FARM. WARDEN AND HOUSEHOLD.
Tit* Mock tad Ik* Uratl,
Do not Rraft upon old trees. Do not
graft upon old trees that are in an un
thritty or dying oondltlon, until you
have pruned, manured, and cultivated
them to Rive tfcem a new start. After
tiiey have made new shoots, and shown
that they have a new lease of life, you
may graft with profit. I)o not Kraft
winter varieties upon early sorts, or
tart apples upon sweet, if you want to
secure good specimens ol the new sorts
you put in. There are many well-au
thenticated facts which show that the
stock does have some influence upon
the graft. A neißhbor of ours across
the nne. of an inquiring: turn of mind,
found in one orchard near him, trees
of the Rhode Island Greening that
habitually produced apples that rotted
on the trees in the fall, and none of
them would keep until th new year,
while the orchard close by bore frnit
that kept well. Upon inquiry he found
that these poor .keepers were grafted
upon early stocks and upon unthrifty
trees. There weie two causes at
work to hasten the maturity of the ap
ples and make them comparatively
worthless. If you want late keepers,
graft winter varieties upon winter
stocks. There is very little doubt tnat
sweet varieties are made less sweet by
being grafted upon some stoeks. Care
lessness in selecting stocks is one of the
reasons why there is such a wide de
parture from a normal type in many of
the more popular varieties of our win
ter apples. Our nurserymen ought to
look after this thing, and in planting for
nursery stocks the seeds of early and
late apples should he kept separate, and
the young stocks designed for winter
va: ieties should he grown exclusively
from the seeds of the best keeping win
ter apples. We have no doubt that our
best winter apples can be improved in
their keeping quality by being grafted
upon late keeping stocks, and by being
grown upon well-fed, vigorous trees. —
American Agriculturist.
BMHWi
BALLOON PUDDING.—Take onepintof
sweet milk, three eggs, one pint offiour:
beat the yolks of the eggs light and mix
with the milk, then stir into the flour
gradually, beating it well; add one
snltspoon of salt; then wisp the whites
of the eggs until stiff, and stir through
the milk and flour lightly; butter snnll
cups, and fill them half lull of the mix
ture, and bake in a quick oven; when
done, turn them out of the cups on to a
heated dish, and send to the table hot.
HOT BUTTERED LOAK.—One quart of
flour, a gill of yeast, two eggs, one table
spoonfuF of butter creamed, making it
softer than light bread dough, lightened
in the shape you bake it in, which is
usually a round tin. Make it up after
breakfast for tea. It is delightful for
handed supper when cut into slices a
little less than an inch thick, just as
as it is drawn from the oven, and
buttered generously. The slices should
be heaped one upon another as fist as
buttered, so that the loaf may retain its
shape.
BOILED ONIONS.—Take off outside
skin, cut off both ends, letstind in cold
water an hour; then drop them into a
saucepan containing two quarts boiling
water; boil fifteen or twenty minutes;
saucepan must be closely covered; then
pour off this water; then boil a half
hour longer in two quarts of fresh
boiling water; scald a cupful of nice
fresh milk, thickened with a little flour;
season to taste and boil five minutes,
and sej-ye whole. This destroys the
disagreeable taste and smell of
the orfioffi, and will not produce heart
burn J *
KASILT-MADE STEW—Which may be
left in a slow oven for several hours, or
even all day. Take two pounds of
gravy beef, cut off the skin and fat, di
vide it into pieces about an inch square,
wasli it, then place it in a large bowl or
small crock, cover it with water, or
ather add as much as desired tor gravy
beef-tea; let it stand an hour, then
over it with a plate, and place it in a
low oven, adding previously a little
salt, and if liked, an onion cut up fine.
It should cook four or five hours, and
then there will be enough gravy for de
licious and most nutritious beef tea, as
well as an excellent dish of wholesome
meat.
Wet and Dry Plowmg.
Blowing land when it is very dry is
nearly as hurtful as when it is very wet.
But my experience is with heavy clay or
land in which clay is an important con
stituent. Such land when plowed dry
breaks up lumpy, and subsequent rains
do not dissolve the lumps. It is my
opinion that there is never a more suit
able condition for plowing any soil than
when it has enough moisture to cause
the furrows to bill loosely ironi the
plow, with no appearance of packing
and no lumps.
Tnralig Hanart.
