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Germantown Man Left TVayne Avenue
Heme te Live and Laber JVith Lepers.
Toek Native Weman as Bride and
Served Term for
of Gandhi
FOUNDED A BROTHERHOOD
TO ALLEVIATE SUFFERING
OF COUNTLESS MILLIONS
Gave Up American Citizenship te Battle
Against Caste Injustice and Enforced
Laber System Is Considered (Hely
One ' ' by These He Has Struggled Fer
TF YOU knew your Kipling you have the atmosphere of this story. If
you knew your New Testament, you have Its lessen by heart. Fer
there is woven into it the romance of far lands and the humility of a lefty
soul. It is a page of the past, set down in the book of the present.
And it is the story of Samuel E. Stokes, native of Philadelphia, a
Quaker by ancestry, an Indian by adoption, a disciple of Mahatma Gandhi,
by allegiance.
Gandhi, man of the hour in India, traitor or teacher of truth, revolu
tionist or apostle of peace according te the point of view is serving a
entence in prison. The British Government said he Incited te insurrec
tion. And Stokes, the American, once, a British subject new, was im
prisoned along with him. He was sentenced for sedition, though he is
free new, having completed his term.
There was nothing te be done about it. They would net have it
otherwise. They were willing te go te jail. They were satisfied with their
let. Fer they believed what they preached, and preached what they be
lieved, as some men ever have done. And they will accept what comes
before they will surrender their convictions. Martyrs? Well, it all
depends en the viewpoint A cynic would call them something else. Yeu
may reach your own conclusions,
Samuel E. Stokes is new a little
past forty years old. He was born in
Philadelphia, and went out te India
as a Christian missionary in an in
dependent capacity, and at his own
expense, seen after the beginning of
the present century about 1903 or
1D04.
His family waa comparatively
wealthy, and though born in comfort
himself he inherited from his
mother, who has been the greatest
formative influence in his life, a
passionate devotion te the peer. He
comes originally from an old British
stock, which had settled in America
in the early days of British coloniza
tion. He has always been proud of
his British ancestry. His reading
of history, which has been a favorite
subject with him, has been inspired
by the thought that the history of
Great Britain is the life story of the
people from which his own family
had sprung.
Jail Sentence Brought
Him Inte Public Gaze
Though he has lived in India for
almost twenty years, with the ex
ception of a two years' holiday spent
;n Philadelphia, when he brought his
VAtive bride te this country te study
'n American schools, Mr. Stokes' life
'or the most part has been spent in
the retirement of the hills, away
from the busy centers of Indian pop
ulation and trade.
Only in very recent times has he
come fully into the public gaze. His
name and work went te the four
quarters of the earth when he was
arrested, convicted and sentenced
for sedition. His term in jail was
In Lahore, where Kiplinp's father
was curator of the museum, where
Kipling himself edited a news
paper and wrote his most famous
stories. And curiously Stokes, who
writes as well as he teaches, was an
associate editor of the same paper
ever whose destinies Kipling once
presided. His teachings led te his
Imprisonment.
Werd comes from India that he would
gladly have gene te prison en n charge
of civil disobedience. But be feels
keenly what he calls the falsity of the
accusation of stirring up hatred and
contempt for British rule among the
Indian natives. That was the charge
gainst htm, and under Indian law,
ea administered by British authority,
It Is seditious te criticize the Govern
ment, because, as the law holds, criti
cism tends te promote race hatred and
prejudice. Stoke wns arrested in
December. At his trial he admitted
having criticized the Government.
There was nothing te de but Imprison
him.
'ideals Net Shattered
by Term in Prison
When he was released he went back
te his life work, te pursue the name
course. Perhaps he will be Imprisoned
again. It will net prevent him from
talking.
In January some of Stokes' friends In
this country considered a possible ap-
peal te the State Department In his
behalf. Stokes sent word of his dls-
L approval. He was a British subject.
Hit lmd nerved in the Drlfinh Armv.
'Jf 3m wna nnntenpjMf tintlA. Ttffttflf, Im.m
Ofiv r. V-J U.l. . .,i A- .L-
D uau nu uueia lur cuiuimui le me
United States Government. The law
had te take its course. And se the
plan was dropped.
And new Mr. Stokes Is at bis Indian
home again, with his family, his six
loot months of imprisonment ever.
