I'ra/'cssiotial Cants.
DU. HASTINGS,
• ATTORNEY AT LAW,
lIKLLKFONTR, PA.
Offir© on Allegheny •trert, two door* mat of tin* of
flc- occupied ly lute firm f Yim iiiii A If*f tf
*. ft. peals. h. 4-
1 >EALE A M.KKE,
1- ATTORNKYB AT LAW.
34-tf office oppoettn Court Uuiim, Itollefonte, P*.
VJ 11. YOCUM,
k?e ATTORNKY AT I.AW.
RKI.I.KKONTK, PA.
Olfic© on N. K. cortirr f Ihitmout end Allfghrti) •! ,
lu the room lately orOU|U<l ly ViK n> A llnlliigi.
WILLI \M A. WALLACE, lAV|| L. llfM,
mum r. w aliacs, wiluam i. wallacs.
WALLACE A KUKBB,
v Y LAW AND COLLECTION OFFICE,
J unitary 1, IHM. t'I.KAUH&LI>. PA.
I?LLIS L. Oil VIS,
1j ATTORNEY AT L\W.
OKFICI i)|)|K4|fDthii Court llouse, on til© •! of
A. O. Furat'a building. S-6tf
FIELDING,
I LAW AND COLLECTION OFFICE,
12-1 jr i I.F.ARFIEI.I', PA
c. >. tuiinn. c. ■-■ own.
v LEXANDER A BOWER,
jIY ATTORNEYS' AT LAW,
Bellefonte, P.. n.y l>" r.m.'ilted in Engti.li or tier
binrt. office in Oarintkn'e Builtting. 1-ly
ltint.iurn. J. WUU.IT UMIT.
HEAVER A GE I'll ART,
J t ATTORNEYS AT LAW,
Office rn Allegheny itrrot, north of Illicit. Hslle
font*, Pi. i- 1 y
nF. FORTXKV,
• ATTORN F.Y AT LAW.
lILLI.KFONTR, PA.
I,Mt door to fh l©ft In thn Court IIn©. f-ly
lOIIN BLAIR LIXX,
l ATTORNEY AT LAW,
BKLLEYONTE, PA.
Office Btre*t. oe©r Pt 21-1 J
I L. SPANGLKR,
ft . ATTORNEY-AT-LAW,
HEM.EFONTK. CENTRE OItINTV, PA.
Special ftttcntion to <\>lloctlon#; |>rrttc< In all tha
Court#; (\n#ultwtlnn# In r K gJIh llj
ns. KELLER,
• ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Ofllrw on Allegheny Street South #id# of Lyon's
•t v •. MMmtiiFt> i~iy
r p C. HII'PLE,
I • ATTORNEY AT LAW.
& LOCK HAVEN. PA.
All btMiMM pMlyllf Mm4ld to. 1 1)
\\" M. P. MITCHELL,
v v PRACTICAL RITRVETOR,
UH E lIAVEN, PA ,
Will *tt#nd to all w.rk In Centre an<l
Clinton ODlltitlao.
Oftlc# oppnlt Lock HITPO National Hank. 20-ly
\\T C. HEINLE,
II I ATTORNEY AT LAW.
BELLKEONTK, PA
Offlrr In Conrad llonaa, AlUgh'ti* lrM.
Special attention t th® Collection of claim#.
All la#inraa attended to promptly. 21 lj
WILLIAM McCULLOUGH,
TV ATTORNEY AT I.AW,
CLEARFIELD. PA.
All promptly c. 1-ly
i r K. hi >v. M. i).,
1 it
Uw BELI.EroNTK. PA
tfinllon giifn to Opvratlt# lufftrji and
•Chroirii: Dlw. 15-ly
I \Il. J AS. H. DOUR INS, M. D.,
1/ PIIYSICI AN AND At ROEuN
Office AUrjjhany !*., ovf 7*\g\' r'# I'-ng StoTw,
*-t[ MKLLKPOSTR. IM.
I All. J. W. RHONE, Dentist,can
1 * La lull at his lAft at I mMMN Ml K#fll
•id# of lllath #tr##t thr®. door# lU#t of Allf(h<'t>y.