A large heap may be turned by be
ginning at each end. and throwing off
the manure to a distance of about three
feet; gradually move it from each end
until there are two heaps. After the
manure has remained in this way for a
few we< ks, replace the two heaps, mak
ing one heap again, thus turning the
manure very thoroughly twice. In
turning, the manure should be shaken
thoroughly apart, and all the lumps
broken. Two loads of manure so treated
do as much immediate good as will
three of coarse, lumpy stuff.
Land Floods.'
Numerous striking fact* have been
narrated to illustrate the suddenness
and disastrous character of floods in the
Knot. A gentleman traveling through
the Holy Lano pitched his tent in a dry
valley ono pleasant evening, and retired
to rest without tbirkingof the possi
bility of being disturbed by rain. Be
fore morning he heard the rush of water,
from which he and his party had barely
time to escape, with a loss of clothing,
books and instruments.
The wet monsoons invariably bring
sudden and heavy rains, causing the
earth—long previously baked by a burn
ing sun— to swell and heave the founda
tions of houses not built upon a mck.
In Egypt a higher rise of the Nile
than usual sometimes sweeps off whole
villagesand their inhabitants. A writer
who witnessed one of these Nile floods
said:
"The cottages, being built of earth,
could not stand for one Instant against
the current, and no sooner did the water
reach them than it leveled them with
the ground. The rapid stream carried
off all that was before itr-men, women,
children, cattle, corn—everything was
washed away in an instant, and left the
plaoe where the village stood without
anything to Indicate that there had ever
been a house on the spot."
HORRORS OF A FAMINE.
A Terrible Picture of the Safrt>Ci of
the Retires of Bra ell.
The United States consul at Pernam
buco, Bra7.il, writes to the assistant
secretary of state, giving details of the
terrible suffering In Northern Brazil,
caused by the protracted socca or
drought. He says: Two noted seccas
prevailed during the years of 1888 and
1845, hut I doubt whether there hns
ever been here or elsewhere, In the his
tory of the world, a famine so fatal in
effects in proportion to the population
as this of Ceara. Those of India and
China, it must lie considered, occurring
in crowded countries, where the people
are counted by millions, and not by
thousands like the Ccarcnses. Two
yesrs and a half ago, when the secca
commenced, the province of Ceara num
bered 900,000 inhabitants; out of these
800,000 have died of disease and starva
tion.
The secca began in the summer of
1876, and continued to the close of the
year 1878, lasting for thirty months; no
rain having fallen during iho whole two
years and a half, and the once fertile
and luxuriant Sertao, where the farms
and villages prospered in pence and
plenty, now presents the appearance of
a vast blackened desert, burnt over by
fire.
In November of 1876, after the "Ensti
vete" or summer sleep, when the
"Chuvas do Ciyu3," or fruit rains, failed
to appear, the people did not worry, as
their acueles, or ponds, were not ex
hausted, a.id they looked confidently
forward to the winter inins to set every
thing right. But these never came, and,
ns the dry spring advanced, 3ad accounts
began to come eastward of poverty and
suffering among the poor. loiter on, as
the burning summer slowly passed,
bringing no November showers, and an
other January went by without rain,
there came appalling news of famine,
disease, dead cattle, nnd of dying and
despairing people.
Ixing penitential processions were
formed and the miserable Sertanejoe
lieat, cut, and otherwise punished them
selves to appease an offended Deity.
But the pitiless secca still continued,
threatening everything and everybody
with inevitable destruction.
The wretched people were now re
duced to the nec<>ssity of eating roots,
cotton pods, the Mui uma bean, which
produces dropsy, lizards, dogs, cats,
rats, roaches, any living or dead thing
capable of affording sustenance; nnd in
some instances they were even goaded
to cannibalism by the pangs of hunger.
To increase the unimaginable hor
rors of the situation, the smallpox
broke out among the Sertanejos and be
came epidemic; typhusand other fevers
were raging, and in February and
March of 1878 the mortality became
frigutful.
The cattle were now nil dead, the
rivers dried up, and there being no rail
roads or other communications by
which provisions could reach the Ser
tao, the inhabitants, dreading whole
sale starvation, abandoned it Together,
and the whole torrent of life swept sea
ward.
Ceara, Parahvba, An caty, Baturite—
all the towns along tiie coast were now
alive with suffering humanity; age,
youth, men, women and children, all
famine stricken, coming in from the
country by thousands upon thousands.