"He need net bad been Imprisoned,"
aid his mother. "Any time he agreed
te sign paper pledging bis word net
VlilMiti
tTj
By thing mere le de with na
he would hare been
k mU Mt 4e that. Be
-iL
Sedition as Follower
could net sacrifice his Ideals for the
sake of freedom.
"Of course, I am proud of what he
has. done," she ndded, her small figure
erect en the big divan en which she
sat In her pleasant home at M10 Wayne
avenue, Germantown.
"He suffered no hardships, though,"
Mrs. Stokes continued as she glanced
rather wistfully around the large room,
cool In its summer draperies, "and he
had a room opening en a court," her
glance straying through the window te
the terraced lawn with the walk wind
ing from the steps en the street te the
deer.
"He could read and study and write,
but only once was he allowed te have
a visitor.
"I think they Imprisoned him be be
tause they wanted te get him out of
the way. Wherever he gees he is n
man of Influence, and I think they did
net want him te exercise his power.
"His terra of Imprisonment was ever
June 2. It was en June 15 that I
received a cable saying: 'Heme again.'
It came en my birthday. Of ceurse,
that may have been just a coincidence,
hut I thought perhaps he had planned
for me te receive it then."
Lived in Leper Colony
After Reaching India
Soen after he reached India Stokes
went te live in n leper colony. He was
housed with the lepers themselves. He
had east aside nil the paraphernalia
of the European missionary nnd had
become, almost from the very first,
frankly Indian in his dress and habits
nnd manner of life. He worked among
the lepers with devoted care. He would
nure them with his own hands, em
bracing them in his fearless love, as St.
Francis of Assisl did of old, and bind
up their sores.
Though immune from leprosy, b
home gift of body or spirit, he wns at
tacked by typhoid fever while In the
midst of thin activity. The illness
proved almost fatal. Fer weeks he hov
ered between life and death. Finallj
the crisis passed, and he began n long
convalescence.
After that he spent the het weather
of each succeeding jenr at Kntgnrh,
which is fifty miles beyond Simla along
the Hindustan-Tibet read. He used te
take with him an adopted f.imil)
of little children. One wiin quite blind,
but always jelly and cheerful; two
were the sons of leper pnrents;
one was infirm. They all grew up as
one family with him, and he shared
ever) thing with them In common. Dur
ing thlH period of his life he nlwajs
slept upon the bare ground, cooked lils
own and the children's feed, nnd lived
much In meditation in n cave en the
mountainside.
In tin- succeeding years he formed
n fn-t friendship with an Englishman,
C. P. Andrews, &-rtT with Iluilrn, prin
cipnl of tin Delhi Scheel. The former
Knew Stokes intimately durins thcrfc
j ears of his life, nnd has followed liih
movements since. In n biography writ
len ns a preface te n book called "The
Vwnkenlng India." which Mr. Stokes
has written and which is being published
iiliieud, Mr. Andrews thus describes his
life and character from personal ob eb ob
xvivatlen :
"Year bv year, each summer, I used
te meet him nnd IiIh family of bevs
nnd nlse te stay with him. I could
net share the austerities of his life
they were tee hard for me. I could
only wonder at the remarkable powers
of endurance und the strength of his
inner spirit.
"In the cold weather Mr. StnV
would leave his bevs at home
school with friends and go wander
ing ever the Punjab, ns n sanyasi, fol fel fol
lewing strictly nnd literally the pre
cepts of Jesus in the gospels, where it
is written, 'Take neither purse nor
scrip, neither two coats, nor money for
your journey.'
"If the villagers gave him feed and
shelter he gratefully received it. If
they refuted he would take shelter un
der seme tree and go without feed al
together. Hut they usunlly welcomed
him gladly.
"There is one Incident which is well
worth relating. Mr. Stokes had gene
In hs wanderings te a group of huts,
which were occupied by the lower castes
and had been received by them with
warm affection. He had then gene en
te the high-caste people of the village,
who were living apart. At first, they
were angry with him because he had
lived with the low-caste nnd had
been eating nnd drinking with them.
They even refused te receive , him., Se
be sat down und slept nfl thnt nltht,
without tuklng feed, Unaer a tree cftse
eat te their fields ea y la4e xnera
i
Ins they found him there stated in
meditation. When they came back In
the evening they found him still seated
In silence. Then the headman of the
village went te him asking his forgive
ness. He said they all new understood
thnt he was a man of Ged. Then Mr.