B#ll#f>nu, l* ||l|
Ihtnine** Cftrdn.
( CENTRE COUNTY BANKING
V7 COMPANY.
lUc#iv# fap*v#l!a
And Allow Inlsrsst,
Diarount Notaa;
Buy and S#ll
Qov.
RoM and '"onpons.
itu CBIUKI, PrpsMsnt.
J !> fffiuatßT • ashlar 4-tf
HARNESS MANUFACTORY
■L in fUrman'# New Riork,
RPf.T.frrONTK, PA. l-ly
L? P. BLAIR,
1 • iKWRUR,
w#rrtiW. rior*#. Jiwctt*. -I'*.
All work n-atly *• utad fin Aii|fb#ny #tr**t
hikW Bra karli'lT II •u*. 4-tf
DEALERS IN PUKK DRUGS ONLY,
g I ZELLER k SON, a
= ft • iißoa itsn,
3' No B rh..ff Bow J
All tha Pun UM I'at* nt \|cli. in#* Pra- *
~ srrlptt"n# anl Tamil? accurate'/ *-
W .>r#pupd. Tru#a#a. Shoulder Itrar®#, Ac ,Ar 3
*i _ _ 4U I
e. nevn, Pr t. i r. atuu. t'aah'r.
FMRST NATIONAL BANK OF
ItELLKTO.NTE.
AlWli' tif *lrp#|. IMl*fhnt. Pa 4-tf
illtcelln nrouM.
towlli
ai^
With COSTIVENESt, tick Had#eh#. DYSPEP
SIA, Low Spirit#, SLEEPLESS NIGHTS,
Lou of Appotlta, Pain in IK# Sido,
And oil tha nn*nar. u , nilmonta r.n#aqnant upon a dtar
oM*R*d #tata of Iba Lltrar, whan J<MI hiw a certain
ramady within yonr NMII. That ranaady la
GREEN'S Liver Pills.
Thaw Pill* Art of two nam, ,n l whan Atari In
rotinrotl'tn wllb iwh Mhtr ar.otding ko dlrartl. na,
art IS VARIABLY AVDMOI |„ Th.y •" •'
-nnlol, •! if* RENT BY MAIL on racatpt of prlra.
In oriW to fr,wnt r..inf.-rf-itlng thay to pm np In
noi'tß Irnttt, with Hit nljpMtnr* of t. r IiREP.N
■ tronnil nrh Imt
Prim, Wo l.sflrta.; No. 2, BO rt*. Mtnuftf liirwt
•nol* by
If. POTTS GREEN,
BELLIKONTE, PA.
For Sale.
\FAHM containing Fifty Acres,
tod titling tlir<.ri trtiltd n TWO-UTOBT
VRAMK BI'ILDINO and unl Enlldlnga. Tliltgood.
Inqnlrn of A. J. A T. 6. HBHurY,
('.I Cnloortllt.Ctnlrt rounle. Pn.
Wilsoti, McFnrlnne C V Co., Hartltvare Dealer*.
HARDWARE!
WILSON, McFARLAN K & CO.
DKALBRS IN
STOVES,RANGES i HEATERS.
ALSO
Paints, Oils, Glass and Varnishes,
AND
IDEAS' HARDWARE.
ALLKOURNY STREET, • BCRM' BUKIK, .... ):' l I.F.FoNTI , PA.
1855 1881.
Baugh's Fertilizers have stood Field Tests for 25 Years.
BUSHELS, NOT ACRES.
BAVK M INEY BY t MNO
BAUGH'S TWENTY-FIVE EOLLAF. PHOSPHATE,
Price. 325.00 Per Ton r 2000 Pound*.
BAUGH'S ECONOMICAL FERTILIZER f:r POTATOES.
Contalnlnt: 4to S |>.r r.nt. of Halfta,!. P"t*.h,
Price, 330.00 Per Ton of 2000 Pound*.
ALU GOODS SOLD ON CU At< A NTEKD ANALYSIS.
Descriptive Circulars Scut J'ree upon application.
BAUGH & SONS, 20 South Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia.