The city of Ceara, with 35.000 inhabi
tants of its own, received over 90,000
Scrtaneios. Impossible to provide for
such a host, the Ce.trenses did their best,
but it was a sorrowful spectacle to see
thousands of emaciated creaturw sitting
or lying on the open largos (squares)
smitten with smallpox and other loath
some diseases, some lamenting their own
fate, or the loss of friends others too
weak or ill to complain; some wishing
to die from despair, ard ethers insane
from suffering; a dangerous and most
harrowing scene—one with few parallels
in history.
A Brave Indian Nrout.
There lias been received at General
Sheridan's headquarters a communica
tion frem Colonel E. B. Beaumont, ma
in r in the Fourth cavalry, dated Fort
R'no, Indian Territory, asking that a
pension or some other suitable reward
be given to an Arapahoe Indian scout
by the name of " Ch ilk." who displayed
distinguished gallantry in a fight which
the troops had in Indian Territory in
1878. with the recalcitrant Northern
Cheyennes, led by Dull Knife, Little
Wolf and Hog. then on their flight
through Kansas. Lieutenant D. N. Mc-
Donald, of the Fourth cavalry, whose re
port of the affair is enclosed, say* that
when the command started in pnrsuit
there were some fifteen scouts with the
expedition, hut after traveling some
twenty miles or so, and fearing ambus
cade, they commenced "feeling sick,"
and one after another dropped out of
sight and returned to the agency, with
the exception of two, " Chalk " and
"Sitting Bear." These two Indians be
haved splendidly, and were excellent
scouts and trailers. On the morning of
Septenilier 13, 1878, these Indians, who
were in advance, discovered the hostile
Cheyennes in position awniting the com
mand, and it soon became evident that
in point of numbers they were greatly
superior to the pursuing troops, who
were soon surrounded. A small knoll in
rear of the position occupied by the
troops which was held by a squad ol
one sergeant and three men, was vigor
ously attacked by a party of Indians.
The sergeant and fiis squad were in dan
ger of being overpowered, w hen "Chalk,"
borrowing a revolver from the white
scout who accompanied thecommnnd,
and jumping upon one ol the cavalrv
horses, made a desperate charge into the
midst of the hostiles, creating such a
diversion as enabled re-enforcements to
reach the beleaguered party, and the
enemy was repulsed and driven hack. In
this charge " Chalk " received a danger
ous wound in a very tender part of the
body. The next day, as the command
were away from water and beleaguered,
it became necessary to make a retreat,
and to do this the command had to cut
its way through the lines of the hostiles.
"Chalk," who was being carried on a
litter, seeing the dangerous position of
the soldier*, told the men who were
carrying him to " go and light," nnd get
ting off the litter, managed by crawling
upon his back to keep up with the re
treating soldiers until camp was reached.
The result is that lie is a cripple for liie.
General Pope commanding the depart
ment ol the Missouri, In forwardiug the
report, earnestly recommends favorable
action in the case of this faithful and
deserving Indian.
Cuba ha* a population of 1,400,000,
comprising oon.ooo Cubans, 100,000
Spaniard*. 040,000 negroes nnd 59.000
Chinese. The debt of Cuba is 9100,000,-
000. and increasing at the rate of 915,-
000 000 to 900.000,000 annually.
m TIMELY TOPICS.
And now oourts have decided that a
chalk mark is patentable, and have or
dered the commissioner of patents to
issue n patent to the man who wanted
one for such a mark! The chalk is ap
plied to a piece of pasteboard cut in n
strip and fastened together in circular
form, with beveled edges, so that it can
he slipped over sugar buckets, jars of
sweetmeats, cake boxes and the like to
repel insects.
Seven years ago James Creese came to
this country from England, leaving his
wife, son and daughter behind him.
His wife and son followed soon after,
and the family settled near New York
city. They intended to send for the
daughter as soon as possible, but just as
the nccessury funds had been saved Mrs.
Creese became sick and died, and the
expenses of her illness and burial ate up
the fund. A second time the needful
sum was accumulated, when the son
died and the money was agnin diverted.
The father set himself to work to lay by
another fund, and had succeeded within
a few dollars when he died.
