ft,;; TIIK FAIR SKX.
>V i-tltllng \tttli*BrftT>-
The wedding anniversaries ,M '° ns
follows: First year, iron; llftli , vcur '
wooden; tenth year, tin; fifteenth year,
crystal: twentieth year, china; twenty
fifth year, silver; thirtieth year, cotton;
thirty-fifth year, linen; fortieth year,
woolen; forty-fifth year, silk; fiftieth year,
gold; seventy-fifth year, diamond.
,\ llrllrttlf Mltllrr.
A truly modest girl will shrink from
being under money obligations to n
young man, even though ho bo Iter lover.
Hut, on the other hand, many a girl is
careless as to how mneli money a young
man spends for her. Three and tivo
dollars for a horse and carriage ho can
poorly afford, perhaps, yet she will go
with him week after week, with 110 par
ticular interest in him, unmindful appar
ently whether he earns tho money or
takes it irom his employer's drawer. He
makes her expensive presents. Ho
takes her to a concert in going to which
usually, save for her pride aiul liis gal
lantry, a horse-car for ten cents would
bo far wiser than a carriage ride for
several dollars. A young man respects
a young woman nil the more who is
careful of the way in which he spends
his money, and will not permit too
much to be used for her. A thoughtful
aud well-bred girl will be wise about
these matters.
Saraitier Jrwrlry.
Very simple jewelry is worn with
summer dresses, and the absence of all
jewelry is far more distinguished-look
ing than the use of too much. The nec
essary articles— pins, sleeve-buttons aud
cliatclainc for the watch aro in verv
light designs, and the merely orna
mental bracelets aro only slender rims,
while necklaces are not worn at all ex
cept for full dress. The fashionable
breastpin takes the shape of a bona tide
pin, and may be like the long scarf pins
worn by gentlemen, with merely a ball
head, or else there is a separate pin at
the back, like that on an ordinary
brooch; the latter has the advantage of
showing all the pin, which cannot be
done when the scarf pin is used, though
t is the caprice of the moment to
thrust the scarf pin so slightly in the
lace that the greater portion of it is
seen. Some of the prettiest brooches
are a gold pin about three inches long
with a pearl head, while resting on the
center of the slender pin are two dia
monds, or else a sapphire with a ruby,
or perhaps two opals or two colored
pearls. Sometimes a jeweled bee, a
butterfly or a great spider is poised on
the long pin, and sometimes there is a
flower of colored stones or of enamel.
Less expensive brooches are of red gold,
made to represent a long letter, the
initial of the wearer's name a script
capital of slender gold lines. Scarf
puis with ball heads like those used by
gentlemen are chosen by ladies to pin
ficlins and kerchiefs. Some of these
have a ball of cream white enamel dotted
with colors, others have tiny turquoises
set in, or else a eat's-eve, or perhaps a
ruby, a sapphire and a diamond
aro set in star shape. Fans, spi
ders, butterflies and daisies are also
favorite heads for such pins. A nnmtier
of pins of medium size aro also used for
fastening back tho loops of mull or lace
neckties, or to fasten the ends of a
neckerchief as well as to confine it at
the throat. The most popular pins of
this kiid are of sterling silver, with
round or with pear-shaped heads, and
there are also larger scarf pins of silver
with hanging chain and pendant pieces.
Dull yellow gold, either smooth or
hammered, is pretty for pins that are to
lie used in black lace fichus. There are
also pearl heads to gold pins of various
sizes, costing from 81.7."> each to 8-0,
according to tho size and value of the
pearl. Silver brooches in floral de
signs are also very popular, especially
in the whitened silver, when a pretty
little spray of white flowers is repre
sented. A silver daisy brooch is espe
cially popular with young ladies. With
simple morning and traveling dresses
a brooch is worn with a linen collar
without a necktie or lace, but for more
dressy occasions fichus are fastened low
in surplice fashion witli from two to
four pins, or else a lace scarf ]tnssed
around the neck is tied in large loops
and pinned in reveral places: black net
with tinsel dashes is prettily worn
around the neck with a hammered gold
pin holding each loop of the large l>ow
tied at the throat. A long straight
scarf of tamboured mull is worn artmnd
the neck, passed down tho front of the
corsage and fastened in a bow at the
waist line, with silver pins to hold it at
the throat and the waist. —Harper'*
lhutr.