Stokes told them quite simply that nil
men were his own brothers because all
men alike were children of Ged.
"In this way the curse of 'untouch 'unteuch
ability,' many years age, began te be
removed from that district. There hns
been no part of the non-co-operation
movement which has given Mr. Stokes
himself greater joy nnd satisfaction
thnn the removal of this curse through
the religious personality of Mahatma
Gandhi.
Tells of an Adventure
Experienced In Mountains
"I con remember vividly hew
one evening, as the sun was setting ever
the distant snows and night was com
ing en with all its train of stars, Mr.
Stokes told me the story of an adven
ture in the mountains. He had been
traveling all through one day in a
lonely part and a snowstorm had ever-
taken him and he had lest his way. His
strength at last failed him and he had
fallen te the ground exhausted, think
ing that death was near. At that time
of utter human weakness he had seen
befera his eyes a waking vision of
Christ upon the Cress comforting him.
All bis own suffering vanished, and be
had the inner newcr civen te him of
an infinite peace. Strength returned,
und be was able te reach the but of a
mountaineer, where he was tenderly
nursed back te health.
"During one bitterly cold winter at
Lahore, there was an epidemic of
smallpox. The smallpox camp was out
side, en a lower piece of ground, iso
lated from all human habitation and
neglected, eicept for a dally visit of
the doctor. It consisted of mere sheds
mnde of matting. At nighttime the cold
was piercing. The place was almost (
deserted, except by paid servants and
sweepers, who were kept te de the work.
Hut Mr. Stokes had taken up his abode
there. Night and day he was nurbing
a young Hindu student of the Ferman
Christian College.
"Little by little Mr. Stokes brought
healing and comfort te this neglected
lad by his very presence. Every eve
ning the Sikhs who were in the neigh
borhood used te bring their offering of
feed nnd sit with Mr. Stokes and ask
for some message from Ued. Often 1
met them there, seated in silent sjm
pathy. Once 1 heard them ask him.
What is this saktl that obtains you?'
And I heard him speak te them about
the vision of the Christ that he had
seen upon the mountains,
"As the years went by, Mr. Stokes
determined te found a brotherhood.
The name he had chosen for it was
The Brotherhood of the Imitation.'
"He would live as St. Francis had
lived. He wished te Imitate literall
the precepts of Christ te go about
comforting the lepers, ministering te
the little children, whom Christ loved,
nursing the sick, consoling the dying
all the while living a life of complete
poverty among the peer.
"The Order of the Brotherhood of
the Imitation was established. The
Uev. P. J. Western, who Is new the
head of the Cambridge University Mis
sion in 1ellil. joined him. The Bishop
of Lahore, Dr. I.efrey, at n belcmn
service in the Cathedral, ordained them
te this work of service.
"Then gradually thorn came a
change in Mr. Stokes' own ideal.
"Leading the life that I have pic
tured, it will be evident that
Mr. Stokes was bent upon reality. He
could net 'hear for a moment nn.v thing
which was unrenl. There were two
things that troubled him mere nnd mere
nnd nt last brought nbeut the change In
his whole manner of life.
"First of all. while he lived his life
of poverty among the Indian villagers,
whom he longed te serve as a brother
and an equal, he found a fundamcatn!
misunilcrstundlng prevalent about his
whole position. Mere and mere, as
the villagers saw his ascetic life,
they began te leu upon hltn
with a superstitious awe, ns a kind of
holy man who was rapidly accumulating
unheard-of stores of merit for himself
hv his severe nenances and austerities.
They regarded him ns bent upon ob
taining salvation for himself by these
deeds of penance nnd devotion.
" 'What you are engaged in,' they
would say te him, 'is ebtnlning for
you great merit. We peer people
who arc married and have family cares
are entangled in worldly things. We
cannot possibly obtain religious merit
In the way you can. What n
lucky man jeu are te be free from
family ties, leading the life of a celi
bate! Fer us, who are married nnd
have children of our own, salvation is
hard.
"This talk used te trouble Mr. Stokes
beyond measure. He used te complain
te me sometimes, In a despairing way,
which hnd a touch of the humorous
element in it. 'I almost feel Inclined
te de something te shock them in order
te step nil this.'