Miss Emily Scott, the manager of a
species of Shepherdess's Fold, at Hast
ings, England, who was arrested recently
for starving her maid-servant, aged
fourteen,when remanded, ten days after,
said that she had had the girl two yearH
and had fed her on "porridge, mixed
with cod-liver oil." The master of the
workhouse, where the girl wasscntaftcr
Miss Scott's arrest, testified that she
weighed only thirty-five pounds when
taken there, and in eight days increased
eight pounds In weight- She was not
yet fit to give evidence. Then Miss
Scott, who had given bail in f350, drove
home in a cab, followed by a mob, which
gathered around and threatened the
house, until dispersed by the police.
A curious experiment in " railroad
ing "wns tried in California recently.
It was a new, single-track road. The
temporary track win, 800 feet long, the
ties being fence-posts, on which the
track was nailed with teupenny nails.
The engine, loaded with coal ana water,
weighed nine and one-half tons. The
rails are of wood, and the wheels broad
and flat, being sixteen inches on the
face. The cars are hung within three
inches of the track. The engine and
loaded car attached, weighing in all
twenty-five tons, went rapidly up a
800- foot grade, making excellent time.
It is claimed that the wear and tear is
not sucli as might be expected, and that
nn immense gaining in freights can he
made by building these roads, which
cost hut little for .construction
Witliin the last few yews there ha*
been a great decrease in the flax and
linen trade of Great Britain. The acre
age planted with flax has fallen off 9,886
acres since 1871. In that year there
were some 500 factories engaged in the
manufacture of linens in England,
Scotland and Ireland. This number
was reduced to 400 in 1878. The num
ber of spindles was reduced during the
same time from 1,668,335 to 1,904.760,
and the number of oper&tiges from 124,-
772 to 108,806. The decline in the linen
business is attributable to the falling off
of the foreign demand. The export of
the manufactured linens wns reduced
from 220,467,476 yards in 1871 to 177.-
776,527 yards in 1878, while during the
same period the exportation of linen
yarns fell from 36,235,025 pounds to 19,-
216,000 pounds.
The incident* occurring in Colorado
very-day lile fully demonstrates the
uncertainty of property, and that hag
gard want may take wings and fly away
when leant expected to do so. A short
time ago a younjr fellow in his teens, and
n nobby air, visited one of tiie first-class
jewelry stores in Denver, and selecting
an elegant gold watch and costly cha n,
stepped to the desk and carelessly drew
his check for the amount. The jeweler
somewhat dubiously examined the
check,remarking that ne supj>osed it was
all right, although he did not know the
customer. " Why, yea, you know me,"
exclaimed the young man; "my father
used to do your washing, hut six months
ago he went to I/eadville, where he dis
covered a mine, ltd has sold it lor
#50.000." The jeweler then remembered
the boy, whose statement was perfectly
true.
Mr. A J. Severance, of San Fran
cisco, says that the diamond drill has
played a very important part in devel
oping the mineral wealth of the West.
The first great treasure house which
these drills opened up was that known
as the Consolidated Virginia and the
California Bonanzas, which have yielded
#107,000,000, of which the stockholders
have received #74.000.000 in dividends.
One of the owners of the mines told Mr.
Severance that the diamond drill had
realized for him #5.000.000. All of the
princi< al Comstock mines, and tnnny of
the largest mining properties located in
California and Nevada, use these drills.
They are also extensively used in Col
orado; have pushed their way to most
of the Territories; have l>een introduced
and operated in New Mexico, old Mex
ico and Australia. The Japanese gov
ernment have also been supplied with
them.
Ti.e Cnuntos* Panine, lady-in-waiting
to the Rniprem of Russia, ha* In-en re
quested to resign and to travel abroad.
She ia of a romantic tarn, and some
times received guests oi whose character
she was not ftilTy aware. Among tliem
was a young student, who, warned that
the police were about to search ljl
rooms, fled to her house with his papers,
and, being pursued to her room, hid the
papers under her pillow. The police
discovered them and arrested him. That
the Nihilists, however, have friends in
high quarters is shown, not only by the
cipher documents found on Deutscli,
killed in the secret pres- affair, but by
letters found on a Russian doctor and
refugee at Far s. who either threw him
self or was thrown into the Seine.
These documents were sewn in his
trou*crs I ning and were handed over to
the Russian embassy, who forwarded
t em to the St. Petersburg detectives.