Fashion hairs.
f Pointed shoes are revived.
Circular fans grow in popnlar favor.
Silver gray silks, satins and snrah are
coming in vogue.
Tliere is a rage for peacock feather
decorations at present.
The latest novelty in bonnets aro
pokes of shirred tulle.
Tournures are made more bouffant and
book draperies grow ful^r.
Gold bangles aro tlio only jewelry
much worn in street continue.
I'oreelain blue in a lovely nhado for a
chevoit traveling unit for a young jier
non.
finiall eaniago parasols are made with
feather decorations nil over
them.
Very large lidWl - of colored velvet are
worn in the hair to for.'* ! trimmings
with largo hats.
Checkerboard patterns in boi-' wool J
and cotton materials are much tineu i" |
forming parts of costumes.
Ombre watered silks in new designs
in the shaded and watered effects ap
pear among late importations.
Pongee hunting jackets worn with
black or colored skirts make pretty and
modest morning toilets at watering
places.
Sewing silk grenadine with square
meshes, canvas grenadine, and black
all wool nun's veiling are the proper
materials for summer mourning.
The flounces of striped nun's veiling
gowns are usually made of goods cut
crosswise, but the basque may be cut in
the ordinary way, if one prefer.
Gay, striped, awning cottonades are
used for the skirts of country dresses
to be worn under plain flannel polo
naises, or jackets and overskirts.
Immense bows of wide satin ribbon
frequently tako the place of corsage
bouquets, being placed on tho left Bide
over the supposed region of the heart, j
In spite of the fashion journals bring
ing out most Of their plates with long
basques, tho most fashionable women
wear corsages without basques, or very :
short basques.
The latest French extravagance in
hoisery is silk openwork stockings,
handsomely embroidered and having
delicate lace tops tinted a deeper shade
than the color of the stocking.
White dotted mull scarfs two and a
half and three yards wide uro used as
scarf sashes, to U> worn in any way that
fancy dictated bv good taste directs,
with colored, black t,r white dresses.
Iho most fashionable American
women wear very simple coiflurcs, with
the coil low in the back and fluffy but
flat front hair, tho only ornament Icing
a long, low comb, with a riviere of dia
monds for its heading.
Many of the new orubre ribbons are
bordered on one side with scalloped
bands in delicate shades of color, woven
to imitate On others, embossed
daisies dot the surface, and the effect is
very pretty. 'lliis ribbon is much used
for 1M)WB for the hair and belt.
A new fichu, cnlletl the Princess
Louise, has been brought out in Paris.
It is made of Canadian cra|o, edged
with Istuvain lace and trimmed with the
flownia of the season—lilacs, daisies,
buttercups, roses, honeysuckle, or what
ever is the flower of the passing mo
ment.
Hlack grenadine is still in grt at favor
for summer dresses. There are manv
varieties, but tho smooth sewing silk
grenadines tike the lead in popularity.
Spanish lace, l>caded silk, net fringes
and fine trench laces constitute the
trimmings generally nsed with these
fabrics. Finely-plaited frills of the
dress material aro also used, finished
with an edging of black lace about two
inches wide. The most elegant of these
cool-looking toilets are adorned with
very deep flonnces of .Spanish lace, and
further adorned by sashes of satin
surah, either of crimson, bine or black.
These dresses are usually made up over
underskirts of black surah.
FKKNCII IT>.
" Here, waiter, this fish id not fresh I"
"Not fresh,sir? Why—Oh, hog par
don, sir; thonght yon won? one of tho
table boarders. ISring yon tho other
fish immediately, sir."