For Bale by J. H. LONG, Flemington, Pa., Agent for Clinton and Centre Counties
TRAVELER'S GUIDE.
BELLEFONTE it SNOW SHOE
R R.—Tlnit-Ttl'lt In tlftcf un and afor Mtrtli
1 ' on Rnun Slum I*• ..trri lu Btll.f r.it
Ltr." ntlltftul. P.I J . n.nrrlrtt nl Snow Slum
"im.rrt Snow Shot 2.. r ..trrltrt In lltlltfonlt
1 *Lrovt. bollofoato '• ' * .nrrlttt at Stu.w Shor
T.gir * s. BLAIR, Cool Sopo'lnlondtßl.
I )ALD EAGLE VALLEY BAIL-
I> ROAD.-Tim-Tnblo, April c.lf"
Lip. Mail waatwaaD. taap. Kaj.
#* 7 i.j Anita at Tjirotia Laata Tl* **
a,sft 65 Lea*#MtT)ruaLawo- 3TJ • *
Iv. ?.i::::::: ;; ::: ] f
Z:-- ;u
j w -, fi a Port Matilda " . * ,Vf
77 ft 17 .... M Martha " *
: \n ft < .Z " Jmlinn •• ... *l* •
f'IS FT ::.... •• in Kit ... IJM J-V
7 (*| ft •• Snow Hftoo la —* - * v
44 " M.l~! r( - ■J J*l
if, 4-v " R K''""l. -• ♦ ' 9 ••
f, V, 4*4 •• Milttl.urg ... M J®
r. 414 ....- " Curtln - * J" •'
M, lln " Mount Ytglt •" 1 -J
f • bOl •• Ilwar4 " *** *' J
i 440_ •• RMIOIII* •• !
•. VI 4 4:. '• "
414 4 U " MIR H.ll " -• M I }*
429 4 -T) " Plomlogfon
i 24 424 M Lock lla#an -W 01 11 • J
I JENNBYLVANIA BAILHOAD.
I _i phlUdtlpblt and Rrlt lMritb.n >-4H> d
after lit'Hiwr 12. \*v,
W Ktl w ARl>.
KRIS MAlLlttrtt l-hiltd- Ipbit 11 '■*' I' rn
•> •• ll.rri*' nrg. 4.■ ato
m rt * :c. an.
- " Lo. k llartn..— 40a tr
" Ranoao.— -1044 n m
" arrlrtt at brit • I n
NIAGARA KXFRBBS Itwvna Pbllndtlpbla . .am
•• " lUmilvtg ' 'am
m •• u .;iRtni-rt p m
• arrita at Hn"#- - 4 4" p
Paawtigtra br Uila Italn arr. In Bllt
,i 4 44 p in
FAST LINK la.it. Pbltad. Iphln - 11 *** m
1|,r1.1..tg „. .124 pm
~ •< Willlnaiapuft• "(■
•• arrlrt. .1 l,< Ha'tn 40p n>
|I<T A Hl*.
PAciricrxPßr-siti.ait4 n.tn.— J?*" 1
. •• Uiiltmp rtw. ,&A a m
nrTlvaa at llarrtal wr. II a m
f* pl.iUdel|4li*a ... 3 44 p m
DAY BXPRKS9It."Ro" !?12®
- ll..tn II pi.m
i. Wllllamrport 12 40 .in
" nrrlataal llarrlal 4 10 p nt
.. •• Pbllndtlpbla..—.... TS p ®
CRir. MAIL ltta RtaoT" V P
•• L- F llartn OOpn.