A case of what may be called dual
existence has been discovered by the
Louisville Courier-Journal in the little
town of Millersburg, Ky. A pretty girl
about fifteen years old, who had some
trouble with her spine, is the interesting
object. When she is awake she acts
like a sedate and modest maiden: hut
when she is in one of her somnambu
listic tr ivcls she is a wild, romping,
forward hoyden. In the former stale
tier nerves are super-sensitive, and even
to touch her is to give her psin. In the
utter state her nerve* arc entirely cal
lous. Naturally, she likes to read scrl
on* literature; abnormally ah want*
nothing but Mother Gooses' melodies.
She writes with her right hand in the
one case and with her left in the other.
That her eyes are entirely closed during
the somnambulistic freaks is vouched
for by several physicians, and that hers
is really not another case of hysterical
deception is affirmed by Dr. Ends, who
lms attended her since her childhood
She, of course, does not, or pretends
not, to remember what she did in her
abnormal condition, and when told she
will not believe it.
The Dnck Hunter's Story.
" Speaking of duck shooting on St.
Clair Tints, sighed an old citizen as he
took a seat in a gun store yesterday, " I
don't think there are as many birds up
there as there were ten or fifteen years
ago. Why, sir, the channels used to be
just black witli 'em, and they were so
tame that you could knock 'em on the
head."
Everybody sighed to think those good
old days and ducks could never return,
and the veteran hunter continued:
" I remember I ws out one day in
April. I got ?n among the bipeds, and
how many do you think I counted?"
"Three hundred," ventured one of the
audience, after a long interval.
"Three hundred! Why, I always
killed over a thousand every time I
went out! No, sir, I counted over 16,000
great big, fat, plump, delicious ducks,
and then I had only counted those on
one side of the boat!
" How long did it fake you?"
" I don't sir, I had no watch
with me. Time is nothing to a man
counting ducks. I counted aloud, ami
when the ducks were small I counted
two for one. By-and-bye I got tired of
counting and got ready for the slaugh
ter."
"How many did you kill?"
"Well, now, I suppose I could lie
about it and say I killed nine or ten
hundred, hut I'm getting too near the
grave for that. No, I didn't kill a
blame one, and that's where the strange
part of the story comes in. When I be
gan to lift that gun up those ducks
knew what I was up to just as well as a
human being, and what did they do?
Why, sir, about 5200 of 'em made a sud
den dive, swam under the boat, and all
raised on her port side at once and up
set her! Yes, sir. they did, and there I
was in the North Channel, in ten feet of
water, boat upset, night eoming on and
I in my wet clothes.
" Well?"
' Well, I climbed up on the bottom
of the boat, floated five miles, and was
picked up bv two Indians. We towed |
that upset boat to an island, and here
another curious thing comes in. Under
the boat were 5264 1.-irga, piump ducks. j
They had been caught there when she '
upset, and all we had to do was to haul |
'em out and rap 'em on the head."
"Why, why didn't they dive down
and get from under the boat?" asked an
amateur duck-shooter.
" Why didn't they, sir—why didn't
they? Well, sir, I might have asked 'em
why they didn't, hut it was late, a cold
wind bed sprung ur>, and I didn't feel
like talking! All I know is that I
counted over 16,000 ducks, was upset,
captured 5264. and have affidavits here
I in my wallet to prove everything I
have stated. Does any man here want
to see the documents?"
No man did. They all looked out of
the windows and wondered if they
couid lie that way when they had
j passed threescore years.— Dei/ ml free
\PrcM.
A Plan to Make Sew York a Fresh Water
Pert.
James Cochrane, " formerly of the
United States navy." gravely proposes
to convert New York harbor into a mill
pond, for the benefit of commerce and
the improvement of public health In
the first place, he would build at the
Narrows, and at Throgg's neck, on the
sound, artificial dams with locks, which
would shut out Iho ocean tides and con
vert the bay and the water communi
cating therewith into a many-armed
fresh-water lake, with a level five or six
bet above the present level of the water
at high tide.
Among the benefits promised by the
chankC are these:
The vast area of fiats along the.Jersev
shores would be permanently flooded,
putting an end to their malarious ex
halations.
The depth of water could be regulated,
and would be uniform, thus saving that
portion ol the large expen*° involved in
handling freight at the wharves, due to
rising and foiling tides.
The danger and cost of ferry bridges
would be obviated, with much of the
difficulty and danger now attending the
navigation of ferryboats.
The water of the port would be fresh,
and fatal to barnacle* and ship worms,
making the port a desirable one for ship
ping awaiting freight.