———
Tho bravo Z ,an excellent man, 1
hnt not an intellectual marvel in tho
ordinary sense of the word, moots a
friend who asks concerning his children.
"They are all doing well, thanks," re
plies tho fond parent, "and all that 1
have to oak heaven for them iathat they
may l>e no stupider than their father."
" Make yon mind easy on that point,"
says his friend; "the ageof miracles has
passed."
Tho father of the family examines
his watch with j>erp|oxity.
" I can't understand, my love," he
says to his wife, "what's wrong with
this watch. I gncss it wants to bo
clean od."
"Oh, no, pa," replies one of his olive
branches, "it can't In? dirty, for I>nhy
and I were scrubbing it all morning in
tho bath-tub with the hair-brush, and
we used plenty of soap."
In the garden two six-year-old chil
dren, a girl and a boy, exchanged vig
orous blows and scratches, meanwhile
calumniating each other at the top of
their voices like Homeric heroes.
Mamma interferes, and after mnch
difficulty succeeds in separating them.
"What in the name of goodness sre
yon upto, you unhappy little wretches?"
" I'laying linsband and wife, ma I"
fhl •' Jjyj •* . tfi? 4 '
SL '
CLIITIXUS FOIt I'll K (i'KIOUN.
It rain H twice an often in Western OH
in Eastern Europe.
Goeso have been known to livo to the
ago of eighty yearn.
The word lent come* from n Bsxon
word, meaning spring.
Thore are 1,500 square miles of ice in
tho Alps from eighty to 000 foot thick.
Tho Bodleian library at Oxford con
tains 420,000 volumes and 80,000 MBS.
The greatest mortality of mankind is
[ between three nnd six in the morning.
The averago rate of sailing of a West
Indian trader in 174G was ono mile an
hour.
Aristotle's opinion was that the pyra
mids of Egypt were lmilt to " koep tho
people well employed and poor."
In "cages and stocks" for the
punishment of offenders were ordered
to be set up in every ward of tho city of
London.
Shells six feet in length and weighing
500 pounds, the covering r.f a clam
which weighed sixty pounds, are among
the curiosities in the Smithsonian in
stitute.
Ink used in England was formerly
more lasting than at the present day.
A deed of the reign of Hichard 11. is
preserved in which the ink is as black
and brilliant as though of last year.
In b 180 a Polish gentleman who was
convicted of having denied the existence
of God, was executed at Warsaw. His
body was burned, the ashes put into u
cannon and shot into the air toward
Tartarv !
There are a cotiple of Shoshone In
dians in Tusrarorn who have licavv
beards, something which is seldom seen
upon the face of the red man. They
arc both old bucks, and their whiskers
are nearly white, giving them quite a
venerable and patriarchal apfx-aranee.
\ cry few of those who have used the
expression, "He's a brick," know that
it comes from Plutarch. An ambassador
from Kpirtis was shown by King Age
silans, of Sparta, over his capital, and
expressed surprise nt the absence of
walls and fort i float inns, "tome to
morrow," quoth the king, "and I will
show you our walls." On the morrow
he showed him an array of 10,000 men,
remarking: "Each one is a brick."
An Aged Bandit's Career
There recently expir<l in the infirm
ary nf the prison at Odc*a an indirid
tJal, by name Vacili Tchonmaik, a na
tive of Ismail, of Kalmuck descent, who,
•hiring the major part of the ninety-nix
yearn of his life, np|>cars to have Wen
an unmitigated pnhlie nuisance. Horn
alio tit 17s.">, Vacili grew tip to the phyw
ical proportions of Hercules and the
strength of Hamson. He was duly
dman for the e inscription, and served
his time as a soldier, lint lie disdained
ntieh placid laurels as those which
crown the shako of the celebrated Hon
sian drum-major whose waxen efligy, in
full uniform and holding a wax dwarf
in the hollow of onn big haml, smile* j
through his mustache upon niankinil at
Mine. Tiissaud'*. On obtaining his dis
charge, Yacili Tchoumaik adopted bri j
gaining.- as his profession, an lit is sti- j
mated that in his career as a bandit
he committed no fewer than eighty
murders. During many rears he and the ;
outlaws forming his l<and kept the conn I
try round abont t Mcssa in a continuous !
