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'-'' EVENING.'"" LEDGER- PflnbjilLPBlA, a'HtJBSDAt,. '. SEPTElilBEB 'IS, W
V
PMANY
(5X CARL W.ACKERMAN
Conjrlci.v, jI7, Qtorro 11. Doran Company.
zfl? AX7"
aEPUBLC
"K
r in history had a neutral nation indicted another as the United States did Gcr.
in tc first Lusitania note without immediately ping to war. The German
nnorfwere not ncrmittcJ to publish the text until the Foreign Office and the
"Never
itinnv ii
J ..i ....,:M,wT n mthlicll
newspapers were nui iiuuinucu . ,, ":.-".. ,,-i.,,, nnhliritinn "
navy had planned a publicity campaign to follow the notes publication.
Fiaht Between the Foreign Office and the
tfavy on the Unrestricted U-Boat Campaign
lWas Kept Carefully Concealed From the
.Public Until the Navy Could Instruct Public
fi mini nit -in -Htn Pninf nf A rrntttinn "Rnthm
1 fF"w '" " ...j,
,Mejnp"
r
rouahout the Early Days of the War Chan-
X cellor von Bethmann-Holhueg Bitterly Op-
;f. posea von Tirpitz ana ms auumanne nar-
', tw- rr mi.i !.- Tl..tt.1
i' j 1 are Because nv iiww i nut inv umi-vu,
fflkli States Would Never Submit to Plans Decided
i W. . e .
r'ftfJBVER in h'story hnd a neutral nation indicted another as the
v .s'Uiiilvu cunt:: urn vjuwuuuy in no mo M3in ... ...
. mediately going to war. Because the Foreign Uincc lcnrcu mc
Itwwt'on it might have upon the people, the newspapers were not per-
lll1 1 ( Itl. 11.. A A III Jl .......m l.l.Mnn.in nf l.n MHtfl' Hllll
j mrea 10 puuusn me icxi uruu wiv nvaa umraua n. mv. .....,, ......
Y;tfie Foreign Ofilco had mobilized the editorial writers and pianncu
,j publicity campaign to follow the note's publication. Hut the navy
IjKii Foreign Office could not agree on what should ho done. The
"'iwvy wanted to ignore Wilson. Naval officers laughed at President
Wilson's" impertinence, und when the Foreign Office sent to the
,f -Admtrnltv for nil data in nossess on of the Navy Department reganl-
p.;ijg the sinking of the Lusitania the navy refused to acknowledge
'S.W6 request.
. During this time I was in constant touch with the Foreign
g;);tfOfflce and the American embassy. Frequently I went to the Navy
MDenartmcnt, but was always told tliey nail notnmg 10 say. wiien u
fiiroearcd. however, that there might be a break in diplomatic relu-
lwons over the Lusitania the Kaiser called the Chancellor to great
K headquarters for a conference. Meanwhile Germany delayed her
Y Mnly to the American note because the navy and Foreign Office
.were still at loggci heads. On the thirty-first of May Von Jagow
;' jiermittcd mc to quote him in an interview saying:
AmA.inn nnn 1ihv1K nvtinnl lt tfl I'lVO 1111 MI1V ITlt'IinS lit OUT
H, disposal to fight our enemy. It is a princ'plc wi'.h us to defend
f. ourselves in every possible way. I am sure that Americans will
' bo reasonable enough to believe that our two countries cannot
discuss the Lusitania matter until both have the same basis of
. i facts.
; iA The American people were demanding an answer from Germany,
Vand because tha two branches ot Hie uovcrnment could not agree on
. filCt .t.n. .11 l,n ool.l Vnn .Tntnvi' liml In iln snmptbinir to pain time.
Eiinrnmj ihorpfnrp. siilimitted in her renlv of the twcnlv-eichth of
l'V". . . 1 1 .1.. T !l ; i 4l. .n..nf.l..H..:.n nl l
Ij, May certain lacis auuut me iubiunn;i tor uiu tuiisuaiuuuu ui mu
WAmerican Government, saying that Germany reserved final statc-
UV.aionts of its position with regard "to the demands made in connec-
'tion with the sinking of the Lusitania until a reply was received
, from the American Government." After the note was dispatched
the chasm between the navy and Foreign Office was wider than ever.
hJj9 Ambassador Gerard, who went to the Foreign Office daily to try to
P "5convince the officials lhat they were antagonizing the whole world
A by"their attitude on the Lusitania question, returned to the embassy
&' one day after a conference witli Zimmermann and began to prepare
ii ., .... .... I!...- r .