The flow of theriver would be steadily
toward the sea, so that the tedious an
chor wateli might be dispensed with.
Tlio surplus wnter could be used as
the source of mechanical power.
The aggregate saving promised for the
plan proposed amounts to millions of
dollars every year, and millions of lives
in time not stated. But the greatest
benefit is modestly withheld. In com
paratively few years the vast areas of
waste water from Newark bay to
Throgg's neek would be filled up by
river silt, and ur.der proper cultivation
would furnish all tlie garden truck re
quired by the surrounding cities. The
value of sucli reclaimed fond would be
enormous; while the narrow channels
that would carry off the following fresh
water would probably be ample for the
needs of all tlie commerce that would
seek Now York as an inland port.—
Scientific American.
Word* or WMim.
The key to every man is his thought.
Casual thoughtsarose met imesof great
▼alue.
People seldom improve when they
have no other model but themselves to
copy after.
The more we do, the more we can do;
the more busy we are the more leisure
we liavy.
Envy is a paasion so full of confidence
and shame, that nobody ever had the
confidence to own it.
The mind of youth cannot remain
ornptv; if yon do not put into it that
which is wood, it will gather rlsewhw#
that which is evil.
There is no time in a man's life when
he is so great as when he cheerfully
bows to the necessity ol his position,
and makes the best of it.
Newton found that a star, examined
through a glass tarnished by smoke,
was diminished into a speck of light.
Bdt no smoke ever breathed so thick a
mist as envy or detraction.
RELIGIOUS HEWS AND NOTES.
There are 309,430 Roman Catholics in
Scotland.
More than 91,600,000 is said to be in- I
vested in mission buildings in New York !
city.
Several Congregational churches in
Massachusetts have lately eleeted dea
contuses.
It is stated that no less than sixty
eight missionaries have gone from Maine
to the foreign field, one-third of whom
are still in active service.
The 15,000,000 Coreans have never had
the Bible in their own tongue; but the
translation of the New Testament into
that language is half done.
Idolatry, the missionaries report, is on
the decline in Western Africa, where the
head priest of one large district has em
braced the Christian faith.
T e highest salary in the Holston con- '
feri ce (Methodist Episcopal church
Soi h) last year was $1,900; the lowest
set nty-fi ve cents and a deer skin.
Wiere are 3,674 Congregational
churches in the United States whose
benevolent contributions last year were
91,098,601.43, and whose home expendi
tures were 92,594,9528.81.
An evangelical paper states that there
are nearly two thousand more clergy
men in this country limn there are pul
pitH, and It advises the young men
to shovel and hoe rather than be minis
ters.
The Bapti-ts have in Great Britain
and Ireland 3,451 churches, 1,876 minis
ters, 5276.348 members, and 399,317
scholars in the Sunday-schools. They
have ten colleges, employing twenty- .
seven tutors ana professors. 1
The Prcsfmlcruin Ihinner rejoices that
pastoral visitation, which has been in
many places for years one of the lost |
arts, is giving evidence of n:-w life. It
is good for the people, and it is of no leas j
advantage to the pastor himself.
Governor Colquitt, of Georgia, is de
scribed as a working Christian—a man
who carries his religion into his daily
life. It is said that probably no man in
Georgia gives as much toward the sup
port of cliureh and charity as does Mr.
Colquitt.
It is an admitted fact that thousands
of men. women and children on Manhat
tan Island are living outside of all pa
rochial bounds, and never enter any of
the regular churches. It is the object of
the New York city mission to carry the
gospel from house to house that it may
reach these people.
The number of conversions at St.
Ixiuis during Mr. Moody's slay is esti
mated to have been 9,400, and some en- !
terprising man. by means of the multi
plication table and the division method, 1
his ascertained some other curious
statistics of his work. Mr. Moody's
spoken words he places at a total of
1.956,640, or an average of more than 500
for each convert.
Haw Narae* Are Trained.