Arrogance of White Race
Stirred Deep Anxieties
"But there was another thing that
went far deeper and affected both of
our minds very directly at this time.
V1 ,0 ',rF05nn-e of the 'white rnce'
and the bid for n 'white race suprem
acy in every continent of the world
stirred in betli of our minds the deep
est anxieties nnd fours.
"An nrtiele which I wrote rnlscd a
storm. I went te the full length nnd
frankly advocated lntcrmarrtage be
tween the races, as ene of the effective
ways of breaking down the growing
world racial evil.
"Then slowly the lden formed Itself
In Mr. Stokes' mind that he could make
his own Christian faith perfectly plain
by marrying within the Indian race
UYI IL "i! Ktvlng ."P hlM celibate life.
F,1 fermcr 9f h,s two difficulties
would be removed, because he could no
longer rccelve a kind of superstitious
reverence a reverence which really ob eb
Bcured the .sacrifice of elf demanded
by the Christian faith. He would no
wT, t rairuaa f
Jt. JM.
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Samuel Evans Stokes,
nis Indian wife and
son Prem Chand
accumulates te himself, bt a llfp of
celibacy, a huge store of merit in order i
te win salvation.
"The second of the two difficulties
would nlse be removed, because, by in
termarriage, he could show, in the most
direct way. that there is no 'race' or,
'caste within the Christian fThnrcli. it
the Church were only true te its
Founder, Jesus Christ.
Was Ready te Ge Forward
at Headlong Speed
"At first, in his direct nnd downright
way, Mr. Stokes wns ready te go for
ward at an almost headlong speed. The
idea had se get held of him as a prin
ciple that the person whom he married
seemed te him of secondary Importance.
It was at this point that I urged him
as a friend nnd elder brother net te be
tee precipitate.
"In the end all went well. The
mnrrlage that he made nt last has
been a uniquely happy one. A family
of sons has been given te him of whom
any father nnd mother might be proud.
"The bride whom he chose at last
nnd who accepted him ns her husband
was a Rajputuni whec family was
great y respected in nil the Hill District
round. While brought up in everv vvnv
ns ii devout Indian -Christian girl, sh'e
had maintained unbroken, ns far as
possible, her own touch with her kins
men and relntlens. In her dress ana
manner of life she had remained exnctlj
the same as her own Hindu ancestors,
I-vcn today, nfter her long stay in
America, she has net chnnged in the
slightest degree her manners and cus
toms.
"It Is a further Interesting point te
notice that the grandfather of Mr.
Stokes chosen bride was of 4Jhlneb
origin. He had oemo ever from China
for ten-planting in the Ketgarn Hills
and had married, as a Christian, a Rnj
putani woman, who had beceme a
Christian nlse. Thus, In the veins of
Mr. and Mrs, Stokes' children at Kot Ket
garh there runs the bleed of three races
of the world thu Indiun, thu Anglo Angle Anglo
Saxen nnd the Chinese.
"Perhaps the greatest shock of all
caused by Mr. Stokes' inarrlage was
among his dearest Eurepenn filcnds.
Ills i Indlan-Chrlstlan friends, Principal
Rudra, Prof. Khub Ram and ethers,
understood hltn. But it was difficult
for these who were European mission
aries nt first te de this. I de net think
that the question of racial intermarriage
weighed with them. Hut sem of the
truest nnd best friinds he hadegarded
him as having broken a pledge; solemnly
lOKen anu above au as having gene back
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Stokes (in center) at Indian missionary station
the 'Brotherhood of the Imitation,
which had betm Intended te he a
brotherhood of celibates.
"I must go buck new in my story
find relate an event of great Importance
In the life of Mr. Stokes which took
plnce In the Ketgarh Hills before the
time of his i inarrlage nnd made his heart
ene with the Hill people in a remark
able manner.
n',i"Vf '& F! n,h' who ha,l c
?i k Mr' stokes , pprsenal influence,
had beceme a Christian down in the
Plains at Ambala. The villagers sun.