RjJS' scrapoooK ot cartoons unu cuppings lruni .iniuiiuiiu iiuwsjiaiiurs.
Two secretaries were put to work pasting the comments, interviews,
V editorials and cartoons reflecting American opinion in the scrap-
P. 11 AUl.nttr.1. ll.rt flni-mon Vnl-niffn CifWnn llnil !1 lllf lll'ncc lotinrf-
&Wnt, its efforts were devoted more to furnishing the outside world
yvvrith German views than with collecting outside opinions for the
irrinldrmation of the German Government. Uelieving that this infor
fiition would be of immeasurable benefit to the German diplomats in
If'ftieonding the depths of public sentiment in America, Gerard delivered
$Tie book to Von Jagow personally.
Conferences at Great Headquarters
Tn Vio mpfintimn niimprntis conferences were lipid nt prpnt. linml.
t4Barters. Financiers, business men and diplomats who wanted to
Llceep peace with America sided with the Foreign Office. Every anti
SAmerican influence in tho Central Powers joined forces with the
W".'lL Kna .1 '1. H T ... I . . . 11 t f d 41'rlC. nKintllrl nl(l 111.. T.lllll.n .1 I CTA.mn m n..
47 flHvy Xliu xjuaikuiii iiu.u ";) jiiiivv4 4.1111 iiiu iuuiiu uiauuaaiuu
K'fwbicn resulted was greater than that which followed tho first decla-
Mrtations of war in August, 1014. 'the people, who before had accepted
w,'i cveryuiuii; iiiuir vjuvuiiiinwiib ouw, uu.iu iu Liuurk iut iiiuuisuivcs.
p'5 Ono heard almost as much criticism as praise of the Lusitania inci
E,V'tent. For the first time the quarrel which had been nourished
Jjetween the Foreign Office and the Admiralty became nation-wide
wAnd forces throughout Germany lined up with one side or tho other.
i, But the Navy Department was the cleverer of the two. Tho press
'lmreau sent out inspired stories that the submarines were causing
;tjfeigland a loss of a million dollars a week. They said that every
week the Admiralty was launching two U-boats. It was stated that
&;.-reliable reports to Admiral von Tirpitz proved tho high toll taken
" t'ihy the submarines in two weeks had struck terror to the hearts of
rMlnglish shipowners. The newspapers printed under great headlines,
'fToll of Our Tireless U-Uoats," the names and tonnage of ships lost.
F.ipJTke press1 bureau pointed to the rise in food prices in Great Britain
;;jWp trance, ine puouc was maue to teei a personal pride m sub-
'aMUine exploits, .ana at tne same time tnc navy editorial writers
w
- , - 1&
. ill 1 1 LI .."TTi iB KBiill " -
unmunition to fur- . ' .fJ ilsfi3''2l V.V Mi J
Im&MMmm
brought up the old issue of American arnu and
thcr embitter the people.
Thus tho first note which President Wilson wrote in the Lusi
tania case not only brought the quarrrl between the navy and For
eign Office to a climax, but it gave tho German people the first
opportunity they had had seriously to discuss questions of policy and
light.
In the Itliine Valley, where tho ammunition interest.! dominated
every phase of life, the navy found its stanchost supporters. In
educational circles, in shipping centers, such as Hamburg and
Bremen, in the financial districts of Frankfort and Berlin, the For
eign Office received its support. Press and Keiehstag were divided.
Supporting the Foreign Office were the Lokal An.eiger, the Berliner
Tageblatt, the Cologne Gazette, the Frankfurter Zeitung, the Ham
hutgor Fremdenblatt and the Vorwacrts.
The navy had the support of Count Kevcnllow, naval critic of
the Deutsche Tagcszcitung; tho Taeglieho Rundschau, the Vossischc
Zeitung, the Morgen Post, the B. Z. am Mittag, tho Muenchcner
Ncueste Nachrichten, the Rheinischc Westfaclische Zeitung and tho
leading Catholic organ, the Koclnischc Volks Zeitung.