There are three great training-school*
for nurses in New York city, nt Belie
vue, the Charity and the New York hos
pitals. At Believue nine wards of the
hospital are assigned to the use of the
school. The course of training is a
thorough one. Besides bedside instruc
tion from the house staff and leetures
from the surgeons and physicians on
points connected with tne care of the
sick, lessons In bandaging and the cook
ing of invalid fare are given, and con
stant practice in tbe nursing of surgical
and medical cases is kept up. The board,
lodging and washing of nurses are pro
vided. Two years is the term of service,
the tint being devoted to training and
the second to practical nursing, either as
head nurses or as attendants to private
cases outside the hospital. Ten dollars
a month is paid the first and sixteen dol
lars the second year. The charges for
outside nursing go to the hospital, which
is always ready to furnish private inva
lids with nurses on reasonable terms.
The Charity hospital school is under
the authority of the commissioners of
charities and correction. Tbe instruc
tion is in special forms of medical and
surgical nursing, the term of tuition the
same as that at Believue, and the pay ten
to fifteen dollars a month, with board
and washing. Pupils must be over
twenty and under thirty-five yean old
and must present with their applications
for instruction certificates of moral and
physical soundness from a responsible
citizen and a doctor. Services in the
wards of the hospital and the lying-in
wards of the Maternity hospital, and
lectures on the various branches of nurs
ing. form the curriculum. Frequent ex
aminations are held by tbe chief of staff
of Charity hospital. At the expiration
of the two years diplomas are given to
those qualified.
The same course of practical instruc
tion, extending over the same length of
time, is given at the New York hospital.
There are, too, elementary lessons In
anatomy, physiology and hygiene. One
month of each year may he spent in the
kitchen and one in the laundry. The in
struction in the kitchen consists of plain
cooking and all the varieties of special
diet, from gruels up. That In the laun
dry comprises plain and fancy washing
and ironing. Competent chiefs in each
department act as tutor*. At the end of
the first year a second class is formed,
and the nurses of the first class become
heads of the wards for next ymr. An
examination and diploma eno the term.
The classes are limited to twelve stu
dents each, of from twenty to thirty
years qld. in good health and with
a fair English education. Certificates of
character are also in rule. Applications
of admission to the New York hospital
school are matte to the board. The lady
superintendent has charge of that de
partment for Believue, and chief of staff
of the Charity hospital passes on appli
cants fort hat course, whom, on approval,
lie turns over to tne board of commis
sioners for final endorsement. Medical
men speak in the highest terms of these
schools and their system of instructions,
and they are said to have done incalcul
able good in raising what was up to a
few years ago a mere trade to the level
of an honorable and useful business, or
rather profession.
The enormous sums received by popu
lar actors are thus stated: K. A. Sot hern
gets evjry year IIfiO.OOO as Lord Dun
dreary, and John C. Owens plays thirty
weeks annually for 990,000; Joe Jeffer
son plays forty weeks as Rip Van W inkle
and tarns stw, ooo, and Margie Mitchell
earns from 980,000 to 950.000. |>ion
Kouclcanlt has just finished a season as
"Hhnughran." etc., at 93,000 a week,
and hi manager* scold hiui In the pub
lic prints because be would not
play longer at the same price. Mia*
Nciison makes over 9180.000 a year,
while Kenny Davenport earns 91.000 a
week every week she plays.
THE HAL VAT JO* ABMT.
ll* Orlln It. Hatha* of Work-Who* ft
1100 Done,
„ w ho have had access to the
hnglisli journal* during the put two
or three year*, have been frequently
struck with the graphic description*
given of the doing* and progress of a
queer religious organization known a*
the "Salvation Army." Now that a
detachment of the army ha* come into
our midst, with ways and methods of
work so sharply in contrast with our
own modes of evangelical work, and as
they are likely to be an object of in
creasing interest for at least some time
to come, it may not be amiss to give the
readers of the Bveniny Mail a brief his
tory of the origin of this singular organ
ization, with some account of what it
has already done, and what it proposes
to do in connection with its visit to this
country.
The founder of the organization and
the present head of it. or generalissimo,
is Rev. William Booth, an ex-Wesley an
Methodist clergyman, of London, Eng
land. He is a man of rare tenderness
and sensibility of heart, and was deeply
moved for the degraded and criminal
classes which crowd some parts
of the city, and whom it seemed
impossible to reach through any
of the ordinary methods of the
church. So deep was his interest in
these wretched classes, and such his de
termination to do something for their
salvation, that he requested the confer
ence to make this a special work, and
assign him to the charge of it. This,
however, the conference declined to do,
and assigned him instead to a country
charge. With his whole soul absorbed
>with this one idea the result may be
easily anticipated. He withdrew from
the conference, and, alone and unaided,
took up the work upon which his heart
was set. He went among the lowest
slums, he visited freely the vilest dens,
and to the most wretched and degraded
refuse of humanity—so steeped in vie*
and crime that all semblance of hu
manity seemed to have faded out of
them—he freely offered the salvation of
Christ to all who would accept it. The
vile, the criminal, the besotted in sin and
wretched, the refuse of the alleys and
dens heard with astonishment, for the
first time in their miserable lives, words
ol sympathy and kindness. They could
hardly trust their ears as this new lan
guage fell upon them. They crowded
around him by hundreds and thousands,
and followed him wherever he went.