Pi i "J. ,no. tl,ne t,,at Mr. Btekes in
this matter lin.l ,Wni,i i,.. m,.1
were entlrelv u-m,,.. r...i i. :' . '!v
wrong faml he tried
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termined te tnke the boy back te Kot Ket
garh and te place him among his own
People Hut the villagers could net
understand, nnd their minds had been
worked up into a state of wild excite
meat. Mr. Stokes had telegraphed te
us I" at ,.',? wns " n,s wy back te Kot Ket
garh. Ihe villagers took action sud
uK .nndmwe ,,ld net hear In time
about It. They set out te waylay Mr.
blokes nnd te maltreat him.
Just as he came te the bend of the
read near Ketgarb, net far from the
beuse where we were staying, the vH
lagers attacked him. Ills life was saved
"'.. f. wHira-a son ttnuclhlr and
&T fe?1 stricken down
' i
,OT
hnrled down from above. The two rtu
dents kept the crowd hack for a few mo
ments and thnsmed his lift.
Bis ThaaghU Att for Bey
While Be Wan in Delirium
"Fer some daya hla life was In freat
Aaairer. In his delirium, his thoughts
wen an cenetmlnji the boy whoa ha
had brenxht baek from Ambala-
"When hla senses returned and ns
understood what had occurred, hla one
supreme determination wss te save the
rOlsters who had done the deed1 from
thehandii of the police. Ne power en
earth could step him from going in a
rickshaw Inte Simla In order te plead
with all hla heart for these who had
tried te murder him. In the end, he
wen the victory of lere and forgiveness.
The villagers were pardoned.
"It was this event which mere than
anything else hitherto bound up thy life
of Mr. Stokes with the people of th
Ketgarh Hills. M .
"It will easily be understood that Mr.
Stokes' mother la Philadelphia, whose
heart was devoted night and day after
her husband's death te her son In India,
was eagerly longing te see her daughter-In-law
and te welcome her into her
home. Be it was arranged that her
son should take his wife te America.
There. In Philadelphia, two of the hap
piest years of his life were spent with
his mother and his young wife. After
ward he took his mother back with
him en a short visit te India.
"3Si. Stokes' wife, as I have said, re-
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FV'IKifiS
Gandhi, Indian Nationalist
leader, in Occidental garb
malncd throughout the same Rajputuni
lady of the Hills that she had ever been.
Indeed she went back te them with nn
Infinite relief en her return. Fer her
greatest hnppiness is In her own home
among the mountains. She lived there
nlone while her husband wns in prison.
Frem there she wrote te me n letter
from which I may quote the following
words :
. ",'I knew It well that when my hus hus
bend is in 1ail with many ether sons of
India suffering for the sake of right
eousness he Is sure te be happy. I nm
quite confident thnt Almighty Ged will
it nr VJ? CTJ,et tne oppressed nnd de
liver Ills judgment.'
Stokes' Idealism Raised as
Germans Crushed Belgium
"When the grcaf war broke out Mr.
Stokes Idealism wns reused by the Ger
man Invasion of Belgium. It was this
tnai -ureugnt mm into the war.' Leng
before America hnd entered the war he
had asked permission of the British
Government te become naturalised as a
British subject and thus be in a posl pesl posl
jlen te tnke part. He became nn officer
In the Indian array and wns appointed
te recru it villagers In the Simla Hills.
Ills work was se well done that he re
Promotion cen,mcnda,'n ""d rapid
"I wns away in Fiji during the
ljt of this period, and it we
dlfllcult for us te keep in touch with
each ether. It was even a surprise te me
te find that he had become Tefflcer te
',?J?t,inn a,rray' theu8h I "ever quei quei
Hened his choice! and I knew what a
Zlll?K Tanti b,ut l 'd Imagined
thnt his Quaker family tradition, wh eh
waa strong n him, 'would T have made
the thought of warfare Impossible.
"During the time of the martial i.w
in the.l'unjabln 1010 if" Stokes
wrote mj many letters. Ills heart 2
iiuuH " uu ' wrote a vivi ai,i.
"it was uaUl 1020 " that iSrS" ;
lnHA m . .. - r
MIH Kir.
Stokes at last, when the that m
fully ripe, came eui fully bdereZ',
Indian public Ills letter cenctaZ
the 'forced labor' which was empLmi
by tne lim states en the YlatMa'(
shoetins tour In the Hlm1 WmTL J
like a thunderbolt when it saddenlvS'l
peared in the public press. Then mL'i
no doubt that It caused verr "
displeasure in official quarters. But sTl
denial of the fact was possible beeaaZ
the facts were true. Immediately aftZJ
this letter he asked me te sUyrwish
him In Ketgarh. He was stTfl co
operating In every way with the n.
eminent and we met Mr. Langtey the i
deputy commissioner, and a prorlsieral '
settlement was reached which was of
great importance in tne future ttrustla
for the abolition of forced labor. Tet
It at once put heart Inte these who had
been struggling' against this evil te
ether provinces.