state of terror, while Itnssian police
rather connived at than interfered with
the miscreants' misdoings. At length
an exceptional snperintende ,t named
Khorsohevsky undertook the task of
abrogating him. The brigand chief was
surrounded in a roadside inn where he \
had taken refuge, and after a sanguinary
strugglo he and several of his follow- j
era were captured. The fine old Ibis- !
sian code of criminal jurisprudence'
being then prevalent, Yacili romxined
nine years in prison before be was tried.
In 18.7J, however, he was sentenced to
the knont and to twenty years' hard
lalmr in Sileria. The hrigand was at
that period seventy-fonr years of age.
Five years afterward ho esca|>ed, and
made his way back to Odessa; but he
was again caught, tried and relegated to
jw-nal servitude. Once more, in lKfiil, he
made his reappearance at Odessa,
and after two years' confinement
in jail put justice to the trouble of
again trying him and sending him iiaok
jto .Siberia. In the middle of la*t May
this patriarchal bandit made a fifth and
Anal appearance in the vicinity of
Odessa, and distinguished himself by
attempting to steal a wagon and horaea
belonging to some German coloniats.
The sturdy Teutons, however, gave the
. veteran desperado a very war m recep
tion. They soundly belabored Yacili
and a coni]mnion of his, and, binding
tbein hand ami foot, delivered thein
over to the authorities. Tchoumaik
was found to have had aev. n of his rilm
broken, and to have I teen otherwise so
ronghly handled that he was removed
to the prison infirmary, where on the
dOth ultimo he died. He was ninety
six years of age, and but for the drub
bing which he received at the hamla of
the German colonists, might have sur
! vived to hare been a centenarian among
I convicts.
H * * ■ ** s'
PKtHI.S OF THOUGHT.
Do not, as you hope for success,
spend your time in idleness.
Flattery is a false coin which has cir
culation only through our vanity.
Conscience is the voice of the soul j
the passions aro the voice of tho body.
| Menial pleasures never cloy. Unlike
those of the body, they are increased by
repetition, approved of by reflection,
and strengthened by enjoyment.
Adhere rigidly and undeviatingly to
truth ; but while you express what is
true, express it in a pleasing manner.
Truth is the picture, tho manner is the
frame that displays it to advantage.
Those passionate persons who carry !
their hoarts in their mouths are rather ]
to bo pitied than feared ; their threat- j
filings serving no other purpose than to 1
forearm him that is threatened.
It is only the connection of this world
with the higher world that gives it any
importance. It is only the things of
eternity that render weighty and solemn
and momentous the things of time.
The wise ones say that nothing is so
hard to bear as prosperity; hut most
men would lik< to engage in sum • bard
work of tbut description, just to have u
practical illustration of the adage.
Character is a mosaic which takes u
lifetime for its completion ; and trifles,
ho little things of life, an- the instru
ments most used in preparing each
precious stone for its place.
Consolation indiscreetly pressed ujion
us when we are sufficiently under affic
tion only serves to increase our pain and
to render our grief more poignant.
'fhe (.lass Snake.
Kli Perkins tells this terrific snake
yarn Along the I pper Hray.es and in
Western Texas, where flourish the
horned frog, is the strangest mak<-
known to naturalists. He is sometimes
called the glass-snake. He is from two
to four feet long, with a striped hack.
