intimacy with any persons with whom he
may come in donticL
This remarkable man earns enough to
supply his wants, which are few and sim
ple, by working at his trade of carpet weav
ing. On a small set of shelves in the same
room that contains" his loom is a small
number of dingy-looking and well-worn
volumes. If the curious visitor should take
the trouble to examine their titles he would,
find among them Latin and Greek lexicons,
the works of Horace, "Virgil, Juvenal,
Homer, iEschylus, Plato aud other classic
writers, as well as a few-volumes devoted to
metaphysics, and works dealing with some
of the most abstruse questions ever dis
cussed by those deeply learned in the nat
ural sciences. '
But the bookcase is always kept locked
and no one save the owner is ever permitted
to finger the precious.volumes. Astonished
to see such a library in the possession of a
poor carpet weaver, a visitor one day asked
the old gentleman, who for the purpose of
this narrative we will call Mr. Weber:
"Do you ever read these books?"
"Sometimes," was the laconic reply.
And there the conversation ended. The
man who had broached the subject waited
for Mr. "Weber to say something further;
but the latter, who had volunteered as much
information as he cared to, began bang
ing away at his loom as if he
feared more questioning. The old
man was certainly averse to gratifying idle
curiosity, and excepting on oneoccasiqn,
was never known to converse with anyof
his neighbors or acquaintances on. personal
matters. And it is doubtful whether.
"Weber would have spoken as he did in this
particular instance had he not been
Jirnmpted by feelings of gratitude and
riendship toward one whom He regarded as
the saver of his life.
It came about in this way: The woman
who lives in the cottage nearest "Weber's
had .missed the familiar figure of .the old
weaver, with his back tbwarid the window, .
from his accustomed seat at the loom for
three days.". Fearing that some ill had be- -fallen
him she-sent her son, a manly young
fellow of 20, over to see if .their neighbor,
was ill. Jacob, tbe young man, knocked at
"Weber's door, but hearing no response,
pushed it open it was not locked and
entered. There was no one in the weaving
room, but the half opened door of the little
apartment back of it attracted Jacob's at
tention, and thither he went, He found the
old man on his bed, alive, but half famished
and suffering terribly from rheumatic pains.
Jake got food, summoned a doctor and
ministered faithfully to Weber's wants
until the patient had fully recovered. The
old man became warmly attached to his
kind-hearted nurse and one day told him
the story of his life in about the following'
words:
"I have been in this -country now over
40 years and have never told my history to
but one person. That person was
the man who befriended me when
I came here almost penniless and
utterly heart-broken. I have a great liking
for vou, as well as feelings of the strongest
gratitude. It is but fair that you should
know my story.
"To begin with, my name is not Weber at
all. What it is matters not at present, but
you shall know some day. It is written in
each of the volumes on yonder shelves,
which contain the only worldly possessions
that 1 value. When I die tbe books shall
be yours, for I could not bear the thought of
them falling into careless hands. It will
suffice to say that I have a right to a 'von
before my name and that there is an ancient
and honorable title in the family. I re
ceived a university education and was
betrothed when a young man to a beautiful
and accomplished lady belonging to i N
family of equal rank with my own. I loved
her with a love that amounted to adoration,
and my affection was fully reciprocated.
My parents and friends tried to prevent a
marriage, fearful of the result. They knew
and I knew that there was hereditary in
sanity in the lady's family. Bnt nothing
could deter me from following my heart's
inclinations.
"The wedding day was fixed, and on tha
evening preceding the morning which was
to smile upon our happiness I was alone
with my betrothed. Some trivial subject
came up for discussion, and I made a joking
remark which threw the lady into such
terrible anger as I never saw any person
exhibit either before or since. I apologized,
reasoned, expostulated, all to no avail.
Suddenly my bride that was to be drew a
long knife, which she must have had
secreted about her person, and attacked me.
You can still see the scar left upon my
shoulder. I cried out; the family and tha
servants came rushing in, and the frightful
truth soon became evident to all; mv love
was a raving maniacl
"I rushed from the house, almost dis
tracted, never to enter it or look again upon
the face of the beautiful being I had fondly
nopeu to mase my wile. 1 waited only to
learn the verdict of the learned physicians
who had been called, and when I heard it,
"incurable" I made hasty preparations
for leaving the familiar scenes which had
now become hateful to me. Taking a few
of my" most valued books I had always
been a great student I packed them with
some clothing in a small trunk, and secretly
left home forever! I suppose I was half
mad myself. Not till I reached these
shores did I bethink myself of the
sorrow and anxiety my aged parents might
have on my account. Then I wrote to
them, but gave no address, and stated that
I should never return. I heard from home,
however, throngh my benefactor's corre
spondence, and learned that my father and
mother had died within a few months after
my departure. The lady I loved"
Here tbe voice of the speaker faltered,
and sinking to a whisper pronounced tha
words with a difficult effort.
"She perished iu a madhouse years
ago. In trying to earn my own living by
mv own labor a task I had never attempt
ed" before far from all I once held dear, I
have vainly sought the forgetfulness which
I shall never find this side the grave. This
is all my story." Babx.
i
I
ESKE