" •• Williaia,rt —.— lit* pin
>• airlrta at llarrUl .:rg 244 • m
" •• l'iiilad'l,hla TOO.m
FAST LINK Ita.tt tt lllia-...! .rt 12 a m
.* nrrlrtt nl II irrmCni g. ISia
•• FMI*M| t la 7 *4 n n
Prla Mail Waal Niagara Ktpftt, *tat. |*rk llartr
Vrr-.m'i. -latl II W tat and Day F.gpy-t F'm.t mak.
r|oat trinnt. t..n, at Nortbunib* rlnn.l till. L- A B. R
R train, t r M'tlkaabarrt and Srranlon
F.rlt MH W rat. Nlttrar, Kl| rata Wtat, a'd Brir
KgprrtaUrwt ar d l. wk llr-". Arrt.mmodat.nt. Want,
rnaka 1..,t ronnrrtbili at Wllllagtfpott wltb N C. R
W. train- north.
r.rlt Mall Waal, Niagara r,prat- Waal, and !•>
Rlpram F.—t. mak. rl-w. t nnrot|..nnt Ixmk ll.rtr.
With II V V R It train.
Rrlr Ma.l Rral Mid W.at ronnart al Krlt wllb Iralnt
on I. S 4 M S It R. at C..rry wltb O C A A V R
R, at Bmpr.rinni with H N. Y. A P. R. R-, ant nt
Driftwood wllb A. V R. R
Parlor rra will fnn batwaan Pbllndtlpbla and
Williamapr'ri oo Niagara Ftipraa. Want. Krit Ktprtwr
W-wt. Pblladr'pbla F.iprtt- |Ut and Dny K>p'ta<
Ka-t.and Sunday Ripr-wa Font. Slatplng rr on nl'
night trnina. Wtt. A Rainwtn.
Gan'l Snparltitandant
"FIIE CENTRE DEMOCRAT
BOOK and JOB OFFICE
ALLEGHENY STREET,
BBLLEFONTR, l*A.,
ia NOW orrp.siNo
G R EAT INI)UCK MEN T S
TO THOAE PIRAT-TLAM
Plain or Fancy Printing.
Wo hnv unuitual fm-ilitioa fur printing
LAW BOOKS,
PAMPHLETS,
CATALOGUES,
PROGRAMMES,
STATEMENTS,
CIRCULARS,
BILL lIK.AI>S.
NOTE HEADS,
BUSINESS CARI>S,
INVITATION CARDS,
CARTES DK VISITS,
CARDS ON ENVELOPES,
AND ALL KINDS OF BLANKS.
(SrOrdcr* \j mail will rncniro prompt
Attention.
Uaf Printing done in the bet style, on
rhort notice And at the Inweet rateg.
CIAKMAN'S HOTEL,
M Uppoalt.Co.rt llotitn, RKLLKPONTR, PA.
TKHMS 11.16 PRR DAT.
A C*nd Urtry nlUt bad. |.)
fir>S. LYDIA L PiiIKH&M, CF LYMH, KtSS.,
i |
* 1 /-v o
5 x
? . w;-'- I
5' . .""i ti-'C'/% ,* *<*■ J
LYDIA E. PINKHAMS
YZSS7ASIS CCIH'Oir.'D.
Sormtl thmm* fulfill I •"■plftlnn •!•<) >*
i■.. umtnsa |*unr l> •( f * Malf y pwlall.
Uvilli • • rati Mmeeral r imtNnliOara
yJaJnU, all o*artan a#J l>n
I:<, lil' hf •>- h'|4wiU. UMI i> r. mo-'inoftl
fkptnal V 'okMM, ail I* iri*ubut/ to Ibo
<ha.~o of Ufa.
II * St lw aiwl rtH lTvf frrin tK trt*m I#
• n #*rtjr >f 111* l#*Jwy In ■
rr • Snirf tiUr#lirU'l.S mj n<!.i)r by lta w.
I| lUl'ltify. droit" yaall rrttjpf
fnf it tiMiUrt*, >ikl of U* at" m>M b.
It nirM r. l *•*'. Mnadarhoa, Vrri | t -rtmlk ii,
o*tfrtl txUUI;, I* ■"'. Uj-nM o u4 Ibdl
§Ml n -
Yl*t *f h+mrlrtf (Vvm. ran*nc f*S. *lfM
trvt l</U'lf. Ii !••;• ruM Ij tU *•.