He is not poisonous His way of de
fending himself when attacked by a
powerful foe is similar to that r.f the
'possum or skunk. Instead of fighting
buck, lie breaks into a down piec<-s, and
every piece, distinct in itself, lies ap
patently dead on the ground Some
times the pieces are a foot apart. When
the foe dinap| tears, the pieces gradually
come together, unite into one snake ami
crawl off. The naturalist will naturally
a-k if the piece* are entirely separated.
I answer, they are. No film or tendon
holds them together. You can chop the
ground with nu ax between the pieces.
Mr. H. Edwards, wh< pmtoflice
address is Montgomery, Alabama,
showed me one of tin se snakes at
Waco. H,. still has it alive, and will
prove with the living snake, or bv
answering a letter from any naturalist,
the accuracy of this stor..
The glass-snake which Mr. Edwards
showed me had lost the tip of its tail-
When I asked the owner how that hap
pened, ho said:
"The snake went to pieces one dav,
and liefore it got together, a hungry
king snake, which I still have, swallowed
the tail."
Mr. Edwards has several king snakes.
Like the gla's-snake, they are not
poisonous, still, they kill the largest
snake in the liottoms. They make a
spring at a large snake or rabbit, coil
instantly aronnd its neek and strangle i t
—choke it to death. A king snake five
feet long will Strangle a dog or rattle
snake. The only snake able to defend
itself against the king-snake is the glass
snake. When the king-snake springs
at the glass snake; the glass-snake breaks
into pieces, and its foe might just as
well try to strangle a basket of clothes
pins or a pailful of sardines.
Sporil at Which irgs arc Driven
The speed at which some wings arc
driven is cnormons. It is occasionally
so great as to canse the pinions to emit
a drumming sound. To this source the
bnn of the fly, the drone of the l>ce.
and the lioom of the lieetle are to be
referred. When a grouse, partridge
or pheasant suddenly springs into the
air, the aonnd produced by the whirring
of its wings greatly resembles that pro
duced by the eontact of *i< ,-l with the
rapidly revolving stone of the knife
grinder. It has been estimated that
the common fly moves its wings three
I hundred and thirty times per second,
j nineteen thonsand eight hnndrcd
times per minute, and that the butterfly
moves its wings nine times per second,
or five hnndrcd and forty times per
minnte. These movements represent
an incredibly high speed even at the
roots of the wings; lint the speed is
enormonsly increased at the tip of the
I wings, from the fact that the tips rotate
j npon the roots as centers.
The New Orleans Picayun giro* this
recipe: " To take iron sUinsont of mar
ble: An equal quantity of freah spirits
of vitriol and lemon jnica Iwing mixed
in a bottle, shake well, wet the spots
and in a few minute* rub with soft linen
until they disappear." There is no way
! to prove that recipe as unreliable, for it
•aya "rub until they disappear," and a
; man may rub for forty years and not
bare fulfil led the conditions.
THE AIiDCAIUIH,
A Iteninrknblr Hare of Moult,
Ilnrliurlooo.
The Araucanian country stretches
east and west from the Cordilleras to
the Pacific. Within these limit* there
are several tribes, whose numlters are
variously estimated at from 24,000 to
70,000, the true figures being some
where between these two estimates.
The inhabitants are divided into four
principal divisions, each headed by its
own prince. These, though indejendent
of each other, form a Hand or confeder
ation for runtual defense against a for
eign enemy. Each of these four great
• divisions is divided into five smaller
! ones, and these are again sub-divided
! into nine districts or septs.
I The numbers five and nine have a
1 mystical character among the Amucani
ans. Leaders of all the sub-divisions
puKH on their office* as hereditary to
their KOIIH in the order of primogeni
ture; and the whole body of the chief
or caciques form the nobility. The
caciques coni[*osc the great council of
the nation, which meet* annually under
a great tree for the transaction of pub
lic business. As a matter of fact no
decision come to at one of these diets
is accepted by the people in general un
, less the latter admit its propriety; for
the clansmen, being free and armed,
rigorous!v impose limits on the exer
cise of authority.