Government officials were also divided. Chancellor von Bcth-mann-IIollweg
led the party which demanded an agreement with
the United States. He was supported by Von Jagow, Zimmermann,
Dr. Karl Helffcrich, Secretary of tiie Treasury; Doctor Solf, the
Colonial Minister; Dr. Siegfried Hcckscher, vice chairman of the
Keiehstag Committee on Foreign Kclations, and Philip Schncidc
mann, leader of the majority of the Socialists in the Keiehstag.
Tirpitz Leads Opposition
The opposition was led by Grand Admiral von Tirpitz. He was
supported by General von Falkenhayn, Field Marshal von Mackcnsen
and all army generals; Admirals von Pohl and von Bachmann; Major
Bassermann, leader of the National Liberal party in tho Keiehstag;
Dr. Gustav Stressemann, member of the Reichstag and director of
the North German Lloyd Steamship Company, and Von Heydc
brand, the so-called "Uncrowned King of Prussia," because of his
control of the Prussian Diet.
With these forces against each other the internal fight continued
more bitter than ever. President Wilson kept insisting upon definite
promises from Germany, but the Admiralty still had the upper hand.
There was nothing for the Foreign Office to do except to make tho
best possible excuses and depend upon Wilson's patience to give
them time to get into the saddle. The Navy Department, however,
was so confident that it had the Kaiser's support in everything it
did that one of the submarines was instructed to sink tho Arabic.
President Wilson's note in tho Arabic case again brought the
submarine dispute within Germany to a head. Conferences wcro
again held at great headquarters. Tho Chancellor, Von Jagow,
Helffcrich, Von Tirpitz and other leaders were summoned by tho
Kaiser. On the twenty-eighth of August I succeeded in sending by
courier to The Hague tho following dispatch:
Witli the support of the Kaiser, the German Chancellor,
Doctor von Bethmann-Hollweg, is expected to win the fight he
is now making for a moc'.fication of Germany's submarine war
fare that will forever settle the difficulties with America over '
the sinking of the Lusitania and tho Arabic. Both the Chan
cellor and Von Jagow are most anxious to end at onco and for
all time the controversies with Washington, desiring America's
friendship.
The Marine Department, headed by Von Tirpitz, creator of
the submarine policy, will oppose any disavowal of tho action of
Germany's submarines. But tho Kaiser is expected to approve
the steps tho Chancellor and Foreign Secretary contemplate
taking, swinging the balance in favor of Von Bethmann-Holl-weg's
contention that ships in the future must be warned before
they are torpedoed.
Ackcrnian is summoned to the home of Frau von Schrocder,
niiere Captain Vansclow. chief of the German naval spies,
demands here the newspaperman got his information about
the submarine situation.
One day I went to tho Foreign Office and tolcTone of tho officials
I believed that if the American people knew what a difficult time
tho Foreign Office was having in trying to win out over the
Admiralty public opinion in tho United States might be mobilized
to help the Foreign Office against the Admiralty. I took witli me a
brief dispatch which I asked him to pass. He censored it with tho
understanding that I would never disclose his name in case tho dis
patch was read in Germany.
A few days later the Manchester, England, Guardian 'arrived
containing my article, as follows: s
IIOLLWEG'S CHANGE OF TUNE
Respect for Scraps of Paper
LAW AT SEA
Insists on Warning by Submarines
TIRPITZ PARTY BEATEN
Kaiser Expected to Approve New Policy
New York, Sunday.
Cables from Mr. Carl W. Aekcrman, Berlin correspondent
of the United Press, published here indicate that tho real crisis
following tho Arabic is in Germany, not America. He writes:
"The Berlin Foreign Office is unalterably opposed to sub
marine activity, such as is evidenced by tho Arabic affair, and it
was on the initiative of this Government department that imme
diate steps were taken with Mr. Gerard, tho American Ambas
sador. The nature of these negotiations is still unknown to the
German public.
"It is stated on tho highest authority that Hcrr von Jagow,
Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and Chancellor von Bethmann
Hollweg are unanimous in their anxiety to settle American diffi
culties oiico and for all, retaining tho friendship of tho United
States in any event.
"The Kaiser is expected to approve the course suggested by
the Imperial Chancellor, despite open opposition to nny dis
avowal of submarine activities which constantly emanates from
tho German Admiralty.