II • til at all tin#a and orv'rrall' lm
Urnv'Kj Clh lb U Ihrl IK*
Tot tUa rtr#of k W'Twj f .f •*u+r ma Ilit
Oooipnnmt |a mxmryojf d
niu r- rokinw* Trummi com.
|*OI NPii at IJ Uvl l-i A*row (
I Tan. Mm IWv $l. M t-4ifr* |& Vr,l I y ma. I
In Um form of |UK tlv I nth# f"tm of I <••, ct
rr.{4 of |rV*. $1 parb i f<-r rttkar Vn Ma k barn
frntlyantaafi ll Ulian if |(uirr. band fnf |A (b-
K /uklrto m at#** Vm/.• Ibt l\*f+r.
*o family bwM ba (tho<it J.TPU R. ft^CT7l.lt"f
MYKIt MUJL Tb#y rara e^ati|ti<4 ( I. I^anom
w4 loryrtdlty of ISa Um C ranU tar hot
1#" Hold by all Dmiiiaia. %|
Battle Creok, Michigan,
_ MiirTMTn.M or tb ijblt oKirrnra
tmrcsmirb/^^^^
Traction and Plain Cnglnaa
and Horao>Powera.
I j Otnbltahnd
la Ik. WU I 1848
rt A VFADft "f m.li—i mm 4 lriiii>Vl>Mt
C J ICHnO m, wtUv'it rftanoa > nan>*.
%J£, or IroOon, M"M •>- iA*
■ kaarf ■■.lp #r, an A rar pao4a
„NTKAM - roWKB WKPAHATOR* m
Camrlrir Nlraa ll.llla.w™inw.
Tnrlln Railtr* uk) b(tan
m* aran in Uw Amartrmn mart*.
A mmlHimi* ./ aparfaf fmfmm Mof (Minaiw imli
fnf MM, arlth ).al tir woo'lli*. fm rrm**r**-
ttrm urnA not ifrrarx'al -4 bT nlbar luki*
hgj • l *~ Hafrator. fmot 6 to It bam
Tw&Mi a# ™ Moiintod
7,500,000 BESSES^
omatonf't no livm, (Mp w hi. h |. (mill Um 1m
cmspnrabto vond-Wnrk of nor marhlnm
TRACTION ENGINES^
ajg^th&TfJ^^yr,iff?.*
Umkn ml Ira A<hlrnao
NICHOLS, SMtPABD CO.
atttc Cnraa. unban
M()\K\ To Loan atOptrCt.
' 7 MT TIIK Mi rtAi LirK IMI R
ANCR <t). or NKW VIIKK, on Rnl on
Impf .! f'ir> In anfn. n-I |.m ibnn ft,mm,
ftn4 not .nrallhf onr lltlnl f ih# |franl tlm of
tfco pKipMlf AV RoflllOl of Ik. I<tlnrl|*l MB I*
fall off *1 nj lima n<l II h. lon Ik. < ...moi of Ih.
v>Ri(n; fo Prmil Iha j n -al|w| lu tananln aa long m
fha l," nlahra. If lb. Intarrol la probipllj pnl4.
*W*lj •"
Oil ARI'RA r. AIIKHMAN Allornaf al IAB.
*7 I*>,, Ural. RraAlng, h,,
or l BATH) /..ai.l>K,Co '. A|.,.rlrar,
M MIHMIr.ri.
mt Crnlw JPrtnwat.
HKLLKFONTK, J'A.
.
NKWS, FACT AMI HUGOKBTIONB.
rtiK TB.T r TUB SBttoSßk Tl.rat I. TUB IMU.II
(IBXCK AHII rItOBI'BKITt or TUB IBBMBB.
f.very farmer in hi* annual er/ienenet
iliiC'nrr* *'>rnet ti in yof rttive. Write it ami
mul it in tht "Ayririilhi rat I'.dltor of the
I ILKM<>< HAT, Jtettr/'intr, J'inn that other
j farmer* mat/ have the benefit of it. Let
eommnmeatwnl be timely, and be *ure that
■ they are brief and u rtt /n.inted.
FAII MKIIH who lutvo suitable land
, at their command, make a very great
| mistake and submit loan annual loss
or more importance than they imagine
i in the absence ola good (lock of im
! proved sheep.