I olygaiuy is the rule, at least among
the cacique*, two un.l three wives being
common in a chief 1 * household. The
Araucanian Pantheon contains three if
not four divinities —a .Supreme Creator,
a god of good, a god of evil, and perhaps
a god of war. Keligiou* rites and cere
monies there are few. Exorcisms bv
the mucins, or wise women, and the
sacrifice of some animal under the shade
i of the drymia, or white cinnamon tree,
are among the few that the Araucanian*
are known to practice.
I hey all believe in a future state, and
at the death of a cacique sacrifioe a
horse to keep him company ; while the
coast trilie burr him in his canoe. Mar
riage by capture exists among them in a
ceremony of a very remarkable kind.
1 tie bridegroom approaches the bride's
house on horscbai k and carries her off
with him, in spite of the apparent opj*>-
aitionof her family, on his steed. The
i .atom must have |>een in existence
1 -ng before the Arauranians could have
|M>s*c*Hed or ever have seen horses,
uiijeh were unknown to their neightmr
bood a little more than three centuries
ago.
It lias, however, survived tl„. :nt ro
il lotion of the**) animals and the ro
markahlc change* of their war of life
which til list hare leetj caused hv it.
They are not noma 1, but intelligent and
industrious agriculturists, who, how
ever, occasionally shut their ab<.den in
•i-arch of more fertile soil or for other
reasons. Ther live in well-built bouses.
the interiors of which ar- cleanly and
The almost unanimous testimony
of credits them with many
'They are said to l>e " hardy,
hospitable, faithful to their engagc
menu, generous t< fallen enemy, ar
•lent, intrepid and enthuaiaatic lovers of
libortT."
Physically they are a well-made and
good looking people They manufac
ture their own clothing, which is 1H
coming and oven picturesque. Thev
seem to combine much of the civiliza
tion of the ancient Mexicans and Peru
vians with a freedom from Isarbarish
and a love of lilierty to which those
races were strangers. They have man
fully maintained their independence for
.'MX) years; and though their dreaded
neighlor (Chili) lias had her hands
quits) full during the last two years
they have never taken advantage of her
leing engaged in war to troable her.
Mr. Boyd attributes the few raids on
farmhouses that have l>een niado of late
to the instigation of Chilian desjHUw
does or runaway convict*. The one
fault of this interesting people appears
to le an inordinate fondness for the
" fire-water" of their more civilized
neighbors. By means of this their lands
are easily got from them, and under its
influence they sink to the level of the
most irreclaimable savages. Away from
it they retain all their virtues, not the
least among which are those domestic
ones in which they show an excellent
example to their Christian acqnaint
nncea in the repnblic.
The natural resources of their coun
try are so great that they are not likely
to l>e allowed to retain it very long;
and, as spirits and the diseases brought
by the white men have already liegim to
diminish their numliers, it is to le
feared that before long this noble race
of men will have disappeared altogether
before the advance of a civilization
which promises to exterminate them for
the sake of the territory which they in
habit. - /'„// M, t U GomtU.
Waal Point officer: M Owlet, what in
that TOU hare stuffed in your pocket,
air?" Owlet: " Tobacco, air." Officer:
"Gire it to me. It ia against
the ordera of the poat to chew tobacco,
air." Officer turn* hia back and cnta off
a chew, and talking to hitnuelf: "That'*
mighty good ping to a man that'a been
nt of tobacco for three daya."
TlfE FAMILY IMMTOK.
A poultice of trim]i tee leaves, moist
ened With water, will cure a stye on the
eyelid.
lor earache, dissolve assafitida in
; warm a few drops and drop in
I '" ar ' l^fc " cork the <*r with wool,
i lie trne physiological way of treating
irriH and noahls is to at onoe exclnde
" with cotton batting, flour,
,WI "
The white of an egg into which .
piece of alnm about the *i*. „f „ w .lnut
has )>oen stewed until it form* a jelly in
a fine remedy for sprains, it should Ire
laid over the sprain on a pie* of lint
and changed as often as it In comes
dry.