"Tho Chancellor is extremely desirous of plncing Germany
on record as an observer of international law as regards sea
warfare, and in this case will win his demand that submarines
in tho future shall thoroughly warn enemy ships before firing
tlicir torpedoes or shells.
"There is considerable discussion in official circles as to
whether the Chancellor's steps create a precedent, but it is
agreed that it will probably close all complications with America,
including the Lusitania caso, which remained unsettled follow
ing President Wilson's last note to Germany.
"Thus if the United States approves tho present attitude of
tho Chancellor this step will a'id in clearing the entire situation
and will materially strengthen tho policy of Von Bcthmann-
Hollweg and Von Jagow, which is a deep desire for.pcaco with
America."
After this dispatch was printed I was called to tho home of
Frau von Schrocder, tho American-born wife of one of the intelli.
genco office of the General Staff. Captain Vanselow, chief of the
Admiralty intelligence department, was there and had brought with
him tho Manchester Guardian. Ho asked me where I got the infor
mation and who had passed tho dispatch. He said the navy was up
in arms and had issued orders to the General Telegraph Office that,
inasmuch as Germany was under martial law, no telegrams were to
be passed containing the words submarines, navy, Admiralty or
marine or any officers of tho navy without having them referred to
the Admiralty for a second censoring. This order virtually nullified
the censorship powers of the Foreign Office. I saw that the Navy
Department was again in the saddle and that tho efforts of the
Chancellor to maintain peace might not bo successful after all. But
the conference at great headquarters lasted longer than any one
expected. The first news wo received of what had taken place was'
that Secretary von Jagow had informed tho Kaiser he would resign
before he would do anything which might cause trouble with thi
United States.
Divided on U-Iioal Issue
Germany was split wide open by the submarine issue. For a
while it looked as if the only possible adjustment would be cither
for Von Tirpitz to go and his policies with him, or for Von Jagow
and the Chancellor to go, with the corresponding danger of a
rupture with America. But Von Tirpitz would not resign. He left
great headquarters for Berlin and intimated to his friends that he
was going to run the navy to suit himself. But tho Chancellor, who
had tho support of the big shipping interests and the financiers,
saw a possible means of checkmating Von Tirpitz by forcing Admiral
von Pohl to resign as chief of tho Admiralty staff. They finally
persuaded tho Kaiser to accept his resignation and appoint Admiral
von Holtzcndorfi as his successor. Von Holtscndorff's brothor was
a director of the Hamburg-American Line and an intimate friend of
A. Ballin, tho general director of the company. The Chancellor
believed that by having a friend of his as chief of tho Admiralty
staff no orders would bo issued to submarine commanders contrary
to tho wishes of the Chancellor, because according to the rules of
tho German Navy Department tho chief of tho Admiralty staff must
approve all naval plans and sign all orders to fleet commanders.
Throughout this time the one thing which frightened tho Foreign
Office was the fear that President Wilson might break off diplomatic
relations before the Foreign Office had an opportunity to settle the
difference with the United States. For that reason Ambassador
Gerard was kept advised by Wilhclnistrasse of the internal develop
ments in Germany and asked to report them fully but confidentially
to Wilson. So, during this crisis when Americans were demanding
a break with Germany because of Germany's continued defiance of
President Wilson's notes, tho American Government knew that if
tho Foreign Office was given more time it had a good chance of
succeeding in cleaning house. A rupture at that time would have
destroyed all the efforts of the Foreign Office to keep the German
military machine within bounds. It would have overthrown Von.
Jagow and Von Bethmann-Hollweg and put in Von Tirpitz as Chan
cellor and Von Heydebrand, the reactionary leader of tho Prussian !
Dict, as Secretary of State. At that time all the democratic forces'-
of Germany were lined up with tho Foreign Office. The people who
blushed for Belgium, the financiers who wero losinir monev. the . .
shipping interests whose tonnage was locked in belligerent or nqutralj. $.
llMl'llrtVO 4lt Crtntn Huir. v. .1 .!.. 1. 1 1m' 'l
for peace, were lookimr to tho Foveipn flfficn nml tn Wnsliiinrtnn to 1
... w -.. -- ,...-.. ...0. - ,
avoid a break.
(CONTINUED TOMORfSaVT)
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If IKE" DEUTSCH AND HIS FOLLOWING CALL ON MAYOR SMITH IN DEFENSE OF THEIR "CAUSE" Jl
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