AUK jour wagons, plows, barrows,
j cultivators, mowers ami reaper*, and
all yoar other farm implements in
I good order for an active season's
campaign? If not let us suggest
that itwillco-t far less to put them
in good condition now than it will
when you come to want to use them.
WE farmers are very apt to think
that we know all about plowing, and
that for a newspaper man to under
take to teach us anything on this
subject is little less than presumption.
I Perhaps this is ail true, yet it w ill
not hurt the best and most cx|H'ii
cnced farmer nmong us all to read
the article entitled "Plowing the
I.and," in another column of this is
sue, and which we reprint from South
| 'ttul North.
Ih'T lie in a hurry about sowing
your cloverseed. We have never had
so good success in securing a "good
catch" as when we waited until the
ground "settled," ready for working,
and then sowed the seed upon the
freshly harrowed land. The harrow
ing will do the wheat good, ami vast
ly help the clovers* d. If the wheat
Is; badly "frown out," as will lie the
ease in all spoutv land this spring, it
might be advisable to dispense with
the harrowing,and sow the seed upon
the land just as the frost haves it,
and follow with the roller. This will
tiemfit the wheat that has liecn heav
ed out, and, in n great measure, take
the place of harrowing as far as the
clover seed is concerned. t\ e have
lately learned of a novel Way of test
ing the germinating power of clover
will, which we give for what it is
worth: ''Take a small quantity and
spread it thinly on a very hot stove.
The good seed w ill immediately'pop,'
while the poor will not." If this lie
a sure test, one can speedily deter
mine what proportion of a lot of
j seed will grow by counting those
j placed upon the stove, and then those
! that remain whole.
Dox'r forget the annual spring
cleaning up, about the premises, and
do not leave it off too long. Of
course we don't refer to the "house
cleaning," the good wife will attend
to that without any reminder from
us, but we mean rather that thorough
cleaning up which should be under
taken out of floors, and around the
outhouses, and barns. Open drains,
rake up and burn all rubbish, pump
the cistern dry, nnd give it a good
washing out. A trove all don't forget
the privies. Throw flown into the
vault, if you are so unfortunate as
to have one constructed in this way,
a land or two of dry dirt. This will,
make the contents easy to handle,
when thev can lie shoveled into a
wagon pa illy filled with more dry
flirt, and hauled swat* to the corn
field. where the cost will find ample
reward. Then flash a tlrek lime
wash, in which a liberal (airtion of
copperas ha been Incorporated, all
over the walls of the vault. Apply
the same linn wash, thin enough to lie
easily applied with a brush, to the
cellar, hencoop, stßbles and hog pen.
All this for health's sske. Ami
don't wait until some member of
the family is seized with typhoid
fever, before you do it, hut begin
trow.
What Freezing Docs tho Oround.
Few fully appreciate how much a
freezing of the ground does to set at
liberty the plant food locked up in
almost all soils. Water, In freezing,
expand* about one-right of its bulk,
and with tremendous force. Water,
if confined in the strongest rock and
frosen, will burst it asunder. The
smallest particles of soil, wrhich are,
in fact, only minute bits of rock, as
the microscope will show, if frozen
while moist, are broken still finer.
This will go on all winter, in every
part of the field or gardf n reached
by the frost ( and as most soils con
iuin more or less elements that all
growing plants or crops need, a good
freezing is equivalent to ridding ma
nures or fertilizers. Hence, it is de
sirable to expose as much of the soil
as possible to the frost action, and
the deeper the better, for the lower
soil lias been less drawn upon, and is
richer in plant food. Turn up the
soil in February wherever practicable.
If thrown into ridges and hollows, in
Held and garden, the frost will pene
trate HO much deeper. Further, plow
ing or spading the soil now exposes
insects and weed-roots to kill by
freezing. Still further, soils thrown
up loosely will dry out earlier in the
spring, and admit earlier working,
which is often a great gain when a
day o* two may decide in favor of u
successful crop.
Plowing the Land.