"Mr. StekesV carried en Ma
ter the aholltledvof forced labor .from
inaz time enwaru wuueut ceaung. It
naa vnra nmmij one 10 nis enerts that
It has been abolished in the Simla HlTls
and ta ether parts of the Punjab- Tk
center of the struggle In the future si
lurery vojse itrajtuoputeni
nutnna States.
;
"Imvessible far Indians
te Shaw Their Leyattf j
"When once Mr. Stokes had bWnf
convinced of the danger te humanity
which 'was present Jn the jmpular.anti
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The Stokes family home at 5419
Wayne avenue, Germantown
colonial view of the British Empire, m
expressed his conviction with all the
force he could command. It was lm-j
possible, he declared, for Indians t
show any 'loyalty' te a 'White Bm
pire.' Let there be real and funds J
mental equality of status and tbeq
thines would be different, then ther
could be heartfelt loyalty te the Eml
perer.
"It was his experience In deallnl
with the question of 'forced labqd
which drove Mr. Rtekes at Inst te t$M
an active nart in the Congress pelltiq
and te accent the principle of non
co-nnerntlen. In his earlier effer
lie had urged nn entry into the Hefen
Councils nnd an attemnt te wan
tlireugh them, toward steady nstletii
reseneratien. But it crew upon
mere and mere that the vested interefti
were tee strong, and that the Govern
incut, na It steed, was bound up mil
these vested interests. In matters ill
footing the peer and the oppressed. 0
uevernment would almost inevitsDiTin
found en the side of the vested lnti
ests of canitnl and wealth and COW
Such was his growing conviction, and I
tour, in thn rnmnnnv of MshlUU
Gandhi, complete! the process. HI
joined in the fullest manner penlbll
the Non-Ce-operatlon political pnr
and it was as such that he was breugb
te trial in Lahore.
"As for the trial itself, his
statement sneaks for itself. Hew ei
earth any magistrate could find faull
with Mr. Stokes' theory of 'conditions
loyalty,' which Mr. Gokhale htmteU
enunciated long age as the only pesl
slble loyalty for Indians, I cannei
imagine. The umt r.ositlen hns bee:
taken up a thousand times, and I can
neb see rnvself hnn n rational ani
thoughtful Indian can adept any etbei
position, ucneral Hmuts. i suppesq
would be regarded by every British ln'
perlnlist as loyal; but be threatened
only a short time nrn. that Seuth AfriCl
weuiu leave the Umpire if ner sen
resnect as an indenendrat. nation Wti
- ".T r ' " . XT' . T-- . .u
Injured. Thn thmn nt Tndian loyalty
se it appears te me, is wersea out d
Mr. Stokes with creat lucidity. It i
a theory which verv, Government efflcef
eucht ta remember. When he Blkel
me my own opinion concerning thl
articles, after his arrest, I told bis
that his theory of loyalty was unezc
uonaeie.
Wanted te Be With 1X
Friends Even in Jail
"The last request which Mr. Stoke
made te me in the Lahore Jail wal
characteristic. He implored me agall
and again te use every Influence I hal
te get him removed te the ward wser
nis Indian friends, Lala I.ajpat
and many ethers, were Quartered.
" 'I have married an Indian,'
said. 'I am a zaralndsr, having prep
erty in Indian soil; I have brought n
my sons as Indians. India la new -m
MlinlM, Ah It In IiIm T ll A ' If A1tM
the Indian national cause. the IBdlal
national mode of life, the Indian saj
1 mode of lire, the inuun sai
dress. Why then should I.N
cdtaJIye as a European? Wbi
I associate,' in jail, wUh.mj
iienai aress.
compelled -cannot
I
Indian fellow countrymen t I '
Played, the game straight wltt i aui
theriUH. 'JMn kmj9m'wi,wm
waad . wwwal liSBja !
oearum eyerl tainf. gsjuim uay vu
tbi.uU Wltth.n.
iA. A'
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