Nor wn it the " bread of life" alone that
he gave them; like the Divine Master
who, nearly nineteen hundred years ago,
went about doing good to the bodies and
souls of men, so he dispensed also, wo en
it was needed, the bread that perishetti.
The result was that in a short time hun
dreds were converted.
It now became the great question how
to secure these converts and utilize
them in the further ad van cement of bis
great work. It would be of no use to
bring into operation theordinary church
machinery In their case. It would no
hold them s single day. They were a
" peculiar people," had led peculiar
livas.and had peculiar modes of thought.
Their lives had been different from the
lives of other men and women. Their
very modes of life had made them sen
sational and prone to the extravagant,
the startling and the out-of-the-way,
and so it was necessary in their case
that some extraordinary and novel
method should be devised to enlist and
hold them. It is easy to see how to a
mind and temperament like that of Mr.
Booth, who, in the course of bis work
had many a hard tight with the arc had
versary. and whose mind was full of the
militant figures of the Scriptures, the
idei. of a military organization, or a
fighting Christian army should suggest
itself; and so gradually the organisa
tion grew into the Salvation Army
with its battalions, detachments, its
processions and banners and music, its
captains and companies, its orders an<*
proclamations, and all the attractive et
cetera* so calculated by their very
novelty to draw the attention of those
to whom all ordinary attractions had
become blase. The success of Dr.
Booth's organisation is evidenced by the
fact that the Salvation Army now con
sists of 185 corps and stations with 179
officers wholly employed in its labor,
while privates are numbered by tens
of thousands. Its headquarter* are
in the east of London, in White
chapei street, consisting of a large
; building containing a large hall for pub
lic meetings and smaller halls for bnai
' ness purposes connected with the work.
( Latterly the organization has rapidly
extended overall the principal cities and
larger towns of England, Ireland and
; Scotland, and it has the hearty support
to many wealthy and influential penooa
both in and out of the church, who
freely advance the funds necessary for
the prosecution of the work.
It is claimed that through the labors
of the Salvation Army the character of
, the whole population of South Wales
| lias been changed for the better, that the
cliarge sheets of police courts haw been
greatly reduced, the liquor traffic almost
ouspended, and whole counties roused£o
spiritual concern. The same good re
sults have been claimed for It in the
principal towns of Great Britain in
which it has operated, and, it must be
confessed, vtfth a considerable degree of
truth. At any rate, th°re is one great
lesson being taught the church, and
Christian philanthropists generally, in
the rise and success of the Salvation
Army, and thai is, if the lower classes
are ever reclaimed and brought to
Christ, it most be by going down to
them with the gospel. The angel must
step down into the pool before the
waters can be troubled. And another
truth taught is, that even the lowest and
vilest can thus be reach< d; that they
thirst for human sympathy, long for
something better, and are ready eagerly
to accept it when honestly offered and in
the right way. Sew Fork Koemmf
MM.
A ton of gold or silver contains 89,199.-
06 ounces. A ton of gold is worth 9608,-
875. A ton of silver, at the present rate
per ounce, is worth about $38,000. A
cubic foot of gold weighs 1,800 pounds,
tuid is worth nearly 9300,000. A cubic
foot of silver weighs 600 pounds, and is
worth about f 10.000. The value of gold
coin, bars and bullion in circulation in
the world is estimated at 93.500.000,000.
This would make in one mass a twenty
live foot cube. The amount of silver In
circulation in the world is believed to
be equal in value to the gold supply.
Of the 677 British peers, 479 have
-cats In Uie house of fords, 431 by per
sonal right and 44 by election, 16 by the
,teers of Scotland and 99 by the peers ol
Ireland; while the 143 peerages of which
the holders are not legislators at present
are distributed among the peeresses and
peers ol Scotland and Ireland