There are few points in agriculture
about which farmers differ more in
practice than plowing , and this dif
fereiiee, like most others, occurs from
want of reflection on the principles
that should govern each particular
case. The breaking up, or turning
the surface of the cultivated land,
either by the plow or spade, lor the
reception of seeds, is a process so
universally practiced, and indispen
sable to the well lieing ol crops, that
it seems incredible that such a com
mon ami simple business should not
be universally understood ; and yet
it cannot Is: denied that frequent ami
great mistakes are often committed
iri the matter, which must proceed
either from indolence or ignorance.
As the surface of the earth is the
natural station for most plants, and
where they obtain the necessary ele
mentary fowl for their development,
certain conditions of the surface soil
are absolutely essential. Humidity,
heat and air are indispensable both
to the fibrous roots, which are ex
tended into tlie earth, and to the
head which is expanded in the air.
There is always more danger to
plants from an excess of moisture than
from almost nnj* other natural cause,
because when the soil is saturated
with water the access of the air is
prevented, and the small fibrous
roots actually choked, it may lie said,
for want of breath, languish and die.
That a porous, loose soil is requisite
for the free growth of all crops is an
axiom in agriculture, ami it is on
this well known necessity that all our
operations of plowing, ditching, etc.,
are based.
Soils are various in quality, and
particularly in texture and consist
ency. The success of a crop depends
as much U|ion the texture of the
land as upon any other characteristic.
For where air and rain can permeate
freely, a constant supply of carbonic
acid is formed by the contact of the
air with the humors in the soil, and
the rsln brings down ammonia, which
is readily carried to the roots of the
crops. Hut on the other band, if
the soil is compact, baked bard by
drought, in Consequence of having
Is-eri previously stirn-d when too wet,
no plant can flourish. The conclu
sion therefore is. that plowing should
never Is- inqtcrvious to air from U-ing
saturated with water, nor inqierviouH
to both air and water from its dry,
baked condition. Sandy, loose soils
are never liable Pi lie drenched with
water, except for only a short time
after a heavy rain. All the water
absorbed by such a soil sinks deep
Into the subsoil, and far below the
roots of ordinary crops. Such soils
never need sulisoiling, snd such work
is generally a wnte of labor. 1 n the
South there are many very large
tracts of such lands where the cul
ture is easy and done at moderate ex
|>ense ; but such description of lands
are easily exhausted unless their fer
lility is kept up by a frequent manur
ing with such fertilizers as contain
nn abundance of vegetable matter
and potash.
Stiff black snd clay soils should, in
the South, be well ami deeply plowed
during the Winter, snd allowed to
remain exposed to the ameliorating
influences of the rsin and frosts, that
thev maj* be disintegrated and ren
dered loose and porous. One good
plowing on such lands will lie worth
more to the crops than nn ex fiend i
turc of 200 pounds |* r acre of the
best guano sold. Hut sandy, light,
soils require no such exposure, and
as a general thing the less lliey are
exposed to the heavy washing winter
rains the better. When plowed in
Winter such soils are liable to have
their I lest qualities washed away, and
therefore during this season they
cannot be kept too close and level if
it Is intended that they should lie
cultivated in the Spring.
While the great object of plowing
it to render the soil biose and pervi
ous to sir and moisture, this can lie
attained only by the timely applica
tion of efficient implements. The
soil is sometimes in a fit slate to he
worked, and sometimes it is not, and
this must be determined by the farm
er, on each occasion for himself.
The condition of the land defiends
so .much upon the character of the
weather, that plowing cannot alwaya
be done at tiroes that are most con
venient to the farmer. When land
is very wet it never ahould be plow
ed ; as it will inevitably cake, and be
renderod very compact, like mortar,
so that no seeds put into it can well
germinate or develop healthy plants.
Hut ore have seldom seen land tbst
we consider too dry to plow; the
drier the better, except when it is of
a vety stifr clayey nature, in which
case a certain amount of moisture is
necessary to render the plowing suc
cessful. In the cultivation oi crops
much judgment has to l>e used, as to
whether the soil is too wet to bo
plowed, if the earth around plants
is very wet when it is worked it will
become compact, settle closely around
the fine rootlets, and cause the plants
to actually suflucate, or, as farmers
say, to scald. The cultivator will
render the soil impervious to air,
when the direct contrary is the only
motive for plowing at all. Hut when
the soil is dry it should be often
wotked, and particularly light soils
• luring drought. A good plowing
loosens the dry soil around the roots,
and admits air to thern, and in Hum
mer, particularly, protects them from
the heat of the sun, arid acts like
mulch. The drier the weather, the
more frequently the plows and culti
vators should IKJ run through the
growing crops. The heat of the sun
is much less injurious to plants when
their roots are covered with loose
(mrous soil, than when the soil is
hard and compact.