A medical journal gives the following
simple remedy for relieving hiccough :
'• Inflate the lungs as fully as possible
and tljTis press firmly on the agitated
diaphragm. In a few second* the spas
rnodic action of the muscle* will cease.
lo cure bunions use pulverized salt
jieter and sweet oil. Obtain at a drug
gist s five or six cents' worth of salt
peter; put into a Irottle with snflicient
olive oil to dissolve it, shake up well,
and rub the inflamed joints night and
morning, and more frequently if pain
ful.
The following drink for relieving
sickness of the stomach is said to be
very palatable and agreeable : Iteat up
one egg very well, say for twenty
minutes, then aid fresh milk one pint,
water one pint, sugar to make it jsdat
able ; boil, and get it cool; drink when
cold. If it lx-comes curds and whey it
is useless.
A standing antitode for poison by
dew, poison oak, ivy, etc., is to take a
handful of quicklime, dissolve in water,
let it stand half an hour, then paint the
poisoned part* with it. Three or four
application* will never fail to cure the
most aggravates! case*.
The American F air.
The first European banners unfurled
ujxin the shores of the new world, of
which we have any authentic account,
are those of Columbus, who landed on
the small island of St. Salvador <>cto
l>er 12, 1 UhL. Doubt leas his id ea of a
new world to the westward came from
Iceland, which he visited in the spring
of 1177.
Hia aon write* that Columbun, dr<-sed
in scarlet, atp[d ashore and preaaod
the royal standard of H|>ain, emblazoned
with the arum of Cantile and Leon. A
white with a green croaa, was ita
companion.
In 1439 the eastern coast of South
America was explored, and eight years
later the great discovery was announced
to the world by a Florentine, Amoricus
N ospuciuo, who gave name to the west
ern continent. Alout this time the
( *lots planted on the shore of North
America the banners of England and of
St. Mark of \ cnice. The early voyagers
found that the Indiana of North America
carried for a standard a pole, well
covered with the wring feathers of
eaglea.
The red cross of St. (icorge floated
from the mast of the Mayflower, li<2o
when the Pilgrims landed on Hymouth
rook. For a century and a half, during
the colonial and provincial ]>erioda, the
use of the English flag continued in
North America, with the addition of
many devices and mottoes.
Some flags were all red, white, blue
or yellow. Others were red, with white
horizontal stnjHw, or red and blue
stripes. I pon those were tne pine or
" Liberty Tree." and the words: M An
Appeal to Heaven;" also stars, the cres
cent, anchor, leaver and serpent. I'ndcr
the latter, •• Don't Tread on Me." A
flag at the battle of White Tlaina bore
the words " Liberty or Death."
On January 2, 177 G. at Cambridge,
Mass., was first hoisted the "Orand
I nion " flag of the crosses of Bt. Ooorge
and Bt. Andrew, and the thirteen alter
nate red and white stripe*, cmhlamati
cal of the union of the thirteen colonies
against the oppressive acts of British
tyranny.
This was the flag in use when th
I '• < larstion of Independence was read b,T
the committee of aafety at Philadelphia,
in the presence of Washington in New
and from tLe balcony of the State
house in Boston.
On the 14th of August, 1777, Con
gress resolved " that the flag of the
I nited States be thirteen stripes, alter
nately red and white, and that the union
le thirteen stars, white in s bine field,
representing a new constellation."
lOnce the stripes were increased ta
fifteen, but in 1818 they were changd|
permanently to thirteen,
the original thirteen States ofthg
Union, and it was decreed that for every
new State coming into the Union a -tar
shonld be added. Hie stars harp
five points; those on our coins six.
They were first arranged in a
afterward in the form of a hug* alar, and
now in parallel lines.
Nail driving machines are now in tun
in box factories and other place* on
machine doing the work of front ton to l
fifteen men in nail driving.