Tho Garden Spot.
W. V. Brown, in Bum) Nrw Torkvr.
'•I don't see how you manage to
have such an early garden," said the
'Squire to me the other day. "Your
funn is a clay upland like mine, and
yet, as I have passed your house in
early Spring, 1 have seen the peaa,
lettuce and other early truck show
ing in the row before I could plow
my garden."
"Jump out and bitch," said I, for
he had stopjK-d in the road in front
of my house, "and come and look at
my garden, and I think you can easily
see why mine is earlier than yours."
"I don't see what you can show
that is worth looking at in January,"
1 said the 'Squire.
"That's just what 1 want to show
yon," I answered.
We walked round back of tho
house, where my garden is located,
ami stopped.
"I vum," said the '.Squire; "is that
the way to fix it?"
My garden is eight rods long by
six wide —a little over a fourth of an
acre—and it is plowed in six lands
with all the loose earth c leaned out
of the dead furrows; ami as there
are several inches of slope the long
way, it is impossible for the water
to stand on it at all.
"Now, 'Squire," said I, "there arc
several points a)>out this garden that
I want you to notice: First, it is
well underdrained in addition to the
surface drainage you see. Second,
it is well located. There is a strip
of warm black land here. If I had
located this garden five rods either
north or south of where it i, it
would IK* on a stiff.cold clay. Third,
it is protected from the north wind.
I set out Uiat cedar hedge you see
for that purpose. Lastly, you will
find, if you examine it. that the land
is in a very lively condition, easy to
work and quick to warm up, and this
condition has been brought aliout by
fall-plow ing, manuring and tbc addi
tion of a little sand."
"But don't this turn up cloddy
when you plow it orcr again in the
Spring ?" aked the 'Squire.
"We don't plow it," 1 answered.
"All we do is to stir the surface with
a cultivator and harrow, and drag it,
ami it is as fine as meal."
"But what do yon do with the
dead furrows ?" asked the 'Squire.
"1 leave the center one open, as it
is, where the water will naturally
run, and if, as is sometimes the case,
we have a very heavy rain in the
Spring or Summer, this will carry off
the surplus sat rand prevent it from
damaging the garden. I plant pota
toes in Uic others. In harrowing
they get six inches of mellow earth
in the bottom, and 1 drop the seed on
this and cover it with some coarse
manure, and then when I cover this
with eartli from the sides the dead
furrow is nearly full."
"But it must have cost a good deal
to get this spot fixed up so well,"
well." said the 'Squire.
"Not a great deal," I answered.
"About five dollars for the under
drsin ; two dajV work with a hand
and team hauling sand, and 25 cellar
trees at three cents apiece for the
wind-break. Of course, 1 put a lew
dollars' worth of manure on the gar
den every year, but that the crop al
ways pays for."
"I lielicvc that you hare a s|>ot
here that is naturally mellow and
warm," said the 'Squire.
"Naturally warm alter I drained
it, and mellow alter what I have done
to it; but for some yearn I eohld not
plow it six inches deep. It was a
lough, waxy soil, and turned up very
cloddy, and nothing helped this tiil
I tried fall-plowing. I found that,
alter it was thoroughly dried out in
the Summer and there would come a
rain, I could put the plow down ten
inches, and ever ainco that I have
plowed in the Fall.
Tn* value of all manufactured fer
tilisers depend# upon their solubility,
and tlieae manure# should all be ap
propriated by the growing cropaJPTo
expert any such fertilising matter to
remain in the ground for another
year ia to presume that the fertilixera
are not properly manufactured. Bone
duat, however, will remain In the aoil
several year*.